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Encyclopedia
These are lists of incumbent
Incumbent
The incumbent, in politics, is the existing holder of a political office. This term is usually used in reference to elections, in which races can often be defined as being between an incumbent and non-incumbent. For example, in the 2004 United States presidential election, George W...

s (individuals holding offices or positions), including heads of state
Head of State
A head of state is the individual that serves as the chief public representative of a monarchy, republic, federation, commonwealth or other kind of state. His or her role generally includes legitimizing the state and exercising the political powers, functions, and duties granted to the head of...

s or of subnational entities
Administrative division
An administrative division, subnational entity, or country subdivision is a portion of a country or other political division, established for the purpose of government. Administrative divisions are each granted a certain degree of autonomy, and are required to manage themselves through their own...

.

A historical discipline, archontology
Archontology
Archontology is the study of historical offices and important positions in state, international, political, religious and other organizations and societies. It includes chronology, succession of office holders, their biographies and related records....

, focuses on the study of past and current incumbents.

Current incumbents may also be found in the countries' articles (main article and "Politics of") and the list of national leaders, recent changes in 2007 in politics
2007 in politics
-January:* January 1 - Bulgaria and Romania join the European Union.* January 1 - South Korea's Ban Ki-moon becomes the new UN Secretary-General, replacing Kofi Annan....

, and past leaders on State leaders by year and Colonial governors by year
Colonial governors by year
This is a list of the governors of colonies, protectorates, or other dependencies in each year. Where applicable, native rulers are also listed.-21st century:This is a list of the governors of colonies, protectorates, or other dependencies in each year...

.

Various articles group lists by title, function or topic: e.g. abdication
Abdication
Abdication occurs when a monarch, such as a king or emperor, renounces his office.-Terminology:The word abdication comes derives from the Latin abdicatio. meaning to disown or renounce...

, assassinated persons, cabinet (government)
Cabinet (government)
A Cabinet is a body of high ranking government officials, typically representing the executive branch. It can also sometimes be referred to as the Council of Ministers, an Executive Council, or an Executive Committee.- Overview :...

, chancellor
Chancellor
Chancellor is the title of various official positions in the governments of many nations. The original chancellors were the Cancellarii of Roman courts of justice—ushers who sat at the cancelli or lattice work screens of a basilica or law court, which separated the judge and counsel from the...

, ex-monarchs (20th century), head of government
Head of government
Head of government is the chief officer of the executive branch of a government, often presiding over a cabinet. In a parliamentary system, the head of government is often styled prime minister, chief minister, premier, etc...

, head of state
Head of State
A head of state is the individual that serves as the chief public representative of a monarchy, republic, federation, commonwealth or other kind of state. His or her role generally includes legitimizing the state and exercising the political powers, functions, and duties granted to the head of...

, lieutenant governor
Lieutenant governor
A lieutenant governor or lieutenant-governor is a high officer of state, whose precise role and rank vary by jurisdiction, but is often the deputy or lieutenant to or ranking under a governor — a "second-in-command"...

, mayor
Mayor
In many countries, a Mayor is the highest ranking officer in the municipal government of a town or a large urban city....

, military commanders, minister
Minister (government)
A minister is a politician who holds significant public office in a national or regional government. Senior ministers are members of the cabinet....

 (and ministers by portfolio below), order of precedence
Order of precedence
An order of precedence is a sequential hierarchy of nominal importance of items. Most often it is used in the context of people by many organizations and governments...

, peerage
Peerage
The Peerage is a legal system of largely hereditary titles in the United Kingdom, which constitute the ranks of British nobility and is part of the British honours system...

, president
President
A president is a leader of an organization, company, trade union, university, or country.Etymologically, a president is one who presides, who sits in leadership...

, prime minister
Prime minister
A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. In many systems, the prime minister selects and may dismiss other members of the cabinet, and allocates posts to members within the government. In most systems, the prime...

, Reichstag participants (1792), Secretary of State
Secretary of State
Secretary of State or State Secretary is a commonly used title for a senior or mid-level post in governments around the world. The role varies between countries, and in some cases there are multiple Secretaries of State in the Government....

.

Heads of international organizations

  • President of the European Commission
    President of the European Commission
    The President of the European Commission is the head of the European Commission ― the executive branch of the :European Union ― the most powerful officeholder in the EU. The President is responsible for allocating portfolios to members of the Commission and can reshuffle or dismiss them if needed...

  • United Nations Secretary-General
    United Nations Secretary-General
    The Secretary-General of the United Nations is the head of the Secretariat of the United Nations, one of the principal organs of the United Nations. The Secretary-General also acts as the de facto spokesperson and leader of the United Nations....

  • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
    United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
    The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees , also known as The UN Refugee Agency is a United Nations agency mandated to protect and support refugees at the request of a government or the UN itself and assists in their voluntary repatriation, local integration or resettlement to...

  • International Monetary Fund
    International Monetary Fund
    The International Monetary Fund is an organization of 187 countries, working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world...

     Managing Directors
  • Director-General of the World Trade Organization
    Director-General of the World Trade Organization
    The Director-General of the World Trade Organization is responsible for supervising the administrative functions of the World Trade Organization...

  • NATO Secretaries General
  • FIFA presidents
  • International Olympic Committee Presidents
    International Olympic Committee
    The International Olympic Committee is an international corporation based in Lausanne, Switzerland, created by Pierre de Coubertin on 23 June 1894 with Demetrios Vikelas as its first president...


Eastern Africa

  • Burundi
    Burundi
    Burundi , officially the Republic of Burundi , is a landlocked country in the Great Lakes region of Eastern Africa bordered by Rwanda to the north, Tanzania to the east and south, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west. Its capital is Bujumbura...

    : Rulers of Burundi
    Rulers of Burundi
    - Heads of state :*Kings of Burundi*Presidents of Burundi*Vice-Presidents of Burundi- Colonial governors :*Provincial governors of Burundi*Colonial heads of Burundi*Colonial heads of Burundi *Colonial heads of Burundi...

  • Comoros
    Comoros
    The Comoros , officially the Union of the Comoros is an archipelago island nation in the Indian Ocean, located off the eastern coast of Africa, on the northern end of the Mozambique Channel, between northeastern Mozambique and northwestern Madagascar...

    :
    • Rulers of Comoros
      Rulers of Comoros
      - Heads of state :*Heads of state of the Comoros*Presidents of Comoros...

    • Sultans on the Comoros
      Sultans on the Comoros
      Several Sultanates on the Comoros, an archipelago in the Indian Ocean with an ethnically complex mix, were founded after the introduction of Islam into the area in the 15th century. Other uses depending on the island could also be styled fani, mfaume and ntibe. Unlike sultans in many other Arab...

  • Djibouti
    Djibouti
    Djibouti , officially the Republic of Djibouti , is a country in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Eritrea in the north, Ethiopia in the west and south, and Somalia in the southeast. The remainder of the border is formed by the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden at the east...

    : Rulers of Djibouti
  • Eritrea
    Eritrea
    Eritrea , officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in the Horn of Africa. Eritrea derives it's name from the Greek word Erethria, meaning 'red land'. The capital is Asmara. It is bordered by Sudan in the west, Ethiopia in the south, and Djibouti in the southeast...

    : Rulers of Eritrea
    Rulers of Eritrea
    - Colonial governors :*Provincial, colonial and federal heads of Eritrea...

  • Ethiopia
    Ethiopia
    Ethiopia , officially known as the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is the second-most populous nation in Africa, with over 82 million inhabitants, and the tenth-largest by area, occupying 1,100,000 km2...

    : Rulers of Ethiopia
    Rulers of Ethiopia
    - Heads of state :*Emperors of Ethiopia*Presidents of Ethiopia- Heads of subdivisions :*Rulers of Bosha*Rulers of the Gibe State of Limu-'Enarya*Rulers of the Gibe State of Gera*Rulers of the Gibe State of Goma*Rulers of the Gibe State of Guma...

  • Kenya
    Kenya
    Kenya , officially known as the Republic of Kenya, is a country in East Africa that lies on the equator, with the Indian Ocean to its south-east...

    : Rulers of Kenya
    Rulers of Kenya
    - Colonial governors :*Governors-General of Kenya*Colonial Heads of Kenya*Colonial Heads of Mombasa- Heads of former states :*Rulers of the Masai*Rulers of the Nandi*Rulers of Pate*Rulers of Wanga*Rulers of Wituland...

  • Madagascar
    Madagascar
    The Republic of Madagascar is an island country located in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern coast of Africa...

    : Rulers of Madagascar
    Rulers of Madagascar
    - Monarchs of Madagascar :*Monarchs of Madagascarmelissa rebello IIV of maderia...
  • Malawi
    Malawi
    The Republic of Malawi is a landlocked country in southeast Africa that was formerly known as Nyasaland. It is bordered by Zambia to the northwest, Tanzania to the northeast, and Mozambique on the east, south and west. The country is separated from Tanzania and Mozambique by Lake Malawi. Its size...

     (former Nyasaland, former British Central Africa Protectorate)
  • Mauritius
    Mauritius
    Mauritius , officially the Republic of Mauritius is an island nation off the southeast coast of the African continent in the southwest Indian Ocean, about east of Madagascar...
  • Mozambique
    Mozambique
    Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique , is a country in southeastern Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west and Swaziland and South Africa to the southwest...
    • Heads of State of Mozambique
      Heads of state of Mozambique
      -Presidents of Mozambique :-Affiliations:FRELIMO = Frente de Libertação de Moçambique...

    • Heads of Government of Mozambique
      Heads of government of Mozambique
      -Prime Ministers of Mozambique :-Affiliations:FRELIMO = Frente da Libertação de Moçambique RENAMO = Resistencia Nacional Moçambicana -See also:*Colonial Heads of Mozambique*Heads...

    • Heads of National Resistance Government of Mozambique
      Heads of the National Resistance Government of Mozambique
      The National Resistance Government of Mozambique was in place from the start of the civil war against the central government of Mozambique in 1975 until an accord was reached with the government on 9 October 1992.-Affiliations:...

    • Colonial Heads of Mozambique
      Colonial heads of Mozambique
      PreludeIn 1498, Portuguese ships under Vasco da Gama visited Mozambique Island and several other towns on the East African coast. In 1500, Sancho de Tovar was the first Portuguese captain to sight in Sofala...
  • Rwanda
    Rwanda
    Rwanda or , officially the Republic of Rwanda , is a country in central and eastern Africa with a population of approximately 11.4 million . Rwanda is located a few degrees south of the Equator, and is bordered by Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo...
  • Seychelles
    Seychelles
    Seychelles , officially the Republic of Seychelles , is an island country spanning an archipelago of 115 islands in the Indian Ocean, some east of mainland Africa, northeast of the island of Madagascar....
  • Somalia
    Somalia
    Somalia , officially the Somali Republic and formerly known as the Somali Democratic Republic under Socialist rule, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. Since the outbreak of the Somali Civil War in 1991 there has been no central government control over most of the country's territory...
  • Tanzania
    Tanzania
    The United Republic of Tanzania is a country in East Africa bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the north, Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west, and Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambique to the south. The country's eastern borders lie on the Indian Ocean.Tanzania is a state...
  • Uganda
    Uganda
    Uganda , officially the Republic of Uganda, is a landlocked country in East Africa. Uganda is also known as the "Pearl of Africa". It is bordered on the east by Kenya, on the north by South Sudan, on the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, on the southwest by Rwanda, and on the south by...
    • Governors-General of Uganda
    • Presidents of Uganda
    • Prime Ministers of Uganda
      Prime Minister of Uganda
      -List of Prime Ministers of Uganda:-Affiliations:-See also:*Uganda*President of Uganda*Vice President of Uganda*Politics of Uganda*History of Uganda*Political parties of Uganda...

    • Kings of Nkole
      Omugabe of Nkole
      The Mugabe or Omugabe of Ankole is the title given to the monarch of the kingdom of Ankole in Uganda, what used to be the kingdom of Nkore in pre-colonial times, and leader of the Banyankole...

    • Kings of Buganda
      Buganda
      Buganda is a subnational kingdom within Uganda. The kingdom of the Ganda people, Buganda is the largest of the traditional kingdoms in present-day Uganda, comprising all of Uganda's Central Region, including the Ugandan capital Kampala, with the exception of the disputed eastern Kayunga District...

  • Zambia
    Zambia
    Zambia , officially the Republic of Zambia, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. The neighbouring countries are the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Tanzania to the north-east, Malawi to the east, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana and Namibia to the south, and Angola to the west....
  • Zimbabwe
    Zimbabwe
    Zimbabwe is a landlocked country located in the southern part of the African continent, between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers. It is bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the southwest, Zambia and a tip of Namibia to the northwest and Mozambique to the east. Zimbabwe has three...

Middle Africa

  • Angola
    Angola
    Angola, officially the Republic of Angola , is a country in south-central Africa bordered by Namibia on the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo on the north, and Zambia on the east; its west coast is on the Atlantic Ocean with Luanda as its capital city...
    • Heads of state of Angola
      Heads of state of Angola
      -Presidents of Angola :-Affiliations:-Sources:* http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Angola.html* http://www.rulers.org/rula2.html#angola...

       (see also: Presidents of Angola
      President of Angola
      The President of the Republic of Angola is both head of state and head of government in Angola. While the President appoints a Prime Minister, executive authority usually belongs to the President....

       with information specific to that post)
    • Heads of government of Angola
      Heads of government of Angola
      -Prime Ministers of Angola :-Affiliations:-See also:*Angola**Heads of state of Angola**Prime Minister of Angola**President of Angola**Colonial Heads of Angola...

       (see also: Prime Minister of Angola
      Prime Minister of Angola
      The Prime Minister of Angola is a high government official in Angola, but is not the head of government.Along with the rest of the Council of Ministers, the Prime Minister is appointed by the President. The position was originally created when Angola achieved independence from Portugal on 11...

       with information specific to that post)
    • List of current Angolan ministers
    • Colonial heads of Angola
      Colonial heads of Angola
      For continuation after independence, see: Heads of state of Angola-Sources:* http://www.rulers.org/rula2.html#angola* African States and Rulers, John Stewart, McFarland...
      • Heads of state of Democratic People's Republic of Angola
        Heads of state of Democratic People's Republic of Angola
        -Affiliations:-:-Sources:* http://www.rulers.org/rula2.html#angola* African States and Rulers, John Stewart, McFarland...

      • Heads of government of Democratic People's Republic of Angola
        Heads of government of Democratic People's Republic of Angola
        -Affiliations:-:-See also:*Angola**Heads of state of Angola**Heads of government of Angola**Colonial heads of Angola**Heads of state of Democratic People's Republic of Angola*Lists of office-holders...

      • Heads of state of Cabinda
        Heads of state of Cabinda
        This is a list of Heads of State of Cabinda.A short-lived secessionist regime in the Cabinda enclave of Angola....

      • Heads of government of Cabinda
        Heads of government of Cabinda
        List of Heads of Government of Cabinda - Affiliations :- See also :*Angola**Heads of state of Cabinda**Heads of state of Angola**Heads of government of Angola...

      • Colonial and provincial heads of Cabinda
        Colonial and provincial heads of Cabinda
        -List of Colonial and Provincial Heads of Cabinda:Coastal enclave, part of present-day Angola-See also:*Cabinda**Heads of state of Cabinda**Heads of government of Cabinda*Angola**Heads of state of Angola**Heads of government of Angola**President of Angola...

  • Cameroon
    Cameroon
    Cameroon, officially the Republic of Cameroon , is a country in west Central Africa. It is bordered by Nigeria to the west; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republic to the east; and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo to the south. Cameroon's coastline lies on the...
    • Heads of state of Cameroon
      Heads of state of Cameroon
      -Presidents of Cameroon :-Affiliations:-Latest election:-See also:*Politics of Cameroon*Heads of government of Cameroon*Colonial heads of Cameroon...

    • Heads of government of Cameroon
      Heads of government of Cameroon
      -Prime Ministers of Cameroon :-Affiliations:-Sources:*http://www.terra.es/personal2/monolith/00index.htm*http://www.rulers.org/rulc1.html#cameroon...

    • Colonial heads of British Cameroon (Cameroons)
      • Heads of government of British Cameroon (Cameroons)
      • Colonial heads of French Cameroon (Cameroun)
        Colonial heads of French Cameroon
        The following is a list of French Cameroon chief administrators during the colonial period....

      • Heads of government of French Cameroon (Cameroun)
        Heads of government of French Cameroon
        This is a list of Heads of Government of French Cameroon .- Affiliations :- See also :*Cameroon**Politics of Cameroon**Colonial heads of French Cameroon **Colonial heads of British Cameroon...

      • Colonial heads of German Cameroon (Kamerun)
        Colonial heads of German Cameroon
        -List of Colonial Heads of German Cameroon :-See also:*Cameroon**Politics of Cameroon**Colonial heads of French Cameroon **Heads of government of French Cameroon **Colonial heads of British Cameroon...

      • Colonial heads of Ambas Bay (Victoria Colony)
      • Rulers of Bamoun (Mum)
        Rulers of the Bamum
        List of the rulers of the Bamum people, an ethnic group located in Cameroon. Their capital Fumban is also spelled Foumban in some sources.Mfon = Ruler-References:...

      • Rulers of Mandara
  • Central African Republic
    Central African Republic
    The Central African Republic , is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It borders Chad in the north, Sudan in the north east, South Sudan in the east, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo in the south, and Cameroon in the west. The CAR covers a land area of about ,...
    • Heads of state of the Central African Republic (and Central African Empire)
    • Heads of government of the Central African Republic (and Central African Empire)
    • Colonial heads of Central Africa (Oubangui-Chari)
      Colonial heads of Central Africa
      -List of the Colonial Heads of Upper Oubangui and the region becoming the Central African Republic:...

  • Chad
    Chad
    Chad , officially known as the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon and Nigeria to the southwest, and Niger to the west...
    • Heads of state of Chad
      Heads of state of Chad
      -List of Heads of State of Chad:-Affiliations:-External links:**...

    • Heads of government of Chad
      Heads of government of Chad
      -List of Heads of Government of Chad:-Affiliations:-References:*...

    • Colonial heads of Chad
      Colonial heads of Chad
      -List of the Colonial Heads of Chad:For continuation after independence, see: President of Chad-See also:*Chad**Heads of state of Chad**Heads of government of Chad...
      • Rulers of Baguirmi
        Rulers of Baguirmi
        -Rulers of the kingdom of Baguirmi:Territory located in present-day Chad-See also:*Chad**Heads of State of Chad**Heads of Government of Chad**Colonial Heads of Chad*Lists of Incumbents...

      • Rulers of Wada’i
        Rulers of the Ouaddai Kingdom
        The Rulers of the Ouaddai Kingdom ruled a territory today located in the north of the Republic of Chad.-See also:*Chad**Heads of State of Chad**Heads of Government of Chad**Colonial Heads of Chad*Lists of Incumbents...

    • Kanem-Bornu emperors
      Kanem Empire
      The Kanem Empire was located in the present countries of Chad, Nigeria and Libya. At its height it encompassed an area covering not only much of Chad, but also parts of southern Libya , eastern Niger and north-eastern Nigeria...

  • Congo, Democratic Republic of the (Zaire/'Congo-Kinshasa')
    Democratic Republic of the Congo
    The Democratic Republic of the Congo is a state located in Central Africa. It is the second largest country in Africa by area and the eleventh largest in the world...
    • Heads of state of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
      Heads of state of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
      This is the list of the Heads of State of the Democratic Republic of the Congo since independence in 1960. The current head of state is President Joseph Kabila, since 26 January 2001.-Heads of State:-Affiliations:...

    • Heads of government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
    • Heads of state of the Congo Free State
      Heads of state of the Congo Free State
      -List of Heads of State of the Congo Free State:For continuation, see: Colonial heads of Congo-See also:*Congo, Democratic Republic of the**Presidents of the Democratic Republic of the Congo**Heads of Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo...

    • Colonial heads of Congo
      Colonial heads of Congo
      -List of Colonial Heads of Congo:For continuation after independence, see: List of heads of state of the Democratic Republic of the Congo-Sources:*http://www.rulers.org/rulc3.html#congo_kinshasa*African States and Rulers, John Stewart, McFarland...
      • Rulers of Katanga
      • Rulers of Kuba
      • Rulers of Luba
        Rulers of Luba
        -List of Rulers of Luba:Territory located in present-day muLopwe = Kings/emperors-See also:*Congo**Congo, Democratic Republic of the***Presidents of the Democratic Republic of the Congo...

      • Rulers of Ruund (Luunda)
      • Rulers of Kasongo Luunda (Yaka)
      • Rulers of Kongo
      • Kongo
        Kingdom of Kongo
        The Kingdom of Kongo was an African kingdom located in west central Africa in what are now northern Angola, Cabinda, the Republic of the Congo, and the western portion of the Democratic Republic of the Congo...

    • Rulers of Kongo
  • Congo, Republic of the (Congo-Brazzaville)
    Republic of the Congo
    The Republic of the Congo , sometimes known locally as Congo-Brazzaville, is a state in Central Africa. It is bordered by Gabon, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo , the Angolan exclave province of Cabinda, and the Gulf of Guinea.The region was dominated by...
    • Heads of state of the Republic of the Congo
      Heads of state of the Republic of the Congo
      -List of Heads of State of the Republic of the Congo :-Affiliations:-See also:*Congo*Republic of the Congo**List of heads of government of the Republic of the Congo...

    • Heads of government of the Republic of the Congo
      Heads of government of the Republic of the Congo
      -List of Heads of Government of the Republic of the Congo :-Affiliations:-See also:*Congo*Republic of the Congo**List of heads of state of the Republic of the Congo...
      • Colonial heads of French Equatorial Africa
        Colonial heads of French Equatorial Africa
        -See also:*French Equatorial Africa*Cameroon**French Cameroon*Chad*Central African Republic*Democratic Republic of the Congo*Republic of the Congo*Guinea*Gabon*Lists of office-holders...

  • Equatorial Guinea
    Equatorial Guinea
    Equatorial Guinea, officially the Republic of Equatorial Guinea where the capital Malabo is situated.Annobón is the southernmost island of Equatorial Guinea and is situated just south of the equator. Bioko island is the northernmost point of Equatorial Guinea. Between the two islands and to the...
  • Gabon
    Gabon
    Gabon , officially the Gabonese Republic is a state in west central Africa sharing borders with Equatorial Guinea to the northwest, Cameroon to the north, and with the Republic of the Congo curving around the east and south. The Gulf of Guinea, an arm of the Atlantic Ocean is to the west...
    • Heads of State of Gabon
      Heads of state of Gabon
      -Presidents of Gabon :-Affiliations:-Sources:* http://www.rulers.org/rulg1.html#gabon...

    • Heads of Government of Gabon
      Heads of government of Gabon
      -Prime Ministers of Gabon :-Affiliations:- Sources :* http://www.rulers.org/rulg1.html#gabon...

    • Colonial Heads of Gabon
      Colonial heads of Gabon
      See below for continuation 1886 to 17 August 1960For continuation after independence, see: Heads of State of Gabon-See also:*Gabon**Heads of State of Gabon*Lists of incumbents...
      • Rulers of Orungu
        Rulers of Orungu
        The combination of heredity succession to the election. The king is elected by heads of clans, among the son or brothers of King deceased mother's side...

  • São Tomé and Príncipe
    São Tomé and Príncipe
    São Tomé and Príncipe, officially the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, is a Portuguese-speaking island nation in the Gulf of Guinea, off the western equatorial coast of Central Africa. It consists of two islands: São Tomé and Príncipe, located about apart and about , respectively, off...
    • Heads of State of São Tomé and Príncipe
    • Heads of Government of São Tomé and Príncipe
      Heads of government of São Tomé and Príncipe
      -Prime Ministers of São Tomé and Príncipe :-Affiliations:-See also:*São Tomé and Príncipe**Heads of State of São Tomé and Príncipe...

    • Presidents of the Regional Government of Príncipe
      Presidents of the Regional Government of Príncipe
      -See also:*São Tomé and Príncipe**Heads of State of São Tomé and Príncipe**Heads of Government of São Tomé and Príncipe**Foreign Ministers of São Tomé and Príncipe**Colonial Heads of São Tomé and Príncipe*Lists of Incumbents...

    • Colonial Heads of São Tomé and Príncipe

Northern Africa

  • Algeria
    Algeria
    Algeria , officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria , also formally referred to as the Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of Northwest Africa with Algiers as its capital.In terms of land area, it is the largest country in Africa and the Arab...
    • Heads of state of Algeria
    • Heads of government of Algeria
      Heads of government of Algeria
      -List of heads of government of Algeria:-Affiliations:-Sources:* http://www.rulers.org/rula1.html#algeria...

       (see also: Prime Ministers of Algeria
      Prime Minister of Algeria
      The Prime Minister is the head of government of Algeria.The Prime Minister is appointed by the President of Algeria, along with other ministers and members of the government that the new Prime Minister recommends. The People's National Assembly must approve the legislative program of the new...

       with information specific to that post)
    • Colonial heads of Algeria
      Colonial heads of Algeria
      Beylerbey: Bey of beysKalifah: Governor acting in the absence of the BeylerbeyAga : Military CommanderFor continuation after independence, see: Presidents of Algeria-Sources:* http://www.rulers.org/rula1.html#algeria...
      • Colonial heads of Oran
        Colonial heads of Oran
        -List of colonial heads of Oran:Territory located in present-day Algeria, west of Algiers:Wali: Governor-See also:*Algeria**Heads of state of Algeria**Presidents of Algeria**Heads of government of Algeria**Colonial heads of Algeria...

      • Rulers of Kel Ahaggar
        Rulers of Kel Ahaggar
        -List of Rulers of Kel Ahaggar:Territory located in present-day Algeria:Amenokal = Ruler-See also:*Algeria**Heads of state of Algeria**Heads of government of Algeria...

      • Rulers of Qusantina (Constantine)
        Rulers of Qusantina (Constantine)
        -List of Rulers of Qusantina :Territory located in present-day Algeria:-See also:*Algeria**Heads of state of Algeria**Heads of government of Algeria**Colonial heads of Algeria*Lists of office-holders...

      • Rulers of Tuggurt
        Rulers of Tuggurt
        -List of Rulers of Tuggurt:Territory located in present-day Southern Algeria-See also:*Algeria**Presidents of Algeria**Heads of Government of Algeria**Colonial Heads of Algeria*Tuareg*Lists of Incumbents...

    • Mauretania
      Mauretania
      Mauretania is a part of the historical Ancient Libyan land in North Africa. It corresponds to present day Morocco and a part of western Algeria...

      : Kings of Mauretania
    • Numidia
      Numidia
      Numidia was an ancient Berber kingdom in part of present-day Eastern Algeria and Western Tunisia in North Africa. It is known today as the Chawi-land, the land of the Chawi people , the direct descendants of the historical Numidians or the Massyles The kingdom began as a sovereign state and later...

      : Kings of Numidia
    • Hammadid
      Hammadid
      The Hammadids were a Berber dynasty who ruled an area roughly corresponding to north-eastern modern Algeria for about a century and a half , until they were destroyed by the Almohads...

       dynasty
    • Rustamid
      Rustamid
      The Rustamid dynasty of Ibāḍī Kharijite imām that ruled the central Maghreb as a Muslim theocracy for a century and a half from their capital Tahert in present Algeria until the Ismailite Fatimid Caliphs destroyed it. The dynasty had a Persian origin...

       dynasty
    • Ziyanid
      Ziyanid
      Ziyanid was a North African Dynasty that ruled over Western Algeria from 1236-1555. They were Zenata Berber.Here is a list of Ziyanid rulers:*Yaghmurâsan Ibn Ziyân 1236-1283*Uthmân I 1283-1304*Muhammad I 1304-1308...

       dynasty
  • Egypt
    Egypt
    Egypt , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: , is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world...
    • Rulers of Egypt
    • Heads of government of Egypt
    • Colonial heads of Egypt
    • Pharaohs
    • Egyptian dynasties
    • Bahri dynasty
      Bahri dynasty
      The Bahri dynasty or Bahriyya Mamluks was a Mamluk dynasty of mostly Kipchak Turkic origin that ruled Egypt from 1250 to 1382 when they were succeeded by the Burji dynasty, another group of Mamluks...

       of Egypt
    • Burji dynasty
      Burji dynasty
      The Burji dynasty المماليك البرجية ruled Egypt from 1382 until 1517. It proved especially turbulent, with short-lived sultans. Political power-plays often became important in designating a new sultan. During this time Mamluks fought Timur Lenk and conquered Cyprus. Constant bickering may have...

       of Egypt
    • Ayyubid dynasty
      Ayyubid dynasty
      The Ayyubid dynasty was a Muslim dynasty of Kurdish origin, founded by Saladin and centered in Egypt. The dynasty ruled much of the Middle East during the 12th and 13th centuries CE. The Ayyubid family, under the brothers Ayyub and Shirkuh, originally served as soldiers for the Zengids until they...

    • Fatimid Caliphs
      Fatimid
      The Fatimid Islamic Caliphate or al-Fāṭimiyyūn was a Berber Shia Muslim caliphate first centered in Tunisia and later in Egypt that ruled over varying areas of the Maghreb, Sudan, Sicily, the Levant, and Hijaz from 5 January 909 to 1171.The caliphate was ruled by the Fatimids, who established the...

    • Monarchs of the Muhammad Ali Dynasty
  • Libya
    Libya
    Libya is an African country in the Maghreb region of North Africa bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south, and Algeria and Tunisia to the west....
    • Heads of State of Libya
    • Heads of Government of Libya
    • Colonial Heads of Libya
      Colonial heads of Libya
      List of Colonial Heads of LibyaFor continuation after independence, see: List of heads of state of Libya...
      • Colonial Heads of Tripolitania
        Tripolitania
        Tripolitania or Tripolitana is a historic region and former province of Libya.Tripolitania was a separate Italian colony from 1927 to 1934...

      • Colonial Heads of Cyrenaica
        Colonial heads of Cyrenaica
        List of the Colonial Heads of Cyrenaica...

      • Colonial Heads of Fezzan
    • Cyrene
      Cyrene, Libya
      Cyrene was an ancient Greek colony and then a Roman city in present-day Shahhat, Libya, the oldest and most important of the five Greek cities in the region. It gave eastern Libya the classical name Cyrenaica that it has retained to modern times.Cyrene lies in a lush valley in the Jebel Akhdar...

      : Kings of Cyrene
  • Morocco
    Morocco
    Morocco , officially the Kingdom of Morocco , is a country located in North Africa. It has a population of more than 32 million and an area of 710,850 km², and also primarily administers the disputed region of the Western Sahara...
    • Kings of Morocco
    • Heads of Government of Morocco
      Heads of government of Morocco
      The Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Morocco is the head of government of Morocco. The Prime Minister is appointed by the King of Morocco. The incumbent Prime Minister is Abdelilah Benkirane, since 29 November 2011.-List of heads of government of Morocco:...
    • Marinid dynasty
    • Almohad dynasty
    • Almoravid dynasty of Morocco
    • Banu Isam
      Banu Isam
      The Banu Isam were a Muslim Berber dynasty that ruled Ceuta, Spain, for four generations. The town had been destroyed in a Kharijite rebellion, and was lying waste; sometime in the middle of the ninth century, Mâjakas, chief of the Majkasa tribe, resettled it and founded a dynasty that ruled the...

       kings
    • Kings of Berghouata
    • Kings of Nekor, see Kingdom of Nekor
      Kingdom of Nekor
      The Kingdom of Nekor was an emirate in the Rif area of modern day Morocco, with its capital initially at Temsaman but later at Nekor. It was founded by an immigrant of Yemen, Salih I ibn Mansur al-Himyarī in 710 AD, by Caliphal grant...

  • Sudan
    Sudan
    Sudan , officially the Republic of the Sudan , is a country in North Africa, sometimes considered part of the Middle East politically. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east, South Sudan to the south, the Central African Republic to the...

     (formerly Anglo-Egyptian -
    Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
    Anglo-Egyptian Sudan referred to the manner by which Sudan was administered between 1899 and 1956, when it was a condominium of Egypt and the United Kingdom.-Union with Egypt:...

    )
    • Presidents of Sudan
    • Prime Ministers of Sudan
      Prime minister of Sudan
      -List of heads of government of Sudan:-Affiliations:*UNF - United National Front*NUP - National Unionist Party*DUP - Democratic Unionist Party...

    • Presidents of Southern Sudan
    • Vice-Presidents of Southern Sudan
    • Kings of Makuria
      Makuria
      The Kingdom of Makuria was a kingdom located in what is today Northern Sudan and Southern Egypt. It was one of a group of Nubian kingdoms that emerged during the decline of the Aksumite Empire, which it had been part of from approximately 4BC to AD 950...

    • Kings of Sennar
      Funj sultanate of Sinnar
      The Funj Sultanate of Sennar , known in Sudanese traditions as the Blue Sultanate , was a sultanate in the north of Sudan, named Funj after the ethnic group of its dynasty or Sinnar after its capital, which ruled a substantial area of northeast Africa between 1504 and 1821.-Origin:In the 15th...

    • Kush
      Kingdom of Kush
      The native name of the Kingdom was likely kaš, recorded in Egyptian as .The name Kash is probably connected to Cush in the Hebrew Bible , son of Ham ....
  • Tunisia
    Tunisia
    Tunisia , officially the Tunisian RepublicThe long name of Tunisia in other languages used in the country is: , is the northernmost country in Africa. It is a Maghreb country and is bordered by Algeria to the west, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Its area...
    • Beys of Tunis
    • Presidents of Tunisia
    • Carthage
      Carthage
      Carthage , implying it was a 'new Tyre') is a major urban centre that has existed for nearly 3,000 years on the Gulf of Tunis, developing from a Phoenician colony of the 1st millennium BC...

      : Kings of Carthage
    • Aghlabid
      Aghlabid
      The Aghlabids were a dynasty of emirs, members of the Arab tribe of Bani Tamim, who ruled Ifriqiya, nominally on behalf of the Abbasid Caliph, for about a century, until overthrown by the new power of the Fatimid.-History:...

       dynasty
    • Hafsid dynasty
      Hafsid dynasty
      The Hafsids were a Berber dynasty ruling Ifriqiya from 1229 to 1574. Their territories were stretched from east of modern Algeria to west of modern Libya during their zenith.-History:...

    • Zirid
      Zirid
      The Zirid dynasty were a Sanhadja Berber dynasty, originating in modern Algeria, initially on behalf of the Fatimids, for about two centuries, until weakened by the Banu Hilal and finally destroyed by the Almohads. Their capital was Kairouan...

       dynasty of Tunisia

Southern Africa

  • Botswana
    Botswana
    Botswana, officially the Republic of Botswana , is a landlocked country located in Southern Africa. The citizens are referred to as "Batswana" . Formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland, Botswana adopted its new name after becoming independent within the Commonwealth on 30 September 1966...

     (former Bechuanaland)
    • Heads of state of Botswana
      Heads of state of Botswana
      -Presidents of Botswana :- Affiliations :- See also :*Heads of government of Botswana*Vice-President of Botswana*Colonial heads of Botswana *Lists of office-holders...

    • Heads of government of Botswana
      Heads of government of Botswana
      -Affiliations:Botswana Congress Party-Sources:* http://www.rulers.org/rulb1.html#botswana* African States and Rulers, John Stewart, McFarland...

    • Colonial heads of Botswana (Bechuanaland)
      Colonial heads of Botswana (Bechuanaland)
      This is a list of the colonial heads of Bechuanaland Protectorate, which gained independence as Botswana in 1966. From 1885 to 1891 the post was known as Deputy Commissioner; from 1891 to 1964 as Resident Commissioner; and from 1964 to independence as The Queen's Commissioner.In the table below,...
      • Rulers of baKgatla
        Rulers of baKgatla
        -List of Rulers of baKgatla:Territory located in present-day Botswana.Kgôsikgolo = Paramount Chief-See also:*Botswana**Heads of state of Botswana**Heads of government of Botswana**Colonial heads of Botswana ***Rulers of baKwêna...

      • Rulers of baKwêna
        Rulers of baKwêna
        -List of Rulers of baKwêna:Territory located in present-day Botswana.Kgôsikgolo = Paramount Chief-See also:*Botswana**Heads of state of Botswana**Heads of government of Botswana...

      • Rulers of Balete (baMalete)
        Rulers of Balete (baMalete)
        -List of Rulers of Balete :Territory located in present-day Botswana.Kgôsikgolo = Paramount Chief-See also:*Botswana**Heads of state of Botswana**Heads of government of Botswana**Colonial heads of Botswana...

      • Rulers of baNgwaketse
        Rulers of baNgwaketse
        The following is a list of rulers of baNgwaketse, a territory located in present-day Botswana.Kgôsikgolo = Paramount Chief- See also :*Botswana**Heads of state of Botswana...

      • Rulers of Bangwato (bamaNgwato)
        Rulers of Bangwato (bamaNgwato)
        -List of Rulers of the Bangwato :Territory located in present-day Botswana.Kgôsikgolo = Paramount ChiefNote...

      • Rulers of baRôlông
        Rulers of baRôlông
        -List of Rulers of baRôlông:Territory located in present-day Botswana.Kgôsikgolo = Paramount Chief-Sources:*http://www.rulers.org/botstrad.htmlAt this point the Barolong found themselves separated by the Botswana - South Africa border...

      • Rulers of baTawana
        Rulers of baTawana
        -List of Rulers of baTawana:Territory located in present-day Botswana.Kgôsikgolo = Paramount Chief-See also:*Botswana**Heads of state of Botswana**Heads of government of Botswana**Colonial heads of Botswana ***Rulers of baKgatla...

      • Rulers of baTlôkwa
        Rulers of baTlôkwa
        -List of Rulers of baTlôkwa:Territory located in present-day Botswana.Kgôsikgolo = Paramount Chief-See also:*Botswana**Heads of state of Botswana**Heads of government of Botswana**Colonial heads of Botswana ***Rulers of baKgatla...

  • Lesotho
    Lesotho
    Lesotho , officially the Kingdom of Lesotho, is a landlocked country and enclave, surrounded by the Republic of South Africa. It is just over in size with a population of approximately 2,067,000. Its capital and largest city is Maseru. Lesotho is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. The name...
  • Namibia
    Namibia
    Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia , is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Angola and Zambia to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. It gained independence from South Africa on 21 March...
    • Presidents of Namibia
    • Prime Ministers of Namibia
      Prime Minister of Namibia
      -Prime Ministers of Namibia :-See also:*Namibia**Politics of Namibia**List of colonial heads of Namibia **List of Presidents of Namibia...
      • Leaders of Damaraland
        Leaders of Damaraland
        -See also:*Namibia*Damara*Bantustans in South West Africa*Apartheid*Presidents of Namibia*Prime Ministers of Namibia...

      • Leaders of East Caprivi
        Leaders of East Caprivi
        -Political Affiliation:DTA - Democratic Turnhalle Alliance-See also:*Namibia*Bantustans in South West Africa*Apartheid*Presidents of Namibia*Prime Ministers of Namibia...

         (Lozi
        East Caprivi
        East Caprivi was a bantustan in South West Africa , intended by the apartheid government to be a self-governing homeland for the Lozi people. It was set up in 1972 and self-government was granted in 1976...

        )
      • Leaders of Hereroland
        Leaders of Hereroland
        The Herero people of Namibia are ruled by traditional leaders, the highest office is that of the Paramount Chief. During part of the South African Apartheid administration in South-West Africa, when Hereroland was a bantustan , they additionally had a political representative to the South African...

      • Leaders of Kavangoland
        Leaders of Kavangoland
        -Political Affiliation:DTA - Democratic Turnhalle Alliance-See also:*Namibia*Kavango*Bantustans in South West Africa*Apartheid*Presidents of Namibia*Prime Ministers of Namibia...

      • Leaders of Namaland
        Leaders of Namaland
        -Political Affiliation:DTA - Democratic Turnhalle Alliance-See also:*Namibia*Bantustans in South West Africa*Apartheid*Presidents of Namibia*Prime Ministers of Namibia...

      • Leaders of Ovamboland
        Leaders of Ovamboland
        -See also:*Namibia*Ovambo people*Bantustans in South West Africa*Apartheid*Presidents of Namibia*Prime Ministers of Namibia...

      • Leaders of Rehoboth
        Leaders of Rehoboth
        -See also:*Namibia*Baster*Rehoboth, Namibia*Bantustans in South West Africa*Apartheid*Presidents of Namibia*Prime Ministers of Namibia...

         (Basterland
        Rehoboth (Homeland)
        Rehoboth was a bantustan in South West Africa , intended by the apartheid government to be a self-governing homeland for the Baster people. A centrally administered local government was created in 1979...

        )
      • Leaders of Tswanaland
        Leaders of Tswanaland
        -Political Affiliation:DTA – Democratic Turnhalle Alliance-See also:*Namibia*Bantustans in South West Africa*Apartheid*Presidents of Namibia*Prime Ministers of Namibia...

  • South Africa
    South Africa
    The Republic of South Africa is a country in southern Africa. Located at the southern tip of Africa, it is divided into nine provinces, with of coastline on the Atlantic and Indian oceans...
    • List of Zulu kings
    • Governors-General of South Africa
      Governor-General of the Union of South Africa
      The Governor-General of the Union of South Africa was the representative of the British and later South African Crown in the Union of South Africa between 31 May 1910 and 31 May 1961...

    • President of South Africa
      President of South Africa
      The President of the Republic of South Africa is the head of state and head of government under South Africa's Constitution. From 1961 to 1994, the head of state was called the State President....

    • Prime Ministers of South Africa
      • Heads of State of Bophuthatswana
        Heads of state of Bophuthatswana
        -List of the Heads of State of Bophuthatswana:-Political Affiliation:*BDP - Bophuthatswana Democratic Party*BNP - Bophuthatswana National Party*CDP - Christian Democratic Party...

      • Heads of State of Ciskei
        Heads of state of Ciskei
        -List of the Heads of State of Ciskei:-Political Affiliation:*CNP - Ciskei National Party*CNIP - Ciskei National Independence Party*Mil - Military-See also:*Bantustan*President of South Africa...

      • Heads of State of Transkei
      • Heads of Government of Transkei
        Heads of government of Transkei
        -List of the Heads of Government of Transkei:-See also:*Bantustan*Presidents of Transkei*President of South Africa*List of State Presidents of South Africa...

      • Heads of State of Venda
        Heads of state of Venda
        -List of the Heads of State of Venda:-See also:*Bantustan*President of South Africa*List of State Presidents of South Africa*List of Prime Ministers of South Africa...

      • Chief Ministers of Gazankulu
        Chief Ministers of Gazankulu
        -Leaders of Gazankulu:-See also:*Bantustan*President of South Africa*List of State Presidents of South Africa*List of Prime Ministers of South Africa*Governor-General of the Union of South Africa...

      • Chief Ministers of KwaNdebele
        Chief Ministers of KwaNdebele
        -Leaders of KwaNdebele:-See also:*Bantustan*President of South Africa*List of State Presidents of South Africa*List of Prime Ministers of South Africa...

      • Chief Ministers of KaNgwane
        Chief Ministers of KaNgwane
        - Leaders of KaNgwane :-See also:*Bantustan*President of South Africa*List of State Presidents of South Africa*List of Prime Ministers of South Africa...

      • Chief Ministers of KwaZulu
        Chief Ministers of KwaZulu
        -Leaders of KwaZulu:-See also:*Bantustan*President of South Africa*List of State Presidents of South Africa*List of Prime Ministers of South Africa*Governor-General of the Union of South Africa...

      • Chief Ministers of Lebowa
        Chief Ministers of Lebowa
        -Leaders of Lebowa:-See also:*Bantustan*President of South Africa*List of State Presidents of South Africa*List of Prime Ministers of South Africa*Governor-General of the Union of South Africa...

      • Chief Ministers of QwaQwa
        Chief Ministers of QwaQwa
        The following is a List of the Chief Ministers of the South African Apartheid era Bantustan of QwaQwa, also known as the Basotho ba Borwa.-Leaders of QwaQwa:Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office.-See also:*Bantustan...

  • Swaziland
    Swaziland
    Swaziland, officially the Kingdom of Swaziland , and sometimes called Ngwane or Swatini, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa, bordered to the north, south and west by South Africa, and to the east by Mozambique...

Western Africa

  • Benin
    Benin
    Benin , officially the Republic of Benin, is a country in West Africa. It borders Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east and Burkina Faso and Niger to the north. Its small southern coastline on the Bight of Benin is where a majority of the population is located...

     (former Dahomey)
    • Heads of state of Benin
      Heads of state of Benin
      -Presidents of Benin :-Affiliations:-Latest election:-Sources:*http://www.rulers.org/rulb1.html#benin*http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Benin.html*http://news.bbc.co.uk/...

    • Heads of government of Benin
      Heads of government of Benin
      -Prime Ministers of Benin :-Affiliations:-Sources:*http://www.rulers.org/rulb1.html#benin*http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Benin.html*http://news.bbc.co.uk/...

    • Colonial heads of Benin (Dahomey and Porto-Novo)
      Colonial heads of Benin (Dahomey)
      -List of Colonial Heads of Dahomey and Porto-Novo :For continuation after independence, see: Heads of State of Benin-Sources:* http://www.rulers.org/rulb1.html#benin...
      • Colonial heads of São João Baptista de Ajudá
        Colonial heads of São João Baptista de Ajudá
        -List of Colonial Heads of Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá:Territory located in present-day coastal Benin-Sources:*http://www.vdiest.nl/Africa/benin.htm...

      • Rulers of Hogbonu (Ajashe/Porto-Novo)
        Rulers of Hogbonu (Porto-Novo)
        -List of Rulers of Hogbonu :Territory located in present-day Benin.Later known as Ajache Ipo or Ajashe .Ahosu = King.-Sources:* http://www.rulers.org/benitrad.html...

    • Bariba (Borgu) states
      • Rulers of the Bariba state of Kandi
        Rulers of the Bariba state of Kandi
        -List of Rulers of the Bariba state of Kandi:Territory located in present-day Benin.Saka = Ruler.-See also:*Benin*Rulers of the Bariba state of Kwande*Rulers of the Bariba state of Nikki*Rulers of the Bariba state of Paraku...

      • Rulers of the Bariba state of Kwande
        Rulers of the Bariba state of Kwande
        -List of Rulers of the Bariba state of Kouande:Territory located in present-day Benin.The king of Kouande is called "Bagana" meaning Bull.Banga = Ruler.-See also:*Benin*Bariba*Bariba states**Rulers of the Bariba state of Kandi...

      • Rulers of the Bariba state of Nikki
        Rulers of the Bariba state of Nikki
        -List of Rulers of the Bariba state of Nikki:Territory located in present-day Benin.Sarkin Nikki = Ruler.-See also:*Benin*Bariba*Bariba states**Rulers of the Bariba state of Kandi**Rulers of the Bariba state of Kwande...

      • Rulers of the Bariba state of Paraku
        Rulers of the Bariba state of Paraku
        The following is a list of Rulers of the Bariba state of Paraku:- See also :*Benin*Bariba*Bariba states**Rulers of the Bariba state of Kandi**Rulers of the Bariba state of Kwande**Rulers of the Bariba state of Nikki...

    • Berba states
      • Rulers of the Berba state of Gwande
        Rulers of the Berba state of Gwande
        -List of Rulers of the Berba state of Gwande in Benin:-See also:*Benin*Berba*Berba states*Lists of office-holders...

    • Ewe states
      • Rulers of the Ewe state of Agwe
        Rulers of the Ewe state of Agwe
        -List of Rulers of the Ewe state of Agwe:Territory located in present-day Benin and Togo.-See also:*Benin**Ewe states*Lists of office-holders...

    • Fon states
      • Rulers of the Fon state of Alada (Allada)
        Rulers of the Fon state of Alada
        -Rulers of the Fon state of Alada:Territory located in present-day Benin.Also known as Ardrah , Ardrah Empire, Adja-Tado. Known to the French as Allada or Ardres....

      • Rulers of the Fon state of Danhome (Agbome) (Dahomey)
        Rulers of the Fon state of Danhome
        -List of Rulers of the Fon state of Danhome :Danhome known to Europeans as DahomeyAhosu = King-Sources:* http://www.rulers.org/benitrad.html...

      • Rulers of the Fon state of Savi Hweda
        Rulers of the Fon state of Savi Hweda
        Territory located in present-day Benin.English: Whydah; -See also:*Benin*Fon states**Rulers of the Fon state of Alada **Rulers of the Fon state of Danhome...

    • Gurmanche states
    • Mahi states
      • Rulers of the Mahi state of Fitta
        Rulers of the Mahi state of Fitta
        -List of Rulers of the Mahi state of Fitta:-See also:*Benin**Mahi states*Lists of office-holders...

      • Rulers of the Mahi state of Savalu
        Rulers of the Mahi state of Savalu
        -Rulers of the Gurmanche state of Jugu:Territory located in present-day Benin.-See also:*Benin**Mahi states**Mahi people*Lists of office-holders...

    • Yoruba states
      Yoruba people
      The Yoruba people are one of the largest ethnic groups in West Africa. The majority of the Yoruba speak the Yoruba language...
      • Rulers of the Yoruba state of Dassa
        Rulers of the Yoruba state of Dassa
        Territory located in present-day Benin.Oba = Ruler.-See also:*Benin**Yoruba states***Rulers of the Yoruba state of Icha***Rulers of the Yoruba state of Ketu***Rulers of the Yoruba state of Sabe***Rulers of the Yoruba state of Oyo...

      • Rulers of the Yoruba state of Icha
        Rulers of the Yoruba state of Icha
        Territory located in present-day Benin.- See also :*Benin**Yoruba states***List of rulers of the Yoruba state of Dassa***List of rulers of the Yoruba state of Ketu***List of rulers of the Yoruba state of Oyo***List of rulers of the Yoruba state of Sabe...

      • Rulers of the Yoruba state of Ketu
        Rulers of the Yoruba state of Ketu
        The state of Ketu is located in present-day Republic of Benin.In the Yoruba language, the word oba means king or ruler. It is also common for the rulers of the various Yoruba domains to have their own special titles...

      • Rulers of the Yoruba state of Sabe
        Rulers of the Yoruba state of Sabe
        Sabe is a territory located in present-day Benin.In the Yoruba language, the word Oba means king or ruler. It is also common for the oba's of the various Yoruba domains to have their own special titles. In Sabe the Oba is referred to as the Onisabe of SabeRecords for Sabe are fragmentary and...

  • Burkina Faso
    Burkina Faso
    Burkina Faso – also known by its short-form name Burkina – is a landlocked country in west Africa. It is surrounded by six countries: Mali to the north, Niger to the east, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana to the south, and Côte d'Ivoire to the southwest.Its size is with an estimated...

     (former Upper Volta)
    • Heads of state of Burkina Faso
      Heads of state of Burkina Faso
      -List of heads of state of Burkina Faso:-Affiliations:-Latest election:-See also:*Burkina Faso**Heads of government of Burkina Faso**Colonial heads of Burkina Faso...

    • Heads of government of Burkina Faso
      Heads of government of Burkina Faso
      -List of Heads of Government of Burkina Faso:-Affiliations:-See also:*List of heads of state of Burkina Faso*List of governors of Upper Volta*Lists of office-holders-References:*...

       (see also: Prime Minister of Burkina Faso with information specific to that post)
    • Colonial heads of Burkina Faso (Upper Volta)
      Colonial heads of Burkina Faso (Upper Volta)
      This is a list of the colonial governors of French Upper Volta and high commissioners of the self-governing Republic of Upper Volta before attaining independence in 1960.-Lieutenant Governors :...

    • Mossi States:-
      • Rulers of the Mossi state of Gurunsi
        Rulers of the Mossi state of Gurunsi
        -List of Rulers of the Mossi state of Gurunsi:Territory located in present-day Burkina Faso.-See also:*Burkina Faso**Mossi states***Rulers of the Mossi state of Gwiriko***Rulers of the Mossi state of Liptako***Rulers of the Mossi state of Tenkodogo...

      • Rulers of the Mossi state of Gwiriko
        Rulers of the Mossi state of Gwiriko
        -List of Rulers of the Mossi state of Gwiriko:Territory located in present-day Burkina Faso.-See also:*Burkina Faso**Mossi states***Rulers of the Mossi state of Gurunsi***Rulers of the Mossi state of Liptako***Rulers of the Mossi state of Tenkodogo...

      • Rulers of the Mossi state of Liptako
        Rulers of the Mossi state of Liptako
        Territory located in present-day Burkina Faso.Almami = Ruler-See also:*Burkina Faso**Mossi states***Rulers of the Mossi state of Gurunsi***Rulers of the Mossi state of Gwiriko***Rulers of the Mossi state of Tenkodogo...

      • Rulers of the Mossi state of Tenkodogo
        Rulers of the Mossi state of Tenkodogo
        This is a list of Rulers of the Mossi State of Tenkodogo. Comprising part of Burkina Faso, Tenkodogo is the senior Mossi State.Naaba = Ruler- See also :*Burkina Faso**Mossi states***Rulers of the Mossi state of Gurunsi...

      • Rulers of the Mossi state of Wogodogo
        Rulers of the Mossi state of Wogodogo
        Comprising part of Burkina Faso, Wogodogo is the imperial premier Mossi State.Moogo-naaba = Ruler- See also :*Burkina Faso**Mossi states***Rulers of the Mossi state of Gurunsi***Rulers of the Mossi state of Gwiriko...

      • Rulers of the Mossi state of Yatenga
        Rulers of the Mossi state of Yatenga
        -List of Rulers of the Mossi state of Yatenga:Territory located in present-day Burkina Faso.-See also:*Burkina Faso**Mossi states***Rulers of the Mossi state of Gurunsi***Rulers of the Mossi state of Gwiriko***Rulers of the Mossi state of Liptako...

      • Rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Bilanga
        Rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Bilanga
        -List of Rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Bilanga:Territory located in present-day Burkina Faso.Bilanbedo = Ruler-See also:*Burkina Faso**Mossi states***Rulers of the Mossi state of Gurunsi***Rulers of the Mossi state of Gwiriko...

      • Rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Bilayanga
        Rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Bilayanga
        -List of Rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Bilayanga:Territory located in present-day Burkina Faso.-See also:*Burkina Faso**Mossi states***Rulers of the Mossi state of Gurunsi***Rulers of the Mossi state of Gwiriko***Rulers of the Mossi state of Liptako...

      • Rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Bongandini
        Rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Bongandini
        -List of Rulers of the Gurma Mossi State of Bongandini:Territory located in present-day Burkina Faso.-See also:*Burkina Faso**Mossi states***Rulers of the Mossi state of Gurunsi***Rulers of the Mossi state of Gwiriko***Rulers of the Mossi state of Liptako...

      • Rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Con
        Rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Con
        Below is a list of rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Con, a territory located in present-day Burkina Faso.-List of rulers:-See also:*Rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Bilanga*Rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Bilayanga...

      • Rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Kuala
        Rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Kuala
        List of Rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Kuala. Territory located in present-day Burkina Faso.-See also:*Burkina Faso**Mossi states***Rulers of the Mossi state of Gurunsi***Rulers of the Mossi state of Gwiriko***Rulers of the Mossi state of Liptako...

      • Rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Macakoali
        Rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Macakoali
        -List of Rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Macakoali:Territory located in present-day Burkina Faso.Boopo = Ruler-See also:*Burkina Faso**Mossi states***Rulers of the Mossi state of Gurunsi***Rulers of the Mossi state of Gwiriko...

      • Rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Nungu
        Rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Nungu
        List of Rulers of the Nungu Kingdom sometimes referred to as the Gurma Kingdom or Empire. The state was created by the Gurmanche people who are closely related to the Mossi peopleThis territory located in present-day Burkina Faso.Nunbado = Ruler...

      • Rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Pama
        Rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Pama
        -List of Rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Pama:Territory located in present-day Burkina Faso.Jafuali = Ruler-See also:*Burkina Faso**Mossi states***Rulers of the Mossi state of Gurunsi***Rulers of the Mossi state of Gwiriko...

      • Rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Piela
        Rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Piela
        -List of Rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Piela:Territory located in present-day Burkina Faso.Pielabedo = Ruler-See also:*Burkina Faso**Mossi states***Rulers of the Mossi state of Gurunsi***Rulers of the Mossi state of Gwiriko...

  • Cameroon
    Cameroon
    Cameroon, officially the Republic of Cameroon , is a country in west Central Africa. It is bordered by Nigeria to the west; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republic to the east; and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo to the south. Cameroon's coastline lies on the...
    • Heads of state of Cameroon
      Heads of state of Cameroon
      -Presidents of Cameroon :-Affiliations:-Latest election:-See also:*Politics of Cameroon*Heads of government of Cameroon*Colonial heads of Cameroon...

    • Prime Minister and Head of Government of Cameroon
    • Political leaders of Cameroon
  • Cape Verde
    Cape Verde
    The Republic of Cape Verde is an island country, spanning an archipelago of 10 islands located in the central Atlantic Ocean, 570 kilometres off the coast of Western Africa...
    • Heads of state of Cape Verde
      Heads of state of Cape Verde
      -Presidents of Cape Verde :-Affiliations:-Latest election:- See also :*Cape Verde**Heads of government of Cape Verde**Colonial heads of Cape Verde...

    • Heads of government of Cape Verde
      Heads of government of Cape Verde
      -Prime Ministers of Cape Verde :-Affiliations:-See also:*Cape Verde**Heads of state of Cape Verde**Colonial heads of Cape Verde**List of political parties in Cape Verde...

       (see also: Prime Minister of Cape Verde
      Heads of government of Cape Verde
      -Prime Ministers of Cape Verde :-Affiliations:-See also:*Cape Verde**Heads of state of Cape Verde**Colonial heads of Cape Verde**List of political parties in Cape Verde...

       with information specific to that post)
    • Colonial heads of Cape Verde
      Colonial heads of Cape Verde
      List of Colonial Heads of the Cape Verde Islands- Santiago :- Ribeira Grande :- Boa Vista :- Alcatrazes :- Praia :...

  • Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)
    Côte d'Ivoire
    The Republic of Côte d'Ivoire or Ivory Coast is a country in West Africa. It has an area of , and borders the countries Liberia, Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso and Ghana; its southern boundary is along the Gulf of Guinea. The country's population was 15,366,672 in 1998 and was estimated to be...
    • Heads of state of Côte d'Ivoire
      Heads of state of Côte d'Ivoire
      -Presidents of Côte d'Ivoire :-Affiliations:-See also:*Côte d'Ivoire**Heads of government of Côte d'Ivoire**Colonial heads of the Côte d'Ivoire...

    • Heads of government of Côte d'Ivoire
      Heads of government of Côte d'Ivoire
      -Prime Ministers of Côte d'Ivoire :-Affiliations:-Sources:*http://www.rulers.org* Guinness Book of Kings Rulers & Statesmen, Clive Carpenter, Guinness Superlatives Ltd...

    • Colonial heads of Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)
      Colonial heads of Côte d'Ivoire
      -List of Colonial Heads of Côte d'Ivoire :For continuation after independence, see: Heads of state of Côte d'Ivoire-See also:*Côte d'Ivoire**Heads of state of Côte d'Ivoire...

  • The Gambia
    The Gambia
    The Republic of The Gambia, commonly referred to as The Gambia, or Gambia , is a country in West Africa. Gambia is the smallest country on mainland Africa, surrounded by Senegal except for a short coastline on the Atlantic Ocean in the west....
    • Heads of State of The Gambia
      Heads of state of the Gambia
      -Heads of State of The Gambia :-Affiliations:*PPP - People's Progressive Party*APRC - Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction*Mil - Military of the Gambia...

       (see also Governors-General of The Gambia)
    • Heads of Government of The Gambia
      Heads of Government of the Gambia
      -List of Heads of Government of The Gambia:-Affiliations:*UP - United Party*PPP - People's Progressive Party*APRC - Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction...

    • Colonial Heads of The Gambia
      Colonial Heads of the Gambia
      This is a list of colonial administrators in The Gambia from the establishment of the Fort James by the United Kingdom in 1815 until The Gambia's independence in 1965.-Commandants of Fort James :* Alexander Grant, 1815–1821...

  • Ghana
    Ghana
    Ghana , officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country located in West Africa. It is bordered by Côte d'Ivoire to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, Togo to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea to the south...

    : Rulers of Ghana
    Rulers of Ghana
    -Colonial governors:*Governors-General of Ghana*Colonial Heads of Ghana *Colonial Heads of Danish Gold Coast*Colonial Heads of Dutch Gold Coast*Colonial Heads Of Ghana Silver Coast-Akan states:*Rulers of the Akan state of Adanse...
    • Heads of state of Ghana
    • Emperors of Ghana
      Ghana Empire
      The Ghana Empire or Wagadou Empire was located in what is now southeastern Mauritania, and Western Mali. Complex societies had existed in the region since about 1500 BCE, and around Ghana's core region since about 300 CE...

  • Guinea
    Guinea
    Guinea , officially the Republic of Guinea , is a country in West Africa. Formerly known as French Guinea , it is today sometimes called Guinea-Conakry to distinguish it from its neighbour Guinea-Bissau. Guinea is divided into eight administrative regions and subdivided into thirty-three prefectures...
    • Heads of State of Guinea
      Heads of state of Guinea
      -List of Heads of State of Guinea:For Colonial Heads prior to independence, see: Colonial Heads of Guinea-Affiliations:-Latest election:-See also:*Guinea**Colonial Heads of Guinea...

    • Heads of Government of Guinea
      Heads of government of Guinea
      -List of Heads of Government of Guinea:-Affiliations:-See also:*Guinea**Heads of State of Guinea**Colonial Heads of Guinea*Lists of incumbents-External links:Government *...

    • Colonial Heads of Guinea
      Colonial heads of Guinea
      -List of Colonial Heads of Guinea:For continuation after independence, see: Presidents of Guinea-See also:*Guinea**Heads of State of Guinea**Heads of Government of Guinea...

  • Guinea-Bissau
    Guinea-Bissau
    The Republic of Guinea-Bissau is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Senegal to the north, and Guinea to the south and east, with the Atlantic Ocean to its west....
    • Heads of State of Guinea-Bissau
      Heads of state of Guinea-Bissau
      -Presidents of Guinea-Bissau :-Affiliations:-Latest election:-See also:*Guinea-Bissau**List of heads of government of Guinea-Bissau...

    • Heads of Government of Guinea-Bissau
      Heads of government of Guinea-Bissau
      -Prime Ministers of Guinea-Bissau :-Affiliations:-See also:*Guinea-Bissau**List of heads of state of Guinea-Bissau**List of colonial heads of Portuguese Guinea...

    • Colonial Heads of Portuguese Guinea
      Colonial heads of Portuguese Guinea
      What follows is a list of colonial heads of Portuguese Guinea .For continuation after independence see: Heads of State of Guinea-Bissau- See also :*Guinea-Bissau...
      • Colonial Heads of Bissau
        Colonial heads of Bissau
        -List of Colonial Heads of Bissau:The territory is located in Guinea-Bissau.Early incumbents, all styled Captain-major:*1696 - 1699 José Pinheiro da Câmara*1699 - 1707 Rodrigo Oliveira da Fonseca*1707 - 1753 abandoned*1753 - 17.. Nicolau Pino de Araújo...

      • Colonial Heads of Cacheu
        Colonial heads of Cacheu
        -List of Colonial Heads of Cacheu:The territory is located in Guinea-Bissau.-See also:*Guinea-Bissau**Heads of State of Guinea-Bissau**Heads of Government of Guinea-Bissau**Colonial Heads of Portuguese Guinea**Colonial Heads of Bissau*lists of incumbents...

  • Liberia
    Liberia
    Liberia , officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Sierra Leone on the west, Guinea on the north and Côte d'Ivoire on the east. Liberia's coastline is composed of mostly mangrove forests while the more sparsely populated inland consists of forests that open...
    • Presidents of Liberia
    • Agents and Governors of Liberia
      Agents and Governors of Liberia
      The following is a list of Agents and Governors of Liberia, made up of the 14 agents and two governors of the American Colonization Society from 1822 until Liberia's independence in 1847...
      • Colonial Heads of Maryland
      • Colonial Heads of Mississippi
      • Colonial Heads of Port Cresson and Bassa Cove
        History of Liberia
        Liberia was set up by citizens of the United States as a colony for former African-American slaves. It is one of only two sovereign states in the world that were started by citizens of a political power as a colony for former slaves of the same political power: Sierra Leone was begun as a colony...

  • Mali
    Mali
    Mali , officially the Republic of Mali , is a landlocked country in Western Africa. Mali borders Algeria on the north, Niger on the east, Burkina Faso and the Côte d'Ivoire on the south, Guinea on the south-west, and Senegal and Mauritania on the west. Its size is just over 1,240,000 km² with...

     (former French Sudan)
    • Heads of State of Mali
      Heads of state of Mali
      -List of Heads of State of Mali:-Affiliations:-See also:*Heads of Government of Mali*Colonial Heads of Mali*Lists of incumbents*Elections in Mali ...

    • Heads of Government of Mali
      Heads of government of Mali
      -List of Heads of Government of Mali:-Affiliations:-External links:*...

    • Colonial Heads of Mali
      Colonial heads of Mali
      List of Colonial Heads of MaliFor continuation after independence, see: Heads of State of Mali...

    • Emperors of Mali, see Mali Empire
      Mali Empire
      The Mali Empire or Mandingo Empire or Manden Kurufa was a West African empire of the Mandinka from c. 1230 to c. 1600. The empire was founded by Sundiata Keita and became renowned for the wealth of its rulers, especially Mansa Musa I...

    • Kings of Mali, see Mansa
      Mansa
      Mansa is a Mandinka word meaning "king of kings". It is particularly associated with the Keita Dynasty of the Mali Empire, which dominated West Africa from the thirteenth to the fifthteenth century...

    • Songhai emperors, see Songhai Empire
      Songhai Empire
      The Songhai Empire, also known as the Songhay Empire, was a state located in western Africa. From the early 15th to the late 16th century, Songhai was one of the largest Islamic empires in history. This empire bore the same name as its leading ethnic group, the Songhai. Its capital was the city...

  • Mauritania
    Mauritania
    Mauritania is a country in the Maghreb and West Africa. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean in the west, by Western Sahara in the north, by Algeria in the northeast, by Mali in the east and southeast, and by Senegal in the southwest...
    • Heads of State of Mauritania
      Heads of state of Mauritania
      -List of Heads of State of Mauritania:-Affiliations:-See also:*Mauritania**Heads of government of Mauritania**Colonial heads of Mauritania*Lists of office-holders-External links:*...

    • Heads of Government of Mauritania
      Heads of government of Mauritania
      -List of Heads of Government of Mauritania:-Affiliations:-See also:*Mauritania**Heads of State of Mauritania**Colonial Heads of Mauritania*Lists of office-holders-External links:*...

    • Colonial Heads of Mauritania
      Colonial heads of Mauritania
      -List of colonial heads of Mauritania:For continuation after independence, see: Heads of state of Mauritania-See also:*Mauritania**Heads of state of Mauritania...

  • Niger
    Niger
    Niger , officially named the Republic of Niger, is a landlocked country in Western Africa, named after the Niger River. It borders Nigeria and Benin to the south, Burkina Faso and Mali to the west, Algeria and Libya to the north and Chad to the east...
    • Heads of State of Niger
      Heads of state of Niger
      -List of Heads of State of Niger:-Affiliations:-See also:*Niger*List of colonial heads of Niger*Heads of Government of Niger*Lists of Incumbents-References:*...

    • Heads of Government of Niger
      Heads of government of Niger
      -List of Heads of Government of Niger:-Affiliations:-See also:*Niger*List of colonial heads of Niger*Heads of State of Niger*Lists of Incumbents-References:*...

  • Nigeria
    Nigeria
    Nigeria , officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal constitutional republic comprising 36 states and its Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. The country is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in...
  • Senegal
    Senegal
    Senegal , officially the Republic of Senegal , is a country in western Africa. It owes its name to the Sénégal River that borders it to the east and north...
  • Sierra Leone
    Sierra Leone
    Sierra Leone , officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Guinea to the north and east, Liberia to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west and southwest. Sierra Leone covers a total area of and has an estimated population between 5.4 and 6.4...
    • Governors-General of Sierra Leone
    • Presidents of Sierra Leone
      Heads of government of Sierra Leone
      The following is a list of heads of government of Sierra Leone from 1954 until 1978, when a single party constitution was adopted, and President of Sierra Leone became head of government as well.-Heads of Government of Sierra Leone:-See also:...

    • Heads of Government of Sierra Leone
      Heads of government of Sierra Leone
      The following is a list of heads of government of Sierra Leone from 1954 until 1978, when a single party constitution was adopted, and President of Sierra Leone became head of government as well.-Heads of Government of Sierra Leone:-See also:...

  • Togo
    Togo
    Togo, officially the Togolese Republic , is a country in West Africa bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north. It extends south to the Gulf of Guinea, on which the capital Lomé is located. Togo covers an area of approximately with a population of approximately...

Caribbean

  • Antigua and Barbuda
    Antigua and Barbuda
    Antigua and Barbuda is a twin-island nation lying between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. It consists of two major inhabited islands, Antigua and Barbuda, and a number of smaller islands...
  • Bahamas
    The Bahamas
    The Bahamas , officially the Commonwealth of the Bahamas, is a nation consisting of 29 islands, 661 cays, and 2,387 islets . It is located in the Atlantic Ocean north of Cuba and Hispaniola , northwest of the Turks and Caicos Islands, and southeast of the United States...
    • Governors-General of the Bahamas
    • Heads of Government of the Bahamas
    • Colonial Heads of the Bahamas
      Colonial heads of the Bahamas
      This is a list of colonial heads of the Bahamas. The first English settlement in the Bahamas was on Eleuthera. In 1670, the king granted the Bahamas to the Lords Proprietors of the Province of Carolina, but the islands were left to themselves. The local pirates proclaimed a 'Privateers'...

  • Barbados
    Barbados
    Barbados is an island country in the Lesser Antilles. It is in length and as much as in width, amounting to . It is situated in the western area of the North Atlantic and 100 kilometres east of the Windward Islands and the Caribbean Sea; therein, it is about east of the islands of Saint...
  • Cuba
    Cuba
    The Republic of Cuba is an island nation in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos. Havana is the largest city in Cuba and the country's capital. Santiago de Cuba is the second largest city...
  • Dominica
    Dominica
    Dominica , officially the Commonwealth of Dominica, is an island nation in the Lesser Antilles region of the Caribbean Sea, south-southeast of Guadeloupe and northwest of Martinique. Its size is and the highest point in the country is Morne Diablotins, which has an elevation of . The Commonwealth...
  • Dominican Republic
    Dominican Republic
    The Dominican Republic is a nation on the island of La Hispaniola, part of the Greater Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean region. The western third of the island is occupied by the nation of Haiti, making Hispaniola one of two Caribbean islands that are shared by two countries...
  • Grenada
    Grenada
    Grenada is an island country and Commonwealth Realm consisting of the island of Grenada and six smaller islands at the southern end of the Grenadines in the southeastern Caribbean Sea...
    • Governors-General of Grenada
    • Prime Ministers of Grenada
    • Colonial Heads of Grenada
      Colonial heads of Grenada
      This is a list of Rulers of Grenada from the establishment of French rule in 1649 until its independence from the United Kingdom in 1974. Following independence, the viceroy of Grenada ceased to represent the British monarch and British government, and ceased to be a British person, instead the new...

    • Colonial Heads of the Windward Islands
      Colonial heads of the Windward Islands
      This is a list of viceroys in the British Windward Islands. The colony of the Windward Islands was created in 1833 and consisted of Grenada, Barbados , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Tobago , St. Lucia , and Dominica . The Governor of Barbados was also the Governor of the Windward Islands,...

  • Haiti
    Haiti
    Haiti , officially the Republic of Haiti , is a Caribbean country. It occupies the western, smaller portion of the island of Hispaniola, in the Greater Antillean archipelago, which it shares with the Dominican Republic. Ayiti was the indigenous Taíno or Amerindian name for the island...
  • Jamaica
    Jamaica
    Jamaica is an island nation of the Greater Antilles, in length, up to in width and 10,990 square kilometres in area. It is situated in the Caribbean Sea, about south of Cuba, and west of Hispaniola, the island harbouring the nation-states Haiti and the Dominican Republic...
    • Governors-General of Jamaica
      Governor-General of Jamaica
      The Governor-General of Jamaica represents the Jamaican monarch, and head of state, who holds the title of King or Queen of Jamaica ....

    • Prime Ministers of Jamaica
      Prime Minister of Jamaica
      The Prime Minister of Jamaica is Jamaica's head of government, currently Andrew Holness. Andrew Holness was elected as the new leader of the governing Jamaica Labour Party and succeeded Bruce Golding to become Jamaica's ninth Prime Minister on 23 October 2011...

  • Saint Kitts and Nevis
    Saint Kitts and Nevis
    The Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis , located in the Leeward Islands, is a federal two-island nation in the West Indies. It is the smallest sovereign state in the Americas, in both area and population....
  • Saint Lucia
    Saint Lucia
    Saint Lucia is an island country in the eastern Caribbean Sea on the boundary with the Atlantic Ocean. Part of the Lesser Antilles, it is located north/northeast of the island of Saint Vincent, northwest of Barbados and south of Martinique. It covers a land area of 620 km2 and has an...
  • Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
    Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
    Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is an island country in the Lesser Antilles chain, namely in the southern portion of the Windward Islands, which lie at the southern end of the eastern border of the Caribbean Sea where the latter meets the Atlantic Ocean....
  • Trinidad and Tobago
    Trinidad and Tobago
    Trinidad and Tobago officially the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago is an archipelagic state in the southern Caribbean, lying just off the coast of northeastern Venezuela and south of Grenada in the Lesser Antilles...

Central America

  • Belize
    Belize
    Belize is a constitutional monarchy and the northernmost country in Central America. Belize has a diverse society, comprising many cultures and languages. Even though Kriol and Spanish are spoken among the population, Belize is the only country in Central America where English is the official...
    • Governors-General of Belize
    • Prime Ministers of Belize
    • Maya rulers of Caracol, see Caracol
      Caracol
      Caracol is the name given to a large ancient Maya archaeological site, located in what is now the Cayo District of Belize. It is situated approximately 40 kilometres south of Xunantunich and the town of San Ignacio Cayo, and 15 kilometers away from the Macal River. It rests on the Vaca Plateau at...

  • Costa Rica
    Costa Rica
    Costa Rica , officially the Republic of Costa Rica is a multilingual, multiethnic and multicultural country in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, Panama to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west and the Caribbean Sea to the east....
  • El Salvador
    El Salvador
    El Salvador or simply Salvador is the smallest and the most densely populated country in Central America. The country's capital city and largest city is San Salvador; Santa Ana and San Miguel are also important cultural and commercial centers in the country and in all of Central America...
    • Presidents of El Salvador
      President of El Salvador
      This page contains a list of Presidents of El Salvador.-Heads of State of El Salvador within the Federal Republic of Central America :*Pedro Barriere : 21 September 1821 - 28 November 1821*José Matías Delgado : 28 Nov 1821 - 9 February 1823...

  • Guatemala
    Guatemala
    Guatemala is a country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west, the Pacific Ocean to the southwest, Belize to the northeast, the Caribbean to the east, and Honduras and El Salvador to the southeast...
    • Presidents of Guatemala
      President of Guatemala
      The title of President of Guatemala has been the usual title of the leader of Guatemala since 1839, when that title was assumed by Mariano Rivera Paz...

    • Maya rulers of Tikal, see Tikal
      Tikal
      Tikal is one of the largest archaeological sites and urban centres of the pre-Columbian Maya civilization. It is located in the archaeological region of the Petén Basin in what is now northern Guatemala...

  • Honduras
    Honduras
    Honduras is a republic in Central America. It was previously known as Spanish Honduras to differentiate it from British Honduras, which became the modern-day state of Belize...
    • Presidents of Honduras
      President of Honduras
      This page lists the Presidents of Honduras.Colonial Honduras declared its independence from Spain on 15 September 1821. From 5 January 1822 to 1 July 1823, Honduras was part of the First Mexican Empire of Agustín de Iturbide....

    • Maya kings of Xukpi, see Copán
      Copán
      Copán is an archaeological site of the Maya civilization located in the Copán Department of western Honduras, not far from the border with Guatemala. It was the capital city of a major Classic period kingdom from the 5th to 9th centuries AD...

  • Nicaragua
    Nicaragua
    Nicaragua is the largest country in the Central American American isthmus, bordered by Honduras to the north and Costa Rica to the south. The country is situated between 11 and 14 degrees north of the Equator in the Northern Hemisphere, which places it entirely within the tropics. The Pacific Ocean...
    • Presidents of Nicaragua
      President of Nicaragua
      The position of President of Nicaragua was created in the Constitution of 1854. From 1825 until the Constitution of 1838 the title of the position was known as Head of State and from 1838 to 1854 as Supreme Director .-Heads of State of Nicaragua within the Federal Republic of Central America...

  • Panama
    Panama
    Panama , officially the Republic of Panama , is the southernmost country of Central America. Situated on the isthmus connecting North and South America, it is bordered by Costa Rica to the northwest, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south. The...

North America

  • Canada
    Canada
    Canada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean...
    • Office-holders of Canada
      Office-holders of Canada
      This is a list of leaders and office-holders of Canada. See also Canadian incumbents by year.-Monarchs:* Monarchs of Canadian territories * Monarchs of Canada -Governors General:* Governors General of Canada...

  • Mexico
    Mexico
    The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of...
    • Presidents of Mexico
    • Aztec
      Aztec
      The Aztec people were certain ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who dominated large parts of Mesoamerica in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries, a period referred to as the late post-classic period in Mesoamerican chronology.Aztec is the...

       emperors, see Hueyi Tlatoani
    • Maya rulers of Calakmul, see Calakmul
      Calakmul
      Calakmul is a Maya archaeological site in the Mexican state of Campeche, deep in the jungles of the greater Petén Basin region. It is from the Guatemalan border. Calakmul was one of the largest and most powerful ancient cities ever uncovered in the Maya lowlands...

    • Maya rulers of Palenque, see Palenque
      Palenque
      Palenque was a Maya city state in southern Mexico that flourished in the 7th century. The Palenque ruins date back to 100 BC to its fall around 800 AD...

    • Maya rulers of Tonina, see Tonina
      Tonina
      Tonina is a pre-Columbian archaeological site and ruined city of the Maya civilization located in what is now the Mexican state of Chiapas, some 13 km east of the town of Ocosingo....

    • Toltec
      Toltec
      The Toltec culture is an archaeological Mesoamerican culture that dominated a state centered in Tula, Hidalgo in the early post-classic period of Mesoamerican chronology...

       rulers
    • Viceroys of New Spain
  • United States
    United States
    The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
    • Office-holders of the United States
      Office-holders of the United States
      - Heads of state and government :*President of the United States*Vice President of the United States*See also: United States presidential line of succession- Current and former members of U.S. Government :*Members of the United States Senate...


South America

  • Argentina
    Argentina
    Argentina , officially the Argentine Republic , is the second largest country in South America by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires...
  • Bolivia
    Bolivia
    Bolivia officially known as Plurinational State of Bolivia , is a landlocked country in central South America. It is the poorest country in South America...
    • Presidents of Bolivia
      President of Bolivia
      The President of Bolivia is head of state and head of government of Bolivia. According to the current Constitution, the president is elected by popular vote to a five year term, renewable once...

  • Brazil
    Brazil
    Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...
  • Chile
    Chile
    Chile ,officially the Republic of Chile , is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow coastal strip between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far...
    • Presidents of Chile
    • Kings of Easter Island
      Kings of Easter Island
      - The First King :The legendary first king of Easter Island is said to have been Hotu Matu‘a, who supposedly arrived around 500 to 600. Legend insists that this man was the chief of a tribe that lived on Marae Renga. The Marae Renga is said to have existed in a place known as the "Hiva region"...

    • Royal Governors of Chile
      Royal Governor of Chile
      The Royal Governor of Chile ruled over the Spanish colonial administrative district known as the Kingdom of Chile. This district was also called the Captaincy General of Chile, and as a result the Royal Governor also held the title of a Captain General...

  • Colombia
    Colombia
    Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia , is a unitary constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments. The country is located in northwestern South America, bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the...
  • Ecuador
    Ecuador
    Ecuador , officially the Republic of Ecuador is a representative democratic republic in South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and by the Pacific Ocean to the west. It is one of only two countries in South America, along with Chile, that do not have a border...
  • Guyana
    Guyana
    Guyana , officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana, previously the colony of British Guiana, is a sovereign state on the northern coast of South America that is culturally part of the Anglophone Caribbean. Guyana was a former colony of the Dutch and of the British...
  • Uruguay
    Uruguay
    Uruguay ,officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay,sometimes the Eastern Republic of Uruguay; ) is a country in the southeastern part of South America. It is home to some 3.5 million people, of whom 1.8 million live in the capital Montevideo and its metropolitan area...
  • Paraguay
    Paraguay
    Paraguay , officially the Republic of Paraguay , is a landlocked country in South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to the east and northeast, and Bolivia to the northwest. Paraguay lies on both banks of the Paraguay River, which runs through the center of the...
    • Presidents of Paraguay
  • Peru
    Peru
    Peru , officially the Republic of Peru , is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean....
    • Presidents of Peru
    • Inca
      Inca Empire
      The Inca Empire, or Inka Empire , was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The administrative, political and military center of the empire was located in Cusco in modern-day Peru. The Inca civilization arose from the highlands of Peru sometime in the early 13th century...

      n emperors, see Inca Empire
      Inca Empire
      The Inca Empire, or Inka Empire , was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The administrative, political and military center of the empire was located in Cusco in modern-day Peru. The Inca civilization arose from the highlands of Peru sometime in the early 13th century...

    • Viceroys of Peru
  • Suriname
    Suriname
    Suriname , officially the Republic of Suriname , is a country in northern South America. It borders French Guiana to the east, Guyana to the west, Brazil to the south, and on the north by the Atlantic Ocean. Suriname was a former colony of the British and of the Dutch, and was previously known as...
    • Presidents of Suriname
  • Venezuela
    Venezuela
    Venezuela , officially called the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela , is a tropical country on the northern coast of South America. It borders Colombia to the west, Guyana to the east, and Brazil to the south...

Central Asia

  • Kazakhstan
    Kazakhstan
    Kazakhstan , officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country in Central Asia and Eastern Europe. Ranked as the ninth largest country in the world, it is also the world's largest landlocked country; its territory of is greater than Western Europe...
    • Göktürk
      Göktürks
      The Göktürks or Kök Türks, were a nomadic confederation of peoples in medieval Inner Asia. Known in Chinese sources as 突厥 , the Göktürks under the leadership of Bumin Qaghan The Göktürks or Kök Türks, (Old Turkic: Türük or Kök Türük or Türük; Celestial Turks) were a nomadic confederation of...

       kagans
  • Kyrgyzstan
    Kyrgyzstan
    Kyrgyzstan , officially the Kyrgyz Republic is one of the world's six independent Turkic states . Located in Central Asia, landlocked and mountainous, Kyrgyzstan is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west, Tajikistan to the southwest and China to the east...
    • Khans of Kara-Khitai, see Kara-Khitan Khanate
      Kara-Khitan Khanate
      The Kara-Khitan Khanate, or Western Liao was a Khitan empire in Central Asia. The dynasty was founded by Yelü Dashi, who led the remnants of the Liao Dynasty to Central Asia after fleeing from the Jurchen conquest of their homeland in North and Northeast of modern day China...

  • Tajikistan
    Tajikistan
    Tajikistan , officially the Republic of Tajikistan , is a mountainous landlocked country in Central Asia. Afghanistan borders it to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China to the east....
    • Presidents of Tajikistan

Eastern Asia

  • China
    China
    Chinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...

     & dependencies
    • Chinese sovereign
      Chinese sovereign
      Chinese sovereign is the ruler of a particular period in ancient China. Several titles and naming schemes have been used throughout history.-Emperor Title:...

      s
    • Table of Chinese monarchs
      Table of Chinese monarchs
      The following list of Chinese monarchs is in no way comprehensive. From the Shang Dynasty to the Qin Dynasty, rulers usually held the title "King"...

    • People's Republic of China
      People's Republic of China
      China , officially the People's Republic of China , is the most populous country in the world, with over 1.3 billion citizens. Located in East Asia, the country covers approximately 9.6 million square kilometres...
      • President of the People's Republic of China
        President of the People's Republic of China
        The President of the People's Republic of China is a ceremonial office and a part of State organs under the National People's Congress and it is the head of state of the People's Republic of China . The office was created by the 1982 Constitution...

      • Premier of the State Council of the People's Republic of China
      • Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
      • Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
      • General Secretary of the Communist Party of China
        General Secretary of the Communist Party of China
        The General Secretary of the Communist Party of China , officially General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, is the highest ranking official within the Communist Party of China, a standing member of the Politburo and head of the Secretariat...

      • Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China
        Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China
        The Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China is a committee consisting of the top leadership of the Communist Party of China, whose membership varies between 5 and 9 people. The inner workings of the PSC are not well known, although it is believed that decisions of the PSC are...

    • Hong Kong
      Hong Kong
      Hong Kong is one of two Special Administrative Regions of the People's Republic of China , the other being Macau. A city-state situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour...
      • Governor of Hong Kong
        Governor of Hong Kong
        The Governor of Hong Kong was the head of the government of Hong Kong during British rule from 1843 to 1997. The governor's roles were defined in the Hong Kong Letters Patent and Royal Instructions...

         (under British rule, now replaced by Chief Executive)
      • Chief Executive of Hong Kong
        Chief Executive of Hong Kong
        The Chief Executive of Hong Kong is the President of the Executive Council of Hong Kong and head of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. The position was created to replace the Governor of Hong Kong, who was the head of the Hong Kong government during British rule...

    • Macau
      Macau
      Macau , also spelled Macao , is, along with Hong Kong, one of the two special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China...
      • Governor of Macau
        Governor of Macau
        The Governor of Macau was a Portuguese colonial official who headed the colony of Macau, before 1623 called Captain-major . The post was replaced on December 20, 1999 upon the transfer of administration to the People's Republic of China by the office of the Chief Executive of the Macau Special...

         (under Portuguese rule, now replaced by Chief Executive)
      • Chief Executive of Macau
        Chief Executive of Macau
        The Chief Executive of Macau is the head of the government of Macau, a special administrative region of the People's Republic of China and a former Portuguese overseas province.Under the Basic Law of Macau, the CE's role is:...

    • Republic of China
      Republic of China
      The Republic of China , commonly known as Taiwan , is a unitary sovereign state located in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China currently governs the island of Taiwan , which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other minor...

       (Taiwan)
      • President of the Republic of China
        President of the Republic of China
        The President of the Republic of China is the head of state and commander-in-chief of the Republic of China . The Republic of China was founded on January 1, 1912, to govern all of China...

      • Premier of the Republic of China
        Premier of the Republic of China
        The President of the Executive Yuan , commonly known as the Premier of the Republic of China , is the head of the Executive Yuan, the executive branch of the Republic of China , which currently administers Taiwan, Matsu, and Kinmen. The premier is appointed by the President of the Republic of China...

      • Governors and Chairpersons of Taiwan, see Taiwan Province
        Taiwan Province
        Taiwan Province is one of the two administrative divisions referred to as provinces and is controlled by the Republic of China . The province covers approximately 73% of the territory controlled by the Republic of China...

    • Tibet
      Tibet
      Tibet is a plateau region in Asia, north-east of the Himalayas. It is the traditional homeland of the Tibetan people as well as some other ethnic groups such as Monpas, Qiang, and Lhobas, and is now also inhabited by considerable numbers of Han and Hui people...
      • List of imperial ambans in Tibet
    • The Table of Chinese monarchs
      Table of Chinese monarchs
      The following list of Chinese monarchs is in no way comprehensive. From the Shang Dynasty to the Qin Dynasty, rulers usually held the title "King"...

       China
    • List of kings of Tibet China
  • Japan
    Japan
    Japan is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south...
    • Rulers of Japan
      Rulers of Japan
      The rulers of Japan have been its Emperors, whether effectively or nominally, for its entire recorded history. These include the ancient legendary emperors, the attested but undated emperors of the Yamato period , and the clearly dated emperors of 539 to the present...

       (Emperors, Regents, Shoguns and Prime Ministers)
    • Emperors of Japan
    • Prime Minister of Japan
      Prime Minister of Japan
      The is the head of government of Japan. He is appointed by the Emperor of Japan after being designated by the Diet from among its members, and must enjoy the confidence of the House of Representatives to remain in office...

    • Ashikaga shogunate
      Ashikaga shogunate
      The , also known as the , was a Japanese feudal military regime, ruled by the shoguns of the Ashikaga clan.This period is also known as the Muromachi period and gets its name from Muromachi Street of Kyoto where the third shogun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu established his residence...

    • Kamakura shogunate
      Kamakura shogunate
      The Kamakura shogunate was a military dictatorship in Japan headed by the shoguns from 1185 to 1333. It was based in Kamakura. The Kamakura period draws its name from the capital of the shogunate...

    • Tokugawa shogunate
      Tokugawa shogunate
      The Tokugawa shogunate, also known as the and the , was a feudal regime of Japan established by Tokugawa Ieyasu and ruled by the shoguns of the Tokugawa family. This period is known as the Edo period and gets its name from the capital city, Edo, which is now called Tokyo, after the name was...

    • List of Emperors of Japan
  • Mongolia
    Mongolia
    Mongolia is a landlocked country in East and Central Asia. It is bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south, east and west. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its western-most point is only from Kazakhstan's eastern tip. Ulan Bator, the capital and largest...
    • Grand Khan of Mongolia
    • Prime Minister of Mongolia
      Prime Minister of Mongolia
      The Prime Minister of Mongolia is the highest member of the Mongolian government's executive arm, and heads the Mongolian cabinet. The Prime Minister is appointed by Parliament, and can be removed by a vote of no confidence.-Powers:...

  • Korea
    Korea
    Korea ) is an East Asian geographic region that is currently divided into two separate sovereign states — North Korea and South Korea. Located on the Korean Peninsula, Korea is bordered by the People's Republic of China to the northwest, Russia to the northeast, and is separated from Japan to the...
    • Rulers of Korea
    • North Korea
      North Korea
      The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea , , is a country in East Asia, occupying the northern half of the Korean Peninsula. Its capital and largest city is Pyongyang. The Korean Demilitarized Zone serves as the buffer zone between North Korea and South Korea...
    • South Korea
      South Korea
      The Republic of Korea , , is a sovereign state in East Asia, located on the southern portion of the Korean Peninsula. It is neighbored by the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east, North Korea to the north, and the East China Sea and Republic of China to the south...
      • Presidents of South Korea
        President of South Korea
        The President of the Republic of Korea is, according to the Constitution of the Republic of Korea, chief executive of the government, commander-in-chief of the armed forces, and the head of state of the Republic of Korea...

    • Rulers of Korea

Southeastern Asia

  • Brunei
    Brunei
    Brunei , officially the State of Brunei Darussalam or the Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace , is a sovereign state located on the north coast of the island of Borneo, in Southeast Asia...
    • Sultans of Brunei
      Hassanal Bolkiah
      General Haji Sir Hassan al-Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah GCB GCMG is the Sultan and Yang Di-Pertuan of Brunei Darussalam, the 29th Sultan of Brunei and the first Prime Minister of Brunei Darussalam...

  • Cambodia
    Cambodia
    Cambodia , officially known as the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia...
    • King of Cambodia
      King of Cambodia
      The King of Cambodia is the head of state of the Kingdom of Cambodia. The King's power is limited to that of a symbolic figurehead to whom people are to give love and respect...

    • Khmer emperors, see Khmer Empire
      Khmer Empire
      The Khmer Empire was one of the most powerful empires in Southeast Asia. The empire, which grew out of the former kingdom of Chenla, at times ruled over and/or vassalized parts of modern-day Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Burma, and Malaysia. Its greatest legacy is Angkor, the site of the capital city...

  • Indonesia
    Indonesia
    Indonesia , officially the Republic of Indonesia , is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is an archipelago comprising approximately 13,000 islands. It has 33 provinces with over 238 million people, and is the world's fourth most populous country. Indonesia is a republic, with an...
    • Presidents of Indonesia
    • Majapahit
    • Sailendra
      Sailendra
      Sailendra is the name of an influential Indonesian dynasty that emerged in 8th century Java.The Sailendras were active promoters of Mahayana Buddhism and covered the Kedu Plain of Central Java with Buddhist monuments, including the world famous Borobudur.The Sailendras are considered to be a...

    • Srivijaya
      Srivijaya
      Srivijaya was a powerful ancient thalassocratic Malay empire based on the island of Sumatra, modern day Indonesia, which influenced much of Southeast Asia. The earliest solid proof of its existence dates from the 7th century; a Chinese monk, I-Tsing, wrote that he visited Srivijaya in 671 for 6...

    • Kings of Mataram, see Kingdom of Mataram
      Mataram Kingdom
      The Medang or Mataram Kingdom was a Hindu-Buddhist kingdom that flourished between the 8th and 10th centuries CE. It was based in Central Java, and later in East Java. Established by King Sanjaya, the founder of the Sanjaya dynasty, the kingdom was ruled by the Sailendra and Sanjaya families...

  • Malaysia
    • Yang di-Pertuan Agong
      Yang di-Pertuan Agong
      The Yang di-Pertuan Agong is the head of state of Malaysia. The office was established in 1957 when the Federation of Malaya gained independence....

    • Prime Ministers of Malaysia
      Prime Minister of Malaysia
      The Prime Minister of Malaysia is the indirectly elected head of government of Malaysia. He is officially appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, the head of state, who in HM's judgment is likely to command the confidence of the majority of the members of that House of Representatives , the...

    • Sultans of Malacca, see Sultanate of Malacca
      Malacca Sultanate
      Established by the Malay ruler Parameswara, the Sultanate of Malacca was first a Hindu kingdom in 1402 and later became Muslim following the marriage of the princess of Pasai in 1409. Centered in the modern town of Malacca, the sultanate bordered the Ayutthaya Kingdom of Siam in the north to...

  • Philippines
    Philippines
    The Philippines , officially known as the Republic of the Philippines , is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam...
    • Spanish Royal Governor of the Philippines
      Governor-General of the Philippines
      The Governor-General of the Philippines was the title of the government executive during the colonial period of the Philippines, governed mainly by Spain and the United States, and briefly by Great Britain, from 1565 to 1935....

    • American Governor-General of the Philippines
      Governor-General of the Philippines
      The Governor-General of the Philippines was the title of the government executive during the colonial period of the Philippines, governed mainly by Spain and the United States, and briefly by Great Britain, from 1565 to 1935....

    • Presidents of the Philippines
      President of the Philippines
      The President of the Philippines is the head of state and head of government of the Philippines. The president leads the executive branch of the Philippine government and is the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines...

    • Datu
      Datu
      Datu is the title for tribal chiefs, sovereign princes, and monarchs in the Visayas and Mindanao Regions of the Philippines. Together with Lakan , Apo in Central and Northern Luzon, Sultan and Rajah, they are titles used for native royalty, and are still currently used in the Philippines...

      s, Raja
      Raja
      Raja is an Indian term for a monarch, or princely ruler of the Kshatriya varna...

      s, and Sultans of the Philippine Islands, see Sultanate of Sulu
      Sulu Sultanate
      The Sultanate of Sulu Dar al-IslamSometimes known as the Royal Sultanate of Sulu or Sultanate of Sulu Darul Islam. was an Islamic Tausūgstate that ruled over many of the islands of the Sulu Sea, in the southern Philippines and several places in northern Borneo. The sultanate was founded in 1457...

       and History of the Philippines
      History of the Philippines
      The history of the Philippines is believed to have begun with the arrival of the first humans via land bridges at least 30,000 years ago. The first recorded visit from the West is the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan, who sighted Samar on March 16, 1521 and landed on Homonhon Island southeast of Samar...

  • Singapore
    Singapore
    Singapore , officially the Republic of Singapore, is a Southeast Asian city-state off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, north of the equator. An island country made up of 63 islands, it is separated from Malaysia by the Straits of Johor to its north and from Indonesia's Riau Islands by the...
    • President of Singapore
      President of Singapore
      The President of the Republic of Singapore is Singapore's head of state. In a Westminster parliamentary system, as which Singapore governs itself, the prime minister is the head of the government while the position of president is largely ceremonial. Before 1993, the President of Singapore was...

    • Prime Minister of Singapore
      Prime Minister of Singapore
      The Prime Minister of the Republic of Singapore is the head of the government of the Republic of Singapore. The President of Singapore appoints as Prime Minister a Member of Parliament who, in his opinion, is most likely to command the confidence of a majority of MPs.The office of Prime Minister...

  • Thailand
    Thailand
    Thailand , officially the Kingdom of Thailand , formerly known as Siam , is a country located at the centre of the Indochina peninsula and Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the...
    • Kings of Thailand
    • Chakri dynasty
    • Kings of Ayutthaya, see Ayutthaya kingdom
      Ayutthaya kingdom
      Ayutthaya was a Siamese kingdom that existed from 1350 to 1767. Ayutthaya was friendly towards foreign traders, including the Chinese, Vietnamese , Indians, Japanese and Persians, and later the Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch and French, permitting them to set up villages outside the walls of the...

    • Kings of Haripunchai, see Haripunchai
    • Kings of Lanna, see Lanna
      Lanna
      The Kingdom of Lanna was a kingdom centered in present-day northern Thailand from the 13th to 18th centuries. The cultural development of the people of Lanna, the Tai Yuan people, had begun long before as successive Tai Yuan kingdoms preceded Lanna...

    • Kings of Sukhothai, see Sukhothai kingdom
      Sukhothai kingdom
      The Sukhothai Kingdom ) was an early kingdom in the area around the city Sukhothai, in north central Thailand. The Kingdom existed from 1238 till 1438...

    • Prime Ministers of Thailand
    • Presidents of the National Assembly of Thailand
    • Leaders of the Opposition of Thailand
    • Governors of Bangkok
  • Vietnam
    Vietnam
    Vietnam – sometimes spelled Viet Nam , officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam – is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by China to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea –...
    • Vietnamese dynasties
      History of Vietnam
      The history of Vietnam covers a period of more than 2,700 years. By far Vietnam's most important historical international relationship has been with China. Vietnam's prehistory includes a legend about a kingdom known as Van Lang that included what is now China's Guangxi Autonomous Region and...

    • Kings of Vietnam, see History of Vietnam
      History of Vietnam
      The history of Vietnam covers a period of more than 2,700 years. By far Vietnam's most important historical international relationship has been with China. Vietnam's prehistory includes a legend about a kingdom known as Van Lang that included what is now China's Guangxi Autonomous Region and...

    • President of Vietnam
      President of Vietnam
      The President of Vietnam is the head of state of Vietnam, although the functions of the President are often ceremonial...

    • Prime Minister of Vietnam
      Prime Minister of Vietnam
      -Office:The Prime Minister of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is the head of the executive branch of the Vietnamese government. The Prime Minister presides over the Vietnamese cabinet, and is responsible for appointing and supervising ministers...

    • Chairman of National Assembly of Vietnam
    • Chief Justice of Vietnam
    • General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam
      General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam
      The General Secretary is the leader of the Communist Party of Vietnam. The activities of Politburo and Secretariat are directed by the General Secretary. The post holder also maintains the top position in the Party's Central Military Commission, which is considered the supreme military...


Southern Asia

  • Afghanistan
    Afghanistan
    Afghanistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located in the centre of Asia, forming South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East. With a population of about 29 million, it has an area of , making it the 42nd most populous and 41st largest nation in the world...
    • Afghan Transitional Administration personnel
    • Leaders of Afghanistan
    • Heads of Government of Afghanistan
      • Rulers of Kabul
        Rulers of Kabul
        List of Afghan Rulers in present-day Afghanistan with capital at Kabul:...

      • Rulers of Herat
        Rulers of Herat
        List of Afghan Rulers in present-day Afghanistan with capital at Herat...

      • Rulers of Kandahar
        Rulers of Kandahar
        List of Afghan Rulers in present-day Afghanistan with capital at Kandahar...

      • Rulers of Peshawar
        Rulers of Peshawar
        List of Afghan Rulers in present-day Afghanistan with capital at Peshawar...

      • Rulers of Ghazni
        Rulers of Ghazni
        List of Afghan Rulers in present-day Afghanistan with capital at Ghazni...

    • Ghaznavid emperors, see Ghaznavid Empire
      Ghaznavid Empire
      The Ghaznavids were a Persianate Muslim dynasty of Turkic slave origin which existed from 975 to 1187 and ruled much of Persia, Transoxania, and the northern parts of the Indian subcontinent. The Ghaznavid state was centered in Ghazni, a city in modern-day Afghanistan...

    • Shahi
      Shahi
      The Shahi , Sahi, also called Shahiya dynasties ruled one of the Middle kingdoms of India which included portions of the Kabulistan and the old province of Gandhara , from the decline of the Kushan Empire in the 3rd century to the early 9th century...

       dynasty
  • Bangladesh
    Bangladesh
    Bangladesh , officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh is a sovereign state located in South Asia. It is bordered by India on all sides except for a small border with Burma to the far southeast and by the Bay of Bengal to the south...
    • Presidents of Bangladesh
    • Prime Ministers of Bangladesh
      Prime Minister of Bangladesh
      The Prime Minister of the People's Republic of Bangladesh is the Head of the Government of Bangladesh. The Prime Minister and the Cabinet are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the Jatiya Sangsad Parliament, to their political party and ultimately to the electorate...

  • Bhutan
    Bhutan
    Bhutan , officially the Kingdom of Bhutan, is a landlocked state in South Asia, located at the eastern end of the Himalayas and bordered to the south, east and west by the Republic of India and to the north by the People's Republic of China...
  • India
    India
    India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world...
  • Nepal
    Nepal
    Nepal , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked sovereign state located in South Asia. It is located in the Himalayas and bordered to the north by the People's Republic of China, and to the south, east, and west by the Republic of India...
  • Sri Lanka
    Sri Lanka
    Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka is a country off the southern coast of the Indian subcontinent. Known until 1972 as Ceylon , Sri Lanka is an island surrounded by the Indian Ocean, the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait, and lies in the vicinity of India and the...
    • Presidents of Sri Lanka
    • Prime Ministers of Sri Lanka

Western Asia

  • Armenia
    Armenia
    Armenia , officially the Republic of Armenia , is a landlocked mountainous country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia...
    • Kings of Urartu
    • List of Armenian Kings
    • Kings of Kommagene
    • List of Kings of Ani
    • Monarchs of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
    • Shaddadid
      Shaddadid
      The Shaddadids were a Kurdish dynasty who ruled in various parts of Armenia and Arran from 951-1174 AD. They were established in Dvin. Through their long tenure in Armenia, they often intermarried with the Bagratuni royal family of Armenia....

       dynasty
    • President of Armenia
      President of Armenia
      President of Armenia is the title of the head of state of Armenia since its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.-Democratic Republic of Armenia :*Avetis Aharonyan *Avetik Sahakyan *Avetis Aharonyan -Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and Armenian...

    • Prime Minister of Armenia
      Prime Minister of Armenia
      The Prime Minister of Armenia is the most senior minister within the Armenian government, and is required by the constitution to "oversee the Government's regular activities and coordinate the work of the Ministers." The Prime Minister is appointed by the President of Armenia, but can be removed by...

  • Cyprus
    Cyprus
    Cyprus , officially the Republic of Cyprus , is a Eurasian island country, member of the European Union, in the Eastern Mediterranean, east of Greece, south of Turkey, west of Syria and north of Egypt. It is the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea.The earliest known human activity on the...
    • Kings of Cyprus
      Kingdom of Cyprus
      The Kingdom of Cyprus was a Crusader kingdom on the island of Cyprus in the high and late Middle Ages, between 1192 and 1489. It was ruled by the French House of Lusignan.-History:...
      • Officers of the Kingdom of Cyprus
        Officers of the Kingdom of Cyprus
        The Kingdom of Cyprus, as an offshoot of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, maintained many of the same offices, such as: seneschal, constable, marshal, admiral, Chamberlain, and chancellor....

  • Georgia
    Georgia (country)
    Georgia is a sovereign state in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded to the west by the Black Sea, to the north by Russia, to the southwest by Turkey, to the south by Armenia, and to the southeast by Azerbaijan. The capital of...
    • List of Georgian kings
    • Colchis
      Colchis
      In ancient geography, Colchis or Kolkhis was an ancient Georgian state kingdom and region in Western Georgia, which played an important role in the ethnic and cultural formation of the Georgian nation.The Kingdom of Colchis contributed significantly to the development of medieval Georgian...

    • Kingdom of Abkhazia
      • Divan of the Abkhazian Kings
        Divan of the Abkhazian Kings
        The Divan of the Abkhazian Kings is a short medieval document composed in Georgian in the late 10th or early 11th century. It has come down to us in a 15th-century version. The text was first studied and published by the Georgian scholar Ekvtime Takaishvili...

    • List of sovereigns of Kakheti
    • Kingdom of Imereti
      Kingdom of Imereti
      The Kingdom of Imereti was established in 1455 by a member of the house of Bagration when the Kingdom of Georgia was dissolved into rival kingdoms. Before that time, Imereti was considered a separate kingdom within the Kingdom of Georgia, to which a cadet branch of the Bagration royal family held...
      • Gurieli
        Gurieli
        Gurieli was a Georgian noble family and a ruling dynasty of the southwestern Georgian province of Guria which was autonomous and later for a few centuries independent, as well as a few ducal rulers of the dynasty rose in the 17th-18th centuries to be kings of the whole western Caucasus in place...

    • Emirs of Tbilisi
      Emirate of Tbilisi
      The Emirs of Tbilisi ruled over the parts of today’s eastern Georgia from their base in the city of Tbilisi, from 736 to 1080 . Established by the Arabs during their invasions of Georgian lands, the emirate was an important outpost of the Muslim rule in the Caucasus until recaptured by the...

    • President of Georgia
      President of Georgia
      The President of Georgia is the head of state, supreme commander-in-chief and holder of the highest office within the Government of Georgia. Executive power is split between the President and the Prime Minister, who is the head of government...

    • Prime Minister of Georgia
      Prime Minister of Georgia
      The Prime Minister of Georgia is the most senior minister within the Cabinet of Georgia, appointed by the President of Georgia. The official title of the Head of the Government of Georgia has varied throughout history, however, the duties and functions of the leader have changed only marginally....

  • Iran
    Iran
    Iran , officially the Islamic Republic of Iran , is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran" has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia...
    • List of kings of Persia
      • Shah of Iran
        Pahlavi dynasty
        The Pahlavi dynasty consisted of two Iranian/Persian monarchs, father and son Reza Shah Pahlavi and Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi The Pahlavi dynasty consisted of two Iranian/Persian monarchs, father and son Reza Shah Pahlavi (reg. 1925–1941) and Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi The Pahlavi dynasty ...

    • Supreme Leader of Iran
      Supreme Leader of Iran
      The Supreme Leader of Iran is the highest ranking political and religious authority in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The post was established by the constitution in accordance with the concept of Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists...

    • List of Presidents of Iran
      • President of Iran
        President of Iran
        The President of Iran is the highest popularly elected official in, and the head of government of the Islamic Republic of Iran; although subordinate to the Supreme Leader of Iran, who functions as the country's head of state...

    • List of Prime Ministers of Iran
      • Prime Minister of Iran
        Prime Minister of Iran
        Prime Minister of Iran was a political post in Iran that had existed during several different periods of time starting with the Qajar era until its most recent revival from 1979 to 1989 following the Iranian Revolution.-Prime Ministers of Qajar era:In the Qajar era, prime ministers were known by...

  • Iraq
    Iraq
    Iraq ; officially the Republic of Iraq is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert....
    • Sumer
      Sumer
      Sumer was a civilization and historical region in southern Mesopotamia, modern Iraq during the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age....
      • Kings of Sumer
        Sumerian king list
        The Sumerian King List is an ancient manuscript originally recorded in the Sumerian language, listing kings of Sumer from Sumerian and neighboring dynasties, their supposed reign lengths, and the locations of "official" kingship...

      • Rulers of Lagash
        Lagash
        Lagash is located northwest of the junction of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers and east of Uruk, about east of the modern town of Ash Shatrah. Lagash was one of the oldest cities of the Ancient Near East...

    • Akkad
      Akkad
      The Akkadian Empire was an empire centered in the city of Akkad and its surrounding region in Mesopotamia....
      • Kings of Akkad
        Kings of Akkad
        This is a list of kings of Akkad, also rendered as Agade. Akkad was a major empire in ancient Mesopotamia in the 3rd millennium BCE. The area covered by the kingdom is now located in the region of present-day Iraq, eastern Turkey and northern Syria....

    • Gutian kings
    • Kings of Assyria
      Kings of Assyria
      The list of Assyrian kings is compiled from the Assyrian King List, an ancient kingdom in northern Mesopotamia with information added from recent archaeological findings. The Assyrian King List includes regnal lengths that appear to have been based on now lost limmu lists...

    • Kings of Babylon
    • Rulers of Adiabene
      Adiabene
      Adiabene was an ancient Assyrian independent kingdom in Mesopotamia, with its capital at Arbela...

    • Abbasid Caliphs
      Abbasid
      The Abbasid Caliphate or, more simply, the Abbasids , was the third of the Islamic caliphates. It was ruled by the Abbasid dynasty of caliphs, who built their capital in Baghdad after overthrowing the Umayyad caliphate from all but the al-Andalus region....

    • Annazid
      Annazid
      The Annazid or Banu Annaz or Al-Anazis , were a Kurdish dynasty that ruled a territory on the present-day Iran-Iraq frontier that included Kermanshah, Ilam, Hulwan, Dinawar , Sharazour, Daquq, Daskara, Bandanijin, and No'maniya ...

       dynasty
    • Kings of Iraq
    • President of Iraq
      President of Iraq
      The President of Iraq is the head of state of Iraq and "safeguards the commitment to the Constitution and the preservation of Iraq's independence, sovereignty, unity, the security of its territories in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution." The President is elected by the Council of...

    • Prime Ministers of Iraq
      Prime Minister of Iraq
      The Prime Minister of Iraq is Iraq's head of government. Prime Minister was originally an appointed office, subsidiary to the head of state, and the nominal leader of the Iraqi parliament. Under the newly adopted constitution the Prime Minister is to be the country's active executive authority...

    • Civilian Administrator of Iraq
  • Israel
    Israel
    The State of Israel is a parliamentary republic located in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea...
    • Prime Minister of Israel
      Prime Minister of Israel
      The Prime Minister of Israel is the head of the Israeli government and the most powerful political figure in Israel . The prime minister is the country's chief executive. The official residence of the prime minister, Beit Rosh Hamemshala is in Jerusalem...

    • President of Israel
      President of Israel
      The President of the State of Israel is the head of state of Israel. The position is largely an apolitical ceremonial figurehead role, with the real executive power lying in the hands of the Prime Minister. The current president is Shimon Peres who took office on 15 July 2007...

    • Rulers of Israel and Judah
      History of ancient Israel and Judah
      Israel and Judah were related Iron Age kingdoms of ancient Palestine. The earliest known reference to the name Israel in archaeological records is in the Merneptah stele, an Egyptian record of c. 1209 BCE. By the 9th century BCE the Kingdom of Israel had emerged as an important local power before...

    • Kings of Israel
    • Kings of Judah
      Kingdom of Judah
      The Kingdom of Judah was a Jewish state established in the Southern Levant during the Iron Age. It is often referred to as the "Southern Kingdom" to distinguish it from the northern Kingdom of Israel....

    • Kings of Judea
    • High Priests of Israel
    • Crusader State
      Crusader states
      The Crusader states were a number of mostly 12th- and 13th-century feudal states created by Western European crusaders in Asia Minor, Greece and the Holy Land , and during the Northern Crusades in the eastern Baltic area...

      s
    • Kings of Jerusalem
      Kings of Jerusalem
      This is a list of kings of Jerusalem, from 1099 to 1291, as well as claimants to the title up to the present day.-Kings of Jerusalem :...
      • Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
        Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
        The Crusader state of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, created in 1099, was divided into a number of smaller seigneuries.-Introduction:According to the 13th century jurist John of Ibelin the four highest barons in the kingdom proper were:* the Count of Jaffa and Ascalon...
        • Princes of Galilee
          Principality of Galilee
          The Principality of Galilee was one of the four major seigneuries of the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, according to 13th-century commentator John of Ibelin. The direct holdings of the principality were around Tiberias, in Galilee proper, but with all its vassals, the lordship covered all Galilee...
          • Lords of Toron
            Toron
            Toron, now Tibnin or Tebnine in southern Lebanon, was a major Crusader castle, built in the Lebanon mountains on the road from Tyre to Damascus....

        • Counts of Jaffa and Ascalon
          County of Jaffa and Ascalon
          The double County of Jaffa and Ascalon was one of the four major seigneuries comprising the major crusader state, the Kingdom of Jerusalem, according to 13th-century commentator John of Ibelin.-History:...
          • Lords of Ramla
            Lordship of Ramla
            The Lordship of Ramla was one of the vassal states of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. It was part of the County of Jaffa and Ascalon.-History:During the first crusade Ramla was abandoned by its Muslim inhabitants, as it lacked the defenses necessary to withstand a siege...

          • Lords of Ibelin
            Ibelin
            Ibelin was a castle in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem in the 12th century , which gave its name to an important family of nobles.-The castle:...

        • Lords of Oultrejordain
          Oultrejordain
          Lordship of Oultrejordain or Oultrejourdain was the name used during the Crusades for an extensive and partly undefined region to the east of the Jordan river, an area known in ancient times as Edom and Moab...

        • Lords of Sidon
          Lordship of Sidon
          The Lordship of Sidon was one of the four major fiefdoms of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, one of the Crusader States. However, in reality, it appears to have been much smaller than the others and had the same level of significance as several neighbors, such as Toron and Beirut, which were...

      • Officers of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
        Officers of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
        There were six major officers of the kingdom of Jerusalem: the constable, the marshal, the seneschal, the chamberlain , the butler and the chancellor...

  • Jordan
    Jordan
    Jordan , officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan , Al-Mamlaka al-Urduniyya al-Hashemiyya) is a kingdom on the East Bank of the River Jordan. The country borders Saudi Arabia to the east and south-east, Iraq to the north-east, Syria to the north and the West Bank and Israel to the west, sharing...

     (formerly Transjordan)
    • Kings of Jordan
    • Rulers of Nabatea
      Rulers of Nabatea
      The Rulers of Nabataea, reigned over the Nabataean kingdom , inhabited by the Nabateans, located in present-day Jordan, southern Syria, southern Israel and north-western Saudi Arabia.- List :...

  • Kuwait
    Kuwait
    The State of Kuwait is a sovereign Arab state situated in the north-east of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south at Khafji, and Iraq to the north at Basra. It lies on the north-western shore of the Persian Gulf. The name Kuwait is derived from the...
  • Lebanon
    Lebanon
    Lebanon , officially the Republic of LebanonRepublic of Lebanon is the most common term used by Lebanese government agencies. The term Lebanese Republic, a literal translation of the official Arabic and French names that is not used in today's world. Arabic is the most common language spoken among...
    • Presidents of Lebanon
    • Prime Ministers of Lebanon
    • Kings of Tyre
    • Counts of Tripoli
      County of Tripoli
      The County of Tripoli was the last Crusader state founded in the Levant, located in what today are parts of western Syria and northern Lebanon, where exists the modern city of Tripoli. The Crusader state was captured and created by Christian forces in 1109, originally held by Bertrand of Toulouse...
      • Officers of the County of Tripoli
        Officers of the County of Tripoli
        As in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the County of Tripoli had a smattering of offices: seneschal, constable, marshal, Chamberlain, and chancellor.These were the Great Officers of the County of Tripoli by office:-Constable:...

  • Oman
    Oman
    Oman , officially called the Sultanate of Oman , is an Arab state in southwest Asia on the southeast coast of the Arabian Peninsula. It is bordered by the United Arab Emirates to the northwest, Saudi Arabia to the west, and Yemen to the southwest. The coast is formed by the Arabian Sea on the...

     (formerly Muscat (and Oman))
    • Sultans of Oman
      History of Oman
      -Prehistory:Prehistoric migration of Homo Sapiens is likely to have taken place around 100,000 years ago and to have followed the coastlines from Africa along Yemen and the sea shores of Oman. Archaeological sites in Yemen and Oman have yielded a stone tool style that is distinct from the East...

  • Qatar
    Qatar
    Qatar , also known as the State of Qatar or locally Dawlat Qaṭar, is a sovereign Arab state, located in the Middle East, occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeasterly coast of the much larger Arabian Peninsula. Its sole land border is with Saudi Arabia to the south, with the rest of its...
  • Saudi Arabia
    Saudi Arabia
    The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia , commonly known in British English as Saudi Arabia and in Arabic as as-Sa‘ūdiyyah , is the largest state in Western Asia by land area, constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula, and the second-largest in the Arab World...
    • Sharif of Mecca
      Sharif of Mecca
      The Sharif of Mecca or Hejaz was the title of the former governors of Hejaz and a traditional steward of the holy cities of Mecca and Medina...

    • Kings of Saudi Arabia
  • Syria
    Syria
    Syria , officially the Syrian Arab Republic , is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest....
    • Presidents of Syria
    • Prime Ministers of Syria
    • Kings of Syria
      King of Syria
      The title King of Syria, was established briefly following the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I. Faysal ibn Husayn of the House of Hashim was proclaimed King of Greater Syria on 7 March 1920 in Damascus, following the Arab revolt against the Ottomans of 1916–1918...

    • Osroene
      Osroene
      Osroene, also spelled Osrohene and Osrhoene and sometimes known by the name of its capital city, Edessa , was a historic Syriac kingdom located in Mesopotamia, which enjoyed semi-autonomy to complete independence from the years of 132 BC to AD 244.It was a Syriac-speaking kingdom.Osroene, or...

    • Rulers of Damascus
      Rulers of Damascus
      This is a list of rulers of Damascus from ancient times to the present.-Aram Damascus:*Rezon I *Tabrimmon*Ben-Hadad I *Hadadezer *Hazael *Ben-Hadad III...

    • Zengid dynasty
      Zengid dynasty
      The Zengid dynasty was a Muslim dynasty of Turkic origin, which ruled parts of Syria and northern Iraq on behalf of the Seljuk Empire.-History:...

    • Counts of Edessa
      County of Edessa
      The County of Edessa was one of the Crusader states in the 12th century, based around Edessa, a city with an ancient history and an early tradition of Christianity....

    • Princes of Antioch
      Principality of Antioch
      The Principality of Antioch, including parts of modern-day Turkey and Syria, was one of the crusader states created during the First Crusade.-Foundation:...
      • Officers of the Principality of Antioch
        Officers of the Principality of Antioch
        The Principality of Antioch mirrored the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem in it selection of great offices: constable, marshal, seneschal, admiral, Chamberlain, butler, chancellor and at certain times also bailiff....

    • Emirs of Shaizar
      Shaizar
      Shaizar, Shayzar or Saijar was a medieval town and fortress in Syria, ruled by the Banu Munqidh dynasty, which played an important part in the Christian and Muslim politics of the crusades.- Early history :...

    • Ghassanid
      Ghassanids
      The Ghassanids were a group of South Arabian Christian tribes that emigrated in the early 3rd century from Yemen to Syria, Jordan, Lebanon and the Holy Land....

       kings
    • Rulers of Aleppo
      Rulers of Aleppo
      -Seleucids:*The ancient city taken from the Achaemenid Persians by Alexander the Great in 333 BC, remained in the possession of his successors the Seleucids.-Hamdanids:*Saif al-Daula *Saad al-Daula 967–991*Saeed al-Daula 991–1002...

    • Hanilgalbat
      Mitanni
      Mitanni or Hanigalbat was a loosely organized Hurrian-speaking state in northern Syria and south-east Anatolia from ca. 1500 BC–1300 BC...

      : Kings of Hanilgabat, see Hanilgalbat
      Mitanni
      Mitanni or Hanigalbat was a loosely organized Hurrian-speaking state in northern Syria and south-east Anatolia from ca. 1500 BC–1300 BC...

       and Mitanni
      Mitanni
      Mitanni or Hanigalbat was a loosely organized Hurrian-speaking state in northern Syria and south-east Anatolia from ca. 1500 BC–1300 BC...

    • Kings of Ugarit
      Ugarit
      Ugarit was an ancient port city in the eastern Mediterranean at the Ras Shamra headland near Latakia, Syria. It is located near Minet el-Beida in northern Syria. It is some seven miles north of Laodicea ad Mare and approximately fifty miles east of Cyprus...

  • Turkey
    Turkey
    Turkey , known officially as the Republic of Turkey , is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe...
    • List of Hittite kings
    • Kings of Arzawa
      Arzawa
      Arzawa in the second half of the second millennium BC was the name of a region and a political entity in Western Anatolia, the core area of which was centered on the Hermos and Maeander river valleys, corresponding with the Late Bronze Age kingdoms of the...

    • Kings of Lydia
    • Kings of Bithynia
    • Kings of Cappadocia
    • Attalid Kings of Pergamon
      Attalid dynasty
      The Attalid dynasty was a Hellenistic dynasty that ruled the city of Pergamon after the death of Lysimachus, a general of Alexander the Great. The Attalid kingdom was the rump state left after the collapse of the Lysimachian Empire. One of Lysimachus' officers, Philetaerus, took control of the city...

    • Kings of Pontus
    • Kings of Galatia
    • Byzantine Emperors
    • List of Latin Emperors
    • Empire of Trebizond
      Empire of Trebizond
      The Empire of Trebizond, founded in April 1204, was one of three Byzantine successor states of the Byzantine Empire. However, the creation of the Empire of Trebizond was not directly related to the capture of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade, rather it had broken away from the Byzantine Empire...

    • Marwanid
      Marwanid
      Marwanid, , was a Kurdish dynasty in Northern Mesopotamia and Armenia, centered around the city of Amed . Other cities under rule were Arzan, Mayyāfāriqīn , Hisn Kayfa , Khilāṭ, Manzikart, Arjish. The founder of the dynasty was a Kurdish shepherd, Abu Shujā Bādh bin Dustak...

       dynasty
    • Seljuk sultans of Rüm
      Sultanate of Rûm
      The Sultanate of Rum , also known as the Anatolian Seljuk State , was a Turkic state centered in in Anatolia, with capitals first at İznik and then at Konya. Since the court of the sultanate was highly mobile, cities like Kayseri and Sivas also functioned at times as capitals...

    • Anatolian beyliks
    • List of Sultans of the Ottoman Empire
    • Pretenders of the Ottoman Empire
    • Presidents of Turkey
    • Prime Ministers of Turkey
  • United Arab Emirates
    United Arab Emirates
    The United Arab Emirates, abbreviated as the UAE, or shortened to "the Emirates", is a state situated in the southeast of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia on the Persian Gulf, bordering Oman, and Saudi Arabia, and sharing sea borders with Iraq, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, and Iran.The UAE is a...
  • Yemen
    Yemen
    The Republic of Yemen , commonly known as Yemen , is a country located in the Middle East, occupying the southwestern to southern end of the Arabian Peninsula. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the north, the Red Sea to the west, and Oman to the east....
    • Presidents of Yemen
    • Prime Ministers of Yemen
      Prime Minister of Yemen
      The Prime Minister of the Republic of Yemen is the head of government in that country. The current Prime Minister, Ali Muhammad Mujawar, has held the position since 7 April 2007. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President...

    • Presidents of North Yemen
      President of Yemen Arab Republic
      The President of the Yemen Arab Republic was the head of state of that country in what is now northern Yemen. There were 6 Presidents of North Yemen.-List of Head of State of the Yemen Arab Republic :...

    • Prime Ministers of North Yemen
      Prime Minister of Yemen Arab Republic
      The Prime Minister of the Yemen Arab Republic was the head of government of that country in what is now northern Yemen. The Prime Minister was appointed by the President...

    • Presidents of South Yemen
    • Prime Ministers of South Yemen

Eastern Europe

  • Belarus
    Belarus
    Belarus , officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered clockwise by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Its capital is Minsk; other major cities include Brest, Grodno , Gomel ,...
  • Czech Republic
    Czech Republic
    The Czech Republic is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country is bordered by Poland to the northeast, Slovakia to the east, Austria to the south, and Germany to the west and northwest....
  • Hungary
    Hungary
    Hungary , officially the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is situated in the Carpathian Basin and is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine and Romania to the east, Serbia and Croatia to the south, Slovenia to the southwest and Austria to the west. The...
  • Moldova
    Moldova
    Moldova , officially the Republic of Moldova is a landlocked state in Eastern Europe, located between Romania to the West and Ukraine to the North, East and South. It declared itself an independent state with the same boundaries as the preceding Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1991, as part...
    • Presidents of Moldova
      President of Moldova
      The President of the Republic of Moldova is the head of state of Moldova.-Description of the post:According to the Article 77 of the Constitution of Moldova , the President of Moldova is the head of the State and represents the State and is the guarantor of national sovereignty, independence, of...

    • Prime Ministers of Moldova
  • Poland
    Poland
    Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
    • Polish rulers
    • Dukes of Silesia
      Dukes of Silesia
      The Dukes of Silesia were the sons and descendants of the Polish Duke Bolesław III Wrymouth. In accordance with the last will and testament of Bolesław, upon his death his lands were divided into 4-5 hereditary provinces distributed among his sons, and a royal province of Kraków reserved for the...

    • Dukes of Mazovia
      Dukes of Masovia
      The Dukes of Masovia were a line of the Piast dynasty who ruled in Masovia. The following is a list of all rulers of the Duchy of Masovia and its parts...

    • Dukes of Greater Poland
      Dukes of Greater Poland
      The Duchy of Greater Poland was a historical state of Poland, which existed from 1138 until 1320.-History:At the death of Polish duke Boleslaus III the Wrymouth , according to his testament, his country was divided by his will into 4-5 hereditary provinces distributed among his sons, and the royal...

    • Dukes of Leczyca
    • Dukes of Sieradz
    • Duchy of Cieszyn
    • Dukes of Pomerania
      Dukes of Pomerania
      - 10th and 11th century – Dukes of the Slavic Pomeranian tribes :* 1046 mention of Zemuzil * 1113 Gallus Anonymus mentions several dukes of Pomerania: Swantibor, Gniewomir, and an unnamed duke besieged in Kołobrzeg.-Duchy of Pomerania:*1121–1135 Wartislaw I*1135–1155 Ratibor I, ancestor of the...

    • List of Prime Ministers of Poland
    • List of Polish presidents
  • Romania
    Romania
    Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea...
  • Russia
    Russia
    Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...

     and the Soviet Union
    Soviet Union
    The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991....
    • List of Russian rulers: early Grand Dukes and Tsars
    • Leaders of the Soviet Union
    • President of the Soviet Union
      President of the Soviet Union
      The President of the Soviet Union , officially called President of the USSR was the Head of State of the USSR from 15 March 1990 to 25 December 1991. Mikhail Gorbachev was the only person to occupy the office. Gorbachev was also General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union between...

    • Premier of the Soviet Union
      Premier of the Soviet Union
      The office of Premier of the Soviet Union was synonymous with head of government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics . Twelve individuals have been premier...

    • President of Russia
    • Prime Minister of Russia
      Prime Minister of Russia
      The Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation The use of the term "Prime Minister" is strictly informal and is not allowed for by the Russian Constitution and other laws....

    • Khans of the Golden Horde
      Golden Horde
      The Golden Horde was a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate that formed the north-western sector of the Mongol Empire...

    • List of Kazan khans
    • List of Khazar rulers
    • Rulers of Kievan Rus'
    • Grand Prince of Tver
      Grand Prince of Tver
      The title of Prince of Tver was borne by the head of the branch of the Rurikid dynasty that ruled the Principality of Tver. In 1247 Tver was allocated to Grand Prince Alexander Nevsky, and became an independent principality...

  • Slovakia
    Slovakia
    The Slovak Republic is a landlocked state in Central Europe. It has a population of over five million and an area of about . Slovakia is bordered by the Czech Republic and Austria to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east and Hungary to the south...
  • Ukraine
    Ukraine
    Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after Russia...
    • Rulers of Kievan Rus'
    • List of rulers of Halych and Volhynia
    • Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks
      Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks
      Hetman of Ukrainian Cossacks as a title was not officially recognized internationally until the creation of the Ukrainian Hetmanate. With the creation of Registered Cossacks units their leaders were unofficially referred to as hetmans, however officially the title was known as the "Senior of His...

    • List of Crimean khans
    • President of Ukraine
      President of Ukraine
      Prior to the formation of the modern Ukrainian presidency, the previous Ukrainian head of state office was officially established in exile by Andriy Livytskyi. At first the de facto leader of nation was the president of the Central Rada at early years of the Ukrainian People's Republic, while the...

    • Prime Minister of Ukraine

Northern Europe

  • Denmark
    Denmark
    Denmark is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. The countries of Denmark and Greenland, as well as the Faroe Islands, constitute the Kingdom of Denmark . It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark...
    • Danish monarchs
    • Prime Ministers of Denmark
    • List of dubious Danish kings
      Legendary Danish kings
      The legendary kings of Denmark are the predecessors of Gorm the Old, half history and half legend. The accounts of the Danish kings are confusing and contradictory, and so this presentation tries to separate the various sources from each other...

    • Faroe Islands
      Faroe Islands
      The Faroe Islands are an island group situated between the Norwegian Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, approximately halfway between Scotland and Iceland. The Faroe Islands are a self-governing territory within the Kingdom of Denmark, along with Denmark proper and Greenland...

    • Faroese monarchs
    • Prime Ministers of the Faroe Islands
      Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands
      This is a list of Prime Ministers of the Faroe Islands.The Faroese term for the function, Løgmaður literally means "Lawman".-First Ministers :-First Ministers :-See also:...

    • Governor of the Faroe Islands
    • Greenland
      Greenland
      Greenland is an autonomous country within the Kingdom of Denmark, located between the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Though physiographically a part of the continent of North America, Greenland has been politically and culturally associated with Europe for...

    • Prime Ministers of Greenland
    • Governors of Greenland
    • Inspectors of Greenland
  • Estonia
    Estonia
    Estonia , officially the Republic of Estonia , is a state in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia , and to the east by Lake Peipsi and the Russian Federation . Across the Baltic Sea lies...
    • Estonian rulers
    • Ministers of Defence of Estonia
    • Prime Ministers of Estonia
      Prime Minister of Estonia
      The Prime Minister of Estonia is the head of government of the Republic of Estonia. The prime minister is nominated by the President after appropriate consultations with the parliamentary factions and confirmed by the Parliament. In case of disagreement, the Parliament can reject the President's...

    • Presidents of Estonia
      President of Estonia
      The President of the Republic is the head of state of the Republic of Estonia.Estonia is a parliamentary republic, therefore President is mainly a symbolic figure and holds no executive power. The President has to suspend his membership in any political party for his term in office...

    • State Elders of Estonia
  • Finland
    Finland
    Finland , officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden in the west, Norway in the north and Russia in the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.Around 5.4 million people reside...
    • Prime Minister of Finland
      Prime Minister of Finland
      The Prime Minister is the Head of Government of Finland. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President, who is the Head of State. The current Prime Minister is Jyrki Katainen of the National Coalition Party.-Overview:...

    • President of Finland
      President of Finland
      The President of the Republic of Finland is the nation's head of state. Under the Finnish constitution, executive power is vested in the President and the government, with the President possessing extensive powers. The President is elected directly by the people of Finland for a term of six years....

    • Finnish rulers
    • Provincial Governors of Finland
      Provincial Governors of Finland
      The Governor, Maaherra, or Landshövding, of a province of Finland headed the activities of the State Provincial Office, Lääninhallitus, or Länsstyrelse until the end of 2009, when the provinces were abolished. The governors were appointed by the President...

  • Iceland
    Iceland
    Iceland , described as the Republic of Iceland, is a Nordic and European island country in the North Atlantic Ocean, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Iceland also refers to the main island of the country, which contains almost all the population and almost all the land area. The country has a population...
    • Presidents of Iceland
      President of Iceland
      The President of Iceland is Iceland's elected head of state. The president is elected to a four-year term by universal adult suffrage and has limited powers. The president is not the head of government; the Prime Minister of Iceland is the head of government. There have been five presidents since...

    • Prime Ministers of Iceland
      Prime Minister of Iceland
      The Prime Minister of Iceland is Iceland's head of government. The prime minister is appointed formally by the President and exercises executive authority along with the cabinet subject to parliamentary support....

    • Icelandic rulers
    • List of lawspeakers, see Lawspeaker
      Lawspeaker
      A lawspeaker is a unique Scandinavian legal office. It has its basis in a common Germanic oral tradition, where wise men were asked to recite the law, but it was only in Scandinavia that the function evolved into an office...

  • Ireland
    Ireland
    Ireland is an island to the northwest of continental Europe. It is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island on Earth...

    : Rulers of Ireland
    Rulers of Ireland
    -Heads of states:*High Kings of Ireland*Kings of Ireland*Lords of Ireland*President of Dáil Éireann *President of Ireland -Heads of government:*Presidents of the Executive Council...

  • Latvia
    Latvia
    Latvia , officially the Republic of Latvia , is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by Estonia , to the south by Lithuania , to the east by the Russian Federation , to the southeast by Belarus and shares maritime borders to the west with Sweden...
    • Presidents of Latvia
    • Prime Ministers of Latvia
      Prime Minister of Latvia
      The Prime Minister of Latvia is the most powerful member of the Government of the Republic of Latvia, and presides over the Latvian Cabinet of Ministers...

  • Lithuania
    Lithuania
    Lithuania , officially the Republic of Lithuania is a country in Northern Europe, the biggest of the three Baltic states. It is situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, whereby to the west lie Sweden and Denmark...
    • List of Lithuanian rulers
    • Presidents of Lithuania
    • Prime Ministers of Lithuania
      Prime Minister of Lithuania
      The Prime Minister of Lithuania is the head of the executive arm of Lithuania's government, and is chosen by the Lithuanian parliament, the Seimas. The modern office of Prime Minister was established in 1990, although the official title was "Chairperson of the Council of Ministers" until 25...

  • Norway
    Norway
    Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic unitary constitutional monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jan Mayen, and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard and Bouvet Island. Norway has a total area of and a population of about 4.9 million...
    • Norwegian monarchs
      • Line of succession to the Norwegian Throne
        Line of succession to the Norwegian Throne
        Since 1990, absolute primogeniture has been applied in Norway. Crown Prince Haakon Magnus is currently the heir apparent.-Law of succession:In 1990 the Norwegian constitution was altered, granting absolute primogeniture to the Norwegian throne, meaning that the eldest child, regardless of gender,...

    • Norwegian Prime Ministers
      Heads of government of Norway
      This is a list of heads of government of Norway, who held, inter alia, offices and titles such as steward , viceroy , first minister and prime minister ....

    • Norway
      Norway
      Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic unitary constitutional monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jan Mayen, and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard and Bouvet Island. Norway has a total area of and a population of about 4.9 million...
      • List of Norwegian monarchs
      • Kings of Agder, see Sørlandet
        Sørlandet
        Southern Norway is the name of the geographical region of the Skagerrak coast of southern Norway consisting of the two counties of Vest-Agder and Aust-Agder...

      • Kings of Hadeland
        Hadeland
        Hadeland is a traditional district in the south-eastern part of Norway. It is located around the southern part of lake Randsfjorden in Oppland county, and consists of the municipalities of Gran, Jevnaker and Lunner. Hadeland occupies the area north of the hills of Nordmarka close to the Norwegian...

      • Kings of Hedmark
        Hedmark
        is a county in Norway, bordering Sør-Trøndelag, Oppland and Akershus. The county administration is in Hamar.Hedmark makes up the northeastern part of Østlandet, the southeastern part of the country. It includes a long part of the borderline with Sweden, Dalarna County and Värmland County. The...

      • Kings of Oppland
        Oppland
        is a county in Norway, bordering Sør-Trøndelag, Møre og Romsdal, Sogn og Fjordane, Buskerud, Akershus, Oslo and Hedmark. The county administration is in Lillehammer. Oppland is, together with Hedmark, one of the only two landlocked counties of Norway....

      • Kings of Sogn
        Sogn
        Sogn is a traditional district in Western Norway . It is located in the county of Sogn og Fjordane, surrounding the Sognefjord. Sogn consists of the municipalities of Aurland, Balestrand, Hyllestad, Høyanger, Gulen, Leikanger, Luster, Lærdal, Sogndal, Solund, Vik, and Årdal. The district covers ...

      • Kings of Solør
        Solør
        Solør is a Norwegian traditional district consisting of the valley between Elverum in the north and Kongsvinger in the south. It is part of the county of Hedmark, and includes the municipalities Våler, Åsnes and Grue.-Glomma valley :...

      • Kings of Toten
        Toten
        Toten is a traditional district in Oppland county in the eastern part of Norway. It consists of the municipalities Østre Toten, Vestre Toten, and Gjøvik.Toten was a petty kingdom in the early Viking Ages, with Halfdan Hvitbeinn as the most notable king....

      • Kings of Vestfold
        Vestfold
        is a county in Norway, bordering Buskerud and Telemark. The county administration is in Tønsberg.Vestfold is located west of the Oslofjord, as the name indicates. It includes many smaller, but well-known towns in Norway, such as Larvik, Sandefjord, Tønsberg and Horten. The river Numedalslågen runs...

      • Kings of Vingulmark
        Vingulmark
        Vingulmark is the old name for the area in Norway which today makes up the counties of Østfold, western parts of Akershus , and eastern parts of Buskerud , and includes the site of Norway's capital, Oslo...

      • Earls of Lade, see Trøndelag
        Trøndelag
        Trøndelag is the name of a geographical region in the central part of Norway, consisting of the two counties Nord-Trøndelag and Sør-Trøndelag. The region is, together with Møre og Romsdal, part of a larger...

  • Sweden
    Sweden
    Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund....
    • Swedish monarchs
    • Prime Minister of Sweden
      Prime Minister of Sweden
      The Prime Minister is the head of government in the Kingdom of Sweden. Before the creation of the office of a Prime Minister in 1876, Sweden did not have a head of government separate from its head of state, namely the King, in whom the executive authority was vested...

    • Swedish Field Marshals
    • County Governors of Sweden
    • Swedish semi-legendary kings
      Semi-legendary kings of Sweden
      The semi-legendary kings of Sweden are the long line of Swedish kings who preceded Eric the Victorious, according to sources such as the Norse Sagas, Beowulf, Rimbert, Adam of Bremen and Saxo Grammaticus, but who are of disputed historicity because many of them appear in more or less unreliable...

    • Mythological kings of Sweden
      Mythical kings of Sweden
      In sources such as Heimskringla and Ynglinga saga there appear early Swedish kings who belong in the domain of mythology.From about the 6th century, these kings are gradually succeeded by Swedish semi-legendary kings with at least partial claim to historicity....

    • Kings of Geatland
      King of the Geats
      Geatish kings , ruling over the provinces of Götaland , appears in several sources for early Swedish history...

  • United Kingdom
    United Kingdom
    The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...

    : List of rulers of the United Kingdom and predecessor states

Southern Europe

  • Albania
    Albania
    Albania , officially known as the Republic of Albania , is a country in Southeastern Europe, in the Balkans region. It is bordered by Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, the Republic of Macedonia to the east and Greece to the south and southeast. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea...
  • Andorra
    Andorra
    Andorra , officially the Principality of Andorra , also called the Principality of the Valleys of Andorra, , is a small landlocked country in southwestern Europe, located in the eastern Pyrenees mountains and bordered by Spain and France. It is the sixth smallest nation in Europe having an area of...
    • Co-Princes of Andorra
      • Bishop of Urgell
        Diocese of Urgell
        The Diocese of Urgell is a Roman Catholic diocese in Catalonia, Spain, with origins in the fifth century AD or possibly earlier. It is based in the region of the historical Catalan county of Urgell, though it has different borders...

  • Bosnia and Herzegovina
    Bosnia and Herzegovina
    Bosnia and Herzegovina , sometimes called Bosnia-Herzegovina or simply Bosnia, is a country in Southern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula. Bordered by Croatia to the north, west and south, Serbia to the east, and Montenegro to the southeast, Bosnia and Herzegovina is almost landlocked, except for the...
  • Bulgaria
    Bulgaria
    Bulgaria , officially the Republic of Bulgaria , is a parliamentary democracy within a unitary constitutional republic in Southeast Europe. The country borders Romania to the north, Serbia and Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, as well as the Black Sea to the east...
    • Thracian kings
    • Kings of Odrysia
      Odrysian kingdom
      The Odrysian kingdom was a union of Thracian tribes that endured between the 5th and 3rd centuries BC. It consisted largely of present-day Bulgaria, spreading to parts of Northern Dobruja, parts of Northern Greece and modern-day European Turkey...

    • Moesia
      Moesia
      Moesia was an ancient region and later Roman province situated in the Balkans, along the south bank of the Danube River. It included territories of modern-day Southern Serbia , Northern Republic of Macedonia, Northern Bulgaria, Romanian Dobrudja, Southern Moldova, and Budjak .-History:In ancient...

      : Roman governors of Lower Moesia
      Roman governors of Lower Moesia
      This is a list of Roman governors of Lower Moesia , nowadays located in the modern states of Bulgaria and Romania .-References:...

    • Bulgarian monarchs
    • Prime Ministers of Bulgaria
    • Presidents of Bulgaria
  • Croatia
    Croatia
    Croatia , officially the Republic of Croatia , is a unitary democratic parliamentary republic in Europe at the crossroads of the Mitteleuropa, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean. Its capital and largest city is Zagreb. The country is divided into 20 counties and the city of Zagreb. Croatia covers ...
    • List of rulers of Croatia
    • Presidents of Croatia
      President of Croatia
      The President of Croatia , officially styled the President of the Republic represents the Republic of Croatia in the country and abroad as the head of state, maintains the regular and coordinated operation and stability of the national government system, and safeguards the independence and...

    • Prime Ministers of Croatia
      • Governors and Heads of State of Fiume
        Governors and Heads of State of Fiume
        The following is the list of governors of Corpus separatum and heads of state of the Free State of Fiume:...

      • Heads of State of Krajina
      • Heads of Government of Krajina
  • Greece
    Greece
    Greece , officially the Hellenic Republic , and historically Hellas or the Republic of Greece in English, is a country in southeastern Europe....

    : Rulers of Greece
    Rulers of Greece
    -Antiquity:*Kings of Sparta*Kings of Athens*Archons of Athens*Kings of Macedon*Kings of Pontus*Kings of Paionia*Roman Emperors* Kings of Kommagene* Kings of Lydia* Attalid Kings of Pergamon-Middle Ages:*Byzantine Emperors*Emperors of Nicaea...

  • Italy
    Italy
    Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...

    : Rulers of Italy
    Rulers of Italy
    -Heads of state:*Presidents of the Italian Republic*King of Italy-Ministers:*Italian Minister of the Interior*Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs*Italian Minister of Defense*Italian Minister of Justice*Italian Minister of Public Instruction-Princely states:...

  • Kosovo
    Kosovo
    Kosovo is a region in southeastern Europe. Part of the Ottoman Empire for more than five centuries, later the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija within Serbia...

    : Presidents of Kosovo
  • Malta
    Malta
    Malta , officially known as the Republic of Malta , is a Southern European country consisting of an archipelago situated in the centre of the Mediterranean, south of Sicily, east of Tunisia and north of Libya, with Gibraltar to the west and Alexandria to the east.Malta covers just over in...
    • Presidents of Malta
      President of Malta
      The President of Malta is the constitutional head of state of Malta.The President is appointed by a resolution of the House of Representatives of Malta for a five year term, taking an oath to "preserve, protect and defend" the Constitution....

      , 1974–present
    • Prime Ministers of Malta
      Prime Minister of Malta
      The Prime Minister of Malta is the Head of Government of Malta.-Establishment of the office and developments:The office of "Head of Ministry" was created as soon as Malta was granted autonomous government in 1921. The 1921 constitution was suspended twice before being revoked...

      , 1921–1933, 1947–1958, 1962–present
    • Monarchs of Malta
      Monarchs of Malta
      The Mediterranean islands of Malta and Gozo have been ruled by Phoenician, Byzantine and Roman aristocrats, before passing to various European monarchies. Foreign monarchical rule over Malta lasted a total of 874 years...

      , 1090-1798, 1800–1974
    • Counts of Malta, 1190–1427
    • Grand Masters of Malta, 1530–1798
    • Governors and Governors-General of Malta
      Governor-General of Malta
      -Governors of Malta, 1813-1964:*Lieut.-General Sir Thomas Maitland *General Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings *Major-General Sir Frederick Cavendish Ponsonby *Lieut.-General Sir Patrick Stuart *Right Honourable Richard More O'Ferrall -Governors of Malta, 1813-1964:*Lieut.-General...

      , 1813–1974
  • Montenegro
    Montenegro
    Montenegro Montenegrin: Crna Gora Црна Гора , meaning "Black Mountain") is a country located in Southeastern Europe. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea to the south-west and is bordered by Croatia to the west, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the northwest, Serbia to the northeast and Albania to the...
  • Portugal
    Portugal
    Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the...
  • San Marino
    San Marino
    San Marino, officially the Republic of San Marino , is a state situated on the Italian Peninsula on the eastern side of the Apennine Mountains. It is an enclave surrounded by Italy. Its size is just over with an estimated population of over 30,000. Its capital is the City of San Marino...
    • Captains Regent of San Marino, 1900–present
    • Captains Regent of San Marino, 1700–1900
    • Captains Regent of San Marino, 1500–1700
    • Captains Regent of San Marino, 1243–1500
  • Serbia
    Serbia
    Serbia , officially the Republic of Serbia , is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe, covering the southern part of the Carpathian basin and the central part of the Balkans...
    • Presidents of Serbia
      President of Serbia
      The President of Serbia is the head of state of Serbia. Presently serving as the head of state is Boris Tadić. He was elected with a narrow majority of 50.31% in the 2008 Serbian presidential elections.-Authority, legal and constitutional rights:...

    • Prime Ministers of Serbia
    • Monarchs of Serbia
    • List of rulers of Illyria
    • List of Serbian monarchs
    • Princes of Zeta
      Principality of Zeta
      Zeta was a medieval state, which territory encompassed parts of present-day Montenegro and Northernwestern Albania. From 1360. to 1421. Zeta was independent state administered by local noble family Balšić. From 1185. to 1360. and from 1421. - 1451, Zeta was province of medieval Serbia...

  • Slovenia
    Slovenia
    Slovenia , officially the Republic of Slovenia , is a country in Central and Southeastern Europe touching the Alps and bordering the Mediterranean. Slovenia borders Italy to the west, Croatia to the south and east, Hungary to the northeast, and Austria to the north, and also has a small portion of...
    • Presidents of Slovenia
      President of Slovenia
      The function of President of the Republic of Slovenia was established on 23 December 1991, when the National Assembly of Slovenia passed a new constitution as a result of independence from Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia....

    • Prime Minister of Slovenia
      Prime Minister of Slovenia
      There have been six Prime Ministers of Slovenia since that country gained its independence in the breakup of Yugoslavia. Unlike the President of Slovenia, who is directly elected, the Prime Minister is appointed by the National Assembly, and must control a majority there in order to...

  • Spain
    Spain
    Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
    • Rulers of Spain
      Rulers of Spain
      -Aragon:*Kings of Aragon and Counts of Barcelona*Lieutenants of the Kingdom of Aragón*Chancellors and Council Presidents of Aragón-Other Spanish kingdoms:*Asturian monarchs*Kings of Castile and of Leon*Kings of Navarre*Kings of Galicia*Kings of León...

    • Prime Ministers of Spain
  • Vatican City
    Vatican City
    Vatican City , or Vatican City State, in Italian officially Stato della Città del Vaticano , which translates literally as State of the City of the Vatican, is a landlocked sovereign city-state whose territory consists of a walled enclave within the city of Rome, Italy. It has an area of...
    • Popes
    • Cardinal Secretary of State
      Cardinal Secretary of State
      The Cardinal Secretary of State—officially Secretary of State of His Holiness The Pope—presides over the Holy See, usually known as the "Vatican", Secretariat of State, which is the oldest and most important dicastery of the Roman Curia...


Western Europe

  • Austria
    Austria
    Austria , officially the Republic of Austria , is a landlocked country of roughly 8.4 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the...
    • Rulers of Austria
    • Emperors of Austria
      Emperor of Austria
      The Emperor of Austria was a hereditary imperial title and position proclaimed in 1804 by the Holy Roman Emperor Francis II, a member of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, and continually held by him and his heirs until the last emperor relinquished power in 1918. The emperors retained the title of...

    • Foreign Ministers of Austria-Hungary
    • Ministers-President of Austria
    • Federal Presidents of Austria
      President of Austria
      The President of Austria is the federal head of state of Austria. Though theoretically entrusted with great power by the constitution, in practice the President acts, for the most part, merely as a ceremonial figurehead...

    • Chancellors of Austria
      Chancellor of Austria
      The Federal Chancellor is the head of government in Austria. Its deputy is the Vice-Chancellor. Before 1918, the equivalent office was the Minister-President of Austria. The Federal Chancellor is considered to be the most powerful political position in Austrian politics.-Appointment:The...

       (Vice Chancellors of Austria)
    • Habsburg
    • Babenberg
    • Margraves, dukes, and archdukes of Austria
    • Dukes of Styria, see Styria (duchy)
      Duchy of Styria
      The history of Styria concerns the region roughly corresponding to the modern Austrian state of Styria and the Slovene region of Styria from its settlement by Germans and Slavs in the Dark Ages until the present...

    • Dukes of Carinthia, see Carinthia (duchy)
      Duchy of Carinthia
      The Duchy of Carinthia was a duchy located in southern Austria and parts of northern Slovenia. It was separated from the Duchy of Bavaria in 976, then the first newly created Imperial State beside the original German stem duchies....

  • Belgium
    Belgium
    Belgium , officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, and those of several other major international organisations such as NATO.Belgium is also a member of, or affiliated to, many...
  • France
    France
    The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...

    : Rulers of France
  • Germany
    Germany
    Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...

    : Rulers of Germany
    Rulers of Germany
    -Heads of state:*Presidents of Germany*List of German presidents since 1919*List of German monarchs**German rulers in 1874**German rulers in 1875**German rulers in 1876**German rulers in 1877**German rulers in 1878**German rulers in 1879...

  • Liechtenstein
    Liechtenstein
    The Principality of Liechtenstein is a doubly landlocked alpine country in Central Europe, bordered by Switzerland to the west and south and by Austria to the east. Its area is just over , and it has an estimated population of 35,000. Its capital is Vaduz. The biggest town is Schaan...
  • Luxembourg
    Luxembourg
    Luxembourg , officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg , is a landlocked country in western Europe, bordered by Belgium, France, and Germany. It has two principal regions: the Oesling in the North as part of the Ardennes massif, and the Gutland in the south...
  • Monaco
    Monaco
    Monaco , officially the Principality of Monaco , is a sovereign city state on the French Riviera. It is bordered on three sides by its neighbour, France, and its centre is about from Italy. Its area is with a population of 35,986 as of 2011 and is the most densely populated country in the...
    • Princes of Monaco
      • Succession to the Monegasque Throne
        Line of succession to the Monegasque Throne
        The line of succession to the Monegasque throne passes to the descendants of the reigning Prince of Monaco in accordance with male-preference primogeniture...

    • Ministers of State
      Minister of State (Monaco)
      The Minister of State is the head of the government of Monaco, though he is appointed by and subordinate to the Prince or Princess of Monaco. During his term, he is responsible for leading the government's action and is in charge of foreign relations...

  • Netherlands
    Netherlands
    The Netherlands is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with several islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders...
    • Dutch monarchy
      Monarchy of the Netherlands
      The Netherlands has been an independent monarchy since 16 March 1815, and has been governed by members of the House of Orange-Nassau since.-Constitutional role and position of the monarch:...

    • Prime Ministers of the Netherlands
    • Governors of the Habsburg Netherlands
      Governors of the Habsburg Netherlands
      The Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands ruled the Habsburg Netherlands as a representative of the Duke of Burgundy .- Habsburg Netherlands :...

    • Low Countries
      Low Countries
      The Low Countries are the historical lands around the low-lying delta of the Rhine, Scheldt, and Meuse rivers, including the modern countries of Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and parts of northern France and western Germany....

       (Netherlands, Belgium):
    • Rulers of East Frisia
    • Rulers of Frisia
      Rulers of Frisia
      Of the first historically verifiable rulers of Frisia, whether they are called dukes or kings, the last royal dynasty below is established by the chronicles of Merovingian kings of the Franks, with whom they were contemporaries...

    • Prince of Orange
    • Duke of Brabant
    • Lords and margraves of Bergen op Zoom
      Lords and margraves of Bergen op Zoom
      The following is a list of lords and later on margraves of Bergen op Zoom. Bergen op Zoom became separated from the lordship of Breda in 1287 under the nominal overlordship of the duchy of Brabant. In 1559 the lordship was elevated to the rank of margraviate...

    • Dukes and counts of Guelders
      Guelders
      Guelders or Gueldres is the name of a historical county, later duchy of the Holy Roman Empire, located in the Low Countries.-Geography:...

    • Duke of Lower Lorraine
    • Count of Bouillon
      Bouillon
      Bouillon is a municipality in Belgium. It lies in the country's Walloon Region and Luxembourg Province.The municipality, which covers 149.09 km², had 5,477 inhabitants, giving a population density of 36.7 inhabitants per km².- History :...

    • Count of Flanders
    • Count of Hainaut
      Counts of Hainaut
      The counts of Hainaut were the rulers of the county of Hainaut, a historical region in the Low Countries .-House of Reginar:...

    • Count of Holland
      Count of Holland
      The Counts of Holland ruled over the County of Holland in the Low Countries between the 10th and the 16th century.-House of Holland:The first count of Holland, Dirk I, was the son or foster-son of Gerolf, Count in Frisia...

    • Counts of Leuven
      Counts of Leuven
      Near the end of the 10th century, the County of Leuven emerged when granted to Lambert I by the German Emperor. Originally limited by the rivers Demer, Dijle and Velp, that is more or less the region known today as Hageland, the County of Leuven rapidly increased in size and power...

    • Bishop of Utrecht
      Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Utrecht
      The Archdiocese of Utrecht is an archdiocese of the Catholic Church in the Netherlands. The archdiocese is the metropolitan for 6 suffragans, the dioceses of Breda, Groningen-Leeuwarden, Haarlem-Amsterdam, Roermond, Rotterdam, and 's-Hertogenbosch....

    • Marquis of Namur
      Marquis of Namur
      Namur was a county of the Carolingian and later Holy Roman Empire in the Low Countries. Its territories largely correspond with the present-day Belgian arrondissement Namur plus the northwestern part of the arrondissement Dinant....

  • Switzerland
    Switzerland
    Switzerland name of one of the Swiss cantons. ; ; ; or ), in its full name the Swiss Confederation , is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe,Or Central Europe depending on the definition....

Australasia

  • Australia
    Australia
    Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area...
    • Monarchs of Australia
    • Governors-General of Australia
      Governor-General of Australia
      The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia is the representative in Australia at federal/national level of the Australian monarch . He or she exercises the supreme executive power of the Commonwealth...

    • Cabinet of Australia
      Cabinet of Australia
      The Cabinet of Australia is the council of senior ministers of the Crown, responsible to parliament. The Cabinet is appointed by the Governor-General, on the advice of the Prime Minister the Head of Her Majesty's Australian Government, and serves at the former's pleasure. The strictly private...
      • Prime Ministers of Australia
        Prime Minister of Australia
        The Prime Minister of the Commonwealth of Australia is the highest minister of the Crown, leader of the Cabinet and Head of Her Majesty's Australian Government, holding office on commission from the Governor-General of Australia. The office of Prime Minister is, in practice, the most powerful...

      • Deputy Prime Ministers of Australia
        Deputy Prime Minister of Australia
        The Deputy Prime Minister of the Commonwealth of Australia is the second-most senior officer in the Government of Australia. The Deputy Prime Ministership has been a ministerial portfolio since 1968, and the Deputy Prime Minister is appointed by the Governor-General on the advice of the Prime...

      • Attorneys General of Australia
        Attorney-General of Australia
        The Attorney-General of Australia is the first law officer of the Crown, chief law officer of the Commonwealth of Australia and a minister of the Crown. The Attorney-General is usually a member of the Federal Cabinet, but there is no constitutional requirement that this be the case since the...

      • Ministers for Defence
        Minister for Defence (Australia)
        The Minister for Defence of Australia administers his portfolio through the Australian Defence Organisation, which comprises the Department of Defence and the Australian Defence Force. Stephen Smith is the current Minister.-Ministers for Defence:...

      • Ministers for Foreign Affairs
        Minister for Foreign Affairs (Australia)
        In the Government of Australia, the Minister for Foreign Affairs is responsible for overseeing the international diplomacy section of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. In common with international practice, the office is often informally referred to as Foreign Minister...

      • Treasurers of Australia
        Treasurer of Australia
        The Treasurer of Australia is the minister in the Government of Australia responsible for government expenditure and revenue raising. He is the head of the Department of the Treasury. The Treasurer plays a key role in the economic policy of the government...


  • Premiers of New South Wales
    Premiers of New South Wales
    The Premier of New South Wales is the head of government in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The Government of New South Wales follows the Westminster system, with a Parliament of New South Wales acting as the legislature...

  • Premiers of Queensland
    Premiers of Queensland
    Before the 1890s, there was no developed party system in Queensland. Political affiliation labels before that time indicate a general tendency only. Before the end of the first decade of the twentieth century, political parties were more akin to parliamentary factions, and were fluid, informal and...

  • Premiers of South Australia
    Premiers of South Australia
    Before the 1890s when there was no formal party system in South Australia, MPs tended to have historical liberal or conservative beliefs. The liberals dominated government from 1893 to 1905 with Labor support, with the conservatives mostly in opposition. Labor took government with the support of...

  • Premiers of Tasmania
    Premiers of Tasmania
    The Premier of Tasmania is the head of the executive government in the Australian state of Tasmania. By convention, the party or political grouping which has majority support in the House of Assembly will nominate its leader to be Premier. The nominated politician is then invited by the Governor of...

  • Premiers of Victoria
    Premiers of Victoria
    The Premier of Victoria is the leader of the government in the Australian state of Victoria. The Premier is appointed by the Governor of Victoria, and is the leader of the political party able to secure a majority in the Legislative Assembly....

  • Premier of Western Australia
    Premier of Western Australia
    The Premier of Western Australia is the head of the executive government in the Australian State of Western Australia. The Premier has similar functions in Western Australia to those performed by the Prime Minister of Australia at the national level, subject to the different Constitutions...

  • Heads of Government of Norfolk Island
    Heads of government of Norfolk Island
    -List of Heads of Government of Norfolk Island:...

  • Chief Minister of the Northern Territory
    Chief Minister of the Northern Territory
    The Chief Minister of the Northern Territory is appointed by the Administrator, who in normal circumstances will appoint the head of whatever party holds the majority of seats in the legislature of the territory...

  • Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory
    Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory
    The Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory is the head of government of the Australian Capital Territory. The leader of party with the largest representation of seats in the unicameral Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly usually takes on the role...
  • Governors of New South Wales
    Governors of New South Wales
    The Governor of New South Wales is the state viceregal representative of the Australian monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, who is equally shared with 15 other sovereign nations in a form of personal union, as well as with the eleven other jurisdictions of Australia, and resides predominantly in her...

  • Governors of Queensland
    Governors of Queensland
    The Governor of Queensland is the representative in the state of Queensland of the Queen of Australia. The Governor performs the same constitutional and ceremonial functions at the state level as does the Governor-General of Australia at the national level....

  • Governors of South Australia
    Governors of South Australia
    The Governor of South Australia is the representative in the Australian state of South Australia of Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia. The Governor performs the same constitutional and ceremonial functions at the state level as does the Governor-General of Australia at the national level.In...

  • Governors of Tasmania
    Governors of Tasmania
    The Governor of Tasmania is the representative in the Australian state of Tasmania of Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia. The Governor performs the same constitutional and ceremonial functions at the state level as the Governor-General of Australia does at the national level.In accordance with the...

  • Governors of Victoria
    Governors of Victoria
    The Governor of Victoria is the representative in the Australian state of Victoria of its monarch, Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia. The Governor performs the same constitutional and ceremonial functions at the state level as does the Governor-General of Australia at the national level...

  • Governor of Western Australia
    Governor of Western Australia
    The Governor of Western Australia is the representative in Western Australia of Australia's Monarch, Queen Elizabeth II. The Governor performs important constitutional, ceremonial and community functions, including:* presiding over the Executive Council;...

  • Administrative Heads of Norfolk Island
    Administrative heads of Norfolk Island
    The Administrator of Norfolk Island acts as a representative both of the Crown and of the Australian Federal Government, as well as carrying out other duties according to the Norfolk Island Act 1979....

  • Administrator of the Northern Territory
    Administrator of the Northern Territory
    The Administrator of the Northern Territory is an official appointed by the Governor-General of Australia to exercise powers analogous to that of a state governor...

  • Administrative Heads of Jervis Bay
    Administrative heads of Jervis Bay
    List of Administrative Heads of Jervis Bay, Australia...

  • Administrative Heads of Australian Antarctic Territory
    Administrative heads of Australian Antarctic Territory
    List of Administrative Heads of Australian Antarctic TerritoryAustralian Antarctic Division of the Australian Department of Environment and Heritage...

  • Administrative Heads of Macquarie Island
    Administrative heads of Macquarie Island
    List of Administrative Heads of Macquarie IslandDirectors of the Australian Meteorological BureauOfficers in charge Macquarie Island Meteorological Station under the Director of the Australian Meteorological Bureau...


  • Cocos Islands
    Cocos (Keeling) Islands
    The Territory of the Cocos Islands, also called Cocos Islands and Keeling Islands, is a territory of Australia, located in the Indian Ocean, southwest of Christmas Island and approximately midway between Australia and Sri Lanka....
    • King of the Cocos Islands
  • New Zealand
    New Zealand
    New Zealand is an island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses and numerous smaller islands. The country is situated some east of Australia across the Tasman Sea, and roughly south of the Pacific island nations of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga...
    • Governors-General of New Zealand
      Governor-General of New Zealand
      The Governor-General of New Zealand is the representative of the monarch of New Zealand . The Governor-General acts as the Queen's vice-regal representative in New Zealand and is often viewed as the de facto head of state....

    • New Zealand Cabinet
      New Zealand Cabinet
      The Cabinet of New Zealand functions as the policy and decision-making body of the executive branch within the New Zealand government system...
      • Prime Ministers of New Zealand
        Prime Minister of New Zealand
        The Prime Minister of New Zealand is New Zealand's head of government consequent on being the leader of the party or coalition with majority support in the Parliament of New Zealand...

      • Deputy Prime Ministers of New Zealand
        Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand
        The Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand is second most senior officer in the Government of New Zealand, although this seniority does not necessarily translate into power....

      • Ministers of Finance
        Minister of Finance (New Zealand)
        The Minister of Finance is a senior figure within the government of New Zealand. The position is often considered to be the most important Cabinet role after that of the Prime Minister....

      • Ministers of Foreign Affairs
        Minister of Foreign Affairs (New Zealand)
        The Minister of Foreign Affairs is a major ministerial portfolio in the government of New Zealand.The current Minister of Foreign Affairs is Murray McCully, who was National Party Spokeperson of Foreign Affairs and Shadow Minister of Foreign Affairs. There are also Associate Minister roles...

    • Speakers of the House of Representatives
      Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives
      In New Zealand the Speaker of the House of Representatives is the individual who chairs the country's legislative body, the New Zealand House of Representatives...

    • Māori Kings and Queens
      Maori King Movement
      The Māori King Movement or Kīngitanga is a movement that arose among some of the Māori tribes of New Zealand in the central North Island ,in the 1850s, to establish a role similar in status to that of the monarch of the colonising people, the British, as a way of halting the alienation of Māori land...


  • Mayors of Auckland
    Mayor of Auckland
    The Mayor of Auckland is the directly elected head of the Auckland Council, the local government authority for the Auckland region in New Zealand...

  • Mayors of Christchurch
    Mayor of Christchurch
    The Mayor of Christchurch is the head of the municipal government of Christchurch, New Zealand, and presides over the Christchurch City Council. The mayor is directly elected using a First Past the Post electoral system...

  • Mayors of Dunedin
    Mayor of Dunedin
    The Mayor of Dunedin is the head of the municipal government of Dunedin, New Zealand, and presides over the Dunedin City Council. The Mayor is directly elected, using the Single Transferable Vote system in 2007....

  • Mayors of Wellington
    Mayor of Wellington
    The Mayor of Wellington is the head of the municipal government of Wellington, New Zealand, and presides over the Wellington City Council. The Mayor of Wellington administers only Wellington City itself — other municipalities in adjacent areas of the Wellington Region such as Lower Hutt, Upper...



Melanesia

  • Fiji
    Fiji
    Fiji , officially the Republic of Fiji , is an island nation in Melanesia in the South Pacific Ocean about northeast of New Zealand's North Island...
    • Chairmen of Fiji's Great Council of Chiefs
      Chairman of the Great Council of Chiefs (Fiji)
      The Great Council of Chiefs is a formal assembly of Fiji's senior hereditary chiefs, along with some representatives of the national government and provincial councils, who may or may not be hereditary chiefs themselves...

    • Chief Justice of Fiji
      Chief Justice (Fiji)
      The Chief Justice is Fiji's highest judicial officer. He or she is appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister, who is required by the Constitution to consult the Leader of the Opposition. This does not give the Leader of the Opposition a veto, only the right to be consulted. ...

    • Colonial Governors of Fiji
      Governor of Fiji
      Fiji was a British Crown Colony from 1874 to 1970, and an independent dominion in the British Commonwealth from 1970 to 1987. During this period, the Head of State was the British Monarch, but in practice his or her functions were normally exercised locally by the Governor prior to independence ,...

    • Fijian Heads of State
    • Foreign Ministers of Fiji
      Minister for Foreign Affairs (Fiji)
      The Minister for Foreign Affairs is Fiji's Cabinet Minister responsible for international relations and diplomacy...

    • Governors-General of Fiji
      Governor-General of Fiji
      Fiji became a British Crown Colony in 1874, and an independent dominion in the Commonwealth in 1970. Queen Elizabeth II remained the Head of State, holding the title of Queen of Fiji until 1987, when she formally abdicated following two military coups...

    • House of Representatives of Fiji - current membership (2004)
      House of Representatives (Fiji)
      The House of Representatives is the lower chamber of Fiji's Parliament. It is the more powerful of the two chambers; it alone has the power to initiate legislation...

    • Ministers for Fijian Affairs
      Minister for Fijian Affairs
      The Minister for Fijian Affairs is the Cabinet Minister responsible for the preservation of Fijian culture and for the economic and social development of indigenous Fijians. Prior to 1999, the Minister for Fijian Affairs also presided over the Great Council of Chiefs, but since then the Great...

    • Presidents of Fiji
      President of Fiji
      The President of the Republic of Fiji is the head of state of Fiji. The President was appointed by the Great Council of Chiefs for a five-year term under the terms of the now-suspended 1997 constitution. The Great Council of Chiefs is constitutionally required to consult the Prime Minister, but...

    • Prime Ministers of Fiji
      Prime Minister of Fiji
      The Prime Minister of the Republic of Fiji is the head of government of Fiji. The Prime Minister was appointed by the President under the terms of the now-suspended 1997 constitution....

    • Senate of Fiji - current membership (2004)
      Senate (Fiji)
      The Senate of Fiji is the upper chamber of Parliament. It is the less powerful of the two chambers; it may not initiate legislation, but may amend or veto it. The Senate's powers over financial bills are more restricted: it may veto them in their entirety, but may not amend them...

    • Speakers of the Fijian House of Representatives
      Speaker of the House of Representatives (Fiji)
      The Speaker is the presiding officer of the Fijian House of Representatives. At its first session following a general election, the House of Representatives elects a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker. With a view to ensuring impartiality, the Speaker is not allowed to be a member of the House, though...

    • Vice-Presidents of Fiji
      Vice-President of Fiji
      The Fijian vice-presidency is a mostly ceremonial office. The position was created in 1990, to provide a constitutional successor to the President, in the event of the latter's death or resignation, or of his otherwise being unable to carry out his duties...

  • Papua New Guinea
    Papua New Guinea
    Papua New Guinea , officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is a country in Oceania, occupying the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and numerous offshore islands...
    • Prime Ministers of Papua New Guinea

Polynesia

  • Cook Islands
    Cook Islands
    The Cook Islands is a self-governing parliamentary democracy in the South Pacific Ocean in free association with New Zealand...
    • Prime Ministers of the Cook Islands
      Prime Minister of the Cook Islands
      The Prime Minister of the Cook Islands is the official rsponsible for heading Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II's government in the Cook Islands, a self-governing territory in free association with New Zealand. The office was established in 1965, when self-government was first granted to the islands...

  • Samoa
    Samoa
    Samoa , officially the Independent State of Samoa, formerly known as Western Samoa is a country encompassing the western part of the Samoan Islands in the South Pacific Ocean. It became independent from New Zealand in 1962. The two main islands of Samoa are Upolu and one of the biggest islands in...
    • Samoan Heads of State
    • List of Rulers of Samoa
    • Members of the Council of Deputies of Samoa
    • Prime Ministers of Samoa
      Prime Minister of Samoa
      This is a list of Prime Ministers of Samoa from the establishment of that office in 1875 until the present day.-List of Prime Ministers of Samoa :-See also:*Samoa**Politics of Samoa...

    • Chief Justice of Samoa
    • Finance Ministers of Samoa
    • Foreign Affairs Ministers of Samoa
    • Health Ministers of Samoa
    • Education Ministers of Samoa
    • Public Works Ministers of Samoa
    • Fono Aoao Faitulafono o Samoa - current membership (2006)

Christian


Catholic Church

  • List of Popes
    • Grand Masters of the Teutonic Knights
      Teutonic Knights
      The Order of Brothers of the German House of Saint Mary in Jerusalem , commonly the Teutonic Order , is a German medieval military order, in modern times a purely religious Catholic order...

    • Grand Masters of the Knights Templar
      Knights Templar
      The Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon , commonly known as the Knights Templar, the Order of the Temple or simply as Templars, were among the most famous of the Western Christian military orders...

    • Grand Masters of the Knights Hospitaller
    • Grand Masters of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword
      Livonian Brothers of the Sword
      The Livonian Brothers of the Sword were a military order founded by Bishop Albert of Riga in 1202. Pope Innocent III sanctioned the establishment in 1204. The membership of the order comprised German "warrior monks"...


Anglican Communion

  • Archbishop of Canterbury
    Archbishop of Canterbury
    The Archbishop of Canterbury is the senior bishop and principal leader of the Church of England, the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion, and the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Canterbury. In his role as head of the Anglican Communion, the archbishop leads the third largest group...

  • List of Archbishops of Canterbury
  • Anglican Primates

Other denominations

  • General
    Generals of The Salvation Army
    thumbnail|left|1st General, William BoothGeneral is the title of the international leader of The Salvation Army, a Christian denomination with extensive charitable social services that gives quasi-military rank to its ministers .Usage of the term General began with the Founder of The Salvation...

     of The Salvation Army
    The Salvation Army
    The Salvation Army is a Protestant Christian church known for its thrift stores and charity work. It is an international movement that currently works in over a hundred countries....

  • Moderator
    Moderator of the United Church of Canada
    The Moderator of the United Church of Canada is the presiding leader of the United Church of Canada, Canada's largest Protestant denomination. The church is highly decentralized and non-dogmatic and the moderator has only limited power...

     of the United Church of Canada
    United Church of Canada
    The United Church of Canada is a Protestant Christian denomination in Canada. It is the largest Protestant church and, after the Roman Catholic Church, the second-largest Christian church in Canada...

  • President and General Authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
  • Patriarchs of Constantinople

Judaism

  • Chief Rabbis of the United Kingdom
  • Chief Rabbis of Israel
    Chief Rabbinate of Israel
    The Chief Rabbinate of Israel is recognized by law as the supreme halakhic and spiritual authority for the Jewish people in Israel. The Chief Rabbinate Council assists the two chief rabbis, who alternate in its presidency. It has legal and administrative authority to organize religious...


Buddhist

  • Dalai Lama
    Dalai Lama
    The Dalai Lama is a high lama in the Gelug or "Yellow Hat" branch of Tibetan Buddhism. The name is a combination of the Mongolian word далай meaning "Ocean" and the Tibetan word bla-ma meaning "teacher"...

  • Panchen Lama
    Panchen Lama
    The Panchen Lama , or Bainqên Erdê'ni , is the highest ranking Lama after the Dalai Lama in the Gelugpa lineage of Tibetan Buddhism...

  • Karmapa
    Karmapa
    The Karmapa is the head of the Karma Kagyu, the largest sub-school of the Kagyupa , itself one of the four major schools of Tibetan Buddhism....

  • Shamarpa
    Shamarpa
    Shamarpa of the Red Crown"), also known as Shamar Rinpoche or more formally Kunzig Shamar Rinpoche is a lineage holder of the Karma Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism and the mind manifestation of Amitabha Buddha, He is traditionally associated with Yangpachen monastery near Lhasa.The first...

  • Sakya Trizin
    Sakya Trizin
    Sakya Trizin or Sa'gya Gongma Rinboqê is the traditional title of the head of the Sakya Order of Tibetan Buddhism.The Sakya Order of Tibetan Buddhism was founded in 1073, when Khon Konchog Gyalpo , a member of Tibet’s noble Khön family, established a monastery in the region of Sakya, Tibet,...

  • Supreme Patriarch of Thailand
    Supreme Patriarch of Thailand
    The Supreme Patriarch or Sangharaja is the head of the order of Buddhist monks in Thailand. The position is formally appointed by the King of Thailand, although the actual selection is made by senior clergymen...

  • Supreme Patriarch of Cambodia
    Supreme Patriarch of Cambodia
    The Supreme Patriarch of Cambodia is the effective leader of the Buddhist community in Cambodia.-History:...

  • Supreme Patriarch of Laos

Ministers by portfolio

  • Defence minister
    Defence minister
    A defence minister is a person in a cabinet position in charge of a Ministry of Defence, which regulates the armed forces in some sovereign nations...

  • List of ministers of the environment
  • Finance minister
    Finance minister
    The finance minister is a cabinet position in a government.A minister of finance has many different jobs in a government. He or she helps form the government budget, stimulate the economy, and control finances...

  • Foreign minister
    Foreign minister
    A Minister of Foreign Affairs, or foreign minister, is a cabinet minister who helps form the foreign policy of a sovereign state. The foreign minister is often regarded as the most senior ministerial position below that of the head of government . It is often granted to the deputy prime minister in...
  • Interior minister
    Interior minister
    An interior ministry is a government ministry typically responsible for policing, national security, and immigration matters. The ministry is often headed by a minister of the interior or minister of home affairs...


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