Table of Chinese monarchs - AbsoluteAstronomy.com

The following list of Chinese monarchs is in no way comprehensive. From the Shang Dynasty

Shang Dynasty

The Shang Dynasty or Yin Dynasty was, according to traditional sources, the second Chinese dynasty, after the Xia. They ruled in the northeastern regions of the area known as "China proper" in the Yellow River valley...

to the Qin Dynasty

Qin Dynasty

The Qin Dynasty was the first imperial dynasty of China, lasting from 221 to 207 BC. The Qin state derived its name from its heartland of Qin, in modern-day Shaanxi. The strength of the Qin state was greatly increased by the legalist reforms of Shang Yang in the 4th century BC, during the Warring...

, rulers usually held the title "King" (Chinese

Chinese language

The Chinese language is a language or language family consisting of varieties which are mutually intelligible to varying degrees. Originally the indigenous languages spoken by the Han Chinese in China, it forms one of the branches of Sino-Tibetan family of languages...

: 王 Wáng). With the division of China into separate Warring States, this title had become so common that the unifier of China

China

Chinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...

, the first Qin Emperor Qin Shi Huang

Qin Shi Huang

Qin Shi Huang , personal name Ying Zheng , was king of the Chinese State of Qin from 246 BC to 221 BC during the Warring States Period. He became the first emperor of a unified China in 221 BC...

created a new title for himself, that of "Emperor

Emperor of China

The Emperor of China refers to any sovereign of Imperial China reigning between the founding of Qin Dynasty of China, united by the King of Qin in 221 BCE, and the fall of Yuan Shikai's Empire of China in 1916. When referred to as the Son of Heaven , a title that predates the Qin unification, the...

" (皇帝 Huángdì). This title of Emperor of China

Emperor of China

continued to be used for the remainder of China's Imperial history, right down to the fall of the Qing Dynasty

Qing Dynasty

The Qing Dynasty was the last dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming Dynasty and followed by the Republic of China....

in 1912. While many other monarchs existed in and around China throughout its history, this list covers only those with a quasi-legitimate claim to the majority of China

China

, or those who have traditionally been named in king-lists.

Chinese monarchs

Chinese sovereign

Chinese sovereign is the ruler of a particular period in ancient China. Several titles and naming schemes have been used throughout history.-Emperor Title:...

were known by many different names, and how they should be identified is often confusing. Sometimes the same emperor is commonly known by two or three separate names

Chinese name

Personal names in Chinese culture follow a number of conventions different from those of personal names in Western cultures. Most noticeably, a Chinese name is written with the family name first and the given name next, therefore "John-Paul Smith" as a Chinese name would be "Smith John-Paul"...

, or the same name is used by emperors of different dynasties. The tables below do not necessarily include all of an emperor's names – for example, posthumous names could run to more than twenty characters and were rarely used in historical writing – but, where possible, the most commonly used name or naming convention

Naming convention

A naming convention is a convention for naming things. The intent is to allow useful information to be deduced from the names based on regularities. For instance, in Manhattan, streets are numbered, with East-West streets being called "Streets" and North-South streets called "Avenues".-Use...

has been indicated.

These tables may not necessarily represent the most recently updated information on Chinese monarchs; please check the page for the relevant dynasty for possible additional information.

Follow these links to see how they are related:

Chinese emperors family tree (ancient) → Chinese emperors family tree (early) → Chinese emperors family tree (middle) → Chinese emperors family tree (late)

Three Sovereigns & Five Emperors Period 三皇五帝

Although it is ingrained in Chinese mythology that the earliest mythological rulers of China included three huáng (皇, generally translated "Sovereign" or "August one", denoting demi-god status) and five dì (帝, generally translated "Emperor", but denoting much more reverential status than the modern term "Emperor"), their identities have differed between different sources, with some individuals such as the Yellow Emperor

Yellow Emperor

The Yellow Emperor or Huangdi1 is a legendary Chinese sovereign and culture hero, included among the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors. Tradition holds that he reigned from 2697–2597 or 2696–2598 BC...

being regarded as either Sovereign or Emperor, depending on the source. The two characters would later be taken together by Qin Shi Huang

Qin Shi Huang

Qin Shi Huang , personal name Ying Zheng , was king of the Chinese State of Qin from 246 BC to 221 BC during the Warring States Period. He became the first emperor of a unified China in 221 BC...

to form the new title huángdì (皇帝, Emperoror), thus claiming legendary status for himself.


Sovereigns/Emperors	Posthumous Name		Personal Name	Years of Reign
Sovereign^1,4,5 (Emperor³)	Nüwa Nüwa Nüwa is a goddess in ancient Chinese mythology best known for creating mankind and repairing the wall of heaven.-Primary sources:...	女媧	—	(180,000 years)
Sovereign (Emperor³)	Youchao Youchao Youchao , is the inventor of house and building, according to China's ancient mythology. It is said he is one of The Three August Ones in remote ancient China....	有巢	—	(110,000 years)
(Sovereign⁴) Emperor³	Suiren Suiren Suiren , is the discoverer of Fire, according to China's ancient legend. It is said he is one of The Three August Ones in remote ancient China. From his depictions, he apparently had three eyes....	燧人	Suiren Suiren Suiren , is the discoverer of Fire, according to China's ancient legend. It is said he is one of The Three August Ones in remote ancient China. From his depictions, he apparently had three eyes....	(456,000 years)
Sovereign^1,4,5 (Emperor^2,3)	Fuxi	伏羲	Fuxi	2852–2737 BC
Sovereign¹ (Emperor^2,3)	Yandi	炎帝	Shennong Shennong Shennong , which names mean "Divine Farmer", but also known as the Emperor of the Five Grains , was a legendary ruler of China and culture hero reputed to have lived some 5,000 years ago...	2737–2699 BC
(Sovereign⁵) Emperor^1,2	Huangdi	黃帝	Gongsun Xuanyuan	2699–2588 BC
Emperor²	Jin Tian	金天	Shaohao Shaohao Shaohao , also known as Shao Hao, Jin Tian or Xuanxiao, was a Chinese emperor in 2600 BC. According to some traditions , he was, in some versions, one of the Five Emperors....	2587–2491 BC
Emperor^1,2	Zhuanxu Zhuanxu Zhuanxu , also known as Gaoyang is a mythological monarch of ancient China.A grandson of the Yellow Emperor, Zhuanxu led the Shi clan in an eastward migration to present-day Shandong, where intermarriages with the Dongyi clan enlarged and augmented their tribal influences...	顓頊	Gaoyang Gaoyang Gaoyang may refer to:Gaoyang dialect , a dialect of CantoneseZhuanxu, or Gaoyang, legendary monarch of ancient China-Places in China:Gaoyang County , of Baoding, HebeiGaoyang Township , in Shunchang County, FujianTowns...	2490–2413 BC
Emperor¹	Ku Emperor Ku Kù , or Dì Kù , also known as Gāoxīn Shì , was a mythical Emperor of China during the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors period. He was the son of Jiăo Jí , the grandson of Shăohào and the great grandson of Huáng-dì , the Yellow Emperor. According to speculative dates he is supposed to have ruled...	帝嚳	Gaoxin	2412–2343 BC
Emperor¹	Zhi Emperor Zhi Emperor Zhì or simply Zhì was an Emperor of China. Also known as Qingyang-shi , he was born Jiang Kuang'er as the eldest son to Emperor Ku and Changyi , the 2nd consort of Emperor Ku. He ruled for nine years from c. 2366 BC – c. 2358 BC until he died and was succeeded by younger half-brother Yao...	摯	Qingyang-shi	2343–2333 BC
Emperor¹	Yao	堯	Yaotang-shi	2333–2234 BC
Emperor¹	Shun	舜	Youyu-shi	2233–2184 BC
1 — According to the Records of the Grand Historian Records of the Grand Historian The Records of the Grand Historian, also known in English by the Chinese name Shiji , written from 109 BC to 91 BC, was the Magnum opus of Sima Qian, in which he recounted Chinese history from the time of the Yellow Emperor until his own time... . 2 — According to the Songs of Chu. 3 — According to the Book of Rites. 4 — According to the Shangshu dazhuan (尚書大傳) and Baihu tongyi (白虎通義). 5 — According to the Diwang shiji (帝王世紀)				These individuals are considered legendary, and are not necessarily historical. Traditional dates are provided.

Xia Dynasty 夏

c. 2070–1600 BC¹

Reign name²		Given name		Notes
		Yǔ	禹	Also known as: Dà Yǔ, 大禹 (Yǔ the Great)
		Qǐ	啟	Son of Yǔ; beginning of hereditary succession
Tài Kāng Tai Kang Tai Kang was the third sovereign of the Xia Dynasty. He was the son of Qi.He loved to hunt and did not rule well. Tai Kang drowned in a lake.He took the throne in the year of Guiwei .His capital was in Zhenxun ....	太康
Zhòng Kāng	仲康
		Xiāng	相
No King				About 40 years
Shào Kāng	少康
		Zhù	杼
		Huái	槐
		Máng Mang of Xia Máng was the ninth ruler of the possibly legendary Xia Dynasty. He possibly ruled 18 years. He was also known as Huang .He took the throne in the year of Renshen...	芒
		Xiè Xie of Xia Xie was the 10th ruler of the possibly legendary Xia Dynasty，son of Mang . He possibly ruled 25 years according to Bamboo Annals.He ascended the throne in the year Xinwei ....	泄/洩
		Jiàng Bu Jiang of Xia Bu Jiang was the 11th ruler of the possibly legendary Xia Dynasty. He possibly ruled 59 years.According to Bamboo Annals, on the 6th year of his regime, he fought with Jiuyuan ....	降
		Jiōng Jiong of Xia Jiong was the 12th ruler of the semi-legendary Xia Dynasty. According to the Bamboo Annals, he ruled about 18 years, while according to the Records of the Grand Historian, he ruled about 21 years. He was the son of Xie, the younger brother of Bu Jiang and the father of Jin.He got his throne in the...	扃
Yìn Jiǎ	胤甲	Jǐn Jin of Xia Jǐn was the 13th ruler of the semi-legendary Xia Dynasty. His other name is Yinjia , He probably ruled for about 21 years. According to Bamboo Annals, he moved the capital to West River . In the fourth year of Jin's reign, he missed his former hometown and made the music of West Sound...	廑
Kǒng Jiǎ Kong Jia of Xia Kǒng Jiǎ was the 14th ruler of the semi-legendary Xia Dynasty. He possibly ruled 31 years.According to the Bamboo Annals, he lived in the Xia capital of West River ....	孔甲
		Gāo Gao of Xia Gāo was the 15th ruler of the semi-legendary Xia Dynasty. He possibly ruled 11 years.In the 3rd year of his regime, he restored the power of Tunwei , the noble who was deposed by Kong Jia, the previous king....	皋
		Fā	發
Lǚ Guǐ	履癸	Jié	桀
1 — The first generally accepted date in Chinese history is 841 BC. All dates prior to this are the subject of often vigorous dispute. The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia Shang Zhou Chronology Project Xia Shang Zhou Chronology Project The Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project was a multi-disciplinary project commissioned by the People's Republic of China in 1996 to determine with accuracy the location and time frame of the Xia Dynasty, the Shang Dynasty and the Zhou Dynasty... , the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. They are given only as a guide.
2 — The reign name is sometimes preceded by the name of the dynasty, Xià (夏).

Shang Dynasty 商

c. 1600–1046 BC¹

Temple name Temple name Temple names are commonly used when naming most Chinese, Korean , and Vietnamese royalty. They should not be confused with era names. Compared to posthumous names, the use of temple names is more exclusive...		Reign name²		Given name³		Reign years¹	Capital
		Tiān Yǐ	天乙	Tāng Tang of Shang King Cheng Tang of Shang was the first ruling king of the Shang dynasty in Chinese history. He overthrew Jie, the last ruler of the Xia dynasty.-Early life:...	湯	1600–1300 BC	Bó 亳
		Wài Bǐng	外丙	Shèng	勝
		Zhòng Rén Zhong Ren Zhòng Rén is traditionally held to be a Shang Dynasty King of China but recent archaeological evidence has thrown this into doubt....	仲壬
Tàizōng	太宗	Tài Jiǎ Tai Jia Tai Jia was the son of Tai Ding and a Shang Dynasty King of China.In the Records of the Grand Historian he was listed by Sima Qian as the fourth Shang king, succeeding his uncles Wai Bing and Zhong Ren...	太甲
		Wò Dīng Wo Ding Wo Ding is traditionally held to be a Shang Dynasty King of China but recent archaeological evidence has thrown this into doubt....	沃丁	Xuàn	絢
		Tài Gēng Tai Geng Tai Geng was a Shang Dynasty King of China.In the Records of the Grand Historian he was listed by Sima Qian as the sixth Shang king, succeeding his older brother Xiao Xin . He was enthroned with Bo as his capital...	太庚	Biàn	辯
		Xiǎo Jiǎ Xiao Jia Xiao Jia was a Shang Dynasty King of China.In the Records of the Grand Historian he was listed by Sima Qian as the seventh Shang king, succeeding his brother Tai Geng . He was enthroned in the year of Dingsi with Bo as his capital...	小甲	Gāo	高
		Yōng Jǐ Yong Ji Yong Ji Yong Ji Yong Ji (Chinese: 雍己, born Zi Dian (Chinese: 子佃) or Zi Zhou (Chinese: 子伷), was a Shang Dynasty King of China.In the Records of the Grand Historian he was listed by Sima Qian as the eighth Shang king, succeeding his brother Xiao Jia (Chinese: 太庚). He was enthroned in the year of...	雍己	Zhòu	伷
		Tài Wù Tai Wu Tai Wu Tai Wu Tai Wu (Chinese: 太戊, born Zi Mi (Chinese: 子密) or Zi Zhou (Chinese: 子伷), was a Shang Dynasty King of China.In the Records of the Grand Historian he was listed by Sima Qian as the ninth Shang king, succeeding his brother Yong Ji (Chinese: 太庚). He was enthroned with Bo (Chinese: 亳) as...	太戊
		Zhòng Dīng Zhong Ding Zhong Ding Zhong Ding Zhong Ding (Chinese: 仲丁, born Zi Zhuang (Chinese: 子庄), was a Shang Dynasty King of China.In the Records of the Grand Historian he was listed by Sima Qian as the tenth Shang king, succeeding his father Tai Wu (Chinese: 太戊). He was enthroned in the year of Xinchou (Chinese: 辛丑)...	仲丁				Áo 隞
		Wài Rén Wai Ren Wai Ren Wai Ren Wai Ren (Chinese: 外壬, born Zi Fa (Chinese: 子發), was a Shang Dynasty King of China.In the Records of the Grand Historian he was listed by Sima Qian as the eleventh Shang king, succeeding his brother Zhong Ding (Chinese: 仲丁). He was enthroned in the year of Gengxu (Chinese: 庚戌) with...	外壬				Áo 隞
		Jiān Jiǎ He Dan Jia He Dan Jia He Dan Jia He Dan Jia (Chinese: 河亶甲, born Zi Zheng (Chinese: 子整), was a Shang Dynasty King of China.In the Records of the Grand Historian he was listed by Sima Qian as the twelfth Shang king, succeeding his father Wai Ren (Chinese: 外壬). He was enthroned in the year of Gengshen (Chinese:...	戔甲	Zhěng	整		Xiàng 相
Zhōngzōng	中宗	Zǔ Yǐ Zu Yi Zu Yi Zu Yi Zu Yi (Chinese: 祖乙, born Zi Teng (Chinese: 子滕), was a Shang Dynasty King of China.In the Records of the Grand Historian he was listed by Sima Qian as the thirteenth Shang king, succeeding his Father He Dan Jia (Chinese: 河亶甲). He was enthroned in the year of Jisi (Chinese: 己巳) with Xiang...	祖乙	Téng	滕		Bì 庇
		Zǔ Xīn Zu Xin Zu Xin Zu Xin Zu Xin (Chinese: 祖辛, born Zi Dan (Chinese: 子旦), was a Shang Dynasty King of China.In the Records of the Grand Historian he was listed by Sima Qian as the fourteenth Shang king, succeeding his Father Zu Yi (Chinese: 祖乙). He was enthroned in the year of Wuzi (Chinese: 戊子) with Bi...	祖辛
		Wò Jiǎ Wo Jia Wo Jia Wo Jia Wo Jia (Chinese: 沃甲, born Zi Yu (Chinese: 子逾), was a Shang Dynasty King of China.In the Records of the Grand Historian he was listed by Sima Qian as the fifthteenth Shang king, succeeding his brother Zu Xin (Chinese: 祖辛). He was enthroned in the year of Renyan (Chinese: 壬寅) with Bi...	沃甲	Yú	踰
		Zǔ Dīng Zu Ding Zu Ding was a King of China in the early Shang Dynasty . His pre-reign name was Zi Xin .-Sima Qian:In the Records of the Grand Historian he was listed by Sima Qian as the sixtteenth Shang king, succeeding his uncle Wo Jia . He was enthroned in the year of Dingwei with Bi as his capital...	祖丁
		Nán Gēng Nan Geng Nan Geng Nan Geng Nan Geng (Chinese: 南庚, born Zi Geng (Chinese: 子更), was a Shang Dynasty King of China.In the Records of the Grand Historian he was listed by Sima Qian as the seventeenth Shang king, succeeding his cousin Zu Ding (Chinese: 祖丁). He was enthroned in the year of Bingchen (Chinese: 丙辰)...	南庚	Gēng	更		Yǎn 奄
		Yáng Jiǎ	陽甲	Hé	和		Yǎn 奄
		Pán Gēng Pan Geng Pán Gēng was a Shang Dynasty King of China. He is best known for having moved the capital of the Shang Dynasty to Yīn.... ⁴	盤庚	Xún	旬	1300 - 1251 BC	Yīn 殷
		Xiǎo Xīn Xiao Xin Xiao Xin was a Shang Dynasty King of China.In the Records of the Grand Historian he was listed by Sima Qian as the twentieth Shang king, succeeding his older brother Pan Geng . He was enthroned in the year of Jiawu with Yin as his capital...	小辛	Sòng	頌
		Xiǎo Yǐ	小乙	Liǎn	斂
Gāozōng	高宗	Wǔ Dīng Wu Ding Wu Ding was a Shang Dynasty King of China.His is the first historically verifiable name in the history of Chinese dynasties...	武丁			1250 - 1192 BC
		Zǔ Gēng	祖庚	Yuè	躍	1191–1148 BC
		Zǔ Jiǎ Zu Jia Zu Jia was king of the Shang Dynasty of China. His personal name was . His another name is Di Jia in the book of Guoyu .His capital was at Yin .In the 12th year of his regime, he sent troop to fight Rong people in the west until winter....	祖甲	Zài	載
		Lǐn Xīn Lin Xin Lin Xin was king of the Shang Dynasty of China. His name by Bamboo Annals is Feng Xin , another book The Historic People of Han Book also called him Feng Xin.He got his throne in the year of Gengyan . His capital was at Yin ....	廩辛	Xiān	先
		Kāng Dīng	康丁
		Wǔ Yǐ Wu Yi (ruler) Wu Yi was king of the Shang Dynasty of China from 1147 BC to 1112 BC. His given name is Qu .According to Bamboo Annals, His capial was at Yin .One of the vassal Fen moved to Qizhou ....	武乙			1147–1113 BC
		Wén Dīng Wen Ding Wen Ding was king of the Shang Dynasty of China from 1112 BC to 1102 BC. Another name Da Ding , and his given name is Tuo .According to Bamboo Annals, His capial was at Yin or Zimou .... ⁵	文丁			1112–1102 BC
		Dì Yǐ Di Yi Di Yi or Emperor Yi was king of the Shang Dynasty of China from 1101BC to 1076BC.His name is Xian . His capital was at Yin ....	帝乙			1101–1076 BC
		Dì Xīn	帝辛	Shòu	受	1075–1046 BC
1 The first generally accepted date in Chinese history is 841 BC. All dates prior to this are the subject of often vigorous dispute. The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia Shang Zhou Chronology Project Xia Shang Zhou Chronology Project The Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project was a multi-disciplinary project commissioned by the People's Republic of China in 1996 to determine with accuracy the location and time frame of the Xia Dynasty, the Shang Dynasty and the Zhou Dynasty... , the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. They are given only as a guide.
2 The reign name is sometimes preceded by the name of the dynasty, Shang (商).
3 The Shang royal family name was Zǐ (子).
4 The period of the Shang dynasty starting from Pan Geng is also frequently referred to as the Yin (殷) dynasty. because he changed capital to Yin.
5 Also known as Tai Ding (太丁).

Zhou Dynasty 周

Mid 11th century BC – 256 BC, traditionally divided into:

Western Zhou dynasty, c.1046 BC¹ – 771 BC
Eastern Zhou dynasty, 770–256 BC, which is in turn split into:
- the Spring and Autumn Period, 770–476 BC
- the Warring States Period
  Warring States Period
  The Warring States Period , also known as the Era of Warring States, or the Warring Kingdoms period, covers the Iron Age period from about 475 BC to the reunification of China under the Qin Dynasty in 221 BC...
  
  , 475–221 BC

Posthumous name Posthumous name A posthumous name is an honorary name given to royalty, nobles, and sometimes others, in East Asia after the person's death, and is used almost exclusively instead of one's personal name or other official titles during his life...		Personal name		Reign years¹	Common name
Pinyin	Chinese	Pinyin	Chinese	Reign years¹	Common name
Wǔ Wáng	武王	Jī Fā	姬發	1046–1043 BC¹	King Wu of Zhou King Wu of Zhou King Wu of Zhōu or King Wu of Chou was the first sovereign, or ruler of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty. The dates of his reign are 1046-1043 BCE or 1049/45-1043. Various sources quoted that he died at the age of 93, 54 or 43. He was considered a just and able leader. Zhou Gong Dan was one of his...
Chéng Wáng	成王	Jī Sòng	姬誦	1042–1021 BC¹	King Cheng of Zhou King Cheng of Zhou King Cheng of Zhou or King Ch'eng of Chou was the second sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty. The dates of his reign are 1042-1021 BC or 1042/35-1006 BC King Cheng was young when he ascended the throne...
Kāng Wáng	康王	Jī Zhāo	姬釗	1020–996 BC¹	King Kang of Zhou King Kang of Zhou King Kang of Zhou or King K'ang of Chou was the third sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty. The dates of his reign are 1020-996 BC or 1005-978 BC ....
Zhāo Wáng	昭王	Jī Xiá	姬瑕	995–977 BC¹	King Zhao of Zhou King Zhao of Zhou King Zhao of Zhou or King Chao of Chou was the fourth sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty. The dates of his reign are 995-977 BC or 977/75-957 ....
Mù Wáng	穆王	Jī Mǎn	姬滿	976–922 BC¹	King Mu of Zhou King Mu of Zhou King Mu of Zhou or King Mu of Chou or Mu Wang or Mu Wang was the fifth sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty. The dates of his reign are 976-922 BC or 956-918 BC.-Life:...
Gōng Wáng	共王	Jī Yīhù	姬繄扈	922–900 BC¹	King Gong of Zhou King Gong of Zhou King Gong of Zhou or King Kung of Chou was the sixth sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty. Estimated dates of his reign are 922-900 BC or 917/15-900 ....
Yì Wáng	懿王	Jī Jiān	姬囏	899–892 BC¹	King Yi of Zhou King Yi of Zhou (Ji Jian) King Yi of Zhou or King I of Chou was the seventh sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty. Estimated dates of his reign are 899–892 BC or 899–873 BC ....
Xiào Wáng	孝王	Jī Pìfāng	姬辟方	891–886 BC¹	King Xiao of Zhou King Xiao of Zhou King Xiao of Zhou or King Hsiao of Chou was the eighth sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty. Estimated dates of his reign are 891–886 BC or 872–866 BC ....
Yí Wáng	夷王	Jī Xiè	姬燮	885–878 BC¹	King Yi of Zhou King Yi of Zhou (Ji Xie) King Yi of Zhou or King I of Chou was the ninth sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty. Estimated dates of his reign are 885–878 BC or 865–858 BC....
Lì Wáng	厲王	Jī Hú	姬胡	877–841 BC¹	King Li of Zhou King Li of Zhou King Li of Zhou was the tenth sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty. Estimated dates of his reign are 877–841 BC or 857–842 BC ....
Gonghe 共和 (regency)				841–828 BC	Gonghe
Xuān Wáng	宣王	Jī Jìng	姬靜	827–782 BC	King Xuan of Zhou King Xuan of Zhou King Xuan of Zhou was the eleventh sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty. Estimated dates of his reign are 827-782 BC or 827/25-782 BC.He worked to restore royal authority after the Gong He interregnum. He fought the 'Western Barbarians' and another group on the Huai River to the southeast. In...
Yōu Wáng	幽王	Jī Gōngshēng	姬宮湦	781–771 BC	King You of Zhou King You of Zhou King You of Zhou was the twelfth sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and the last of Western Zhou Dynasty. He reigned from 781 to 771 BCE.In 780 BCE, a major earthquake hit Guanzhong...
Ping Wang	平王	Ji Yijiu	姬宜臼	770–720 BC	King Ping of Zhou King Ping of Zhou King Ping of Zhou , also referred to as Crown Prince Yijiu or King P'ing of Chou was the thirteenth sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and the first of Eastern Zhou Dynasty...
Huan Wang	桓王	Ji Lin	姬林	719–697 BC	King Huan of Zhou King Huan of Zhou King Huan of Zhou was the fourteenth sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and the second of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.-Personal information: Family name Jī Given name Lín Era name none Grandfather...
Zhuang Wang	莊王	Ji Tuo	姬佗	696–682 BC	King Zhuang of Zhou King Zhuang of Zhou King Zhuang of Zhou or King Chuang of Chou was the fifthteenth sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and the third of Eastern Zhou Dynasty.-Personal information: Family name Ji in Chinese...
Xi Wang	釐王	Ji Huqi	姬胡齊	681–677 BC	King Xi of Zhou King Xi of Zhou King Xi of Zhou was the sixteenth sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and the fourth of Eastern Zhou Dynasty.-Personal information: Family name Ji in Chinese Given name...
Hui Wang	惠王	Ji Lang	姬閬	676–652 BC	King Hui I of Zhou
Xiang Wang	襄王	Ji Zheng	姬鄭	651–619 BC	King Xiang of Zhou King Xiang of Zhou King Xiang of Zhou was the eighteenth sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and the sixth of Eastern Zhou Dynasty. In 635 he was driven from the capital by his brother Zhao and was restored by Duke Wen of Jin....
Qing Wang	頃王	Ji Renchen	姬壬臣	618–613 BC	King Qing of Zhou King Qing of Zhou King Qing of Zhou or King Ch'ing of Chou was the nineteenth sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and the seventh of Eastern Zhou Dynasty.-Personal information:...
Kuang Wang	匡王	Ji Ban	姬班	612–607 BC	King Kuang of Zhou King Kuang of Zhou King Kuang of Zhou or King K'uang of Chou was the twentieth sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and the eighth of Eastern Zhou Dynasty.-Personal information: Family name Ji in Chinese...
Ding Wang	定王	Ji Yu	姬瑜	606–586 BC	King Ding of Zhou King Ding of Zhou King Ding of Zhou or King Ting of Chou was the twenty-first sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and the ninth of Eastern Zhou Dynasty.-Personal information: Family name Ji in Chinese...
Jian Wang	簡王	Ji Yi	姬夷	585–572 BC	King Jian of Zhou King Jian of Zhou King Jian of Zhou or King Chien of Chou was the twenty-second sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and the tenth of Eastern Zhou Dynasty.-Personal information: Family name Ji in Chinese...
Ling Wang	靈王	Ji Xiexin	姬泄心	571–545 BC	King Ling of Zhou King Ling of Zhou King Ling of Zhou or King Ling of Chou was the twenty-third sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and the eleventh of Eastern Zhou Dynasty.-Personal information: Family name Ji in Chinese...
Jing Wang	景王	Ji Gui	姬貴	544–521 BC	King Jing of Zhou King Jing of Zhou (Ji Gui) King Jing of Zhou, ch.: 周景王, pinyin: zhōu jĭng wáng, wg: King Ching of Chou, was the twenty-fourth sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and the twelfth of Eastern Zhou Dynasty.-Personal information: Family name Ji in Chinese...
Dao Wang	悼王	Ji Meng	姬猛	520 BC	King Dao of Zhou King Dao of Zhou King Dao of Zhou, ch.: 周悼王, pinyin: zhōu dào wáng, wg: King Tao of Chou, was the twenty-fifth sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and the thirteenth of Eastern Zhou Dynasty.-Personal information: Family name...
Jing Wang	敬王	Ji Gai	姬丐	519–476 BC	King Jing of Zhou King Jing of Zhou (Ji Gai) King Jing of Zhou, ch.: 周敬王, pinyin: zhōu jìng wáng, wg: King Ching of Chou, was the twenty-sixth sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and the fourteenth of Eastern Zhou Dynasty.-Personal information: Family name Ji in Chinese...
Yuan Wang	元王	Ji Ren	姬仁	475–469 BC	King Yuan of Zhou King Yuan of Zhou King Yuan of Zhou, was the twenty-seventh sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and the fifteenth of Eastern Zhou Dynasty.-Personal information:...
Zhending Wang	貞定王	Ji Jie	姬介	468–442 BC	King Zhending of Zhou King Zhending of Zhou King Zhending of Zhou, was the twenty-eighth sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and the sixteenth of Eastern Zhou Dynasty.-Personal information:* Family name: Ji * Given name: Jie * Father: King Yuan of Zhou* Mother: unknown* Wife: unknown...
Ai Wang	哀王	Ji Quji	姬去疾	441 BC	King Ai of Zhou King Ai of Zhou King Ai of Zhou, ch.: 周哀王, pinyin: zhōu āi wáng, Wade-Giles: King Ai of Chou, was the twenty-eighth sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and the sixteenth of Eastern Zhou Dynasty.He is the eldest son of the King Zhending Zhou....
Si Wang	思王	Ji Shu	姬叔	441 BC	King Si of Zhou King Si of Zhou King Si of Zhou, ch.: 周思王, pinyin: zhōu sī wáng, wg: King Si of Chou, was the twenty-ninth sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and the seventeenth of Eastern Zhou Dynasty.-Personal information: Family name Ji in Chinese...
Kao Wang	考王	Ji Wei	姬嵬	440–426 BC	King Kao of Zhou King Kao of Zhou King Kao of Zhou, ch.: 周考王, pinyin: zhōu kăo wáng, wg: King K'ao of Chou, was the thirtieth sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and the eighteenth of Eastern Zhou Dynasty.-Personal information: Family name Ji in Chinese...
Weilie Wang	威烈王	Ji Wu	姬午	425–402 BC	King Weilie of Zhou King Weilie of Zhou King Weilie of Zhou, ch.: 周威烈王, pinyin: zhōu wēi lìe wáng, wg: King Weilieh of Chou, was the thirty-first sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and the nineteenth of Eastern Zhou Dynasty.-Personal information: Family name...
An Wang	安王	Ji Jiao	姬驕	401–376 BC	King An of Zhou King An of Zhou King An of Zhou, ch.: 周安王, pinyin: zhōu ān wáng, wg: King An of Chou, was the thirty-second sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and the twentieth of Eastern Zhou Dynasty.-Personal information: Family name Ji in Chinese...
Lie Wang	烈王	Ji Xi	姬喜	375–369 BC	King Lie of Zhou King Lie of Zhou King Lie of Zhou, ch.: 周烈王, pinyin: zhōu lìe wáng, wg: King Lieh of Chou, was the thirty-third sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and the twenty-first of Eastern Zhou Dynasty.-Personal information: Family name Ji in Chinese...
Xian Wang	顯王	Ji Bian	姬扁	368–321 BC	King Xian of Zhou King Xian of Zhou King Xian of Zhou was the thirty-fourth sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and the twenty-third of Eastern Zhou Dynasty....
Shenjing Wang	慎靚王	Ji Ding	姬定	320–315 BC	King Shenjing of Zhou King Shenjing of Zhou King Shenjing of Zhou, trad. ch.: 周慎靚王, sim. Ch.: 周慎靓王, pinyin: zhaō shèn jìng wáng, wg: King Shenching of Chou was the thirty-fifth sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and the twenty-fourth of Eastern Zhou Dynasty.-Personal information:...
Nan Wang	赧王	Ji Yan	姬延	314–256 BC	King Nan of Zhou King Nan of Zhou King Nan of Zhou, ch. 周赧王, py. zhōu năn wáng, wg, King Nan of Zhou, or less commonly King Yin of Zhou, trad. ch.: 周隱王, sim. Ch.: 周隐王, py: zhōu yĭn wáng, wg: King Yin of Zhou was the thirty-sixth and last sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty. He was King for fifty-nine years, longest in Zhou...
Hui Wang	惠王	Ji Jie	姬杰	255–249 BC	King Hui II of Zhou²
1 The first generally-accepted date in Chinese history is 841 BC, the beginning of the Gonghe regency. All dates prior to this are the subject of often vigorous dispute. The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia Shang Zhou Chronology Project Xia Shang Zhou Chronology Project The Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project was a multi-disciplinary project commissioned by the People's Republic of China in 1996 to determine with accuracy the location and time frame of the Xia Dynasty, the Shang Dynasty and the Zhou Dynasty... , the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. They are given only as a guide.
2 Nobles of the Ji family proclaimed King Hui as King Nan's successor after their capital, Luoyang Luoyang Luoyang is a prefecture-level city in western Henan province of Central China. It borders the provincial capital of Zhengzhou to the east, Pingdingshan to the southeast, Nanyang to the south, Sanmenxia to the west, Jiyuan to the north, and Jiaozuo to the northeast.Situated on the central plain of... , fell to Qin forces in 256 BC. However Zhou resistance did not last long in the face of the Qin advance and so King Nan is widely considered to have been the last king of the Zhou dynasty.

Qin Dynasty 秦

Sovereigns of the Qin Dynasty
Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty was the first imperial dynasty of China, lasting from 221 to 207 BC. The Qin state derived its name from its heartland of Qin, in modern-day Shaanxi. The strength of the Qin state was greatly increased by the legalist reforms of Shang Yang in the 4th century BC, during the Warring...

221–207 BC
Posthumous Names Posthumous name A posthumous name is an honorary name given to royalty, nobles, and sometimes others, in East Asia after the person's death, and is used almost exclusively instead of one's personal name or other official titles during his life... (Shì Hào 諡號)		Personal Names		Period of Reigns
Convention: "Qin" + posthumous name
Shǐ Huángdì Qin Shi Huang Qin Shi Huang , personal name Ying Zheng , was king of the Chinese State of Qin from 246 BC to 221 BC during the Warring States Period. He became the first emperor of a unified China in 221 BC... ¹	始皇帝	Yíng Zhèng	嬴政	246–210 BC
Èr Shì Huángdì Qin Er Shi Qin Er Shi , literally Second Emperor of Qin Dynasty, personal name Huhai, was emperor of the Qin Dynasty in China from 210 BC until 207 BC.-Name:...	二世皇帝	Yíng Húhài	嬴胡亥	209–207 BC
Sān Shì Huángdì Ziying Ziying was the last ruler of the Qin Dynasty of China, ruling as King of Qin from mid-October to the beginning of December 207 BC, and being known posthumously as Qin San Shi... ²	三世皇帝	Yíng Ziyīng	嬴子嬰	207 BC
1 — King Zhaoxiang of Qin King Zhaoxiang of Qin King Zhaoxiang of Qin or King Zhao of Qin was the son of King Huiwen and younger brother of King Wu. After the death of Wu in 306 BC, Zhao contended for the crown of Qin with his younger brother. With the support of King Wuling of Zhao, Zhao finally ascended the throne... (秦昭襄王, Qín Zhāoxiāng Wáng) had ruled Qin for fifty-one years when the Qin state annihilated the Zhou Dynasty Zhou Dynasty The Zhou Dynasty was a Chinese dynasty that followed the Shang Dynasty and preceded the Qin Dynasty. Although the Zhou Dynasty lasted longer than any other dynasty in Chinese history, the actual political and military control of China by the Ji family lasted only until 771 BC, a period known as... ; however, the other six warring states were still independent regimes. Historiographers thus used the next year (the 52nd year of Qín Zhāoxiāng Wáng) as the official continuation from the Zhou Dynasty Zhou Dynasty The Zhou Dynasty was a Chinese dynasty that followed the Shang Dynasty and preceded the Qin Dynasty. Although the Zhou Dynasty lasted longer than any other dynasty in Chinese history, the actual political and military control of China by the Ji family lasted only until 771 BC, a period known as... , therefore, we do to. Qin Shi Huang Qin Shi Huang Qin Shi Huang , personal name Ying Zheng , was king of the Chinese State of Qin from 246 BC to 221 BC during the Warring States Period. He became the first emperor of a unified China in 221 BC... was the first Chinese sovereign proclaiming himself "Emperor".
2 — Ziying can be referred to using either his personal name or Qín Wáng Ziyīng (秦王子嬰)

Three Kingdoms Period 三國/三国

Three Kingdoms
Three Kingdoms
The Three Kingdoms period was a period in Chinese history, part of an era of disunity called the "Six Dynasties" following immediately the loss of de facto power of the Han Dynasty rulers. In a strict academic sense it refers to the period between the foundation of the state of Wei in 220 and the...

Sovereigns
Posthumous Names (Shi Hao 諡號)		Personal Names		Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years
Wei or Cao Wei Cao Wei Cao Wei was one of the states that competed for control of China during the Three Kingdoms period. With the capital at Luoyang, the state was established by Cao Pi in 220, based upon the foundations that his father Cao Cao laid... AD 220–265
Convention: "Wei" + posthumous name, sometimes except Cao Pi who was referred using personal names.
Wén Dì Cao Pi Cao Pi , formally known as Emperor Wen of Wei, was the first emperor of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of Chinese history. Born in Qiao County, Pei Commandery , he was the second son of the late Han Dynasty warlord Cao Cao.Cao Pi, like his father, was a poet...	文帝	曹丕	Cáo Pī	220–226	Huángchū	黃初	220–226
Míng Dì Cao Rui Cao Rui , formally known as Emperor Ming of Wei, was the second emperor of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of Chinese history. He was a son of Cao Wei's first emperor Cao Pi according to Liu Song dynasty historian, Pei Songzhi, but was a son of Yuan Xi according to modern...	明帝	曹叡	Cáo Ruì	226–239	Tàihé	太和	227–233
					Qīnglóng	青龍	233–237
					Jǐngchū	景初	237–239
Qí Wáng Cao Fang Cao Fang , formally known as Duke Li of Shaoling, was the third emperor of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of Chinese history. He retained the title Prince of Qi after he was deposed by the regent Sima Shi...	齊王	曹芳	Cáo Fāng	239–254	Zhèngshǐ	正始	240-249
	齊王	曹芳	Cáo Fāng	239–254	Jiāpíng	嘉平	249-254
Gāoguìxiāng Gōng Cao Mao Cao Mao , formally known as the Duke of Gaogui, was the fourth emperor of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of Chinese history. He was a grandson of Cao Wei's first emperor Cao Pi. Described as intelligent and studious, Cao Mao made repeated attempts to seize back state power...	高貴鄉公	曹髦	Cáo Máo	254–260	Zhèngyuán	正元	254–256
	高貴鄉公	曹髦	Cáo Máo	254–260	Gānlù	甘露	256–260
Yuán Dì Cáo Huàn Cao Huan , formally known as Emperor Yuan of Wei, was the fifth and last emperor of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of Chinese history....	元帝	曹奐	Cáo Huàn	260–265	Jǐngyuán	景元	260–264
	元帝	曹奐	Cáo Huàn	260–265	Xiánxī	咸熙	264-265
Shu or Shu Han Shu Han Shu Han was one of the three states competing for control of China during the Three Kingdoms period, after the fall of the Han Dynasty. The state was based on areas around Sichuan, which was then known as Shu... 221–263
Convention: use personal name
Zhāoliè Dì Liu Bei Liu Bei , also known as Liu Xuande, was a warlord, military general and later the founding emperor of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms era of Chinese history...	昭烈帝	劉備	Liú Bèi	221–223	Zhāngwǔ	章武	221–223
Hòuzhǔ Liu Shan Liu Shan, , was the second and last emperor of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms era of Chinese history. As he ascended the throne at the young age of 16, Liu Shan was entrusted to the care of the Chancellor Zhuge Liang and Imperial Secretariat Li Yan...	後主	劉禪	Liú Shàn	223–263	Jiànxīng	建興	223–237
					Yánxī	延熙	238-257
					Jǐngyào	景耀	258-263
					Yánxīng	炎興	263
Wu AD 222–280
Convention: use personal name
Dà Dì Sun Quan Sun Quan , son of Sun Jian, formally Emperor Da of Wu, was the founder of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of Chinese history. He ruled from 222 to 229 as King of Wu and from 229 to 252 as Emperor of Wu....	大帝	孫權	Sūn Quán	222–252	Huángwǔ	黃武	222–229
					Huánglóng	黃龍	229–231
					Jiāhé	嘉禾	232–238
					Chìwū	赤烏	238–251
					Tàiyuán	太元	251-252
					Shénfèng	神鳳	252
Kuàijī Wáng Sun Liang Sun Liang was the second emperor of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of Chinese history. He was the founding emperor Sun Quan's youngest son and heir...	會稽王	孫亮	Sūn Liàng	252–258	Jiànxīng	建興	252–253
					Wǔfèng	五鳳	254–256
					Tàipíng	太平	256–258
Jǐng Dì Sun Xiu Sun Xiu , formally known as Emperor Jing of Wu, was the third emperor of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of Chinese history.-Early life:...	景帝	孫休	Sūn Xiū	258–264	Yǒngān	永安	258–264
Wūchéng Hóu Sun Hao Sun Hao , style name Yuanzong , originally named Sun Pengzu with the style name Yuanzong , was the fourth and last emperor of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period. He was the son of Sun He, a one-time crown prince of the founding emperor Sun Quan...	烏程侯	孫皓	Sūn Hào	264–280	Yuánxīng	元興	264–265
					Gānlù	甘露	265–266
					Bǎodǐng	寶鼎	266–269
					Jiànhéng	建衡	269–271
					Fènghuáng	鳳凰	272–274
					Tiāncè	天冊	275–276
					Tiānxǐ	天璽	276
					Tiānjì	天紀	277–280

Jin Dynasty 晉/晋

**Jin Dynasty (265–420) Sovereigns**
Posthumous Names (Shi Hao 諡號)		Personal Names		Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years
Convention: "Jin" + posthumous name
Xi (Western) Jin Dynasty Jìn Dynasty (265-420) The Jìn Dynasty , was a dynasty in Chinese history, lasting between the years 265 and 420 AD. There are two main divisions in the history of the Dynasty, the first being Western Jin and the second Eastern Jin... 西晉/西晋 265-317
Wǔ Dì	武帝	Sīmǎ Yán	司馬炎	265-290	Tàishǐ	泰始	265-274
					Xiánníng	咸寧	275-280
					Tàikāng	太康	280-289
					Tàixī	太熙	290
Huì Dì	惠帝	Sīmǎ Zhōng	司馬衷	290-306	Yǒngxī	永熙	290
					Yǒngpīng	永平	291
					Yuánkāng	元康	291-299
					Yǒngkāng	永康	300-301
					Yǒngníng	永寧	301-302
					Tàiān	太安	302-303
					Yǒngān	永安	304
					Jiànwǔ	建武	304
					Yǒngān	永安	304
					Yǒngxīng	永興	304-306
					Guāngxī	光熙	306
Huái Dì	懷帝	Sīmǎ Chì	司馬熾	307-311	Yǒngjiā	永嘉	307-313
Mǐn Dì	愍帝	Sīmǎ Yè	司馬鄴	313-317	Jiànxīng	建興	313-317
Dong (Eastern) Jin Dynasty Jìn Dynasty (265-420) The Jìn Dynasty , was a dynasty in Chinese history, lasting between the years 265 and 420 AD. There are two main divisions in the history of the Dynasty, the first being Western Jin and the second Eastern Jin... 東晉/东晋 317 AD - 420 AD
Yuán Dì	元帝	Sīmǎ Ruì	司馬睿	317-322	Jiànwǔ	建武	317-318
					Dàxīng	大興	318-321
					Yǒngchāng	永昌	321-322
Míng Dì	明帝	Sīmǎ Shào	司馬紹	322-325	Yǒngchāng	永昌	322-323
Míng Dì	明帝	Sīmǎ Shào	司馬紹	322-325	Tàiníng	太寧	323-325
Chéng Dì	成帝	Sīmǎ Yǎn	司馬衍	325-342	Tàiníng	太寧	325
					Xiánhé	咸和	326-334
					Xiánkāng	咸康	335-342
Kāng Dì	康帝	Sīmǎ Yuè	司馬岳	342-344	Jiànyuán	建元	343-344
Mù Dì	穆帝	Sima Dān	司馬聃	345-361	Yǒnghé	永和	345-356
Mù Dì	穆帝	Sima Dān	司馬聃	345-361	Shēngpíng	升平	357-361
Āi Dì	哀帝	Sīmǎ Pī	司馬丕	361-365	Lónghé	隆和	362-363
Āi Dì	哀帝	Sīmǎ Pī	司馬丕	361-365	Xīngníng	興寧	363-365
Fèi Dì	廢帝	Sīmǎ Yì	司馬奕	365-371	Tàihé	太和	365-371
Jiǎnwén Dì	簡文帝	Sīmǎ Yù	司馬昱	371-372	Xiánān	咸安	371-372
Xiāowǔ Dì	孝武帝	Sīmǎ Yào	司馬曜	372-396	Níngkāng	寧康	373-375
Xiāowǔ Dì	孝武帝	Sīmǎ Yào	司馬曜	372-396	Tàiyuán	太元	376-396
Ān Dì	安帝	Sīmǎ Dézōng	司馬德宗	396-418	Lóngān	隆安	397-401
					Yuánxīng	元興	402-404
					Yìxī	義熙	405-418
Gōng Dì	恭帝	Sīmǎ Déwén	司馬德文	419-420	Yuánxī	元熙	419-420

Sixteen Kingdoms Period 十六國/十六国

Sovereigns in the Period of Sixteen Kingdoms
Sixteen Kingdoms
The Sixteen Kingdoms, or less commonly the Sixteen States, were a collection of numerous short-lived sovereign states in China proper and its neighboring areas from 304 to 439 AD after the retreat of the Jin Dynasty to South China and before the establishment of the Northern Dynasties...
Temple Names (Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4)	Posthumous Names (Shi Hao 諡號 )	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years
Convention: use personal name
Han Zhao Empire 漢趙/汉赵 304-329 AD (addressed separately in traditional texts as Han Empire 漢/汉 and Former Zhao Empire 前赵)
Han Empire 304-318
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3)	Guang Wen Di (光文帝 guang1 wen2 di4)	Liu Yuan Liu Yuan Liu Yuan is a Chinese musician. He is recognized as one of the two most prominent jazz musicians in China, the other being the saxophonist Du Yinjiao.-Biography:... >劉淵 liu2 yuan1	304-310	Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 304-308 Yongfeng (永鳳 yong3 feng4) 308-309 Herui (河瑞 he2 rui4) 309-310
Did not exist	Liang Wang (梁王 liang2 wang2)	Liu He Liu He Liu He , courtesy name Xuantai , was for seven days an emperor of the Chinese/Xiongnu state Han Zhao in 310.-Biography:... >劉和 liu2 he2	7 days in 310	Did not exist
Lie Zong (烈宗 lie4 zong1)	Zhao Wu Di (昭武帝 zhao1 wu3 di4)	Liu Cong Liu Cong Liu Cong may refer to:Liu Cong , emperor of Han Zhao of the Sixteen KingdomsLiu Cong , younger son of the Han Dynasty warlord Liu Biao... >劉聰 liu2 cong1	310-318	Guangxing (光興 guang1 xing1) 310-311 Jiaping (嘉平 jia1 ping2) 311-315 Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 315-316 Linjia (麟嘉 lin2 jia1) 316-318
Did not exist	Yin Di (隱帝 yin3 di4)	Liu Can Liu Can Liu Can , courtesy name Shiguang , Posthumous name Emperor Yin of Han , was an emperor of the Chinese/Xiongnu state Han Zhao, who reigned briefly in 318 before being killed by his trusted father-in-law Jin Zhun.-As Prince of He'nei and then Prince of Jin:Liu Can was Liu Cong's son by his first... >劉粲 liu2 can4	a month and days in 318	Hanchang (漢昌 han4 chang1) 318
Qian (Former) Zhao Empire 前赵 318-329
Did not exist	Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 zhu3)	Liu Yao Liu Yao Liu Yao , courtesy name Yongming , was the final emperor of the Chinese/Xiongnu state Han Zhao. He became emperor in 318 after most other members of the imperial Liu clan were massacred by Jin Zhun in a coup. However, the empire was soon divided in half, as the general Shi Le declared... >劉曜 liu2 yao4	318-329	Guangchu (光初 guang1 chu1) 318-329
Hou (Later) Zhao Empire 后赵 319 - 351
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3)	Ming Di (明帝 ming2 di4)	Shi Le Shi Le Shi Le , courtesy name Shilong , formally Emperor Ming of Zhao , was the founding emperor of the Chinese/Jie state Later Zhao... >石勒 shi2 le4	319-333	Zhaowang (趙王 zhao4 wang2) 319-328 Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 328-330 Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 330-333
Did not exist	Hai Yang Wang (海陽王 hai3 yang2 wang2)	Shi Hong Shi Hong Shi Hong , courtesy name Daya , was briefly an emperor of the Chinese/Jie state Later Zhao after the death of his father Shi Le, Later Zhao's founder. Because after his cousin Shi Hu deposed him, he was created the Prince of Haiyang , he is sometimes known by that title.- Background :Shi Hong was... >石弘 shi2 hong2	333-334	Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 333 Yanxi (延熙 yan2 xi1) 334
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3)	Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4)	Shi Hu Shi Hu Shi Hu , courtesy name Jilong , formally Emperor Wu of Zhao , was an emperor of the Chinese/Jie state Later Zhao... >石虎 shi2 hu3	334-349	Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 334-349 Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 349
Did not exist	Qiao Wang (譙王 qiao2 wang2)	Shi Shi Shi Shi Shi Shi was briefly the emperor of the Jie/Chinese Hun state Later Zhao following his father Shi Hu's death in 349. In the Chinese annals he is sometimes referred to by his title after removal as an Emperor, Prince of Qiao .Shi Shi was Shi Hu's youngest son, by his third empress Empress Liu,... >石世 shi2 shi4	73 days in 349	Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 73 days in 349
Did not exist	Pang Cheng Wang (彭城王 pang2 cheng2 wang2)	Shi Zun Shi Zun Shi Zun was briefly an emperor of the Chinese/Jie state Later Zhao. He was the second of four short-lived emperors after the death of his father Shi Hu... >石遵 shi2 zun1	183 days in 349	Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 183 days in 349
Did not exist	Yi Yang Wang (義陽王 yi4 yang2 wang2)	Shi Jian Shi Jian Shi Jian was briefly an emperor of the Chinese/Jie state Later Zhao. He was the third of four short-lived emperors after the death of his father Shi Hu . He is sometimes referred to by his title prior to becoming emperor, Prince of Yiyang... >石鑒 shi2 jian4	103 days within 349-350	Qinglong (青龍 qing1 long2) 103 days within 349-350
Did not exist	Xin Xing Wang (新興王 xin1 xing1 wang2)	Shi Zhi Shi Zhi Shi Zhi was briefly, for about one year, an emperor of the Chinese/Jie state Later Zhao. He was the last of four short-lived emperors after the death of his father Shi Hu , and Later Zhao's final emperor... >石祗 shi2 zhi1	350-351	Yongning (永寧 yong3 ning2) 349-350
Cheng Han Empire 成漢/成汉 303-347 AD (addressed separately in traditional texts as Cheng Empire and Han Empire)
Cheng Empire 303-338
Shi Zu (始祖 shi3 zu3) or Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3)	Jing Di (景帝 jing3 di4)	Li Te Li Te Li Te ,... >李特 li3 te4	303	Jianchu (建初 jian4 chu1) or Jingchu (景初 jing3 chu1) 303
Did not exist	Qin Wen Wang (秦文王 qin2 wen2 wang2)	李流 li3 liu2	several months in 303	Did not exist
Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1)	Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4)	Li Xiong Li Xiong Li Xiong , courtesy name Zhongjuan , formally Emperor Wu of Cheng , was the first emperor of the Chinese/Ba-Di state Cheng Han and commonly regarded as its founder... >李雄 li3 xiong2	303-334	Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 303-305 Yanping (晏平 yan4 ping2) 305-311 Yuheng (玉衡 yu4 heng2) 311-334
Did not exist	Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 si4)	Li Ban Li Ban Li Ban , courtesy name Shiwen , posthumous name initially Crown Prince Li , later Emperor Ai of Cheng , was briefly an emperor of the Chinese/Ba-Di state Cheng Han.... >李班 li3 ban1	7 months in 334	Yuheng (玉衡 yu4 heng2) 7 months in 334
Did not exist	You Gong (幽公 you1 gong1)	Li Qi Li Qi Li Qi , courtesy name Shiyun , posthumous name Duke You of Qiongdu , was an emperor of the Chinese/Ba-Di state Cheng Han. He seized the throne after his brother Li Yue assassinated their father Li Xiong's designated heir, their cousin Li Ban, in 334... >李期 li3 qi1	334-338	Yuheng (玉恆 yu4 heng2) 334-338
Han Empire 338-347
Zhong Zong (中宗 zhong1 zong1)	Zhao Wen Di (昭文帝 zhao1 wen2 di4)	Li Shou Li Shou Li Shou , courtesy name Wukao , formally Emperor Zhaowen of Han , was an emperor of the Chinese/Ba-Di state Cheng Han... >李壽 li3 shou4	338-343	Hanxing (漢興 han4 xing1) 338-343
Did not exist	Gui Yi Hou (歸義侯 gui1 yi4 hou2)	Li Shi Li Shi Li Shi , courtesy name Ziren , historically known by his Jin Dynasty -bestowed title Marquess of Guiyi , was the last emperor of the Chinese/Ba-Di state Cheng Han... >李勢 li3 shi4	343-347	Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 343-346 Jianing (嘉寧 jia1 ning2) 346-347
Qian (Former) Yan Empire 前燕 337-370
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3)	Wen Ming Di (文明帝 wen2 ming2 di4)	Murong Huang Murong Huang Murong Huang , courtesy name Yuanzhen , formally Prince Wenming of Yan was a ruler of the Chinese/Xianbei state Former Yan and the commonly recognized founder of the state... >慕容皝 mu4 rong2 huang3	337-348	Yanwang (燕王 yan4 wang2) 337-348
Lie Zong (烈宗 lie4 zong1)	Jing Zhao Di (景昭帝 jing3 zhao1 di4)	Murong Jun Murong Jun Murong Jun , courtesy name Xuanying , formally Emperor Jingzhao of Yan , was an emperor of the Chinese state Former Yan... >慕容俊 mu4 rong2 jun4	348-360	Yanwang (燕王 yan4 wang2) 348-353 Yuanxi (元璽 yuan2 xi3) 353-357 Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 357 Guangshou (光壽 gunag1 shou4) 357-360
Did not exist	You Di (幽帝 you1 di4)	Murong Wei Murong Wei Murong Wei , courtesy name Jingmao , formally Emperor You of Yan was the last emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei state Former Yan... >慕容暐 mu4 rong2 wei3	360-370	Jianxi (建熙 jian4 xi1) 360-365 Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 365-370
Hou (Later) Yan Empire 后燕 384-407
Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3)	Wu Cheng Di (武成帝 wu3 cheng2 di4)	Murong Chui Murong Chui Murong Chui , courtesy name Daoming , formally Emperor Wucheng of Yan was a great general of the Chinese/Xianbei state Former Yan who later became the founding emperor of Later Yan... >慕容垂 mu4 rong2 chui2	384-396	Yanyuan (燕王 yan4 wang2) 384-385 Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 386-396
Lie Zong (烈宗 lie4 zong1)	Hui Min Di (惠愍帝 hui4 min3 di4)	Murong Bao Murong Bao Murong Bao , courtesy name Daoyou , formally Emperor Huimin of Yan , temple name Liezong or Liezu , was an emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei state Later Yan... >慕容寶 mu4 rong2 bao3	396-398	Yongkang (永康 yong3 kang1) 396-398
Zhong Zong (中宗 zhong1 zong1)	Zhao Wu Di (昭武帝 zhao1 wu3 di4)	Murong Sheng Murong Sheng Murong Sheng , courtesy name Daoyun , formally Emperor Zhaowu of Yan , was an emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei state Later Yan. He was the oldest son of Murong Bao , and after Murong Bao was killed by Lan Han avenged his father in a coup and took the throne... >慕容盛 mu4 rong2 sheng4	398-401	Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 398 Changluo (長樂 chang2 le4) 399-401
Did not exist	Zhao Wen Di (昭文帝 zhao1 wen2 di4)	Murong Xi Murong Xi Murong Xi , courtesy name Daowen , formally Emperor Zhaowen of Yan , was an emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei state Later Yan. He was one of the youngest sons of Murong Chui , and after the death of his nephew Murong Sheng became emperor due to his affair with Murong Sheng's mother, Empress... >慕容熙 mu4 rong2 xi1	401-407	Guangshi (光始 guang1 shi3) 401-406 Jianshi (建始 jian4 shi3) 407
Nan (Southern) Yan Empire 南燕 398-410
Shi Zong (世宗 shi4 zong1)	Xian Wu Di (獻武帝 xian4 wu3 di4)	Murong De Murong De Murong De , name changed in 400 to Murong Beide , courtesy name Xuanming , formally Emperor Xianwu of Yan , was the founding emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei state Southern Yan... >慕容德 mu4 rong2 de2	398-405	Yanwang (燕王 yan4 wang2) 398-400 Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 400-405
Did not exist	Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3)	Murong Chao Murong Chao Murong Chao , courtesy name Zuming , was the last emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei state Southern Yan. He was the nephew of the founding emperor Murong De who was trapped under the rule of Later Qin, but was welcomed to Southern Yan after his uncle found out about his existence... >慕容超 mu4 rong2 chao1	405-410	Taishang (太上 tai4 shang4) 405-410
Bei (Northern) Yan Empire 北燕 407-436
Did not exist	Hui Yi Di (惠懿帝 hui4 yi4 di4)	Gao Yun Gao Yun Gao Yun , at one time Murong Yun , courtesy name Ziyu , formally Emperor Huiyi of / Yan , was an emperor who, depending on the historian's characterization, was either the last emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei state Later Yan, or the first emperor of its succeeding state Northern Yan... >高雲 gao1 yun2	407-409	Zhengshi (正始 zheng4 shi3) 407-409
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3)	Wen Cheng Di (文成帝 wen2 cheng2 di4)	Feng Ba Feng Ba Feng Ba , courtesy name Wenqi , nickname Qizhifa , formally Emperor Wencheng of Yan , was an emperor of the Chinese state Northern Yan... >馮跋 feng2 ba2	409-430	Taiping (太平 tai4 ping2) 409-430
Did not exist	Zhao Cheng Di (昭成帝 zhao1 cheng2 di4)	Feng Hong Feng Hong Feng Hong , courtesy name Wentong , formally Emperor Zhaocheng of Yan , was the last emperor of the Chinese state Northern Yan. He seized the throne in 430 when his brother Feng Ba was ill, and he used the title "Heavenly Prince"... >馮弘 feng2 hong2	430-436	Daxing (大興 da4 xing1) 430-436
Qian (Former) Liang Kingdom 前凉 320-376
Did not exist	Cheng Gong (成公 cheng2 gong1)	Zhang Mao Zhang Mao Zhang Mao , courtesy name Chengxun , formally Prince Chenglie of Liang or Duke Cheng of Xiping was a ruler and the commonly accepted first ruler of the Chinese state Former Liang... >張茂 zhang1 mao4	320-324	Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 320-324
Did not exist	Zhong Cheng Gong (忠成公 zhong1 cheng2 gong1)	Zhang Jun Zhang Jun (Former Liang) Zhang Jun , courtesy name Gongting , formally Duke Zhongcheng of Xiping or Duke Wen of Xiping was a ruler of the Chinese state Former Liang... >張駿 zhang1 jun4	324-346	Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 324-346
Did not exist	Huan Gong (桓公 huan2 gong1)	Zhang Chonghua Zhang Chonghua Zhang Chonghua , courtesy name Tailin , formally Duke Jinglie of Xiping or Duke Huan of Xiping was a ruler of the Chinese state Former Liang... >張重華 zhang1 chong2 hua2	346-353	Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 346-353
Did not exist	Ai Gong (哀公 ai1 gong1)	Zhang Yaoling Zhang Yaoling Zhang Yaoling , courtesy name Yuanshu , formally Duke Ai of Xiping, was briefly the ruler of the Chinese state Former Liang in 353 and early 354.... >張曜靈 zhang1 yao4 ling2	3 months (the ninth to the twelfth month) in 353	Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 353
Did not exist	Wei Wang (威王 wei1 wang2)	Zhang Zuo Zhang Zuo Zhang Zuo , courtesy name Taibo , formally Prince Wei of Liang was a ruler of the Chinese state Former Liang... >張祚 zhang1 zuo4	353-355	Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 353-354 Heping (和平 he2 ping2) 354-355
Did not exist	Jing Dao Gong (敬悼公 jing4 dao4 gong1) or Chong Gong (沖公 chong1 gong1)	Zhang Xuanjing Zhang Xuanjing Zhang Xuanjing , courtesy name Yuan'an , formally Duke Jingdao of Xiping or Duke Chong of Xiping was a ruler of the Chinese state Former Liang... >張玄靖 zhang1 xuan2 jing4	355-363	Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 355-361 Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 361-363
Did not exist	Dao Gong (悼公 dao4 gong1)	Zhang Tianxi Zhang Tianxi Zhang Tianxi , original courtesy name Gongchungu , later Chungu , nickname Duhuo , formally Duke Dao of Xiping , was the last ruler of the Chinese state Former Liang. He was the youngest son of Zhang Jun , and he seized the throne from his nephew Zhang Xuanjing in 363... >張天錫 zhang1 tian1 xi2	364-376	Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 364-376
Hou (Later) Liang Kingdom 后凉 386 AD - 403 AD
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3)	Yi Wu Wang (懿武王 yi4 wu3 wang2)	Lü Guang Lü Guang Lü Guang , courtesy name Shiming , formally Emperor Yiwu of Liang , was the founding emperor of the Chinese/Di state Later Liang... >呂光 uu3 guang1	386-399	Taian (太安 tai4 an1) 386-389 Lunjia (麟嘉 lun2 jia1) 389-396 Longfei (龍飛 long2 fei1) 396-399
Did not exist	Yin Wang (隱王 yin3 wang2)	Lü Shao Lü Shao Lü Shao , courtesy name Yongye , formally Prince Yin of Liang , was briefly an emperor of the Chinese/Di state Later Liang. He was a son of the founding emperor Lü Guang , but not his oldest son... >呂紹 luu3 shao4	399	Longfei (龍飛 long2 fei1) 399
Did not exist	Ling Wang (靈王 ling2 wang2)	Lü Zuan Lü Zuan Lü Zuan , courtesy name Yongxu , formally Emperor Ling of Liang , was an emperor of the Chinese/Di state Later Liang. He was the oldest son of the founding emperor Lü Guang , but was not Lü Guang's rightful heir, as he was not born of Lü Guang's wife Princess Shi... >呂纂 luu3 zuan3	399-401	Xianning (咸寧 xian2 ning2) 399-401
Did not exist	Shang Shu Gong (尚書公 shang4 shu1 gong1) or Jiankang Gong (建康公 jian4 kang1 gong1)	Lü Long Lü Long Lü Long , courtesy name Yongji , was the last emperor of the Chinese/Di state Later Liang. He was the nephew of the founding emperor Lü Guang , and he took the throne after his brother Lü Chao assassinated the emperor Lü Zuan in 401 and offered the throne to him... >呂隆 luu3 long2	401-403	Shending (神鼎 shen2 ding3) 401-403
Nan (Southern) Liang Kingdom 南凉 397 AD - 414 AD
Lie Zu (烈祖 lie4 zu3)	Wu Wang (武王 wu3 wang2)	Tufa Wugu Tufa Wugu Tufa Wugu , formally Prince Wu of Wuwei , was the founding prince of the Chinese/Xianbei state Southern Liang. He was initially a vassal of Later Liang's emperor Lü Guang, but seeing how Lü Guang was misruling his people, declared independence in 397... >禿髮烏孤 tu1 fa3 wu1 gu1	397-399	Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 397-399
Did not exist	Kang Wang (康王 kang1 wang2)	Tufa Lilugu Tufa Lilugu Tufa Lilugu , formally Prince Kang of Hexi , was a prince of the Chinese/Xianbei state Southern Liang. He was a younger brother of the founding prince Tufa Wugu . He was described as a capable ruler open to different opinions... >禿髮利鹿孤 tu1 fa3 li4 lu4 gu1	399-402	Jianhe (建和 jian4 he2) 399-402
Did not exist	Jing Wang (景王 jing3 wang2) or Jing Wang (敬王 jing4 wang2)	Tufa Rutan Tufa Rutan Tufa Rutan , formally Prince Jing of Liang) , was the last prince of the Chinese/Xianbei state Southern Liang... >禿髮傉檀 tu1 fa3 li4 ru4 tan2	402-414	Hongchang (弘昌 hong2 chang1) 402-404 Jiaping (嘉平 jia1 ping2) 409-414
Bei (Northern) Liang Kingdom 北凉 397-439 (as Kings of Gao Chang 442-460)
Did not exist	Did not exist	Duan Ye Duan Ye Duan Ye was the first prince of the Chinese state Northern Liang. He was of Han ethnicity, and was originally a commandery governor of Later Liang, but after Xiongnu generals Juqu Mengxun and Juqu Nancheng rebelled against Later Liang, Juqu Nancheng persuaded Duan Ye to accept the leadership... >段業 duan4 ye4	397-401	Shen Xi (神璽 shen2 xi3) 397-399 Tian Xi (天璽 tian1 xi3) 399-401
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3)	Wu Xuan Wang (武宣王 wu3 xuan1 wang2)	Juqu Mengxun Juqu Mengxun Juqu Mengxun was a prince of the Chinese/Xiongnu state Northern Liang, and the first from the Juqu clan. His cousin Juqu Nancheng and he initially supported Duan Ye as prince of Northern Liang in 397 after rebelling against Later Liang, but in 401, Juqu Mengxun tricked Duan Ye into wrongly... >沮渠蒙遜 ju3 qu2 meng2 xun4	401-433	Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 401-412 Xuanshi (玄始 xuan2 shi3) 412-428 Chengxuan (承玄 cheng2 xuan2) 428-430 Yihe (義和 yi4 he2) 430-433
Did not exist	Ai Wang (哀王 ai1 wang2)	Juqu Mujian Juqu Mujian Juqu Mujian , named Juqu Maoqian in some sources, formally Prince Ai of Hexi , was the a prince of the Chinese/Xiongnu state Northern Liang -- with most Chinese historians considering him the last prince, although with some considering his brothers Juqu Wuhui and Juqu Anzhou to be princes of the... >沮渠牧犍 ju3 qu2 mu4 jian1	433-439	Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 433-439
Did not exist	Did not exist	Juqu Wuhui Juqu Wuhui Juqu Wuhui is viewed by some historians as a prince of the Chinese/Xiongnu states Northern Liang, as after the state's territory was largely seized by Northern Wei in 439, and his older brother Juqu Mujian was captured by Northern Wei, Juqu Wuhui tried to hold out against Northern Wei, initially... >沮渠無諱 ju3 qu2 wu2 hui4	442-444	Chengping (承平 cheng2 ping2) 442-443 Qianshou (乾壽 qian2 shou4) 443-444
Did not exist	Did not exist	Juqu Anzhou Juqu Anzhou Juqu Anzhou is viewed by some historians as a prince of the Chinese/Xiongnu states Northern Liang, as after the state's territory was largely seized by Northern Wei in 439, and his older brother Juqu Mujian was captured by Northern Wei, Juqu Anzhou's brother Juqu Wuhui tried to hold out against... >沮渠安周 ju3 qu2 an1 zhou1	444-460	Chengping (承平 cheng2 ping2) 444-460
Xi (Western) Liang Kingdom 西凉 400-421
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3)	Wu Zhao Wang (武昭王 wu3 zhao1 wang2)	Li Gao Li Gao Li Gao , courtesy name Xuansheng , nickname Changsheng , formally Prince Wuzhao of Liang , was the founding duke of the Chinese state Western Liáng... >李暠 li3 gao3	400-417	Gengzi (庚子 geng1 zi5) 400-405 Jianchu (建初 jian4 chu1) 406-416
Did not exist	Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3)	Li Xin Li Xin Li Xin , courtesy name Shiye , nickname Tongzhui , was a duke of the Chinese state Western Liáng. He succeeded his father Li Gao in 417 and aggressively tried to pursue campaigns against rival Northern Liang's prince Juqu Mengxun, but fell into a trap set by Juqu Mengxun in 420 and was killed in... >李歆 li3 xin1	417-420	Jiaxing (嘉興 jia1 xing1) 417-420
Did not exist	Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3)	Li Xun Li Xun Li Xun , courtesy name Shiru , was the final ruler of the Chinese state Western Liang, who tried to hold out against the conquering Northern Liang armies under its prince Juqu Mengxun, after his brother Li Xin's death in 420... >李恂 li3 xun2	420-421	Yongjian (永建 yong3 jian4) 420-421
Qian Former Qin Empire 前秦 351 - 394
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3)	Jing Ming Di (景明帝 jing3 ming2 di4)	Fu Jian Fu Jian Fu Jian may refer to:* Fú Jiàn , founding emperor of Former Qin, posthumous name Emperor Jingming* Fú Jiān , ruler of Former Qin, posthumous name Emperor Xuanzhao-See also:... >苻健 fu2 jian4	351-355	Huangshi (皇始 huang2 shi3) 351-355
Did not exist	Li Wang (厲王 li4 wang2)	Fu Sheng Fu Sheng Fu Sheng , originally named Pu Sheng , courtesy name Changsheng , formally Prince Li of Yue , was an emperor of the Chinese/Di state Former Qin... >苻生 fu2 sheng1	355-357	Shouguang (壽光 shou4 guang1) 355-357
Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3)	Xuan Zhao Di (宣昭帝 xuan1 zhao1 di4)	Fu Jian Fu Jian Fu Jian may refer to:* Fú Jiàn , founding emperor of Former Qin, posthumous name Emperor Jingming* Fú Jiān , ruler of Former Qin, posthumous name Emperor Xuanzhao-See also:... >苻堅 fu2 jian1	357-385	Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 357-359 Ganlu (甘露 gan1 lu4) 359-364 Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 365-385
Did not exist	Ai Ping Di (哀平帝 ai1 ping2 di4)	Fu Pi Fu Pi Fu Pi , courtesy name Yongshu , formally Emperor Aiping of Qin , was an emperor of the Chinese/Di state Former Qin... >苻丕 fu2 pi1	385-386	Taian (太安 tai4 an1) 385-386
Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1)	Gao Di (高帝 gao1 di4)	Fu Deng Fu Deng Fu Deng was an emperor of the Chinese/Di state Former Qin. He assumed the throne in 386 after the deaths of Fu Jiān and Fu Jiān's son Fu Pi , even though he was only a distant relative of theirs, as by that time Former Qin's territory had largely been reduced to the territory under his control... >苻登 fu2 deng1	386-394	Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 385-394
Did not exist	Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3)	Fu Chong Fu Chong Fu Chong was an emperor of the Chinese/Di state Former Qin. He assumed the throne in 394 after the death of his father, Fu Deng... >苻崇 fu2 chong2	several months in 394	Yanchu (延初 yan2 chu1) 394
Hou (Later) Qin Empire 后秦 384 - 417
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3)	Wu Zhao Di (武昭帝 wu3 zhao1 di4)	Yao Chang Yao Chang Yao Chang , courtesy name Jingmao , formally Emperor Wuzhao of Qin , was the founding emperor of the Chinese/Qiang state Later Qin... >姚萇 yao2 chang2	384-393	Bai Que (白雀 bai2 que4) 384-386 Jianchu (建初 jian4 chu1) 386-393
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3)	Wen Huan Di (文桓帝 wen2 huan2 di4)	Yao Xing Yao Xing Yao Xing , courtesy name Zilue , formally Emperor Wenhuan of Qin , was an emperor of the Chinese/Qiang state Later Qin. He was the son of the founding emperor Yao Chang . For most of his reign, he did not use the title of emperor, but used the title Heavenly Prince... >姚興 yao2 xing1	394-416	Huangchu (皇初 huang2 chu1) 394-399 Hongshi (弘始 hong2 shi3) 399-416
Did not exist	Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3)	Yao Hong Yao Hong Yao Hong , courtesy name Yuanzi , was the last emperor of the Chinese/Qiang state Later Qin. He was the oldest son and heir of Yao Xing , who was already regarded as kind but weak during his father's reign, and after his father's death, with the state already weakened by attacks by the rebel Xia... >姚泓 yao2 hong2	416-417	Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 416-417
Xi (Western) Qin Kingdom 西秦 385-400,409-431
Lie Zu (烈祖 lie4 zu3)	Xuan Lie Wang (宣烈王 xuan1 lie4 wang2)	Qifu Guoren Qifu Guoren Qifu Guoren , formally Prince Xuanlie of Wanchuan , was the founding ruler of the Chinese/Xianbei state Western Qin.... >乞伏國仁 qi3 fu2 guo2 ren2	385-388	Jianyi (建義 jian4 yi4) 385-388
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3)	Wu Yuan Wang (武元王 wu3 yuan2 wang2)	Qifu Gangui Qifu Gangui Qifu Gangui or Qifu Qiangui , formally Prince Wuyuan of Henan , was a prince of the Chinese/Xianbei state Western Qin. He was a brother of the founding prince, Qifu Guoren , who became prince after Qifu Guoren's death in 388 because Qifu Guoren's son Qifu Gongfu was considered too young for... >乞伏乾歸 qi3 fu2 gan1 gui1	388-400,409-412	Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 388-400 Gengshi (更始 geng4 shi3) 409-412
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3)	Wen Zhao Wang (文昭王 wen2 zhao1 wang2)	Qifu Chipan Qifu Chipan Qifu Chipan , formally Prince Wenzhao of Qin , was a prince of the Chinese/Xianbei state Western Qin. During his reign, Western Qin reached its prime after he destroyed and seized the territory of the rival state Southern Liang in 414, but it then began a gradual decline under attacks by Xia and... >乞伏熾磐 qi3 fu2 chi4 pan2	412-428	Yongkang (永康 yong3 kang1) 412-419 Jianhong (建弘 jian4 hong2) 420-428
Did not exist	Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3)	Qifu Mumo Qifu Mumo Qifu Mumo , courtesy name Anshiba , was the last prince of the Chinese/Xianbei state Western Qin. When he succeeded his father Qifu Chipan in 428, Western Qin was already in a state of decline, under incessant attack by Northern Liang, Xia, Tuyuhun, and Chouchi, but under Qifu Mumo, who had a... >乞伏暮末 qi3 fu2 mu4 mo4	428-431	Yonghong (永弘 yong3 hong2) 428-431
Xia Empire 夏 407-431
Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3)	Wu Lie Di (武烈帝 wu3 lie4 di4)	Helian Bobo Helian Bobo Helian Bobo , né Liu Bobo , courtesy name Qujie , formally Emperor Wulie of Xia , was the founding emperor of the Chinese/Xiongnu state Xia... >赫連勃勃 he4 lian2 bo2 bo2	407-425	Longsheng (龍升 long2 sheng1) 407-413 Fengxiang (鳳翔 feng4 xiang2) 413-418 Changwu (昌武 chang1 wu3) 418-419 Zhenxing (真興 chen1 xing1) 419-425
Did not exist	Qin Wang (秦王 qin2 wang2)	Helian Chang Helian Chang Helian Chang , courtesy name Huan'guo , nickname Zhe , was an emperor of the Chinese/Xiongnu state Xia. He was the successor and a son of the founding emperor Helian Bobo . After his father's death in 425, he tried to expand Xia further, but soon his state began to collapse in light of pressure... >赫連昌 he4 lian2 chang1	425-428	Chengguang (承光 cheng2 guang1) 425-428
Did not exist	Ping Yuan Wang (平原王 ping2 yuan2 wang2)	Helian Ding Helian Ding Helian Ding , nickname Zhifen , was the last emperor of the Chinese/Xiongnu state Xia. He was a son of the founding emperor Helian Bobo and a younger brother of his predecessor Helian Chang... >赫連定 he4 lian2 ding4	428-431	Shengguang (勝光 sheng4 guang1) 425-428

Sovereignties established by Wu Hu

Sovereignties established by Chinese and Wu Hu
Wu Hu
Wu Hu was a Chinese term for the northern non-Chinese nomadic tribes which caused the Wu Hu uprising, and established the Sixteen Kingdoms from 304 to 439 AD.-Definition:...

but traditionally not counted in the Sixteen Kingdoms
Sixteen Kingdoms
The Sixteen Kingdoms, or less commonly the Sixteen States, were a collection of numerous short-lived sovereign states in China proper and its neighboring areas from 304 to 439 AD after the retreat of the Jin Dynasty to South China and before the establishment of the Northern Dynasties...
Posthumous Names (Shi Hao 諡號)	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years
Convention: use personal name
Ran Wei Kingdom 冉魏 350-352 (addressed as Wei Kingdom in traditional texts)
Wu Dao Tian Wang (武悼天王 wu3 dao4 tian1 wang2)	Ran Min Ran Min Ran Min , also known as Shi Min , posthumously honored by Former Yan as Heavenly Prince Daowu of Wei , courtesy name Yongzeng , nickname Jinu , was a military leader during the era of Sixteen Kingdoms in China and the only emperor of the short-lived state Ran Wei . Ran is an uncommon Chinese... >冉閔 ran3 min3	350-352	Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 350-352
Xi (Western) Yan Empire 西燕 384-394
Wei Di (威帝 wei1 di4)	Murong Hong Murong Hong Murong Hong was the founder of the Chinese/Xianbei state Western Yan. He was a son of the Former Yan emperor Murong Jun and a younger brother of Former Yan emperor Murong Wei.... >慕容泓 mu4 rong2 hong2	384	Yanxing (燕興 yan4 xing1) 384
Did not exist	Murong Chong Murong Chong Murong Chong , formally Emperor Wei of Yan , was an emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei state Western Yan. He was a son of the Former Yan emperor Murong Jun and a younger brother of Former Yan emperor Murong Wei.... >慕容沖 mu4 rong2 chong1	384-386	Yanxing (燕興 yan4 xing1) 384-385 Gengshi (更始 geng4 shi3) 385-386
Did not exist	Duan Sui Duan Sui Duan Sui was a ruler of the Chinese/Xianbei state Western Yan. He was the only ruler of the short-lived state who was not a member of the Murong clan, the imperial clan of Former Yan.... >段隨 duan4 sui2	386	Changping (昌平 chang1 ping2) 386
Did not exist	Murong Yi Murong Yi Murong Yi was a ruler of the Chinese/Xianbei state Western Yan. He was a son of the Former Yan Prince of Yidu, Murong Huan , a son of the founder of Former Yan, Murong Huang.... >慕容顗 mu4 rong2 yi3	386	Jianming (建明 jian4 ming2) 386
Did not exist	Murong Yao Murong Yao Murong Yao was an emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei state Western Yan. He was the son of Murong Chong , the son of the Former Yan emperor Murong Jun.... >慕容瑤 mu4 rong2 yao2	386	Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 386
Did not exist	Murong Zhong Murong Zhong Murong Zhong was an emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei state Western Yan. He was the son of Western Yan's founder, Murong Hong the Prince of Jibei, a son of the Former Yan emperor Murong Jun.... >慕容忠 mu4 rong2 zhong1	386	Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 386
Did not exist	Murong Yong Murong Yong Murong Yong , courtesy name Shuming , was the last emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei state Western Yan. He was the grandson of Murong Yun , the uncle of Former Yan's founder Murong Huang. As a member of Former Yan's imperial clan, he was moved to Guanzhong, Former Qin's capital region, when Former... >慕容永 mu4 rong2 yong3	386-394	Zhongxing (中興 zhong1 xing1) 386-394
Shu Kingdom 蜀 405-413
Cheng Du Wang (成都王 cheng2 du1 wang2)	Qiao Zong Qiao Zong Qiao Zong was a Han Chinese military leader in present-day Sichuan province in China during the Eastern Jin Dynasty. He proclaimed himself the Prince of Chengdu in 405 and was given the title "Prince of Shu" by Yao Xing, ruler of the Later Qin, in 409. His state is therefore sometimes known as... >譙縱 qiao2 zong4	405-413	Did not exist
Chieftains of Tiefu Tribe 匈奴支系铁弗部首领 (mid-3rd century-391)
Did not exist	Liu Qubei Liu Qubei Liu Qubei , was a Tiefu Hun chieftain from 260 to 272. Right Prince of the Southern Xiongnu. . 南匈奴之右賢王（魏書作左賢王）... >劉去卑 liu2 qu4 bei1	mid 3rd century	Did not exist
Did not exist	劉誥升爰 liu2 gao4 sheng1 yuan2	mid 3rd century - late 3rd century	Did not exist
Did not exist	劉虎 liu2 hu3	early 4th century (309?) - 341	Did not exist
Did not exist	劉務恒 liu2 wu4 heng2	341-356	Did not exist
Did not exist	劉閼陋頭 liu2 e4 lou4 tou2	356-358	Did not exist
Did not exist	劉悉勿祈 liu2 xi1 wu4 qi2	358-359	Did not exist
Did not exist	劉衛辰 liu2 wei4 chen2	359-391	Did not exist
Chieftains of Yuwen Tribe 宇文部鮮卑首領 (late-3rd century-345)
Did not exist	Yuwen Mohuai Yuwen Mohuai Yuwen Mohuai was a chieftain of the Yuwen tribe from 260 to 293 CE.... >宇文莫槐 yu3 wen2 mo4 huai2	late 3rd century-293	Did not exist
Did not exist	宇文普回 yu3 wen2 pu3 hui2 or Yuwen Pu Bo\|宇文普撥 yu3 wen2 pu3 bo1	293-late 3rd century	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yuwen Qiubuqin Yuwen Qiubuqin Yuwen Qiubuqin chieftain of the Yuwen tribe . He succeeded his father Yuwen Pubo as chieftain. He was married to the daughter of Tuoba leader Tuoba Chuo.... >宇文丘不勤 yu3 wen2 qiu1 bu4 qin2	late 3rd century	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yuwen Mogui Yuwen Mogui Yuwen Mogui chieftain of the Yuwen tribe . He succeeded his father Yuwen Qiubuqin as chieftain. In 302, Yuwen Mogui dispatched a force to fight against the Xianbei chieftain Murong Hui.... >宇文莫圭 yu3 wen2 mo4 gui1	late 3rd century (299?)- early 4th century (302?)	Did not exist
Did not exist	宇文悉獨官 yu3 wen2 xi1 du2 guan1	early 3rd century	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yuwen Qidegui Yuwen Qidegui Yuwen Qidegui chieftain of the Yuwen tribe . He succeeded his father Yuwen Xunniyan as chieftain.In 325, Later Zhao ruler Shi Le added Yuwen Qidegui 官爵, Yuwen Qidegui dispatched troops to assist Shi Le in attacking Xianbei chieftain Murong Hui. Murong Hui then dispatched his heir apparent Murong... >宇文乞得歸 yu3 wen2 qi3 de5 gui1	early 3rd century - 333	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yuwen Yidougui Yuwen Yidougui Yuwen Yidougui chieftain of the Yuwen tribe . He succeeded Yuwen Qidegui as chieftain.... >宇文逸豆歸 yu3 wen2 yi4 dou4 gui1	333-345	Did not exist
Dukes of Liaoxi 辽西公 303-338
Did not exist	段務勿塵 duan4 wu4 wu4 chen2	303-310 or 311	Did not exist
Did not exist	段疾陸眷 duan4 ji2 lu4 juan4	310 or 311 - 318	Did not exist
Did not exist	段涉復辰 duan4 she4 fu4 chen2	318	Did not exist
Did not exist	段匹磾 duan4 pi3 di1	318-321	Did not exist
Did not exist	段末柸 duan4 mo4 pei1	318-325	Did not exist
Did not exist	段牙 duan4 ya2	325	Did not exist
Did not exist	段遼 duan4 liao2	326-338	Did not exist
Chieftains, Dukes and Kings of Chouchi, Wuxing and Yinping (late 2nd century- mid 6th century (555?) )
First Phase of Chouchi 前仇池 (late 2nd century-371)
Did not exist	楊騰 yang2 teng2	late 2nd century- early 3rd century	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊駒 yang2 ju1	early 3rd century	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊千萬 yang2 qian1 wan4	early 3rd century - mid 3rd century	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊飛龍 yang2 fei1 long2	mid 3rd century - late 3rd century	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊茂搜 yang2 mao4 sou1	late 3rd century - 317	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊難敵 yang2 nan2 di2	317-334	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Yi Yang Yi Yang Yi , style name Weigong , was a minister of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of Chinese history. He hailed from Xiangyang and was originally a subject of Cao Wei and later defected to Guan Yu, who sent him to Liu Bei... >楊毅 yang2 yi4	334-337	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊初 yang2 chu1	337-355	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Guo Yang Guo Yang Guo, style name Gaizhi , is the fictional protagonist of the wuxia novel The Return of the Condor Heroes by Jin Yong.... >楊國 yang2 guo2	355-356	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Jun Yang Jun Yang Jun , courtesy name Wenzhang , was a Jin Dynasty official during the reign of Emperor Wu and regent for Emperor Hui.-Biography:... >楊俊 yang2 jun4	356-360	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊世 yang2 shi4	360-370	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊篡 yang2 cuan4	370-371	Did not exist
Second Phase of Chouchi 后仇池 385-473
武王 wu3 wang2	楊定 yang2 ding4	385-394	Did not exist
惠文王 hui4 wen2 wang2	楊盛 yang2 sheng4	394-425	Did not exist
孝昭王 xiao4 zhao1 wang2	楊玄 yang2 xuan2	425-429	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊保宗 yang2 bao3 zong1	429 and 443	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊難當 yang2 nan2 dang1	429-441	Jianyi (建義 jian4 yi4) 436-440
Did not exist	楊保熾 yang2 bao3 chi4	442-443	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊文德 yang2 wen2 de2	443-454	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊元和 yang2 yuan2 he2	455-466	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊僧嗣 yang2 seng1 si4	466-473	Did not exist
Kings of Wuxing 武兴王 473-506 and 534-555
Did not exist	楊文度 yang2 wen2 du4	473-477	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊文弘 yang2 wen2 hong2	477-482	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊後起 yang2 hou4 qi3	482-486	Did not exist
An Wang (安王 an1 wang2)	楊集始 yang2 ji2 shi3	482-503	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊紹先 yang2 shao4 xian1	503-506, 534-535	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊智慧 yang2 zhi4 hui4	535-545	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊辟邪 yang2 pi4 xie2	545-553	Did not exist
Note: Yang Zhi Hui and Yang Bi Xie could be the same person
Kings of Yinping 陰平王 477- mid 6th century
Did not exist	楊廣香 yang2 guang3 xiang1	477-483?	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊炯 yang2 jiong3	483-495	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊崇祖 yang2 chong2 zu3	495-before 502	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊孟孫 yang2 meng4 sun1	before 502-511	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊定 yang2 ding4	511- ?	Did not exist
Chieftains of Tuoba Tribe 索头部鲜卑族首领 219-377 (as Kings of Dai 代王 305?-377)
As a well known fact, Tuoba Family was the ruling family of Northern Wei Dynasty, founded by Tuoba Gui. Hence Table of Northern Wei Dynasty will start with him, not as a continuation of this table.
Note: All chieftains were revered as emperors in Weishu and Beishi which they never were. They were denoted here as 王(wang2) which was inherited by all successors of Tuoba Yi Lu.
神元王 shen2 yuan2 wang2	Tuoba Li Wei Tuoba Liwei Tuoba Liwei was the first leader of the Tuoba clan of the Xianbei people, from 219-277. He was the ancestor of the future Northern Wei Dynasty and was thus posthumously honored as Emperor Shenyuan, with the temple name Shizu... (拓拔力微 tou4 ba2 li4 wei2)	219-277	Did not exist
Note: His temple name was Shi Zu\|始祖 shi2 zu3. Another column was not created since only he was the only chieftain before Tuoba Gui revered with a temple name
章王 zhang1 wang2	Tuoba Xi Lu Tuoba Xilu Tuoba Xilu 拓跋悉鹿 Tuòbá Xīlù , chieftain of the Tuoba His father was the Tuoba chieftain Tuoba Liwei, and he was the brother of Tuoba Shamohan, Tuoba Chuo, and Tuoba Luguan. In 286, he was succeeded by his younger Tuoba Chuo as chieftain of the Tuoba.... (拓拔悉鹿 tou4 ba2 xi1 lu4)	277-286	Did not exist
平王 ping2 wang2	Tuoba Chuo Tuoba Chuo Tuoba Chuo , chieftain of the Tuoba 286–293. He was the son of Tuoba Liwei, brother of Tuoba Shamohan, Tuoba Xilu, Tuoba Luguan. In 286 he succeeded his brother Tuoba Xilu as chieftain of the Tuoba. 293 , Yuwen chieftain Yuwen Mohuai is killed by his younger brother Yuwen Pubo, who usurps the... (拓拔綽 tou4 ba2 chuo4)	286-293	Did not exist
思王 si1 wang2	Tuoba Fu Tuoba Fu Tuoba Fu , chieftain of the Tuoba .He was the son of Tuoba Shamohan and the brother of Tuoba Yituo and Tuoba Yilu. In 293, he succeeded Tuoba Chuo as the chieftain of the Tuoba. His predecessor was his father's younger brother... (拓拔弗 tou4 ba2 fu2)	293-294	Did not exist
昭王 zhao1 wang2	Tuoba Lu Guan Tuoba Luguan Tuoba Luguan , chieftain of the Tuoba, from 294 to 307.He is son of Tuoba Liwei, the brother of Tuoba Shamohan, Tuoba Xilu, Tuoba Chuo... (拓拔祿官 tou4 ba2 lu4 guan1)	294-307	Did not exist
穆王 mu4 wang2	Tuoba Yi Tuo(拓拔猗 (㐌 - 拖 without 手) tou4 ba2 yi1 yi2)	295-305	Did not exist
穆王 mu4 wang2	Tuoba Yi Lu Tuoba Yilu Tuoba Yilu was the chieftain of the western Tuoba territory from 295 to 307, supreme chieftain of the Tuoba from 307 to 316, Duke of Dai from 310 to 315, first prince of the Tuoba Dai from 315 to 316... (拓拔猗盧 tou4 ba2 yi1 lu2)	295-316	Did not exist
Did not exist	Tuoba Pu Gen Tuoba Pugen Tuoba Pugen was the chieftain of the central Tuoba territory from 305 to 316, and in 316 ruled as prince of the Tuoba Dai as the supreme chieftain of the Tuoba clan.He was the son of Tuoba Yituo, and the brother of Tuoba Heru and Tuoba Gena.... (拓拔普根 tou4 ba2 pu3 gen1)	316	Did not exist
Did not exist	拓拔? tou4 ba2 ?	316	Did not exist
平文王 ping2 wen2 wang2	Tuoba Yu Luu Tuoba Yulü Tuoba Yulü ruled as prince of the Tuoba Dai 316 to 321.He was the son of Tuoba Fu, and the father of Tuoba Yihuai and Tuoba Shiyijian. In 310, Tuoba Yulü was ordered by Tuoba Yilu to assist Liu Kun , the Governor of Bingzhou , to fight the Xiongnu Tiefu chieftain Liu Hu... (拓拔鬱律 tou4 ba2 yu4 luu4)	316-321	Did not exist
惠王 hui4 wang2	Tuoba He Ru Tuoba Heru Tuoba Heru ruled as prince of the Tuoba Dai 321 to 325. He was the son of Tuoba Yituo, and the brother of Tuoba Pugen and Tuoba Gena. In 321, when his cousin Tuoba Yulü was the Prince of Dai, Tuoba Heru launched a coup d'état against his cousin, killing Tuoba Yulü and becoming the Prince of Dai... (拓拔賀傉 tou4 ba2 he4 ru4)	321-325	Did not exist
煬王 yang2 wang2	Tuoba He Na(拓拔紇那 tou4 ba2 he2 na3)	325-329 and 335-337	Did not exist
烈王 lie4 wang2	Tuoba Yi Huai Tuoba Yihuai Tuoba Yihuai ruled as prince of the Tuoba Dai 329–335 and 337–338. He was the son of Tuoba Yulü and the nephew of Tuoba Gena.When Tuoba Gena was in his first reign as the Prince of Dai, Tuoba Yihuai lived with his maternal uncle's father Helan Aitou of the Helan tribe.-References:... (拓拔翳槐 tou4 ba2 yi4 huai2)	329-335 and 337-338	Did not exist
昭成王 zhao1 cheng2 wang2	Tuoba Shi Yi Jian Tuoba Shiyijian Tuoba Shiyijian was the last prince of the Tuoba Dai and ruled from 338 to 376 when Dai was conquered by the Former Qin. He was the son of Tuoba Yulü and the younger brother of Tuoba Yihuai , whom he succeeded in 338. In 340 he moved the capital to Shengle... (拓拔什翼健 tou4 ba2 shi2 yi4 jian4)	338-377	Jianguo (建國 jian4 guo2) 338-377

Northern and Southern Dynasties 南北朝

**Sovereigns in the Northern and Southern Dynasties Period**
Posthumous Names (Shi Hao 諡號)	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years
Northern dynasty 北朝
Bei Northern Wei Dynasty 北魏 386-535
Convention: Bei (Northern) Wei + posthumous name
As a well known fact Tuoba family changed their family name to 元(yuan2) during the reign of Xiao Wen Di in 496 so we will also change from there.
Dao Wu Di Emperor Daowu of Northern Wei Emperor Daowu of Northern Wei , personal name Tuoba Gui , né Tuoba Shegui , was the founding emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei dynasty Northern Wei. He was the grandson of the last prince of Dai, Tuoba Shiyijian, and after the fall of the Dai state to Former Qin in 376 had been presumed to be the... (道武帝 daò wǔ dì)	Tuoba Gui (拓拔珪 tuò bá guī)	386-409	Dengguo (登國 dēng guó) 386-396 Huangshi (皇始 huáng shǐ) 396-398 Tianxing (天興 tiān xīng) 398-404 Tianci (天賜 tiān cì) 404-409
Ming Yuan Di Emperor Mingyuan of Northern Wei Emperor Mingyuan of Northern Wei , personal name Tuoba Si , was an emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei dynasty Northern Wei. He was the oldest son of the founding emperor Emperor Daowu... (明元帝 míng yuán dì)	Tuoba Si (拓拔嗣 tuò bá sì)	409-423	Yongxing (永興 yǒng xīng) 409-413 Shenrui (神瑞 shén ruì) 414-416 Taichang (泰常 tài cháng) 416-423
Tai Wu Di Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei , personal name Tuoba Tao , nickname Foli , was an emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei dynasty Northern Wei... (太武帝 tài wǔ dì)	Tuoba Tao (拓拔燾 tuò bá táo)	424-452	Shiguang (始光 shǐ guāng) 424-428 Shenjia (神䴥 shén jiā) 428-431 Yanhe (延和 yán hé) 432-434 Taiyan (太延 tài yán) 435-440 Taipingzhenjun (太平真君 tài píng zhēn jūn) 440-451 Zhengping (正平 zhèng píng) 451-452
Nan An Wang (南安王 nán ān wáng)	Tuoba Yu Tuoba Yu Tuoba Yu , formally Prince Yin of Nan'an , was briefly an emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei dynasty Northern Wei. He was placed on the throne by the eunuch Zong Ai after Zong assassinated his father Emperor Taiwu in spring 452, and Zong was largely in control of the regime during his reign... (拓拔余 tuò bá yú)	452	Chengping (承平 chéng píng) 452
Wen Cheng Di Emperor Wencheng of Northern Wei Emperor Wencheng of Northern Wei , personal name Tuoba Jun , was an emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei dynasty Northern Wei... (文成帝 wén chéng dì)	Tuoba Jun (拓拔濬 tuò bá jùn)	452-465	Xingan (興安 xīng ān) 452-454 Xingguang (興光 xīng guāng) 454-455 Tai'an (太安 tài ān) 455-459 Heping (和平 hé píng) 460-465
Xian Wen Di Emperor Xianwen of Northern Wei Emperor Xianwen of Northern Wei , personal name Tuoba Hong, was an emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei dynasty Northern Wei... (獻文帝 xiàn wén dì)	Tuoba Hong (拓拔弘 tuò bá hóng)	466-471	Tian'an (天安 tiān ān) 466-467 Huangxing (皇興 huáng xīng) 467-471
Xiao Wen Di Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei , personal name né Tuoba Hong , later Yuan Hong , was an emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei dynasty Northern Wei.... (孝文帝 xiào wén dì)	Yuan Hong (元宏 yuán hóng)	471-499	Yanxing (延興 yán xīng) 471-476 Chengming (承明 chéng míng) 476 Taihe (太和 tìi hé) 477-499
Xuan Wu Di Emperor Xuanwu of Northern Wei Tuoba Ke , later Yuan Ke was known as Emperor Xuanwu of Northern Wei during the Chinese/Xianbei dynasty Northern Wei.... (宣武帝 xuān wǔ dì)	Yuan Ke (元恪 yuán kè)	499-515	Jingming (景明 jǐng míng) 500-503 Zhengshi (正始 zhèng shǐ) 504-508 Yongping (永平 yǒng píng) 508-512 Yanchang (延昌 yán chāng) 512-515
Xiao Ming Di Emperor Xiaoming of Northern Wei Emperor Xiaoming of Northern Wei , personal name Yuan Xu , was an emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei dynasty Northern Wei... (孝明帝 xiào míng dì)	Yuan Xu (元詡 yuán xǔ)	516-528	Xiping (熙平 xī píng) 516-518 Shengui (神龜 shén guī) 518-520 Zhengguang (正光 zhèng guāng) 520-525 Xiaochang (孝昌 xiào chāng) 525-527 Wutai (武泰 wǔ tài) 528
Youzhu (幼主 yòu zhǔ)	Yuan Zhao Yuan Zhao Yuan Zhao , also known in history as Youzhu , was briefly an emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei dynasty Northern Wei.... (元釗 yuán xhāo)	528	None
Xiao Zhuang Di Emperor Xiaozhuang of Northern Wei Emperor Xiaozhuang of Northern Wei , personal name Yuan Ziyou , was an emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei dynasty Northern Wei. He was placed on the throne by the general Erzhu Rong, who refused to recognize the young emperor Yuan Zhao that Emperor Xiaoming's mother Empress Dowager Hu placed on the... (孝莊帝 xiào zhuāng dì)	Yuan Ziyou (元子攸 yuán zǐ yōu)	528-530	Jianyi (建義 jiàn yì) 528 Yongan (永安 yǒng ān) 528-530
Chang Guang Wang (長廣王 cháng guǎng wáng)	Yuan Ye Yuan Ye Yuan Ye , courtesy name Huaxing , nickname Penzi , often known as the Prince of Changguang , was briefly an emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei dynasty Northern Wei... (元曄 yuán yè)	530-531	Jianming (建明 jiàn míng) 530-531
Jie Min Di Emperor Jiemin of Northern Wei Emperor Jiemin of Northern Wei , also known as Emperor Qianfei , at times referred to by pre-ascension title Prince of Guangling , personal name Yuan Gong , courtesy name Xiuye , was an emperor of the Chinese dynasty Northern Wei... (節閔帝 jié mǐn dì)	Yuan Gong (元恭 yuán gōng)	531-532	Putai (普泰 pǔ tài) 531-532
An Ding Wang (安定王 ān dìng wáng)	Yuan Lang Yuan Lang Yuan Lang , courtesy name Zhongzhe , frequently known by his post-removal title of Prince of Anding , at times known as Emperor Houfei , was briefly an emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei dynasty Northern Wei... (元朗 yuán lǎng)	531-532	Zhongxing (中興 zhōng xīng) 531-532
Xiao Wu Di Emperor Xiaowu of Northern Wei Emperor Xiaowu of Northern Wei , personal name Yuan Xiu , courtesy name Xiaoze , at times known as Emperor Chu , was an emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei dynasty Northern Wei... (孝武帝 xiào wǔ dì) or Chu Di (出帝 chū dì)	Yuan Xiu (元脩 yuán xiū)	532-535	Taichang (太昌 tài chāng) 532 Yongxing (永興 yǒng xīng) 532 Yongxi (永熙 yǒng3 xī) 532-535
Dong (Eastern) Wei Dynasty 东魏 534-550
Convention: Dong (Eastern) Wei + posthumous name
Xiao Jing Di Emperor Xiaojing of Eastern Wei Emperor Xiaojing of Eastern Wei , personal name Yuan Shanjian , was the only emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei dynasty Eastern Wei – a branch successor state to Northern Wei... (孝靜帝 xiào jìng dì)	Yuan Shanjian (元善見 yuán shàn jiàn)	534 534 Year 534 was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Iustinianus and Paulinus... -550	Tianping (天平 tiān píng) 534 534 Year 534 was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Iustinianus and Paulinus... -537 537 Year 537 was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Second year after the Consulship of Belisarius... Yuanxiang (元象 yuán xiàng) 538 538 Year 538 was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Iohannes without colleague... -539 Xinghe (興和 xīng hé) 539 539 Year 539 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Strategius without colleague... -542 542 Year 542 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. From this year forward, the appointment of particular Roman consuls was abandoned and the office was merged with that of Byzantine emperor... Wuding (武定 wǔ dìng) 543 543 Year 543 was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 543 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.- Religion :* The doctrine of apocatastasis is... -550
Bei (Northern) Qi Dynasty 北齐 550-577
Convention: Bei (Northern) Qi + posthumous name
Wen Xuan Di Emperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi Emperor Wenxuan of Qi , personal name Gao Yang , courtesy name Zijin , was the first emperor of the Chinese dynasty Northern Qi. He was the second son of Eastern Wei's paramount general Gao Huan, and the death of his brother and Gao Huan's designated successor Gao Cheng in 549 became the regent... (文宣帝 wén xuān dì)	Gao Yang (高洋 gāo yáng)	550-559	Tianbao (天保 tiān bǎo) 550 550 Year 550 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 550 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.- Byzantine Empire :* January 16 – Gothic War :... -559
Fei Di Emperor Fei of Northern Qi Emperor Fei of Northern Qi , personal name Gao Fei , courtesy name Zhengdao , posthumously Prince Mindao of Ji'nan , was briefly an emperor of the Chinese dynasty Northern Qi. He was the oldest son of the first emperor, Emperor Wenxuan , and he became emperor after Emperor Wenxuan's death in 559... (廢帝 fèi dì)	Gao Yin (高殷 gāo yīn)	559 559 Year 559 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 559 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.- Byzantine Empire :* The Kutrigurs and Huns under... -560	Qianming (乾明 qián míng) 560
Xiao Zhao Di Emperor Xiaozhao of Northern Qi Emperor Xiaozhao of Northern Qi , personal name Gao Yan , courtesy name Yan'an , was an emperor of the Chinese dynasty Northern Qi. He was generally considered a capable ruler, but ruled only less than two years before dying from injuries suffered from falling off a horse... (孝昭帝 xiào zhāo dì)	Gao Yan (高演 gāo yǎn)	560-561	Huangjian (皇建 huáng jiàn) 560 560 Year 560 was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 560 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.- Europe :* Ceawlin of Wessex becomes King of Wessex .*... -561
Wu Cheng Di Emperor Wucheng of Northern Qi Emperor Wucheng of Northern Qi , personal name Gao Dan , nickname Buluoji , was an emperor of the Chinese dynasty Northern Qi. During his reign, he devoted much of his time to feasting and pleasure-seeking, neglecting the affairs of the state and causing Northern Qi's political system to degrade... (武成帝 wǔ chéng dì)	Gao Dan (高湛 gāo dān)	561-565	Taining (太寧 tài níng) 561 561 Year 561 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 561 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.- Europe :* Clotaire I dies, and the Frankish kingdom... -562 Heqing (河清 hé qīng) 562 562 Year 562 was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 562 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.- Byzantine Empire :* Belisarius stands trial for... -565
Hou Zhu (後主 hòu zhǔ)	Gao Wei Gao Wei Gao Wei , often known in history as Houzhu of Northern Qi , courtesy name Rengang , sometimes referred to by his later Northern Zhou-created title of Duke of Wen , was an emperor of the Chinese dynasty Northern Qi... (高緯 gāo wěi)	565-577	Tiantong (天統 tiān tǒng) 565 565 Year 565 was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 565 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.- Byzantine Empire :* November 14 – Justin II... -569 569 Year 569 was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 569 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.- Byzantine Empire :* The King of the Garamantes signs... Wuping (武平 wǔ píng) 570 570 Year 570 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 570 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.- Europe :* Spoleto becomes the capital of an... -576 Longhua (隆化 lóng huà) 576 576 Year 576 was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 576 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.- Europe :* The Visigoths establish the capital of...
You Zhu (幼主 yòu zhǔ)	Gao Heng Gao Heng Gao Heng , often known in history as the Youzhu of Northern Qi , was briefly an emperor of the Chinese dynasty Northern Qi. In 577, with Northern Qi under a major attack by rival Northern Zhou, Gao Heng's father Gao Wei, then emperor, wanted to try to deflect ill omens that portended a change in... (高恆 gāo héng)	577	Chengguang (承光 chéng guāng) 577 577 Year 577 was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 577 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.- Europe :* Battle of Deorham: The Anglo-Saxons under...
Fan Yang Wang (范陽王 fàn yáng wáng)	Gao Shaoyi Gao Shaoyi Gao Shaoyi , often known by his princely title of Prince of Fanyang , was an imperial prince of the Chinese dynasty Northern Qi, who claimed the Northern Qi throne in exile under the protection of Tujue after rival Northern Zhou seized nearly all of Northern Qi territory and captured the emperors,... (高紹義 gāo shào yì)	577-579?	Did not exist
Xi (Western) Wei Dynasty 西魏 535-556
Convention: Xi (Western) Wei + posthumous name
Wen Di Emperor Wen of Western Wei Emperor Wen of Western Wei , personal name Yuan Baoju , was an emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei state Western Wei -- a branch successor state to Northern Wei... (文帝 wén dì)	Yuan Baoju (元寶炬 yuán bǎo jù)	535-551	Datong (大統 dà tǒng) 535 535 Year 535 was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Belisarius without colleague... -551 551 Year 551 was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 551 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.- Byzantine Empire :* Beirut is destroyed by an...
Fei Di Emperor Fei of Western Wei Emperor Fei of Western Wei , personal name Yuan Qin , was an emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei state Western Wei -- a branch successor state of Northern Wei. He, even more so than his father Emperor Wen, held little actual power in the face of overwhelming control of power by the paramount general... (廢帝 fèi dì)	Yuan Qin (元欽 yuán qīn)	552-554	Did not exist
Gong Di Emperor Gong of Western Wei Emperor Gong of Western Wei , personal name né Yuan Kuo , later changed to Tuoba Kuo , was the last emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei state Western Wei -- a branch successor state to Northern Wei. He was made emperor in 554 after his older brother Emperor Fei was deposed by the paramount general... (恭帝 gōng dì)	Tuoba Kuo (拓拔廓 tuò bá kuò)	554 554 Year 554 was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 554 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.- Byzantine Empire :* General Narses reconquers all of... -556 556 Year 556 was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 556 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.- Europe :* Cynric and Ceawlin of Wessex fight against...	Did not exist
Bei (Northern) Zhou Dynasty 北周 557-581
Convention: Bei (Northern) Zhou + posthumous name
Xiao Min Di Emperor Xiaomin of Northern Zhou Emperor Xiaomin of Northern Zhou , personal name Yuwen Jue , nickname Tuoluoni , was an emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei dynasty Northern Zhou Emperor Xiaomin of Northern Zhou ((北)周孝閔帝) (542–557), personal name Yuwen Jue (宇文覺), nickname Tuoluoni (陀羅尼), was an emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei dynasty... (孝閔帝 xiào mǐn dì)	Yuwen Jue (宇文覺 yǔ wén jué)	557	Did not exist
Ming Di Emperor Ming of Northern Zhou Emperor Ming of Northern Zhou , personal name Yuwen Yu , nickname Tongwantu , was an emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei dynasty Northern Zhou, although at the start of his reign he used the alternative title "Heavenly Prince" . He was made emperor after his younger brother Emperor Xiaomin was deposed... (明帝 míng dì) or Xiao Ming Di (孝明帝 xiào míng dì)	Yuwen Yu (宇文毓 yǔ wén yù)	557-560	Wucheng (武成 wǔ chéng) 559-560 560 Year 560 was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 560 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.- Europe :* Ceawlin of Wessex becomes King of Wessex .*...
Wu Di Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou , personal name Yuwen Yong , nickname Miluotu , was an emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei dynasty Northern Zhou. As was the case of the reigns of his brothers Emperor Xiaomin and Emperor Ming, the early part of his reign was dominated by his cousin Yuwen Hu, but in 572 he... (武帝 wǔ dì)	Yuwen Yong (宇文邕 yǔ wén yōng)	561-578	Baoding (保定 bǎo dìng) 560 560 Year 560 was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 560 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.- Europe :* Ceawlin of Wessex becomes King of Wessex .... -565 Tianhe (天和 tiān hé) 566 566 Year 566 was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 566 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.- Births : March 17 – Emperor Gaozu of Tang... -572 Jiande (建德 jiàn dé) 572 572 Year 572 was a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 572 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.- Byzantine Empire : The Byzantine Empire begins a war... -578 Xuanzheng (宣政 xuān zhèng) 578
Xuan Di Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou , personal name Yuwen Yun , courtesy name Qianbo , was an emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei dynasty Northern Zhou. He was known in history as an erratic and wasteful ruler, whose actions greatly weakened the Northern Zhou regime... (宣帝 xuān dì)	Yuwen Yun (宇文贇 yǔ wén yūn)	578-579	Dacheng (大成 dà chéng) 579
Jing Di Emperor Jing of Northern Zhou Emperor Jing of Northern Zhou , personally name né Yuwen Yan , later Yuwen Chan , was the last emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei dynasty Northern Zhou. He became emperor at the age of six, after his father Emperor Xuan formally passed the throne to him, but Emperor Xuan retained the imperial powers... (靜帝 jìng dì)	Yuwen Chan (宇文闡 yǔ wén chǎn)	579-581	Daxiang (大象 dà xiàng) 579 579 Year 579 was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 579 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.- Europe :* Frithuwald succeeds his brother Theodric as... -581 Dading (大定 dà dìng) 581 581 Year 581 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 581 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.- Asia :* The Sui Dynasty replaces the Northern Zhou...
Southern dynasty 南朝 420-589
Song Dynasty Liu Song Dynasty The Liu Song Dynasty , also known as Song Dynasty , Former Song , or Southern Song , was first of the four Southern Dynasties in China, succeeding the Eastern Jin Dynasty and followed by the Southern Qi Dynasty.... 刘宋 (420-479)
Convention: Song + posthumous name, sometimes except Liu Yu who was referred using personal name.
Wu Di Emperor Wu of Liu Song Emperor Wu of Song , personal name Liu Yu , courtesy name Dexing , nickname Jinu , was the founding emperor of the Chinese dynasty Liu Song. He came from a humble background, but became prominent after leading a rebellion in 404 to overthrow Huan Xuan, who had usurped the Jin throne in 403... (武帝 wǔ dì)	Liu Yu (劉裕 liú yù)	420-422	Yongchu (永初 yǒng chū) 420-422
Shao Di Emperor Shao of Liu Song Emperor Shao of Song , also known by his post-removal title Prince of Yingyang , personal name Liu Yifu , nickname Chebing , was an emperor of the Chinese dynasty Liu Song. He was the oldest son of the founding emperor, Emperor Wu, and became emperor after his father's death in 422... (少帝 shào dì)	Liu Yifu (劉義符 liú yì fú)	423-424	Jingping (景平 jǐng píng) 423-424
Wen Di Emperor Wen of Liu Song Emperor Wen of Liu Song , personal name Liu Yilong , nickname Che'er , was an emperor of the Chinese dynasty Liu Song. He was the third son of the dynastic founder Emperor Wu . After his father's death in 422, Liu Yilong's eldest brother Liu Yifu took the throne as Emperor Shao... (文帝 wén dì)	Liu Yilong (劉義隆 liú yì lóng)	424-453	Yuanjia (元嘉 yuán jiā) 424-453
Xiaowu Emperor Xiaowu of Liu Song Emperor Xiaowu of Liu Song , personal name Liu Jun , courtesy name Xiulong , nickname Daomin , was an emperor of the Chinese dynasty Liu Song. He was a son of Emperor Wen. After his older brother Liu Shao assassinated their father in 453 and took the throne, he rose in rebellion and overthrew Liu... (孝武帝 xiaò wǔ dì)	Liu Jun (劉駿 liú jùn)	454-464	Xiaojian (元嘉 xiaō jiàn 454-456 Daming (大明 dà míng) 457-464
Qian Fei Di Emperor Qianfei of Liu Song Emperor Qianfei of Liu Song , personal name Liu Ziye , nickname Fashi , was an emperor of the Chinese dynasty Liu Song. His brief reign as a teenager was known for his violent and impulsive acts, including the slaughter of many high level officials and his sexually immoral behavior... (前廢帝 qián feì dì)	Liu Ziye (劉子業 liú zǐ yè)	465	Yongguang (永光 yǒng guāng) 465 Jinghe (景和 jǐng hé) 465
Ming Di Emperor Ming of Liu Song Emperor Ming of Liu Song , personal name Liu Yu , courtesy name Xiubing , nickname Rongqi , was an emperor of the Chinese dynasty Liu Song... (明帝 míng dì)	Liu Yu (劉彧 liú yù)	465-472	Taishi (泰始 taì shǐ) 465-471 Taiyu (泰豫 taì yù) 472
Houfei Di Emperor Houfei of Liu Song Emperor Houfei of Liu Song , also known by posthumous demoted title of Prince of Cangwu , personal name Liu Yu , courtesy name Derong , nickname Huizhen , was an emperor of the Chinese dynasty Liu Song... (後廢帝 hoù feì dì) or Cangwu Wang (蒼梧王 cāng wú wáng)	Liu Yu (劉昱 liú yù)	473-477	Yuanhui (元徽 yuán huī) 473-477
Shun Di Emperor Shun of Liu Song Emperor Shun of Liu Song , personal name Liu Zhun , courtesy name Zhongmou , nickname Zhiguan , was an emperor of the Chinese dynasty Liu Song... (順帝 shùn dì)	Liu Zhun (劉準 liú zhǔn)	477-479	Shengming (昇明 shēng míng) 477-479
Qi Dynasty 齐 479-502
Convention: Qi + posthumous name
Emperor Gao of Southern Qi Emperor Gao of Southern Qi Emperor Gao of Southern Qi , personal name Xiao Daocheng , courtesy name Shaobo , nickname Doujiang , was the founding emperor of the Chinese dynasty Southern Qi...	Xiao Daocheng (蕭道成 xiāo dào chēng	479-482	Jianyuan (建元 jiàn yuán) 479-482
Emperor Wu of Southern Qi Emperor Wu of Southern Qi Emperor Wu of Southern Qi , personal name Xiao Ze , courtesy name Xuanyuan , nickname Long'er , was the second emperor of the Chinese Southern Qi Dynasty...	Xiao Ze (蕭賾 xiāo zé)	482 482 Year 482 was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Severinus and Illus... -493	Yongming (永明 yǒng míng) 483 483 Year 483 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Aginantius without colleague... -493
Prince of Yulin	Xiao Zhaoye (蕭昭業 xiāo zhāo yè)	493-494	Longchang (隆昌 lóng chāng) 494
Prince of Hailing	Xiao Zhaowen (蕭昭文 xiāo zhāo wén)	494	Yanxing (延興 yán xīng) 494
Emperor Ming of Southern Qi Emperor Ming of Southern Qi Emperor Ming of Southern Qi , personal name Xiao Luan , courtesy name Jingqi , nickname Xuandu , was an emperor of the Chinese dynasty Southern Qi... - Ming Di	Xiao Luan (蕭鸞 xiāo luán)	494-498	Jianwu (建武 jiàn wǔ) 494 494 Year 494 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Rufius and Praesidius... -498 Yongtai (永泰 yǒng tài) 498 498 Year 498 was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Paulinus and Scytha...
Marquess of Donghun - Dong Hun Hou	Xiao Baojuan (蕭寶卷 xiāo bǎo juǎn)	499-501	Yongyuan (永元 yǒng yuán) 499-501
Emperor He of Southern Qi Emperor He of Southern Qi Emperor He of Southern Qi , personal name Xiao Baorong , courtesy name Zhizhao , was the last emperor of the Chinese dynasty Southern Qi. He was put on the throne by the generals Xiao Yingzhou and Xiao Yan in 501 as a competing candidate for the throne to his violent and arbitrary older brother... - He Di	Xiao Baorong (蕭寶融 xiāo bào róng)	501-502	Zhongxing (中興 zhōng xīng) 501-502 502 Year 502 was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Avienus and Probus...
Liang Dynasty Liang Dynasty The Liang Dynasty , also known as the Southern Liang Dynasty , was the third of the Southern dynasties in China and was followed by the Chen Dynasty... 梁 (502-557)
Convention: Liang + posthumous name
Emperor Wu of Liang Emperor Wu of Liang Emperor Wu of Liang , personal name Xiao Yan , courtesy name Shuda , nickname Lian'er , was the founding emperor of the Chinese Liang Dynasty... - Wu Di	Xiao Yan (蕭衍 Xiāo Yǎn)	502-549	Tianjian (天監 tiān-jiān) 502-519 Putong (普通 pǔ-tōng) 520-527 Datong (大通 dà-tōng) 527-529 Zhongdatong (中大通 zhōng-dà-tōng) 529-534 Datong (大同 dà-tóng) 535-546 Zhongdatong (中大同 zhōng-dà-tóng) 546-547 Taiqing (太清 tài-qīng) 547-549
Emperor Jianwen of Liang Emperor Jianwen of Liang Emperor Jianwen of Liang , personal name Xiao Gang , courtesy name Shizuan , nickname Liutong , was an emperor of the Chinese Liang Dynasty. He was initially not the crown prince of his father Emperor Wu, the founder of the dynasty, but became the crown prince in 531 after his older brother Xiao... - Jianwen Di	Xiao Gang (蕭綱 xiāo gāng)	549-551	Dabao (大寶 dà bǎo) 550-551
Prince of Yuzhang - Yu Zhang Wang	蕭棟 xiāo dòng Xiao Dong Xiao Dung , courtesy name Yuanji , sometimes known by his pre-ascension title of Prince of Yuzhang , was briefly an emperor of the Chinese Liang Dynasty...	551-552	Tianzheng (天正 tiān zhèng) 551-552
Emperor Yuan of Liang Emperor Yuan of Liang Emperor Yuan of Liang , personal name Xiao Yi , courtesy name Shicheng , nickname Qifu , was an emperor of the Chinese Liang Dynasty... - Yuan Di	蕭繹 xiāo yì	552-555	Chengsheng (承聖 chéng shèng) 552-555
Marquess of Zhenyang - Zhen Yang Hou	蕭淵明 xiāo yuān míng Xiao Yuanming Xiao Yuanming , courtesy name Jingtong , often known by his pre-ascension title of Marquess of Zhenyang , at times known by his post-removal title Duke of Jian'an , honored Emperor Min by Xiao Zhuang, was briefly an emperor of the Chinese Liang Dynasty. He was the nephew of the founding emperor...	555	Tiancheng (天成 tiān chéng) 555
Emperor Jing of Liang Emperor Jing of Liang Emperor Jing of Liang , personal name Xiao Fangzhi , courtesy name Huixiang , nickname Fazhen , was an emperor of the Chinese Liang Dynasty. As the only surviving son of Emperor Yuan, he was declared emperor by the general Chen Baxian in 555, but in 557 Chen forced him to yield the throne and... - Jing Di	蕭方智 xiāo fāng zhì	555-557	Shaotai (紹泰 shào tài) 555-556 Taiping (太平 tài píng) 556-557
Chen Dynasty 陈 557-589
Convention: Chen + posthumous name
Emperor Wu of Chen Emperor Wu of Chen Emperor Wu of Chen , personal name Chen Baxian , courtesy name Xingguo , nickname Fasheng , was the first emperor of the Chinese Chen Dynasty. He first distinguished himself as a Liang Dynasty general during the campaign against the rebel general Hou Jing, and he was progressively promoted... - Wu Di (武帝 wǔ dì)	Chen Baxian (陳霸先 chén bà xiān)	557-559	Yongding (永定 yǒng dìng) 557-559
Emperor Wen of Chen Emperor Wen of Chen Emperor Wen of Chen , personal name Chen Qian , courtesy name Zihua , was an emperor of the Chinese Chen Dynasty. He was the nephew of the founding emperor, Emperor Wu , and after Emperor Wu's death in 559, the officials supported him to be emperor since Emperor Wu's only surviving son, Chen... - Wen Di (文帝 wén dì)	Chen Qian (陳蒨 chén qiàn)	559-566	Tianjia (天嘉 tiān jiā) 560-566 Tiankang (天康 tiān kāng) 566
Emperor Fei of Chen Emperor Fei of Chen Emperor Fei of Chen , personal name Chen Bozong , courtesy name Fengye , nickname Yaowang , also known by his post-removal title of Prince of Linhai , was an emperor of the Chinese Chen Dynasty... - Fei Di (廢帝 fèi dì)	Chen Bozong (陳伯宗 chén bó zōng)	566-568	Guangda (光大 guāng dà) 566-568
Emperor Xuan of Chen Emperor Xuan of Chen Emperor Xuan of Chen , personal name Chen Xu , courtesy name Shaoshi , nickname Shili , was an emperor of the Chinese Chen Dynasty. He seized the throne from his nephew Emperor Fei in 569 and subsequently ruled the state for 13 years... - Xuan Di (宣帝 xuān dì)	Chen Xu (陳頊 chén xū)	569-582	Taijian (太建 tài jiàn) 569-582
Houzhu (後主 hòu zhǔ)	Chen Shubao Chen Shubao Chen Shubao , often known in history as Houzhu of Chen , posthumous name Duke Yang of Changcheng , courtesy name Yuanxiu , nickname Huangnu , was the last emperor of the Chinese Chen Dynasty... (陳叔寶 chén shú bǎo)	583-589	Zhide (至德 zhì dé) 583-586 Zhenming (禎明 zhēn míng) 587-589

**Nan (Southern) Liang Dynasty 南梁 555-587**
Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 )	Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 )	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years
Convention: Nan (Southern) Liang + posthumous name
Note: some historians set Nan Liang as a continuation of the Liang Dynasty since it was founded by descendants of the Xiao's, the ruling family of the Liang Dynasty.
Zhong Zong (中宗 zhōng zōng)	Xuan Di Emperor Xuan of Western Liang Emperor Xuan of Liang , personal name Xiao Cha , courtesy name Lisun , was a emperor of the Chinese Liang Dynasty... (宣帝 xuān dì)	Xiao Cha (蕭詧 xiāo chá)	555-562	Dading (大定 dà dìng) 555-562
Shi Zong (世宗 shì zōng)	Xiao Ming Di Emperor Ming of Western Liang Emperor Ming of Western Liang , personal name Xiao Kui , courtesy name Renyuan , was a emperor of the Chinese Liang Dynasty... (孝明帝 xiào míng dì)	Xiao Kui (蕭巋 xiāo kuī)	562-585	Tianbao (天保 tiān bǎo) 562-585
Did not exist	Xiao Jing Di Emperor Jing of Western Liang Emperor Jing of Western Liang , personal name Xiao Cong , courtesy name Wenwen , known during Sui Dynasty as the Duke of Ju then Duke of Liang , was the final emperor of the Chinese Liang Dynasty... (孝靖帝 xiào jìng dì) or Ju Gong (莒公 jǔ gōng)	Xiao Cong (蕭琮 xiāo cóng)	585-587	Guangyun (廣運 guǎng yùn) 562-585

Sui Dynasty 隋

Sui Dynasty
Sui Dynasty
The Sui Dynasty was a powerful, but short-lived Imperial Chinese dynasty. Preceded by the Southern and Northern Dynasties, it ended nearly four centuries of division between rival regimes. It was followed by the Tang Dynasty....

隋 581-618
Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 )		Personal Names		Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號)		Range of years
Convention: "Sui" + posthumous name
Wén Dì	文帝	楊堅	Yáng Jiān	581-604	Kāihuáng	開皇	581-600
Wén Dì	文帝	楊堅	Yáng Jiān	581-604	Rénshòu	仁壽	601-604
Yáng Dì	煬帝	楊廣	Yáng Guǎng	605-617	Dàyè	大業	605-617
Gōng Dì	恭帝	楊侑	Yáng Yòu	617-618	Yìníng	義寧	617-618
none awarded		楊浩	Yáng Hào	618
Gōng Dì	恭帝	楊侗	Yáng Tóng	618-619	Huángtài	皇泰	618-619
1 Declared emperor by Li Yuan (the later Emperor Gaozu of Tang Emperor Gaozu of Tang Emperor Gāozǔ of Táng , born Lǐ Yuān , courtesy name Shūdé , was the founder of the Tang Dynasty of China, and the first emperor of this dynasty from 618 to 626. Under the Sui dynasty, Li Yuan was the governor in the area of modern-day Shanxi, and was based in Taiyuan.In 615, Li Yuan was assigned... ), implying a retirement for Emperor Yang (whom he "honoured" as Taishang Huang Taishang Huang Retired Emperor, Grand Emperor, or Emperor Emeritus is a title occasionally used throughout East Asian feudal regimes for former emperors who had abdicated voluntarily to their sons. This title appeared in the history of China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam... , or retired emperor) at the western capital Daxing (Chang'an Chang'an Chang'an is an ancient capital of more than ten dynasties in Chinese history, today known as Xi'an. Chang'an literally means "Perpetual Peace" in Classical Chinese. During the short-lived Xin Dynasty, the city was renamed "Constant Peace" ; yet after its fall in AD 23, the old name was restored... ), but only the commanderies under Li's control recognized this change; for the other commanderies under Sui control, Emperor Yang was still regarded as emperor, not as retired emperor. Now generally regarded as a legitimate emperor, due to his recognition by Li Yuan.
2 After news of Emperor Yang's death in 618 reached Daxing and the eastern capital Luoyang Luoyang Luoyang is a prefecture-level city in western Henan province of Central China. It borders the provincial capital of Zhengzhou to the east, Pingdingshan to the southeast, Nanyang to the south, Sanmenxia to the west, Jiyuan to the north, and Jiaozuo to the northeast.Situated on the central plain of... , Li Yuan deposed Emperor Gong and took the throne himself, establishing Tang Dynasty Tang Dynasty The Tang Dynasty was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period. It was founded by the Li family, who seized power during the decline and collapse of the Sui Empire... , but the Sui officials at Luoyang declared Emperor Gong's brother Yang Tong Yang Tong Yang Tong , known in traditional histories by his princely title of Prince of Yue or by his era name as Lord Huangtai , posthumous name Emperor Gong , courtesy name Renjin , was an emperor of the Chinese Sui Dynasty... (later also known as Emperor Gong) emperor. The legitimacy of his reign is disputed.
3 Declared emperor by Yuwen Huaji Yuwen Huaji Yuwen Huaji was a general of the Chinese dynasty Sui Dynasty who, in 618, led a coup against Emperor Yang of Sui, killing him. He subsequently declared Emperor Yang's nephew Yang Hao led Emperor Yang's elite Xiaoguo Army north, but was then repeatedly defeated by Li Mi, Li Shentong , and... , the general under whose leadership the plot to kill Emperor Yang was carried out, but killed by him later in 618; Yuwen Huaji then declared himself emperor of a brief Xu (許) state. As Yang Hao was completely under Yuwen's control and only "reigned" briefly, he is not usually regarded as a legitimate emperor.

Tang Dynasty 唐

Tang Dynasty
Tang Dynasty
The Tang Dynasty was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period. It was founded by the Li family, who seized power during the decline and collapse of the Sui Empire...

唐 618-690, 705-907
Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟;號 )	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years
Convention: "Tang" + temple name
Gao Zu Emperor Gaozu of Tang Emperor Gāozǔ of Táng , born Lǐ Yuān , courtesy name Shūdé , was the founder of the Tang Dynasty of China, and the first emperor of this dynasty from 618 to 626. Under the Sui dynasty, Li Yuan was the governor in the area of modern-day Shanxi, and was based in Taiyuan.In 615, Li Yuan was assigned... (Kao-Tsu) (高祖 gao1 zu3)	李淵 li3 yuan1	618-626	Wude (武德 wu3 de2) 618-626
Tai Zong (Tai-Tsung) (太宗 tai4 zong1)	李世民 li3 shi4 min2	627-649	Zhenguan (貞觀 zhen1 guan1) 627-649
Gao Zong (Kao-Tsung) (高宗 gao1 zong1)	李治 li3 zhi4	650-683	Yonghui (永徽 yong3 hui1) 650-655 Xianqing (顯慶 xian3 qing4) 656-661 Longshuo (龍朔 long2 shuo4) 661-663 Linde (麟德 lin2 de2) 664-665 Qianfeng (乾封 qian2 feng1) 666-668 Zongzhang (總章 zong3 zhang1) 668-670 Xianheng (咸亨 xian2 heng1) 670-674 Shangyuan (上元 shang4 yuan2) 674-676 Yifeng (儀鳳 yi2 feng4) 676-679 Tiaolu (調露 tiao2 lu4) 679-680 Yonglong (永隆 yong3 long2) 680-681 Kaiyao (開耀 kai1 yao4) 681-682 Yongchun (永淳 yong3 chun2) 682-683 Hongdao (弘道 hong2 dao4) 683
Zhong Zong (Chung-Tsung) (中宗 zhong1 zong1)	Li Xian (李顯 Lǐ Xiǎn) or Li Zhe (李哲 Lǐ Zhé)	684, 705-710	Sisheng (嗣聖 si4 sheng4) 684 Shenlong (神龍 shen2 long2) 705-707 Jinglong (景龍 jing3 long2) 707-710
Rui Zong (Jui-Tsung) (睿宗 rui4 zong1)	李旦 li3 dan4	684-690, 710-712	Wenming (文明 wen2 ming2) 684-690 Jingyun (景雲 jing3 yun2) 710-711 Taiji (太極 tai4 ji2) 712 Yanhe (延和 yan2 he2) 712
Zhou Dynasty (690 - 705) 周
Convention: family name + posthumous name
Wu Ze Tian Empress Wu Empress Wu may mean or refer to:* Empress Wu , the wife of Liu Bei, the first emperor of Shu Han* Empress Wu, a title name for Wu Zetian* Consort Wu , Wu Zetian's grandniece, who was posthumously honored as an empress... (武則天 wu3 ze2 tian1) (no official temple name)	Wǔ Zhào(武曌)	690-705	Tianshou (天授 tian1 shou4) 690-692 Ruyi (如意 ru2 yi4) 692 Changshou (長壽 chang2 shou4) 692-694 Yanzai (延載 yan2 zai4) 694 Zhengsheng (證聖 zheng4 sheng4) 695 Tiancewansui (天冊萬歲 tian1 ce4 wan4 sui4) 695-696 Wansuidengfeng (萬歲登封 wan4 sui4 deng1 feng1) 696 Wansuitongtian (萬歲通天 wan4 sui4 tong1 tian1) 696-697 Shengong (神功 shen2 gong1) 697 Shengli (聖曆 sheng4 li4) 698-700 Jiushi (久視 jiu3 shi4) 700 Daju (大足 da4 ju2) 701 Changan (長安 chang2 an1) 701-705
Continuation of Tang Dynasty Tang Dynasty The Tang Dynasty was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period. It was founded by the Li family, who seized power during the decline and collapse of the Sui Empire... 唐
Shang Di Emperor Shang of Tang Emperor Shang , also known as Emperor Shao , personal name Li Chongmao , was an emperor of the Tang Dynasty of China, ruling briefly in 710.... (殤帝 shang1 di4)¹	李重茂 li3 chong2 mao4	710	Tanglong (唐隆 tang2 long2) 710
Xuan Zong (玄宗 xuan2 zong1)	李隆基 li3 long2 ji1	712-756	Xiantian (先天 xian1 tian1) 712-713 Kaiyuan (開元 kai1 yuan2) 713-741 Tianbao (天寶 tian1 bao3) 742-756
Su Zong Emperor Suzong of Tang Emperor Suzong of Tang , personal name Li Heng , né Li Sisheng , known as Li Jun from 725 to 736, known as Li Yu from 736 to 738, known briefly as Li Shao in 738, was an emperor of the Tang Dynasty and the son of Emperor Xuanzong... (肅宗 su4 zong1)	李亨 li3 heng1	756-762	Jide (至德 zhi4 de2) 756-758 Qianyuan (乾元 qian2 yuan2) 758-760 Shangyuan (上元 shang4 yuan2) 760-761
Dai Zong (代宗 dai4 zong1)	李豫 li3 yu4	762-779	Baoying (寶應 bao3 ying4) 762-763 Guangde (廣德 guang3 de2) 763-764 Yongtai (永泰 yong3 tai4) 765-766 Dali (大曆 da4 li4) 766-779
De Zong (德宗 de2 zong1)	李适 li3 gua1	780-805	Jianzhong (建中 1jian4 zhong1) 780-783 Xingyuan (興元 xing1 yuan2) 784 Zhenyuan (貞元 zhen1 yuan2) 785-805
Shun Zong (順宗 shun4 zong1)	李誦 li3 song4	805	Yongzhen (永貞 yong3 zhen1) 805
Xian Zong (憲宗 xian4 zong1)	李純 li3 chun2	806-820	Yuanhe (元和 yuan2 he2) 806-820
Mu Zong (穆宗 mu4 zong1)	李恆 li3 heng2	821-824	Changqing (長慶 chang2 qing4) 821-824
Jing Zong (敬宗 jing4 zong1)	李湛 li3 zhan4	824-826	Baoli (寶曆 bao3 li4) 824-826
Wen Zong (文宗 wen2 zong1)	李昂 li3 ang2	826-840	Baoli (寶曆 bao3 li4) 826 Dahe (大和 da4 he2) or Taihe (tai4 he2 太和) 827-835 Kaicheng (開成 kai1 cheng2) 836-840
Wu Zong (武宗 wu3 zong1)	李炎 li3 yan2	840-846	Huichang (會昌 hui4 chang1) 841-846
Xuan Zong (宣宗 xuan1 zong1)	李忱 li3 chen2	846-859	Dachong (大中 da4 chong1) 847-859
Yi Zong (懿宗 yi4 zong1)	李漼 li3 cui3	859-873	Dachong (大中 da4 chong1) 859 Xiantong (咸通 xian2 tong1) 860-873
Xi Zong (僖宗 xi1 zong1)	李儇 li3 xuan1	873-888	Xiantong (咸通 xian2 tong1) 873-874 Qianfu (乾符 qian2 fu2) 874-879 Guangming (廣明 guang3 ming2) 880-881 Zhonghe (中和 zhong1 he2) 881-885 Guangqi (光啟 guang1 qi3) 885-888 Wende (文德 wen2 de2) 888
Zhao Zong (昭宗 zhao1 zong1)	李曄 li3 ye4	888-904	Longji (龍紀 long2 ji4) 889 Dashun (大順 da4 shun4) 890-891 Jingfu (景福 jing3 fu2) 892-893 Qianning (乾寧 qian2 ning2) 894-898 Guanghua (光化 guang1 hua4) 898-901 Tianfu (天復 tian1 fu4) 901-904 Tianyou (天佑 tian1 you4) 904
Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 di4)¹ or Zhao Xuan Di(昭宣帝 zhao1 xuan1 di4)¹	李柷 li3 zhu4	904-907	Tianyou (天佑 tian1 you4) 904-907
1 Shao Di (少帝 shao4 di4), Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 di4) and Zhao Xuan Di (昭宣帝 zhao1 xuan1 di4) are posthumous names, not temple names. A new column for only three commonly used posthumous names was not be created since other Tang emperors are commonly referred using temple names.

Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 五代十国

**Sovereigns in Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 五代十国 907-960**
Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4)	Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 )	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years
the Five Dynasties 五代
Convention: name of dynasty + temple name or posthumous name
Hou (Later) Liang Dynasty 后梁 907-923
Taìzǔ (太祖)	Xiànwǔ (獻武)	Zhū Wēn (朱溫)	907-912	Kaīpíng (开平) 907 907 Year 907 was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.- Asia :* Oleg leads the Kievan Rus' in a campaign against Constantinople .... -911 Qiánhuà (乾化) 911 911 Year 911 was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.-Africa:* Rebellion of the Kutama Berbers against the Fatimid Caliphate... -912
		Zhu Yougui 朱友珪	912-913	Qiánhuà (乾化) 912 912 Year 912 was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.-Africa:* Second rebellion of the Kutama tribesmen against the Fatimid Caliphate in two years.- Europe :... -913 Fengli 913
Did not exist	Mòdì (末帝)	Zhū Zhèn (朱瑱) Zhu Zhen Emperor Modi of Later Liang Zhu Youzhen was Emperor of China between 913 and 923. He was the third and last emperor of the first of the Five Dynasties - the Later Liang Dynasty and the youngest son of its founder, Zhu Quanzhong. He changed his name to Zhu Zhen during his time in office...	913-923	Qiánhuà (乾化) 913 913 Year 913 was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.- Africa :* The Shiite Fatimid state in modern day Tunisia launches a failed military campaign against Egypt.- Religion :... -915 Zhēnmíng (贞明) 915 915 Year 915 was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.- Europe :* Battle of Garigliano: The Christian League defeats the Saracens.* Berengar I of Italy is crowned Holy Roman Emperor.... -921 Lóngdé (龙德) 921 921 Year 921 was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.-Africa:* Crushing defeat of the Idrisid dynasty against their Fatimid rivals... -923 923 Year 923 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.- Europe :* June 15 – Battle of Soissons: King Robert I of France is killed, and King Charles the Simple is arrested by the supporters of Duke Rudolph of Burgundy.- Americas :* Topiltzin Ce Acatl Quetzalcoatl becomes...
Hou (Later) Tang Dynasty 后唐 923-936
Zhuang Zong (莊宗 Zhuāngzōng)	Not used when referring to this sovereign	Lǐ Cúnxù (李存勗) Li Cunxu Emperor Zhuangzong of Later Tang , personal name Li Cunxu , nickname Yazi , was the Prince of Jin and later became Emperor of Later Tang...	923-926	Tongguang (同光 Tóngguāng) 923-926
Ming Zong (明宗Míng zōng)	Not used when referring to this sovereign	Lǐ Sìyuán (李嗣源) or Lǐ Dǎn (李亶)	926-933	Tiancheng (天成 Tiān chéng) 926-930 Changxing (長興 Cháng xīng) 930-933
Did not exist	Min Di (閔帝 Mǐndì)	Lǐ Cónghòu (李從厚) Li Conghou Li Conghou, Emperor Min of Later Tang was an Emperor of the Chinese Later Tang Dynasty, ruling between 933 and 934. He was overthrown by his adopted brother Li Congke.-References:...	933-934	Yingshun (應順 Yìngshùn) 913-915
Did not exist	Mo Di (末帝 Mò dì)	Lǐ Cóngkē (李從珂) Li Congke Li Congke, Emperor Mo of Later Tang was the last emperor of the Later Tang Dynasty - the second of the Five Dynasties following the fall of the Tang Dynasty. He was adopted by Emperor Mingzong Li Siyuan. He succeeded to his adoptive brother Li Conghou by dethroning him...	934-936	Qingtai (清泰 Qīngtaì) 934-936
Hou (Later) Jin Dynasty 后晋 936-947
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3)	Not used when referring to this sovereign	Shi Jingtang (石敬瑭 shi4 jing4 tang2)	936-942	Tianfu (天福 tian1 fu2) 936-942
Did not exist	Chu Di (出帝 chu1 di4)	Shi Chonggui (石重貴 shi4 chong2 gui4)	942-947	Tianfu (天福 tian1 fu2) 942-944 Kaiyun (開運 kai1 yun4) 944-947
Hou (Later) Han Dynasty 后汉 947-950
Gao Zu Gaozu of Later Han Gaozu of Later Han was the Shatuo Turk founder of the Later Han Dynasty, the fourth of the Five Dynasties in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period of Chinese history. It was also one of the shortest-lived kingdoms in Chinese history, lasting only three years... (高祖 gao1 zu3)	Not used when referring to this sovereign	Liu Zhiyuan (劉知遠 liu3 zhi1 yuan3)	947-948	Tianfu (天福 tian1 fu2) 947 Qianyou (乾祐 qian2 you4) 948
Did not exist	Yin Di Yindi of Later Han The Yindi Emperor , born Liu Chengyou , was the second and final Emperor of China during the Later Han Dynasty. He was nineteen years old when he succeeded his father, Emperor Gaozu of Later Han. Chengyou was a member of the Shatuo Turks.... (隱帝 yin3 di4)	Liu Chengyou (劉承祐 liu3 cheng2 you4)	948-950	Qianyou (乾祐 qian2 you4) 948-950
Hou (Later) Zhou Dynasty 后周 951-960
Tai Zu Emperor Taizu of Later Zhou Emperor Taizu of the Later Zhou Dynasty 後周太祖 was born as Guo Wei 郭威. He was a well-educated Chinese who served the Later Han Dynasty as Assistant Military Commissioner. He founded the Later Zhou Dynasty in 951.-Service under the Later Han:... (太祖 tai4 zu3)	Not used when referring to this sovereign	Guo Wei (郭威 guo1 wei1)	951-954	Guangshun (廣順 guang3 shun4) 951-954 Xiande (顯德 xian3 de2) 954
Shi Zong Emperor Shizong of Later Zhou Shizong of the Later Zhou Dynasty , born Chai Rong and later renamed Guo Rong , was the second emperor of the Later Zhou Dynasty and ruled from 954 to 959.-Family:... (世宗 shi4 zong1)	Not used when referring to this sovereign	Chai Rong (柴榮 chai2 rong2)	954-959	Xiande (顯德 xian3 de2) 954-959
Did not exist	Gong Di Emperor Gongdi of Later Zhou Emperor Gongdi was the last emperor of the Chinese Later Zhou Dynasty. He succeeded his father, Emperor Shizong of Later Zhou upon his death during a military campaign in 959. In 960, Gongdi was overthrown by Zhao Kuangyin, who founded the Song Dynasty as Emperor Taizu. Gongdi was sent away with... (恭帝 gong1 di4)	Chai Zongxun (柴宗訓 chai2 zong1 xun4)	959-960	Xiande (顯德 xian3 de2) 959-960
the Ten Kingdoms 十国
Convention: use personal names, noticed otherwise
Wu Yue Kingdom 吴越 904-978
太祖 tai4 zu3	武肅王 wu3 su4 wang2	Qian Liu Qian Liu Qian Liu , courtesy name Jumei , nickname Poliu , formally King Wusu of Wuyue with the temple name of Taizu , was founder and first king of the Kingdom of Wuyue during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period, ruling over roughly modern Zhejiang on the east coast of China.- Background :Qian... >錢鏐 qian2 liu2	904-932	Tianbao (天寶 tian1 bao3) 908-923 Baoda (寶大 bao3 da4) 923-925 Baozheng (寶正 bao3 zheng4) 925-932
Shi Zong (世宗 shi4 zong1)	文穆王 wen2 mu4 wang2	錢元瓘 qian2 yuan2 guan4	932-941	Did not exist
Cheng Zong 成宗 cheng2 zong1)	忠獻王 zhong1 xian4 wang2	錢佐 qian2 zuo3	941-947	Did not exist
Did not exist	忠遜王 zhong1 xun4 wang2	錢倧 qian2 zong1	947	Did not exist
Did not exist	忠懿王 zhong1 yi4 wang2	Qian Chu Qian Chu Qian Chu , born Qian Hongchu , was the last King of Wuyue , a kingdom in southern-eastern China during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period of Chinese history... >錢俶 qian2 chu4	947-978	Did not exist
Min Kingdom 闽 909-945 including Yin Kingdom 殷 943-945
太祖 tai4 zu3	忠懿王 zhong1 yi4 wang2	Wang Shenzhi Wang Shenzhi Wang Shenzhi , courtesy name Xintong or Xiangqing , formally Prince Zhongyi of Min and later further posthumously honored as Emperor Taizu of Min , was the founder of Min on the southeast coast of China during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period of Chinese history... >王審知 wang2 shen3 zhi1	909-925	Did not exist
Did not exist	Did not exist	王延翰 wang2 yan2 han4	925-926	Did not exist
Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1)	Hui Di (惠帝 hui4 di4)	王延鈞 wang2 yan2 jun1	926-935	Longqi (龍啟 long2 qi3) 933-935 Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 935
Kang Zong (康宗 kang1 zong1)	Not used when referring to this sovereign	王繼鵬 wang2 ji4 peng2	935-939	Tongwen (通文 tong1 wen2) 936-939
Jing Zong (景宗 jing3 zong1)	Not used when referring to this sovereign	王延羲 wang2 yan2 xi1	939-944	Yonglong (永隆 yong3 long2) 939-944
Did not exist	Tian De Di (天德帝 tian1 de2 di4) (as Emperor of Yin)	王延政 wang2 yan2 zheng4	943-945	Tiande (天德 tian1 de2) 943-945
Jing Nan 荆南 or Nan Ping Kingdom 南平 906-963
Did not exist	武信王 wu3 xin4 wang2	Gao Jixing Gao Jixing Gao Jixing Gao Jichang, also known as Gao Jixing, was the founder of Jingnan, also known as Nanping, one of the kingdoms making up the Ten Kingdoms of China’s Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period, traditionally dated as lasting from 907 to 960.... >高季興 gao1 ji4 xing1	909-928	Did not exist
Did not exist	文獻王 wen2 xin4 wang2	Gao Conghui Gao Conghui Gao Conghui was King of Nanping from 928 to 948, one of the Ten Kingdoms in south-central China.... >高從誨 gao1 cong2 hui4	928-948	Did not exist
Did not exist	貞懿王 yi4 wang2	高寶融 gao1 bao3 rong2	948-960	Did not exist
Did not exist	侍中 shi4 zhong1	高寶勗 gao1 bao3 xu4	960-962	Did not exist
Did not exist	Did not exist	高繼沖 gao1 ji4 chong1	962-963	Did not exist
Chu Kingdom 楚 897-951
Did not exist	武穆王 wu3 mo4 wang2	Ma Yin Ma Yin Ma Yin , courtesy name Batu , formally King Wumu of Chu , was a warlord late in the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty who became the first ruler of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period state Chu and the only one who carried the title of "king." He initially took control of the Changsha region in... >馬殷 ma3 yin1	897-930	Did not exist
Did not exist	衡陽王 heng2 yang2 wang2	馬希聲 ma3 xi1 sheng1	930-932	Did not exist
Did not exist	文昭王 wen2 zhao1 wang2	馬希範 ma3 xi1 fan4	932-947	Did not exist
Did not exist	廢王 fei4 wang2	馬希廣 ma3 xi1 guang3	947-950	Did not exist
Did not exist	恭孝王 gong1 xiao4 wang2	馬希萼 ma3 xi1 e4	950	Did not exist
Did not exist	Did not exist	馬希崇 ma3 xi1 chong2	950-951	Did not exist
Wu Kingdom 吴 904-937
太祖 tai4 zu3	孝武帝 xiao4 wu3 di4	Yang Xingmi Yang Xingmi Yang Xingmi , né Yang Xingmin , courtesy name Huayuan , formally Prince Wuzhong of Wu , later posthumously honored King Xiaowu of Wu then Emperor Wu of Wu with the temple name of Taizu , was a military governor of... >楊行密 yang2 xing2 mi4	904-905	Tianyou (天祐 tian1 you4) 904-905
烈宗 lie4 zong1	景帝 jing3 di4	楊渥 yang2 wo4	905-908	Tianyou (天祐 tian1 you4) 905-908
高祖 gao1 zu3	宣帝 xuan1 di4	楊隆演 yang2 long2 yan3	908-921	Tianyou (天祐 tian1 you4) 908-919 Wuyi (武義 wu3 yi4) 919-921
Did not exist	睿帝 rui4 di4	楊溥 yang2 pu3	921-937	Shunyi (順義 shun4 yi4) 921-927 Qianzhen (乾貞 qian2 zhen1) 927-929 Dahe (大和 da4 he2) 929-935 Tianzuo (天祚 tian1 zuo4) 935-937
Nan (Southern) Tang Kingdom 南唐 937-975
Convention for this kingdom only : Nan (Southern) Tang + posthumous names. Hou Zhu was referred to as Li Hou Zhu\|李後主 li3 hou4 zhu3.
先主 xian1 zhu3 or Lie Zu\|烈祖 lie4 zu3	Not used when referring to this sovereign	李 (曰 on top of 弁) li3 bian4	937-943	Shengyuan (昇元 sheng1 yuan2) 937-943
中主 zhong1 zhu3 or Yuan Zong\|元宗 yuan2 zong1	Not used when referring to this sovereign	Li Jing Emperor Yuanzong of Southern Tang Emperor Yuanzong of Southern Tang , also known as Zhongzhu of Southern Tang , personal name Li Jing , né Xu Jingtong Emperor Yuanzong of Southern Tang (南唐元宗), also known as Zhongzhu of Southern Tang (南唐中主, literally "the middle lord of Southern Tang"), personal name Li Jing (李璟, later changed to... >李璟 li3 jing3	943-961	Baoda (保大 bao3 da4) 943-958 Jiaotai (交泰 jiao1 tai4) 958 Zhongxing (中興 zhong1 xing1) 958
Hou Zhu Li Houzhu Li Houzhu , also known as Houzhu of Southern Tang , personal name Li Yu , né Li Congjia , courtesy name Chongguang , posthumously known as Prince of Wu , was the last ruler of the Southern Tang Kingdom from 961 to 975 during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms... >後主 hou4 zhu3	武王 wu3 wang2	李煜 li3 yu4	961-975	Did not exist
Nan (Southern) Han Kingdom 南汉 917-971
高祖 gao1 zu3	天皇大帝 tian1 huang2 da4 di4	Liú Yán Liu Yan (Southern Han) Liu Yan was King of Nanhan, China and later declared himself the emperor of the Southern Han Kingdom during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period in China.-Rise to power:... >劉巖 or Liú Yǎn\|劉龑	917-925	Qiánhēng (乾亨) 917-925 Báilóng (白龍) 925-928 Dàyǒu (大有) 928-941
Did not exist	殤帝 shang1 di4	劉玢	941-943	Guāngtiān (光天) 941-943
中宗 zhong1 zong1	Not used when referring to this sovereign	Liú Shèng Liu Sheng Liu Sheng , Prince Jing of Zhongshan , was a Chinese prince of the Western Han dynasty. His father was Emperor Jing, and he was the elder brother of Emperor Wu of Han... >劉晟	943-958	Yìngqián (應乾) 943 Qiánhé (乾和) 943-958
後主 hou4 zhu3	Did not exist	Liú Chǎng Liu Chang Liu Chang was the last King of the Kingdom of Southern Han during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period in southern coastal China.-Life:... >劉鋹	958-971	Dàbbǎo (大寶) 958-971
Bei (Northern) Han Kingdom 北汉 951-979
世祖 shi4 zu3	神武帝 shen2 wu3 di4	Liu Min Liu Min Liu Min , originally named Liu Chong , was the founder of the Northern Han kingdom of China’s Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period, traditionally dated from 907 to 960. Liu was a Shatuo Turk.-Formation of the Northern Han:... >劉旻 liu3 min2	951-954	Qianyou (乾祐 qian2 you4) 951-954
睿宗 rui4 zong1	孝和帝 xiao4 he2 di4	Liu Chengjun Liu Chengjun Liu Chengjun is a lieutenant general of the People's Liberation Army Air Force of the People's Republic of China and the current president of the PLA Academy of Military Science.Liu was born in Chengwu, Shandong Province... >劉承鈞 liu3 cheng2 jun1	954-970	Qianyou (乾祐 qian2 you4) 954-957 Tianhui (天會 tian1 hui4) 957-970
少主 shao4 zhu3	Did not exist	劉繼恩 liu3 ji4 en1	970	Did not exist
Did not exist	英武帝 ying1 wu3 di4	劉繼元 liu3 ji4 yuan2	970-982	Guangyun (廣運 guang3 yun4) 970-982
Qian (Former) Shu Kingdom 前蜀 907 - 925
高祖 gao1 zu3	Not used when referring to this sovereign	王建 wang2 jian4	907-918	Tianfu (天復 tian1 fu4) 907 Wucheng (武成 wu3 cheng22) 908-910 Yongping (永平 yong3 ping2) 911-915 Tongzheng (通正 tong1 zheng4) 916 Tianhan (天漢 tian1 han4) 917 Guangtian (光天 guang1 tian1) 918
後主 hou4 zhu3	Did not exist	Wang Yan Wang Yan Wang Yan may refer to:Wang Yan , 10th-century emperor of Former ShuWang Yan , Chinese race walkerWang Yan , Chinese track cyclistWang Yan , Chinese actress... >王衍 wang2 yan3	918-925	Qiande (乾德 qian2 de2) 918-925 Xiankang (咸康 xian2 kang1) 925
Hou (Later) Shu Kingdom 后蜀 934 - 965
高祖 gao1 zu3	Not used when referring to this sovereign	Meng Zhixiang Meng Zhixiang Meng Zhixiang was a Chinese general and later founder of the Later Shu kingdom, one of the Ten Kingdoms of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, in 934.-Service under the Later Tang:... >孟知祥 meng4 zhi1 xiang2	934	Mingde (明德 ming2 de2) 934
後主 hou4 zhu3	Did not exist	Meng Chang Meng Chang Meng Chang was Emperor of Later Shu , one of the Ten Kingdoms located in the Sichuan basin.-Accession to the Throne:Meng Chang, posthumously known as Houzhu was the son of Meng Zhixiang, the founder of the Later Shu kingdom. When his father died in 934, he named himself emperor of the... >孟昶 meng4 chang3	938-965	Mingde (明德 ming2 de2) 934-938 Guangzheng (廣政 guang3 zheng4) 938-965

Independent Regimes during Ten Kingdoms

local independent regimes during Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms was between 907–960/979 AD and an era of political upheaval in China, between the fall of the Tang Dynasty and the founding of the Song Dynasty. During this period, five dynasties quickly succeeded one another in the north, and more than 12 independent states were...

but traditionally not counted in the Ten Kingdoms
Name of Posts	Personal Names	Period on post
Captaincy General of Wuping/Hunan (武平/湖南節度使)
Captain General Captain General Captain general is a high military rank and a gubernatorial title.-History:This term Captain General started to appear in the 14th century, with the meaning of commander in chief of an army in the field, probably the first usage of the term General in military settings... of Wuping>武平節度使 wu3 ping2 jie2 du4 shi3	Liu Yan Liu Yan Liu Yan , courtesy name Bosheng , was a general of one of the major uprisings against China's Xin Dynasty and its emperor, Wang Mang. Although he would have military successes, he would die early as a victim of political intrigue... >劉言 liu3 yan2	950-953
Captain General Captain General Captain general is a high military rank and a gubernatorial title.-History:This term Captain General started to appear in the 14th century, with the meaning of commander in chief of an army in the field, probably the first usage of the term General in military settings... of Wuping>武平節度使 wu3 ping2 jie2 du4 shi3	王逵 wang2 kui2 or Wang Jin Kui\|王進逵 wang2 jin4 kui2	953-956
Captain General Captain General Captain general is a high military rank and a gubernatorial title.-History:This term Captain General started to appear in the 14th century, with the meaning of commander in chief of an army in the field, probably the first usage of the term General in military settings... of Hunan>湖南節度使 hu2 nan2 jie2 du4 shi3	周行逢 zhao1 xing2 feng2	956-962
Captain General Captain General Captain general is a high military rank and a gubernatorial title.-History:This term Captain General started to appear in the 14th century, with the meaning of commander in chief of an army in the field, probably the first usage of the term General in military settings... of Hunan>湖南節度使 hu2 nan2 jie2 du4 shi3	周保權 zhao1 bao3 quan2	962-963
Captaincy General of Quanzhang (泉漳節度使)
Captain General Captain General Captain general is a high military rank and a gubernatorial title.-History:This term Captain General started to appear in the 14th century, with the meaning of commander in chief of an army in the field, probably the first usage of the term General in military settings... of Quanzhang>泉漳都指揮使 quan2 zhang1 du1 zhi3 hui1 shi3	留從效 liu2 cong2 xiao4	945-962
Captain General Captain General Captain general is a high military rank and a gubernatorial title.-History:This term Captain General started to appear in the 14th century, with the meaning of commander in chief of an army in the field, probably the first usage of the term General in military settings... of Quanzhang>泉漳留守 quan2 zhang1 liu2 shou3	留紹鎡 liu2 shao4 zi1	962
Captain General Captain General Captain general is a high military rank and a gubernatorial title.-History:This term Captain General started to appear in the 14th century, with the meaning of commander in chief of an army in the field, probably the first usage of the term General in military settings... of Quanzhang>泉漳節度使 quan2 zhang1 jie2 du4 shi3	張漢思 zhang1 han4 si1	962-963
Captain General Captain General Captain general is a high military rank and a gubernatorial title.-History:This term Captain General started to appear in the 14th century, with the meaning of commander in chief of an army in the field, probably the first usage of the term General in military settings... of Quanzhang>泉漳節度使 quan2 zhang1 jie2 du4 shi3	陳洪進 chen2 hong2 jin4	963-978

Liao Dynasty 辽

Liao Dynasty
Liao Dynasty
The Liao Dynasty , also known as the Khitan Empire was an empire in East Asia that ruled over the regions of Manchuria, Mongolia, and parts of northern China proper between 9071125...

907-1125
Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miàohào)	Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 shìhào)	Born Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號 niánhào) and their corresponding range of years
Convention: "Liao" + temple name except Liao Tianzuodi who is referred using "Liao" + posthumous name
Taizu Emperor Taizu of Liao The Emperor Taizu of Liao was the first emperor of the Liao Dynasty . His given name was Abaoji . Some sources also suggest that the surname Yelü was adopted during his lifetime, though there is no unanimity on this point.... (太祖 Tàizǔ)	Not used when referring to this sovereign	Yelü Abaoji (耶律阿保機 Yēlǜ Ābǎojī)	907-926	Shence (神冊 Shéncè) 916-922 Tianzan (天贊 Tiānzàn) 922-926 Tianxian (天顯 Tiānxiǎn) 926
Taizong Emperor Taizong of Liao The Emperor Taizong of Liao , born as Yelü Deguang , was the second emperor of the Khitan Empire .-Succession to the Throne:... (太宗 Tàizōng)	Not used when referring to this sovereign	耶律德光 Yēlǜ Déguāng	926-947	Tianxian (天顯 Tiānxiǎn) 927-938 Huitong (會同 Huìtóng) 938-947 Datong (大同 Dàtóng) 947
Shizong Emperor Shizong of Liao The Emperor Shizong of Liao , born as Yelü Ruan , also known as Wuyu, was the third emperor of Liao dynasty, reigning from 16 May 947 to 7 October 951. He is the son of Prince Bei, the eldest son of Abaoji, the founder of the Khitan Empire... (世宗 Shìzōng)	Not used when referring to this sovereign	耶律阮 Yēlǜ Ruǎn	947-951	Tianlu (天祿 Tiānlù) 947-951
Muzong Emperor Muzong of Liao The Emperor Muzong of Liao ; born as Yelü Jing , was an emperor of the Liao Dynasty and reigned from 11 October 951 to 12 March 969... (穆宗 Mùzōng)	Not used when referring to this sovereign	耶律璟 Yēlǜ Jǐng	951-969	Yingli (應曆 Yìnglì) 951-969
Jingzong Emperor Jingzong of Liao The Emperor Jingzong of Liao , born as Yelü Xian , was an emperor of the Liao Dynasty and reigned from 13 March 969 to 13 October 982.... (景宗 Jǐngzōng)	Not used when referring to this sovereign	耶律賢 Yēlǜ Xián	969-982	Baoning (保寧 Bǎoníng) 969-979 Qianheng (乾亨 Qiánhēng) 979-982
Shengzong Emperor Shengzong of Liao Emperor Shengzong of Liao , born as Yelü Longxu , succeeded Emperor Jingzong as Emperor of the Liao Dynasty at the age of 12 in 982. As he was too young to actually rule, his mother, Empress Dowager Xiao, effectively ruled the kingdom... (聖宗 Shèngzōng)	Not used when referring to this sovereign	耶律隆緒 Yēlǜ Lóngxù	982-1031	Qianheng (乾亨 Qiánhēng) 982 Tonghe (統和 Tǒnghé) 983-1012 Kaitai (開泰 Kāitài) 1012-1021 Taiping (太平 Tàipíng) 1021-1031
Xingzong Emperor Xingzong of Liao Emperor Xingzong of Liao , born Yelü Zongzhen , was an emperor of the Liao Dynasty. He reigned from 25 June 1031 to 28 August 1055.... (興宗 Xīngzōng)	Not used when referring to this sovereign	耶律宗真 Yēlǜ Zōngzhēn	1031–1055	Jingfu (景福 Jǐngfú) 1031-1032 Chongxi (重熙 Chóngxī) 1032-1055
Daozong Emperor Daozong of Liao Emperor Daozong of Liao , born Yelü Hongji or Yehlu Hongji , was an emperor of the Liao dynasty, a kingdom of the Khitan people in what is now northeastern China. Succeeding his father, Xingzong, in 1055, Daozong ruled until he was murdered in 1101. He was succeeded by his grandson, Tianzuodi... (道宗 Dàozōng)	Not used when referring to this sovereign	耶律洪基 Yēlǜ Hóngjī	1055–1101	Qingning (清寧 Qīngníng) 1055-1064 Xianyong (咸雍 Xiányōng) 1065-1074 Taikang (太康 Tàikāng) or Dakang (大康 Dàkāng) 1075-1084 Da'an (大安 Dà'ān) 1085-1094 Shouchang (壽昌 Shòuchāng) or Shoulong (壽隆 Shòulóng) 1095-1101
Did not exist	Tianzuodi (天祚帝 Tiānzuòdì)	耶律延禧 Yēlǜ Yánxǐ	1101–1125	Qiantong (乾統 Qiántǒng) 1101-1110 Tianqing (天慶 Tiānqìng) 1111-1120 Baoda (保大 Bǎodà) 1121-1125

Song Dynasty 宋

For a list of Song emperors on a separate page, click here.

**Song dynasty 宋 960-1279**
Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 Miào Hào)	Posthumous Names (short form)( Shi Hao 諡號 )	Born Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years
Convention: "Song" + temple name or posthumous name except last emperor who was revered as Song Di Bing (宋帝昺 Sòng Dì Bǐng)
Bei (Northern) Song dynasty 北宋, 960- 1127
Taizu (太祖 Tàizǔ)	孝帝	Zhao Kuangyin (趙匡胤 Zhào Kuāngyìn)	960-976	Jianlong (建隆 Jiànlóng) 960-963 Qiande (乾德 Qiándé) 963-968 Kaibao (開寶 Kāibǎo) 968-976
Taizong (太宗 Tàizōng)	德帝	Zhao Kuangyi (趙匡義 Zhào Kuāngyì) or Zhao Guangyi (趙光義 Zhào Guāngyì) or Zhao Jiong (趙炅 Zhào Jiǒng)	976-997	Taipingxingguo (太平興國 Tàipíngxīngguó) 976-984 Yongxi (雍熙 Yōngxī) 984-987 Duangong (端拱 Duāngǒng) 988-989 Chunhua (淳化 Chúnhuà) 990-994 Zhidao (至道 Zhìdào) 995-997
Zhenzong (真宗 Zhēnzōng)	章帝	Zhao Heng (趙恆 Zhào Héng)	997-1022	Xianping (咸平 Xiánpíng) 998-1003 Jingde (景德 Jǐngdé) 1004-1007 Dazhongxiangfu (大中祥符 Dàzhōngxiángfú) 1008-1016 Tianxi (天禧 Tiānxǐ) 1017-1021 Qianxing (乾興 Qiánxīng) 1022
Renzong (仁宗 Rénzōng)	文帝	Zhao Zhen (趙禎 Zhào Zhēn)	1022–1063	Tiansheng (天聖 Tiānshèng) 1023-1032 Mingdao (明道 Míngdào) 1032-1033 Jingyou (景祐 Jǐngyòu) 1034-1038 Baoyuan (寶元 Bǎoyuán) 1038-1040 Kangding (康定 Kāngdìng) 1040-1041 Qingli (慶曆 Qìnglì) 1041-1048 Huangyou (皇祐 Huángyòu) 1049-1054 Zhihe (至和 Zhìhé) 1054-1056 Jiayou (嘉祐 Jiāyòu) 1056-1063
Yingzong (英宗 Yīngzōng)	宣帝	Zhao Shu (趙曙 Zhào Shù)	1063–1067	Zhiping (治平 Zhìpíng) 1064-1067
Shenzong (神宗 Shénzōng)	欽帝	Zhao Xu (趙頊 Zhào Xū)	1067–1085	Xining (熙寧 Xīníng) 1068-1077 Yuanfeng (元豐 Yuánfēng) 1078-1085
Zhezong (哲宗 Zhézōng)	昭帝	Zhao Xu (趙煦 Zhào Xǔ)	1085–1100	Yuanyou (元祐 Yuányòu) 1086-1094 Shaosheng (紹聖 Shàoshèng) 1094-1098 Yuanfu (元符 Yuánfú) 1098-1100
Huizong (徽宗 Huīzōng)	顯帝	Zhao Ji (趙佶 Zhào Jí)	1100–1125	Jianzhongjingguo (建中靖國 Jiànzhōngjìngguó) 1101 Chongning (崇寧 Chóngníng) 1102-1106 Daguan (大觀 Dàguān) 1107-1110 Zhenghe (政和 Zhènghé) 1111-1118 Chonghe (重和 Chónghé) 1118-1119 Xuanhe (宣和 Xuānhé) 1119-1125
Qinzong (欽宗 Qīnzōng)	仁帝	Zhao Huan (趙桓 Zhào Huán)	1126–1127	Jingkang (靖康 Jìngkāng) 1125-1127
Nan (Southern) Song dynasty 南宋, 1127-1279
Gaozong (高宗 Gāozōng)	憲帝	Zhao Gou (趙構 Zhào Gòu)	1127–1162	Jianyan (建炎 Jiànyán) 1127-1130 Shaoxing (紹興 Shàoxīng) 1131-1162
Xiaozong (孝宗 Xiàozōng)	成帝	Zhao Shen (趙昚 Zhào Shèn)	1162–1189	Longxing (隆興 Lóngxīng) 1163-1164 Qiandao (乾道 Qiándào) 1165-1173 Chunxi (淳熙 Chúnxī) 1174-1189
Guangzong (光宗 Guāngzōng)	慈帝	Zhao Dun (趙惇 Zhào Dūn)	1189–1194	Shaoxi (紹熙 Shàoxī) 1190-1194
Ningzong (寧宗 Níngzōng)	恭帝	Zhao Kuo (趙擴 Zháo Kuó)	1194–1224	Qingyuan (慶元 Qìngyuán) 1195-1200 Jiatai (嘉泰 Jiātài) 1201-1204 Kaixi (開禧 Kāixǐ) 1205-1207 Jiading (嘉定 Jiādìng) 1208-1224
Lizong (理宗 Lǐzōng)	安帝	Zhao Yun (趙昀 Zhào Yún)	1224–1264	Baoqing (寶慶 Bǎoqìng) 1225-1227 Shaoding (紹定 Shàodìng) 1228-1233 Duanping (端平 Duānpíng) 1234-1236 Jiaxi (嘉熙 Jiāxī) 1237-1240 Chunyou (淳祐 Chúnyòu) 1241-1252 Baoyou (寶祐 Bǎoyòu) 1253-1258 Kaiqing (開慶 Kāiqìng) 1259 Jingding (景定 Jǐngdìng) 1260-1264
Duzong (度宗 Dùzōng)	景帝	Zhao Qi (趙禥 Zhào Qí)	1264–1274	Xianchun (咸淳 Xiánchún) 1265-1274
Gongzong (恭宗 Gōngzong)	Gong Di (恭帝 Gōngdì)	Zhao Xian (趙顯 Zhào Xiǎn)	1274–1276	Deyou (德祐 Déyòu) 1275-1276
Duan Zong (端宗 Duān Zōng)	not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Shi (趙昰 Zhào Shì)	1276–1278	Jingyan (景炎 Jǐngyán) 1276-1278
did not exist	Di (帝 Dì) or Wei Wang (衛王 Wèiwáng)	Zhao Bing (趙昺 Zhào Bǐng)	1278–1279	Xiangxing (祥興 Xiángxīng) 1278-1279

Western Xia 西夏

Western Xia
Western Xia
The Western Xia Dynasty or the Tangut Empire, was known to the Tanguts and the Tibetans as Minyak.The state existed from 1038 to 1227 AD in what are now the northwestern Chinese provinces of Ningxia, Gansu, eastern Qinghai, northern Shaanxi, northeastern Xinjiang, southwest Inner Mongolia, and...

1032-1227
Temple name Temple name Temple names are commonly used when naming most Chinese, Korean , and Vietnamese royalty. They should not be confused with era names. Compared to posthumous names, the use of temple names is more exclusive... s	Posthumous name Posthumous name A posthumous name is an honorary name given to royalty, nobles, and sometimes others, in East Asia after the person's death, and is used almost exclusively instead of one's personal name or other official titles during his life... s	Chinese family name and first name Chinese name Personal names in Chinese culture follow a number of conventions different from those of personal names in Western cultures. Most noticeably, a Chinese name is written with the family name first and the given name next, therefore "John-Paul Smith" as a Chinese name would be "Smith John-Paul"... s	Reigns	Era names and their according durations
Chinese convention: "Western Xia" + temple name or "family name + first names"
Jǐngzōng Emperor Jingzong of Western Xia Emperor Jingzong of Western Xia , born Li Yuanhao , or Tuoba Yuanhao , was the first emperor of the Western Xia Empire located in northwestern China, reigning from 1038 to 1048... (景宗)	Wǔlièdì (武烈帝)	Lǐ Yuánhào (李元昊)	1032–1048	Xiǎndào (顯道) 1032-1034 Kāiyùn (開運) 1034 Guǎngpíng (廣平) 1035-1036 Dàqìng (大慶) 1036-1038 Tiānshòulǐfǎyánzuò (天授禮法延祚) 1038-1048
Yìzōng Emperor Yizong of Western Xia Emperor Yizong of Western Xia was Emperor of the Western Xia from 1048 to 1067. After his father's death in 1048, Yizong assumed the throne at the age of one, but most of the power laid in the hands of the Dowager. In 1049, the Liao Dynasty attacked Western Xia and forced it to become a vassal... (毅宗)	Zhāoyīngdì (昭英帝)	Lǐ Liàngzuò (李諒祚)	1048–1067	Yánsìníngguó (延嗣寧國) 1048-1049 Tiānyòuchuíshèng (天祐垂聖) 1050-1052 Fúshèngchéngdào (福聖承道) 1053-1056 Duǒdū (奲都) 1036-1038 Gǒnghuà (拱化) 1063-1067
Huìzōng Emperor Huizong of Western Xia Huizong was Emperor of Western Xia .After his father's sudden death, Huizong assumed the throne at the young age of six. His mother became the regent for the rest of Huizong's reign. In 1076, Huizong turned sixteen, and was supposed to assume direct control of the throne, but was stopped by the... (惠宗)	Kāngjìngdì (康靖帝)	Lǐ Bǐngcháng (李秉常)	1067–1086	Qiándào (乾道) 1067-1069 Tiāncìlǐshèngguóqìng (天賜禮盛國慶) 1070-1074 Dà'ān (大安) 1075-1085 Tiān'ānlǐdìng (天安禮定) 1085-1086
Chóngzōng Emperor Chongzong of Western Xia Emperor Xixia Chongzong of Western Xia , or Li Qianshun , was a Tangut emperor of Western Xia from 1086 until 1139. Where Chongzong is his temple name and Li Qianshun his living name, Shèngwéndì is his posthumous name... (崇宗)	Shèngwéndì (聖文帝)	Lǐ Qiánshùn (李乾順)	1086–1139	Tiānyízhìpíng (天儀治平) 1086-1089 Tiānyòumín'ān (天祐民安) 1090-1097 Yǒng'ān (永安) 1098-1100 Zhēnguān (貞觀) 1101-1113 Yōngníng (雍寧) 1114-1118 Yuándé (元德) 1119-1127 Zhèngdé (正德) 1127-1134 Dàdé (大德) 1135-1139
Rénzōng Emperor Renzong of Western Xia Emperor Renzong , born Li Renxiao, was the 5th emperor of the Western Xia dynasty .Li Renxiao was the eldest son of Emperor Chongzong, and succeeded him at the age of sixteen. After ascending into the throne, Renzong made friendly overtures to the Jin Dynasty... (仁宗)	Shèngzhēndì (聖禎帝)	Lǐ Rénxiào (李仁孝)	1139–1193	Dàqìng (大慶) 1139-1143 Rénqìng (人慶) 1144-1148 Tiānshèng (天盛) 1149-1170 Qiányòu (乾祐) 1170-1193
Huánzōng Emperor Huanzong of Western Xia Emperor Huanzong of Western Xia lived from 1177 to 1206 and reigned from 1193 to 1206.He was the son of Emperor Renzong, and tried to follow the policies dictated by his father. However, the high-ranking officials in the Western Xia government became more corrupt as time passed, starting the... (桓宗)	Zhāojiǎnjì (昭簡帝)	Lǐ Chúnyòu (李純佑)	1193–1206	Tiānqìng (天慶) 1193-1206
Xiāngzōng Emperor Xiangzong of Western Xia Emperor Xiangzong of Western Xia lived from 1170 to 1211, and reigned from 1206 to 1211.Xiangzong came into power after a coup d'état with his cousin Renzong's empress against Renzong. Many historians regarded him as incompetent. Xiangzong attacked the Jin Empire, destroying the years of peace... (襄宗)	Jǐngwǔdì (景武帝)	Lǐ Ānquán (李安全)	1206–1211	Qìngtiān (慶天) 1206-1209 Huángjiàn (皇建) 1210-1211
Shénzōng Emperor Shenzong of Western Xia Shenzong, né Li Zunxu, was emperor of Western Xia from 1211 to 1223. He lived from 1163 to 1226.Shenzong took power after a coup d'état and continued Xiangzong's policy of invading Jin Empire. He started many campaigns against Jin before the Jin Emperor counterattacked, killing many Western Xia... (神宗)	Yīngwéndì (英文帝)	Lǐ Zūnxū (李遵頊)	1211–1223	Guāngdìng (光定) 1211-1223
Xiànzōng Emperor Xianzong of Western Xia Emperor Xianzong of Western Xia lived from 1181 to 1226. He reigned for three years and was the second son of Emperor Shenzong.Xianzong changed his predecessor's policy and decided to ally with Jin. However, the Jin Empire was under a barrage of assault from the Mongol Empire and was unable to help... (獻宗)	Did not exist	Lǐ Déwàng (李德旺)	1223–1226	Qiándìng (乾定) 1223-1226
Mòzhǔ Emperor Mozhu of Western Xia Emperor Mozhu or Emperor Modi of Western Xia was the last emperor of Western Xia and reigned from 1226 to 1227. His Chinese name was Lǐ Xiàn 李睍... (末主)	Did not exist	Lǐ Xiàn (李晛)	1226–1227	Bǎoyì (寶義) 1226-1227

Jin Dynasty 金

**Jin Dynasty 1115-1234**
Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 Miào Hào)	Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 )	Born Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years
Convention: "Jin" + temple name or posthumous name
Tàizǔ 太祖	(1)	Wányán Āgǔdǎ 完顏阿骨打	1115–1123	Shōuguó 收國 1115-1116 Tiānfǔ 天輔 1117-1123
Tàizōng Emperor Taizong of Jin Emperor Taizong of Jin was emperor of the Jin Dynasty, which ruled northern China from September 27, 1123 to February 9, 1135. His birth name was Wányán Wúqǐmǎi , and his reign name was Tiānhuì .... 太宗	(1)	Wányán Wúqǐmǎi 完顏吳乞買 or Wányán (Shèng or Chéng) 完顏晟	1123–1134	Tiānhuì 天會 1123-1134
Xīzōng Emperor Xizong of Jin Emperor Xizong of Jin reigned from February 10, 1135 to January 9, 1150 as an emperor of the Jin Dynasty which controlled northern China from 1115 to 1234. His birth name was Wányán Hélá . His Han Chinese name was Wányán Dǎn .Wanyan Dan was the first son of the founder of the Jin Dynasty Wanyan... 熙宗	(1)	Wányán Hélá 完顏合剌 or Wányán Dǎn 完顏亶	1135–1149	Tiānhuì 天會 1135-1138 Tiānjuàn 天眷 1138-1141 Huángtǒng 皇統 1141-1149
(2)	Hǎilíngwáng Emperor Hailingwang of Jin Emperor Hailingwang of Jin was emperor of the Jin Dynasty, the Jurchen dynasty which ruled northern China. He reigned from January 9, 1150 to December 15, 1161.... 海陵王	Wányán Liàng 完顏亮	1149–1161	Tiāndé 天德 1149-1153 Zhènyuán 貞元 1153-1156 Zhènglóng 正隆 1156-1161
Shìzōng 世宗	(1)	Wányán Yōng 完顏雍	1161–1189	Dàdìng 大定 1161-1189
Zhāngzōng 章宗	(1)	Wányán Jǐng 完顏璟	1190–1208	Míngchāng 明昌 1190-1196 Chéng'ān 承安 1196-1200 Tàihé 泰和1200-1208
(2)	Wèishàowáng Emperor Weishaowang of Jin Emperor Weishaowang of Jin was the emperor of the Jin Dynasty whom ruled most of northern China in the 12th and 13th centuries. His name at birth was Wányán Yǒngjì Weishaowang was the seventh of ten emperors of the Jin Dynasty... 衛紹王 or Wèiwáng 衛王	Wányán Yǒngjì 完顏永濟	1209–1213	Dà'ān 大安 1209-1212 Chóngqìng 崇慶 1212-1213 Zhìníng 至寧 1213
Xuānzōng Emperor Xuanzong of Jin Emperor Xuanzong of Jin , Jin Xuanzong, was emperor of the Jin Dynasty which ruled most of northern China in the 12th and 13th centuries. His name at birth was Wányán Xún... 宣宗	(1)	Wányán Xún 完顏珣	1213–1223	Zhēnyòu 貞祐 1213-1217 Xīngdìng 興定 1217-1222 Yuánguāng 元光 1222-1223
Āizōng Emperor Aizong of Jin Emperor Aizong of Jin was emperor of the Jurchen Jin Dynasty, which ruled most of northern China in the 12th and 13th centuries. His name at birth was Wányán Shǒuxù... 哀宗	(1)	Wányán Shǒuxù 完顏守緒	1224–1234	Zhèngdà 正大 1224-1232 Kāixīng 開興 1232 Tiānxīng 天興 1232-1234
(2)	Mòdì Emperor Modi of Jin Emperor Modi of Jin was the last emperor of the Jin Dynasty. Ruling for less than one day on February 9, 1234 before being killed by the Mongolians, he is the shortest-reigning monarch in Chinese history.-Brief history:... 末帝	Wányán Chénglín 完顏承麟	1234	(2)
⁽¹⁾ Quite long and thus not used when referring to this sovereign. ⁽²⁾ Did not exist.

Yuan Dynasty 元

Yuan Dynasty
Yuan Dynasty
The Yuan Dynasty , or Great Yuan Empire was a ruling dynasty founded by the Mongol leader Kublai Khan, who ruled most of present-day China, all of modern Mongolia and its surrounding areas, lasting officially from 1271 to 1368. It is considered both as a division of the Mongol Empire and as an...

元 1271-1368
Temple names	Posthumous names	Khan Names	Given names	Period of Reigns	Era name Chinese era name A Chinese era name is the regnal year, reign period, or regnal title used when traditionally numbering years in an emperor's reign and naming certain Chinese rulers . Some emperors have several era names, one after another, where each beginning of a new era resets the numbering of the year back... s and their corresponding range of years
Convention: use first name (e.g. Temüjin) or Khan names for khans before Kublai Khan. Use "Yuan" + temple name or posthumous name after. A mix of the three for Kublai Khan.
Note: 1) The Mongol Great Khans before Khubilai were only declared Yuan emperors after the creation of Yuan dynasty in 1271 2) To non-Chinese readers, usually the khan names are the most familiar names. 3) Timur or Temür means the same Mongolian words but Temür will be used for avoiding confusion with Timur the lame Timur Timur , historically known as Tamerlane in English , was a 14th-century conqueror of West, South and Central Asia, and the founder of the Timurid dynasty in Central Asia, and great-great-grandfather of Babur, the founder of the Mughal Dynasty, which survived as the Mughal Empire in India until... , or Tamerlane.
Tàizǔ (太祖)	not used when referring to this sovereign	Genghis Khan Genghis Khan Genghis Khan , born Temujin and occasionally known by his temple name Taizu , was the founder and Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death....	Borjigin Borjigin Borjigin , also known as the Altan urug , were the imperial clan of Genghis Khan and his successors.... Temüjin (孛兒只斤鐵木真 Bóérzhījīn Tiěmùzhēn)	1206–1227	did not exist
Ruìzōng (睿宗)	not used when referring to this sovereign	Tolui Tolui Tolui, was the youngest son of Genghis Khan by his chief khatun Börte...	Borjigin Borjigin Borjigin , also known as the Altan urug , were the imperial clan of Genghis Khan and his successors.... Tolui (孛兒只斤拖雷 Bóérzhījīn Tuōléi)	1228	did not exist
Tàizōng (太宗)	not used when referring to this sovereign	Ögedei Khan Ögedei Khan Ögedei Khan, born Ögedei was the third son of Genghis Khan and second Great Khan of the Mongol Empire by succeeding his father...	Borjigin Borjigin Borjigin , also known as the Altan urug , were the imperial clan of Genghis Khan and his successors.... Ögedei (孛兒只斤窩闊台 Bóérzhījīn Wōkuòtái)	1229–1241	did not exist
Dìngzōng (定宗)	not used when referring to this sovereign	Güyük Khan Güyük Khan Güyük was the third Great Khan of the Mongol Empire. As the eldest son of Ögedei Khan and a grandson of Genghis Khan, he reigned from 1246 to 1248...	Borjigin Borjigin Borjigin , also known as the Altan urug , were the imperial clan of Genghis Khan and his successors.... Güyük (孛兒只斤貴由 Bóérzhījīn Guìyóu)	1246–1248	did not exist
Xiànzōng (憲宗)	not used when referring to this sovereign	Möngke Khan Möngke Khan Möngke Khan , born Möngke, , was the fourth Great Khan of the Mongol Empire from July 1, 1251 – August 11, 1259. He was the first Great Khan from the Toluid line, and made significant reforms to improve the administration of the Empire during his reign...	Borjigin Borjigin Borjigin , also known as the Altan urug , were the imperial clan of Genghis Khan and his successors.... Möngke (孛兒只斤蒙哥 Bóérzhījīn Ménggē)	1251–1259	did not exist
Shìzǔ (世祖 Shìzǔ)	not used when referring to this sovereign	Kublai Khan Kublai Khan Kublai Khan , born Kublai and also known by the temple name Shizu , was the fifth Great Khan of the Mongol Empire from 1260 to 1294 and the founder of the Yuan Dynasty in China...	Borjigin Borjigin Borjigin , also known as the Altan urug , were the imperial clan of Genghis Khan and his successors.... Kublai (孛兒只斤忽必烈 Bóérzhījīn Hūbìliè)	1260–1294	Zhōngtǒng (中統) 1260-1264 Zhìyuán (至元) 1264-1294
Chéngzōng Emperor Chengzong of Yuan China Temür Öljeytü Khan , born Temür , or Emperor Chengzong of Yuan　 , also spelled Timur, was the second leader of the Yuan Dynasty between May 10, 1294 and February 10, 1307, and is considered as the sixth Great Khan of the Mongols in Mongolia... (成宗)	not used when referring to this sovereign	Temür Öljeytü Khân	Borjigin Borjigin Borjigin , also known as the Altan urug , were the imperial clan of Genghis Khan and his successors.... Temür (孛兒只斤鐵穆耳 Bóérzhījīn Tiěmù'ěr)	1294–1307	Yuánzhēn (元貞) 1295-1297 Dàdé (大德) 1297-1307
Wǔzōng (武宗)	not used when referring to this sovereign	Qayshan Gülük	Borjigin Borjigin Borjigin , also known as the Altan urug , were the imperial clan of Genghis Khan and his successors.... Qayshan (孛兒只斤海山 Bóérzhījīn Hǎishān)	1308–1311	Zhìdà (至大) 1308-1311
Rénzōng Emperor Renzong of Yuan China Buyantu Khan , also known as Emperor Renzong of Yuan , born Ayurbarwada, was the Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, and is regarded as the eighth Great Khan of the Mongols in Mongolia.... (仁宗)	not used when referring to this sovereign	Ayurparibhadra	Borjigin Borjigin Borjigin , also known as the Altan urug , were the imperial clan of Genghis Khan and his successors.... Ayurparibhadra (孛兒只斤愛育黎拔力八達 Bóérzhījīn Àiyùlíbálìbādá)	1311–1320	Huángqìng (皇慶) 1312-1313 Yányòu (延祐) 1314-1320
Yīngzōng (英宗)	not used when referring to this sovereign	Suddhipala Gege'en	Borjigin Borjigin Borjigin , also known as the Altan urug , were the imperial clan of Genghis Khan and his successors.... Suddhipala (孛兒只斤碩德八剌 Bóérzhījīn Shuòdébālá)	1321–1323	Zhìzhì (至治) 1321-1323
did not exist (1)	Tàidìng Dì (泰定帝) (2)	Yesün-Temür	Borjigin Borjigin Borjigin , also known as the Altan urug , were the imperial clan of Genghis Khan and his successors.... Yesün-Temür (孛兒只斤也孫鐵木兒 Bóérzhījīn Yěsūntiěmùér)	1323–1328	Tàidìng (泰定) 1321-1328 Zhìhé (致和) 1328
did not exist (1)	Tiānshùn Dì (天順帝) (2)	Arigaba	Borjigin Borjigin Borjigin , also known as the Altan urug , were the imperial clan of Genghis Khan and his successors.... Arigaba (孛兒只斤阿速吉八 Bóérzhījīn Āsùjíbā)	1328	Tiānshùn (天順) 1328
Wénzōng (文宗)	not used when referring to this sovereign	Jijaghatu Toq-Temür	Borjigin Borjigin Borjigin , also known as the Altan urug , were the imperial clan of Genghis Khan and his successors.... Toq-Temür (孛兒只斤圖帖睦爾 Bóérzhījīn Tútiěmùér)	1328–1329 and 1329–1332	Tiānlì (天曆) 1328-1330 Zhìshùn (至順) 1330-1332
Míngzōng Emperor Mingzong of Yuan China Khutughtu Khan , also known as Emperor Mingzong of Yuan , born Kuśala , was a son of Khayishan who briefly ascended to the throne of the Yuan Dynasty in 1329, but died soon after he seized the throne of Great Khan of the Mongols and Emperor of... (明宗)	not used when referring to this sovereign	Qoshila Qutuqtu	Borjigin Borjigin Borjigin , also known as the Altan urug , were the imperial clan of Genghis Khan and his successors.... Qoshila (孛兒只斤和世剌 Bóérzhījīn Héshìlà)	1329	did not exist
Níngzōng (寧宗)	not used when referring to this sovereign	Irinchibal	Borjigin Borjigin Borjigin , also known as the Altan urug , were the imperial clan of Genghis Khan and his successors.... Irinchibal (孛兒只斤懿璘質班 Bóérzhījīn Yìlínzhìbān)	1332	Zhìshùn (至順) 1332
Huìzōng (惠宗) (1)	Shundi (順帝 Shùndì)	Toghan-Temür	Borjigin Borjigin Borjigin , also known as the Altan urug , were the imperial clan of Genghis Khan and his successors.... Toghan-Temür (孛兒只斤妥懽帖睦爾 Bóérzhījīn Tuǒhuān Tiěmùér)	1333–1370	Zhìshùn (至順) 1333 Yuántǒng (元統) 1333-1335 Zhìyuán (至元) 1335-1340 Zhìzhèng (至正) 1341-1368 Zhìyuán (至元) 1368-1370
(1) Convention: for these souverigns only, use "yuan" + posthumous name, i.e. 元泰定帝 Yuán Tài Dìng Dì. (2) Not actually a posthumous name, but adopted from era name.

Northern Yuan Dynasty 北元 (after overthrown by the Ming Dynasty
Ming Dynasty
The Ming Dynasty, also Empire of the Great Ming, was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty. The Ming, "one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history", was the last dynasty in China ruled by ethnic...

in China in 1368) 1368 - early 15th century
Temple Names (Miao Hao 廟號 Miào Hào)	Posthumous Names (Shi Hao 諡號)	Khan Names	Born Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years
Convention: use khan names or born names.
Note: 1) />2) To non-Chinese readers, usually the khan names are the most familiar names. 2) Timur or Temür means the same Mongolian words but Temür will be used for avoiding confusion with the Timur Timur Timur , historically known as Tamerlane in English , was a 14th-century conqueror of West, South and Central Asia, and the founder of the Timurid dynasty in Central Asia, and great-great-grandfather of Babur, the founder of the Mughal Dynasty, which survived as the Mughal Empire in India until... (Timurlane or Tamerlane) who attempted to restore the Mongolian Empire in Central Asia.
Convention: for the following sovereign only, use "yuan" + posthumous name.
Huìzōng (惠宗) (same person as the last Yuan emperor in China)	Shundi (順帝 Shùndì)	Toghan-Temür	Borjigin Borjigin Borjigin , also known as the Altan urug , were the imperial clan of Genghis Khan and his successors.... Toghan-Temür (孛兒只斤妥懽帖睦爾 Bóérzhījīn Tuǒhuān Tiěmùér)	1333–1370	Zhìshùn (至順) 1333 Yuántǒng (元統) 1333-1335 Zhìyuán (至元) 1335-1340 Zhìzhèng (至正) 1341-1368 Zhìyuán (至元) 1368-1370
Zhàozōng (昭宗)	did not exist	Biligtü Khan Biligtü Khan Biligtü Khan, born Ayushiridara , was a ruler of the Northern Yuan Dynasty in Mongolia...	Ayushiridara of the Borjigin clan (孛兒只斤愛猷識里達臘 Bóérzhījīn Àiyùshílǐdálà)	1370–1378	Xuānguāng (宣光) 1371-1378
did not exist	did not exist	Usakhal Khan	Tögüs Temür of the Borjigin clan (孛兒只斤脫古思鐵木兒 Bóérzhījīn Tuōgǔsī Tiěmùér)	1378–1387	Tiānguāng (天光) 1378-1387
(1) Convention: for these souvereigns only, use "yuan" + posthumous name, i.e. 元泰定帝 Yuán Tài Dìng Dì. For the later Mongol Khans, see List of Mongol Khans

Ming Dynasty 明

Personal Name	Posthumous name Posthumous name A posthumous name is an honorary name given to royalty, nobles, and sometimes others, in East Asia after the person's death, and is used almost exclusively instead of one's personal name or other official titles during his life... ¹ (short form)	Temple name Temple name Temple names are commonly used when naming most Chinese, Korean , and Vietnamese royalty. They should not be confused with era names. Compared to posthumous names, the use of temple names is more exclusive... ¹	Era name Chinese era name A Chinese era name is the regnal year, reign period, or regnal title used when traditionally numbering years in an emperor's reign and naming certain Chinese rulers . Some emperors have several era names, one after another, where each beginning of a new era resets the numbering of the year back...	Reign years	Name by which most commonly known
Zhū Yuánzhāng 朱元璋	Gāodì 高帝	Tàizǔ 太祖	Hóngwǔ 洪武	1368–1398	Hongwu Emperor Hongwu Emperor The Hongwu Emperor , known variably by his given name Zhu Yuanzhang and by his temple name Taizu of Ming , was the founder and first emperor of the Ming Dynasty of China...
Zhū Yǔnwén 朱允炆	Huìdì 惠帝	None given²	Jiànwén 建文	1398–1402	Jianwen Emperor Jianwen Emperor The Jianwen Emperor , with the personal name Zhu Yunwen , reigned as the second Emperor of the Ming dynasty...
Zhū Dì 朱棣	Wēndì 文帝	Chéngzǔ, 成祖 or Tàizōng, 太宗	Yǒnglè 永樂	1402–1424	Yongle Emperor Yongle Emperor The Yongle Emperor , born Zhu Di , was the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty of China from 1402 to 1424. His Chinese era name Yongle means "Perpetual Happiness".He was the Prince of Yan , possessing a heavy military base in Beiping...
Zhū Gāochì 朱高熾	Zhāodì 昭帝	Rénzōng 仁宗	Hóngxī 洪熙	1424–1425	Hongxi Emperor Hongxi Emperor The Hongxi Emperor was the fourth emperor of the Ming Dynasty in China. He succeeded his father, the Yongle Emperor, in 1424. His era name means "Vastly bright".-Biography:...
Zhū Zhānjī 朱瞻基	Zhāngdì 章帝	Xuānzōng 宣宗	Xuāndé 宣德	1425–1435	Xuande Emperor Xuande Emperor The Xuande Emperor was Emperor of China from 1425 to 1435. His era name means "Proclamation of Virtue".-Biography:...
Zhū Qízhèn 朱祁鎮	Ruìdì 睿帝	Yīngzōng 英宗	Zhèngtǒng, 正統 1436-1449; Tiānshùn, 天順 1457-1464	1435–1449; 1457-1464³	Zhengtong Emperor Zhengtong Emperor Zhu Qizhen was an emperor of the Ming Dynasty. He ruled as the Zhengtong Emperor from 1435 to 1449, and as the Tianshun Emperor from 1457 to 1464....
Zhū Qíyù 朱祁鈺	Jǐngdì 景帝	Dàizōng 代宗	Jǐngtài 景泰	1449–1457	Jingtai Emperor Jingtai Emperor The Jingtai Emperor was Emperor of China from 1449 to 1457. The second son of the Xuande Emperor, he was selected in 1449 to succeed his older brother, the Zhengtong Emperor, when the latter was captured by Mongols following the Tumu Crisis...
Zhū Jiànshēn 朱見深	Chúndì 純帝	Xiànzōng 憲宗	Chénghuà 成化	1464–1487	Chenghua Emperor Chenghua Emperor The Chenghua Emperor was Emperor of the Ming dynasty in China, between 1464 and 1487. His era name means "Accomplished change".-Childhood:Born Zhu Jianshen, he was the Zhengtong Emperor's son. He was only 2 years old when his father, the Zhengtong emperor, was captured by the Oirat Mongols and...
Zhū Yòutáng 朱祐樘	Jìngdì 敬帝	Xiàozōng 孝宗	Hóngzhì 弘治	1487–1505	Hongzhi Emperor Hongzhi Emperor The Hongzhi Emperor was emperor of the Ming dynasty in China between 1487 and 1505. Born Zhu Youcheng , he was the son of the Chenghua Emperor and his reign as emperor of China is called the Hongzhi...
Zhū Hòuzhào 朱厚照	Yìdì 毅帝	Wǔzōng 武宗	Zhèngdé 正德	1505–1521	Zhengde Emperor Zhengde Emperor The Zhengde Emperor was emperor of China between 1505-1521. Born Zhu Houzhao, he was the Hongzhi Emperor's eldest son...
Zhū Hòucōng 朱厚熜	Sùdì 肅帝	Shìzōng 世宗	Jiājìng 嘉靖	1521–1566	Jiajing Emperor Jiajing Emperor The Jiajing Emperor was the 11th Ming Dynasty Emperor of China who ruled from 1521 to 1567. Born Zhu Houcong, he was the former Zhengde Emperor's cousin...
Zhū Zǎihòu 朱載垕	Zhuāngdì 莊帝	Mùzōng 穆宗	Lóngqìng 隆慶	1566–1572	Longqing Emperor Longqing Emperor The Longqing Emperor was the 12th emperor of the Ming dynasty in China between 1567-1572. His era name means "Great celebration". His name at birth was Zhu Zaihou and he was born during the reign of his father Emperor Jiajing, at the Forbidden City at the Ming Dynasty capital Beijing....
Zhū Yìjūn 朱翊鈞	Xiǎndì 顯帝	Shénzōng 神宗	Wànlì 萬曆	1572–1620	Wanli Emperor Wanli Emperor The Wanli Emperor was emperor of China between 1572 and 1620. His era name means "Ten thousand calendars". Born Zhu Yijun, he was the Longqing Emperor's third son...
Zhū Chángluò 朱常洛	Zhēndì 貞帝	Guāngzōng 光宗	Tàichāng 泰昌	1620	Taichang Emperor Taichang Emperor The Taichang Emperor was the fourteenth Emperor of the Ming Dynasty. He was born Zhu Changluo , the eldest son of the Wanli Emperor and succeeded his father as emperor in 1620. However his reign came to an abrupt end less than one month after his coronation when he was found dead one morning in...
Zhū Yóujiào 朱由校	Zhédì 悊帝	Xīzōng 熹宗	Tiānqǐ 天啓	1620–1627	Tianqi Emperor Tianqi Emperor The Tianqi Emperor was the 15th emperor of the Ming dynasty from 1620 to 1627. Born Zhu Youxiao, he was the Taichang Emperor's eldest son. His era name means "Heavenly opening".-Biography:...
Zhū Yóujiǎn 朱由檢	Zhuānglièmǐnhuángdì 莊烈愍皇帝	Sīzōng, 思宗 or Yìzōng, 毅宗	Chóngzhēn 崇禎	1627–1644	Chongzhen Emperor Chongzhen Emperor The Chongzhen Emperor was the 16th and last emperor of the Ming Dynasty in China. He reigned from 1627 to 1644, under an era name that means "honorable and auspicious".- Early years :...
1 As posthumous and temple names were often shared by emperors of different dynasties, they are usually preceded by the dynastic name, in this case, Ming, to avoid confusion. For example, the Hongwu emperor is frequently referred to as Ming Taizu.
2 The Yongle emperor assumed the throne of his nephew the Jianwen emperor, who was officially said to have died in a palace fire but who was suspected of escaping to live as a recluse. The Yongle emperor wiped out the record of his nephew's reign and no temple name was given him.
3 After listening to the poor advice of his eunuch advisers, the Zhengtong emperor personally led a campaign in 1449 against the Mongols and was captured. His brother, the Jingtai emperor, assumed the throne and, a hostage no longer of any value, the Mongols released the Zhengtong emperor who returned to live in seclusion. However, the Zhengtong emperor was able to reclaim his position upon the death of his brother, choosing the reign name Tianshun.

Shun Dynasty 顺

The Shun Dynasty

Shun Dynasty

The Shun Dynasty was an imperial dynasty created in the brief lapse from Ming to Qing rule in China. The dynasty was founded in Xi'an on 8 February 1644, the first day of the lunar year, by Li Zicheng, the leader of a large peasant rebellion. Li, however, only went by the title of King, not Emperor...

was an imperial dynasty created in the brief lapse from Ming to Qing rule in China. It was a state set up by the peasants' rebellion, in which they defeated the Ming forces, but former Ming general Wu Sangui

Wu Sangui

Wu Sangui was a Ming Chinese general who was instrumental in the succession of rule to the Qing Dynasty in 1644...

led the Qing forces into Beijing and the Qing forces defeated the rebels.

Personal Name	Temple name Temple name Temple names are commonly used when naming most Chinese, Korean , and Vietnamese royalty. They should not be confused with era names. Compared to posthumous names, the use of temple names is more exclusive...	Era name Chinese era name A Chinese era name is the regnal year, reign period, or regnal title used when traditionally numbering years in an emperor's reign and naming certain Chinese rulers . Some emperors have several era names, one after another, where each beginning of a new era resets the numbering of the year back...	Reign years
Li Zicheng 李自成	Chuǎng Wáng 闖王	Yung Chang 永昌	1644

Southern Ming Dynasty 南明

The Southern Ming Dynasty

Southern Ming Dynasty

The Southern Ming Dynasty was the Ming loyalist regime that continued in Southern China from 1644 to 1662 following the capture of Beijing by rebel armies and the death of the last Ming emperor in 1644....

refers to the Ming loyalist regimes that existed in Southern China from 1644 to 1662. The regime was established by the princes of the already destroyed Ming dynasty. All of these monarchs had their regimes crushed by the Qing forces very quickly. Koxinga

Koxinga

Koxinga is the customary Western spelling of the popular appellation of Zheng Chenggong , a military leader who was born in 1624 in Hirado, Japan to Zheng Zhilong, a Chinese merchant/pirate, and his Japanese wife and died in 1662 on the island of Formosa .A Ming loyalist and the arch commander of...

(Zheng Chenggong) used the Ming dynasty's name and gathered forces before fleeing to Taiwan.

Personal Name	Temple name Temple name Temple names are commonly used when naming most Chinese, Korean , and Vietnamese royalty. They should not be confused with era names. Compared to posthumous names, the use of temple names is more exclusive...	Era name Chinese era name A Chinese era name is the regnal year, reign period, or regnal title used when traditionally numbering years in an emperor's reign and naming certain Chinese rulers . Some emperors have several era names, one after another, where each beginning of a new era resets the numbering of the year back...	Reign years	Name by which most commonly known
Zhū Yóusōng 朱由崧	Ānzōng 安宗	Hóngguāng 弘光	1644–1645	Prince of Fu 福王 Fú Wáng
Zhū Yùjiàn 朱聿鍵	Shàozōng 紹宗	Lóngwǔ 隆武	1645–1646	Prince of Tang 唐王 Táng Wáng
Zhū Chángfāng 朱常淓	None given	None given, but sometimes referred to as the Regency of the Prince of Lu (Luh) 潞王臨國 Lù Wáng Lín Guó	1645	Prince of Lu (Luh*) 潞王 Lù Wáng
Zhū Yǐhǎi 朱以海	None given	None given, but sometimes referred to as the Regency of the Prince of Lu (Lou) 魯王臨國 Lǔ Wáng Lín Guó	1645–1653	Prince of Lu Zhu Yihai, Prince of Lu The Genyin Emperor was Emperor of Southern Ming Dynasty, reigning from 1645 to 1655. His temple name was Ming Yizong .-Biography:... (Lou*) 魯王 Lǔ Wáng
Zhū Yùyuè 朱聿𨮁	Wénzōng 文宗	Shàowǔ 紹武	1646	Prince of Tang (Shaowu) Prince of Tang (Shaowu) This article is based on a translation from the Chinese Wikipedia.The Prince of Tang reigned as the Shaowu Emperor of the Southern Ming dynasty from 1646-1647. His era name means "Martial thread". His personal name was Zhu Yuyuè . He was a descendant of the first Ming emperor Zhu Yuanzhang... 唐王 Táng Wáng
Zhū Yóuláng 朱由榔	Zhāozōng 昭宗	Yǒnglì 永曆	1646–1662	Prince of Gui 桂王 Guì Wáng

* The two characters are homonyms, both pronounced Lu; to distinguish them, one is usually kept as Lu and the other spelled differently. Luh is from Cambridge History of China; Lou is from A.C. Moule's Rulers of China (1957). When one irregular spelling is used, the other is kept as regular (Lu). The two systems are distinct and not used simultaneously.

Qing Dynasty 清

Given name¹	Posthumous name Posthumous name A posthumous name is an honorary name given to royalty, nobles, and sometimes others, in East Asia after the person's death, and is used almost exclusively instead of one's personal name or other official titles during his life... ² (short form)	Temple name Temple name Temple names are commonly used when naming most Chinese, Korean , and Vietnamese royalty. They should not be confused with era names. Compared to posthumous names, the use of temple names is more exclusive... ²	Reign name Chinese era name A Chinese era name is the regnal year, reign period, or regnal title used when traditionally numbering years in an emperor's reign and naming certain Chinese rulers . Some emperors have several era names, one after another, where each beginning of a new era resets the numbering of the year back... Chinese, Manchu	Reign years	Name by which most commonly known
Nurhaci 努爾哈赤 pinyin Pinyin Pinyin is the official system to transcribe Chinese characters into the Roman alphabet in China, Malaysia, Singapore and Taiwan. It is also often used to teach Mandarin Chinese and spell Chinese names in foreign publications and used as an input method to enter Chinese characters into... : Nǔ'ěrhāchì	Gāodì 高帝	Tàizǔ 太祖	Tiānmìng 天命 Abkai fulingga	1616-1626³	Nurhaci Nurhaci Nurhaci was an important Jurchen chieftain who rose to prominence in the late sixteenth century in what is today Northeastern China...
Hong Taiji⁴ 皇太極 pinyin Pinyin Pinyin is the official system to transcribe Chinese characters into the Roman alphabet in China, Malaysia, Singapore and Taiwan. It is also often used to teach Mandarin Chinese and spell Chinese names in foreign publications and used as an input method to enter Chinese characters into... : Huángtàijí	Wéndì 文帝	Tàizōng 太宗	Tiāncōng 天聰 Abkai sure 1627-1636; Chóngdé 崇德 Wesihun erdemungge 1636-1643	1626–1643	Huang Taiji
Fúlín 福臨	Zhāngdì 章帝	Shìzǔ 世祖	Shùnzhì 順治 Ijishūn dasan	1643-1661⁵	Shunzhi Emperor Shunzhi Emperor The Shunzhi Emperor was the third emperor of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty, and the first Qing emperor to rule over China, which he did from 1644 to 1661. "Shunzhi" was the name of his reign period...
Xuányè 玄燁	Réndì 仁帝	Shèngzǔ 聖祖	Kāngxī 康熙 Elhe taifin	1661–1722	Kangxi Emperor Kangxi Emperor The Kangxi Emperor ; Manchu: elhe taifin hūwangdi ; Mongolian: Энх-Амгалан хаан, 4 May 1654 –20 December 1722) was the fourth emperor of the Qing Dynasty, the first to be born on Chinese soil south of the Pass and the second Qing emperor to rule over China proper, from 1661 to 1722.Kangxi's...
Yìnzhēn 胤禛	Xiàndì 憲帝	Shìzōng 世宗	Yōngzhèng 雍正 Hūwaliyasun tob	1722–1735	Yongzheng Emperor Yongzheng Emperor The Yongzheng Emperor , born Yinzhen , was the fifth emperor of the Manchu Qing Dynasty and the third Qing emperor from 1722 to 1735. A hard-working ruler, Yongzheng's main goal was to create an effective government at minimal expense. Like his father, the Kangxi Emperor, Yongzheng used military...
Hónglì 弘曆	Chúndì 純帝	Gāozōng 高宗	Qiánlóng 乾隆 Abkai wehiyehe	1735-1796 (died 1799)⁶	Qianlong Emperor Qianlong Emperor The Qianlong Emperor was the sixth emperor of the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty, and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China proper. The fourth son of the Yongzheng Emperor, he reigned officially from 11 October 1735 to 8 February 1796...
Yóngyǎn 顒琰	Ruìdì 睿帝	Rénzōng 仁宗	Jiāqìng 嘉慶 Saicungga fengšen	1796–1820	Jiaqing Emperor Jiaqing Emperor The Jiaqing Emperor was the seventh emperor of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty, and the fifth Qing emperor to rule over China, from 1796 to 1820....
Mínníng 旻寧	Chéngdì 成帝	Xuānzōng 宣宗	Dàoguāng 道光 Doro eldengge	1820–1850	Daoguang Emperor Daoguang Emperor The Daoguang Emperor was the eighth emperor of the Manchurian Qing dynasty and the sixth Qing emperor to rule over China, from 1820 to 1850.-Early years:...
Yìzhǔ 奕詝	Xiǎndì 顯帝	Wénzōng 文宗	Xiánfēng 咸豐 Gubci elgiyengge	1850–1861	Xianfeng Emperor Xianfeng Emperor The Xianfeng Emperor , born Aisin-Gioro I Ju, was the ninth Emperor of the Qing Dynasty, and the seventh Qing emperor to rule over China, from 1850 to 1861.-Family and his early years:...
Zǎichún 載淳	Yìdì 毅帝	Mùzōng 穆宗	Tóngzhì 同治 Yooningga dasan	1861-1875⁷	Tongzhi Emperor Tongzhi Emperor The Tongzhi Emperor , born Aisin-Gioro Dzai Šun, was the tenth emperor of the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty, and the eighth Qing emperor to rule over China, from 1861 to 1875. His reign, which effectively lasted through his adolescence, was largely overshadowed by the rule of his mother, the Empress...
Zǎitián 載湉	Jǐngdì 景帝	Dézōng 德宗	Guāngxù 光緒 Badarangga doro	1875-1908⁷	Guangxu Emperor Guangxu Emperor The Guangxu Emperor , born Zaitian of the Aisin-Gioro clan, was the eleventh emperor of the Manchurian Qing Dynasty, and the ninth Qing emperor to rule over China. His reign lasted from 1875 to 1908, but in practice he ruled, under Empress Dowager Cixi's influence, only from 1889 to 1898...
Pǔyí 溥儀 also known as Henry	Xùndì ⁸ 遜帝	None given ⁹	Xuāntǒng 宣統 Gehungge yoso	1908-1911¹⁰ (died 1967)	Xuantong Emperor
1 The Qing imperial family name was Aisin Gioro Aisin Gioro Aisin Gioro was the family name of the Manchu emperors of the Qing Dynasty. The House of Aisin Gioro ruled China until the Xinhai Revolution of 1911, which established a republican government in its place. The word aisin means gold in the Manchu language, and "gioro" is the name of the place in... (愛新覺羅 aixin jueluo), but it was not common Manchu practice to include the family or clan name in an individual's personal name.
2 As posthumous and temple names were often shared by emperors of different dynasties, they are usually preceded by the dynastic name, in this case, Qing, to avoid confusion. For example, the Qianlong emperor is frequently referred to as Qing Gaozong.
3 Nurhaci founded the Jin (金) or Later Jin (後金) dynasty in 1616, but it was his son Hong Taiji who changed the name of the dynasty to Qing in 1636. Nurhaci adopted the reign name Tianming but his Qing titles were all conferred posthumously.
4 Hong Taiji is referred to erroneously in some historical literature as Abahai (阿巴海).
5 The Shunzhi emperor was the first Qing emperor to rule over China proper following the occupation of Beijing Beijing Beijing , also known as Peking , is the capital of the People's Republic of China and one of the most populous cities in the world, with a population of 19,612,368 as of 2010. The city is the country's political, cultural, and educational center, and home to the headquarters for most of China's... in 1644.
6 The Qianlong emperor officially retired in 1796, taking the title Emperor Emeritus (太上皇帝). This was an act of filial piety to ensure that he would not reign longer than his illustrious grandfather, the Kangxi emperor. However, he remained the ultimate authority until his death in 1799, at which point his son, the Jiaqing emperor, began to exercise the power that had been his in name only from 1796.
7 The Empress Dowager Cixi Empress Dowager Cixi Empress Dowager Cixi1 , of the Manchu Yehenara clan, was a powerful and charismatic figure who became the de facto ruler of the Manchu Qing Dynasty in China for 47 years from 1861 to her death in 1908.... , concubine of the Xianfeng emperor, mother of the Tongzhi emperor, and adoptive mother of the Guangxu emperor, used her considerable skills of political manipulation to act as the power behind the throne or on the throne from 1861 until her death in 1908. She acted as a regent during the minorities of the two young emperors and confined the Guangxu emperor in the Summer Palace after he attempted to introduce reforms in 1898. The death of the Guangxu emperor was announced the day before her own.
8 Xundi ("The Abdicated Emperor") is the posthumous name Posthumous name A posthumous name is an honorary name given to royalty, nobles, and sometimes others, in East Asia after the person's death, and is used almost exclusively instead of one's personal name or other official titles during his life... given by mainland China and Taiwan's history books to Pu-yi.
9 In 2004 the descendants of the Qing imperial family have conferred a posthumous name Posthumous name A posthumous name is an honorary name given to royalty, nobles, and sometimes others, in East Asia after the person's death, and is used almost exclusively instead of one's personal name or other official titles during his life... and temple name Temple name Temple names are commonly used when naming most Chinese, Korean , and Vietnamese royalty. They should not be confused with era names. Compared to posthumous names, the use of temple names is more exclusive... upon the late Pu-yi. Posthumous name Posthumous name A posthumous name is an honorary name given to royalty, nobles, and sometimes others, in East Asia after the person's death, and is used almost exclusively instead of one's personal name or other official titles during his life... : Mindi (愍帝). Temple name Temple name Temple names are commonly used when naming most Chinese, Korean , and Vietnamese royalty. They should not be confused with era names. Compared to posthumous names, the use of temple names is more exclusive... : Gongzong (恭宗). It remains to be seen whether these names will be accepted by the Chinese public.
10 The Qing dynasty was overthrown in 1911, and the last emperor, Pu-yi, abdicated officially on February 12, 1912. However, that same day the Republic of China granted the "Articles of Favourable Treatment of the Emperor of the Great Qing after his Abdication" (清帝退位優待條件) which allowed Pu-yi to retain his imperial title and stated that he should be treated by the government of the Republic with the protocol attached to a foreign monarch. These articles were revised on November 5, 1924, after the coup by General Feng Yuxiang Feng Yuxiang Feng Yuxiang was a warlord and leader in Republican China. He was also known as the Christian General for his zeal to convert his troops and the Betrayal General for his penchant to break with the establishment. In 1911, he was an officer in the ranks of Yuan Shikai's Beiyang Army but joined... : the revised articles stated that Pu-yi was losing his imperial title and henceforth becoming a regular citizen of the Republic of China. Pu-yi was expelled from the Forbidden City Forbidden City The Forbidden City was the Chinese imperial palace from the Ming Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty. It is located in the middle of Beijing, China, and now houses the Palace Museum... that same day. Thus, Pu-yi was ruling emperor until February 12, 1912 (and also briefly between July 1 and July 12, 1917), and non-ruling emperor between February 12, 1912 and November 5, 1924. Pu-yi also later became the puppet leader of Japanese-controlled Manchukuo Manchukuo Manchukuo or Manshū-koku was a puppet state in Manchuria and eastern Inner Mongolia, governed under a form of constitutional monarchy. The region was the historical homeland of the Manchus, who founded the Qing Empire in China... under the reign name Datong (大同) (1932–1934), then the puppet emperor of the same under the reign name Kangde (康德) (1934–1945).

Taiping Rebellion 太平天国

Personal name	Reign name 年號 (nian hao)	Reign years	Name by which most commonly known
Hong Xiuquan 洪秀全	Yuánnián 元年	August, 1851 - May, 1864	Hong Xiuquan Hong Xiuquan Hong Xiuquan , born Hong Renkun, style name Huoxiu , was a Hakka Chinese who led the Taiping Rebellion against the Qing Dynasty, establishing the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom over varying portions of southern China, with himself as the "Heavenly King" and self-proclaimed brother of Jesus Christ.-Early...
Hong Tianguifu 洪天貴福	None given	May, 1864 - August, 1864	Hong Tianguifu Hong Tianguifu Hong Tianguifu , also called Hong Tiangui and in Qing historical record, Hong Futian , was the second and last king of the Heavenly Kingdom of Taiping. He is popularly referred to as the Junior Lord . Officially, like his father Hong Xiuquan, he was the King of Heaven...

Yuan Shikai's Empire of China

Yuan Shikai

Yuan Shikai was an important Chinese general and politician famous for his influence during the late Qing Dynasty, his role in the events leading up to the abdication of the last Qing Emperor of China, his autocratic rule as the second President of the Republic of China , and his short-lived...

attempted to establish himself as emperor in 1916, but his rule is universally accepted as inauthentic. After 83 days, the reign collapsed.

Personal name	Reign name 年號 (nian hao)	Reign years	Name by which most commonly known
Yuan Shikai 袁世凱	Hóngxiàn (Hung-hsien) 洪憲	December, 1915 - March, 1916 (1912-1915 as the President of the Republic of China)	Yuan Shikai Yuan Shikai Yuan Shikai was an important Chinese general and politician famous for his influence during the late Qing Dynasty, his role in the events leading up to the abdication of the last Qing Emperor of China, his autocratic rule as the second President of the Republic of China , and his short-lived...

External links

China Online Encyclopedia

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