General context: History of Damascus

Damascus

Damascus , commonly known in Syria as Al Sham , and as the City of Jasmine , is the capital and the second largest city of Syria after Aleppo, both are part of the country's 14 governorates. In addition to being one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, Damascus is a major...

.

Aram Damascus

Aram Damascus

Aram Damascus was an Aramaean state around Damascus in Syria, from the late 12th century BCE to 734 BCE.Sources for this state come from texts that can be divided into three categories: Assyrian annals, Aramaean texts, and the Hebrew Bible....

• Rezon I (c. 950 BC)
• Tabrimmon
  Tabrimmon
  Tabrimmon, also as Tabrimon, also as Tabremon in Douay-Rheims, was an Aramaean king, but there is little known about him. According to the Bible, he is the son of Hezion and the father of Ben-Hadad I:...
  
  
• Ben-Hadad I
  Ben-Hadad I
  Ben-Hadad I was the king of Aram Damascus between 885 BCE and 865 BCE. He was the son of Tabrimmon and grandson of Hezion and a contemporary of Kings Baasha of Israel and Asa of Judah. Asa called on Ben-Hadad I to aid him in attacking northern Israel while Baasha was restricting access to...
  
   (c. 885 BCE-c. 865 BC)
• Hadadezer
  Hadadezer
  Hadadezer ; also known as Adad-Idri and possibly the same as Bar-Hadad II ; Ben-Hadad II , was the king of Aram Damascus at the time of the battle of Qarqar against the Assyrian king Shalmaneser III in 853 BCE. He and Irhuleni of Hamath led a coalition of eleven kings at Qarqar...
  
   (c. 865 BC-c. 842 BC)
• Hazael
  Hazael
  Hazael was a court official and later an Aramean king who is mentioned in the Bible. Under his reign, Aram-Damascus became an empire that ruled over large parts of Syria and Palestine....
  
   (c. 842 BC-c. 804 BC)
• Ben-Hadad III
  Ben-Hadad III
  Bar-Hadad III or Ben-Hadad III was the son of Hazael, and succeeded him after his death as king of Aram Damascus. His succession is mentioned in II Kings 13:3, 24...
  
   (c. 796 BC)
• Tab-El (c. 770 BC)
• Rezon II (c. 740 BC-732 BC)

Period of non-independence

• to Assyria
  Assyria
  Assyria was a Semitic Akkadian kingdom, extant as a nation state from the mid–23rd century BC to 608 BC centred on the Upper Tigris river, in northern Mesopotamia , that came to rule regional empires a number of times through history. It was named for its original capital, the ancient city of Assur...
  
   (732 BC-609 BC)
  • Ilu-Ittia (c. 8th century BC)
• to Babylon
  Babylon
  Babylon was an Akkadian city-state of ancient Mesopotamia, the remains of which are found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq, about 85 kilometers south of Baghdad...
  
   (609 BC-539 BC)
• to Persia (539 BC-332 BC)
• to Macedon
  Macedon
  Macedonia or Macedon was an ancient kingdom, centered in the northeastern part of the Greek peninsula, bordered by Epirus to the west, Paeonia to the north, the region of Thrace to the east and Thessaly to the south....
  
   (332 BC-323 BC)
• to Antigonids (323 BC-301 BC)
• to Egypt
  Egypt
  Egypt , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: , is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world...
  
   (301 BC-198 BC)
• to Seleucids (198 BC-167 BC)
• to Ituraea (167 BC-110 BC) (Semi independent from Seleucids)
• to the Decapolis
  Decapolis
  The Decapolis was a group of ten cities on the eastern frontier of the Roman Empire in Judea and Syria. The ten cities were not an official league or political unit, but they were grouped together because of their language, culture, location, and political status...
  
   (110 BC-85 BC) (Semi independent from Seleucids)
• to Nabataea (85 BC-64 BC)
• to the Roman Republic
  Roman Republic
  The Roman Republic was the period of the ancient Roman civilization where the government operated as a republic. It began with the overthrow of the Roman monarchy, traditionally dated around 508 BC, and its replacement by a government headed by two consuls, elected annually by the citizens and...
  
  /Roman Empire
  Roman Empire
  The Roman Empire was the post-Republican period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial holdings in Europe and around the Mediterranean....
  
  /Byzantine Empire
  Byzantine Empire
  The Byzantine Empire was the Eastern Roman Empire during the periods of Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, centred on the capital of Constantinople. Known simply as the Roman Empire or Romania to its inhabitants and neighbours, the Empire was the direct continuation of the Ancient Roman State...
  
   (64 BC-635)
  • to the Ghassanids
    Ghassanids
    The Ghassanids were a group of South Arabian Christian tribes that emigrated in the early 3rd century from Yemen to Syria, Jordan, Lebanon and the Holy Land....
    
     (529-584; ?-635)

Umayyad emir

Emir

Emir , meaning "commander", "general", or "prince"; also transliterated as Amir, Aamir or Ameer) is a title of high office, used throughout the Muslim world...

s

• Khalid ibn al-Walid
  Khalid ibn al-Walid
  Khālid ibn al-Walīd also known as Sayf Allāh al-Maslūl , was a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He is noted for his military tactics and prowess, commanding the forces of Medina and those of his immediate successors of the Rashidun Caliphate; Abu Bakr and Umar...
  
   (635-636)
• Abu Ubaidah ibn al Jarrah (636-637)
• Amr ibn al-Aas (637-640)
• Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan (640)
• Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan
  Muawiyah I
  Muawiyah I was the first Caliph of the Umayyad Dynasty. After the conquest of Mecca by the Muslims, Muawiyah's family converted to Islam. Muawiyah is brother-in-law to Muhammad who married his sister Ramlah bint Abi-Sufyan in 1AH...
  
   (640-661)

Umayyad dynasty ruling in Damascus

• Muawiyah I
  Muawiyah I
  Muawiyah I was the first Caliph of the Umayyad Dynasty. After the conquest of Mecca by the Muslims, Muawiyah's family converted to Islam. Muawiyah is brother-in-law to Muhammad who married his sister Ramlah bint Abi-Sufyan in 1AH...
  
   ibn Abu Sufyan (661-680)
• Yazid I
  Yazid I
  Yazīd ibn Mu‘āwiya ibn Abī Sufyān , commonly known as Yazid I, was the second Caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate . He ruled for three years from 680 CE until his death in 683 CE. Many Muslims condemn Yazid's rule as contentious and unjust...
  
   ibn Muawiyah (680-683)
• Muawiya II
  Muawiya II
  Muawiyah II was an Umayyad caliph for about four months after the death of his father Yazīd...
  
   ibn Yazid (683-684)
• Marwan I
  Marwan I
  Marwan ibn al-Hakam was the fourth Umayyad Caliph, who took over the dynasty after Muawiya II abdicated in 684. Marwan's ascension pointed to a shift in the lineage of the Umayyad dynasty from descendants of Abu Sufyan to those of Hakam, both of whom were grandsons of Umayya...
  
   ibn Hakam (684-685)
• Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (685-705)
• al-Walid I ibn Abd al-Malik (705-715
• Suleiman ibn Abd al-Malik (715-717)
• Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz (717-720 )
• Yazid II
  Yazid II
  Yazid bin Abd al-Malik or Yazid II was an Umayyad caliph who ruled from 720 until his death in 724.According to the medieval Persian historian Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, Yazid came to power on the death of Umar II on February 10, 720. His forces engaged in battle the Kharijites with whom Umar...
  
   ibn Abd al-Malik (720-724)
• Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik
  Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik
  Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik 10th Umayyad caliph who ruled from 723 until his death in 743. When he was born in 691 his mother named him after her father....
  
   (724-743)
• al-Walid II
  Al-Walid II
  Walid ibn Yazid or Walid II was an Umayyad caliph who ruled from 743 until 744. He succeeded his uncle, Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik....
  
   ibn Yazid II (743-744)
• Yazid III
  Yazid III
  Yazid ibn al-Walid ibn 'Abd al-Malik or Yazid III was an Umayyad caliph. He reigned for six months, from April 15 to October 3 or 4, 744; and died in that office....
  
   ibn al-Walid (744)
• Ibrahim ibn al-Walid (744)
• Marwan II
  Marwan II
  Marwan ibn Muhammad ibn Marwan or Marwan II was an Umayyad caliph who ruled from 744 until 750 when he was killed. He was the last Umayyad ruler to rule from Damascus.In A.H. 114 Caliph Hisham appointed Marwan governor of Armenia and Azerbaijan. In A.H...
  
   ibn Muhammad (ruled from Harran
  Harran
  Harran was a major ancient city in Upper Mesopotamia whose site is near the modern village of Altınbaşak, Turkey, 24 miles southeast of Şanlıurfa...
  
   in the Jazira
  Al-Jazira, Mesopotamia
  Upper Mesopotamia is the name used for the uplands and great outwash plain of northwestern Iraq and northeastern Syria and southeastern Turkey which is known by the traditional Arabic name of Al-Jazira , variously transliterated into Roman script as Djazirah, Djezirah and Jazirah...
  
  , 744-750)

Abbasid

Abbasid

The Abbasid Caliphate or, more simply, the Abbasids , was the third of the Islamic caliphates. It was ruled by the Abbasid dynasty of caliphs, who built their capital in Baghdad after overthrowing the Umayyad caliphate from all but the al-Andalus region....

 emirs

• Abdallah ibn Ali (750-753)
• Salih ibn Ali
  Salih ibn Ali
  Salih ibn Ali ibn Abdallah ibn al-Abbas was a member of the Abbasid dynasty who served as general and governor in Syria and Egypt.- Life :...
  
   (753)
• Abd al-Bahhab ibn Ibrahim al-Abbasi (754-764)
• ?
• Al-Fadl ibn Salih
  Al-Fadl ibn Salih
  Al-Fadl ibn Salih ibn Ali ibn Abdillah ibn Abbas was the Abbasid governor of a number of different provinces in what is now modern-day Syria during the late 8th-century CE. He was also governor of Egypt for a brief period of time...
  
   (766-775)
• ?
• Abu Ja'far Harun al-Rashid
  Harun al-Rashid
  Hārūn al-Rashīd was the fifth Arab Abbasid Caliph in Iraq. He was born in Rey, Iran, close to modern Tehran. His birth date remains a point of discussion, though, as various sources give the dates from 763 to 766)....
  
   (783-786)
• ?
• Ibrahim as-Salih (791-793)
• Musa ibn Yahya al-Barmaki (793-794)
• Abd al-Malik ibn Salih
  Abd al-Malik ibn Salih
  Abd al-Malik ibn Salih ibn Ali was a member of the Abbasid dynasty who served as general and governor in Syria and Egypt. He distinguished himself in several raids against the Byzantine Empire, but his great influence and authority in Syria caused Caliph Harun al-Rashid to imprison him in 803...
  
   (794-797)
• Ja'far ibn Yahya
  Ja'far ibn Yahya
  Ja'far bin Yahya Barmaki, Jafar al-Barmaki was the son of a Persian Vizier of the Arab Abbasid Caliph, Harun al-Rashid, from whom he inherited that position. He was a member of the influential Barmakids family...
  
   (797-803)
• Shuyat ibn Hadim (803-804)
• ?
• Yahya ibn Muad (808-810)
• Abd al-Malik ibn Salih
  Abd al-Malik ibn Salih
  Abd al-Malik ibn Salih ibn Ali was a member of the Abbasid dynasty who served as general and governor in Syria and Egypt. He distinguished himself in several raids against the Byzantine Empire, but his great influence and authority in Syria caused Caliph Harun al-Rashid to imprison him in 803...
  
   (810-811)
• Sulayman ibn al-Mansur (811-815)
• Tahir ibn al-Husein
  Tahir ibn Husayn
  Tahir ibn Husayn was a general and governor during the Abbasid caliphate. Specifically, he served under al-Ma'mun and led the armies that would defeat al-Amin, making al-Ma'mun the caliph...
  
   (815-821)
• Abdallah ibn Tahir (821-822)
• ?
• Abu Ishaq Muhammad al-Mu'tasim
  Al-Mu'tasim
  Abu Ishaq 'Abbas al-Mu'tasim ibn Harun was an Abbasid caliph . He succeeded his half-brother al-Ma'mun...
  
   (828-829)
• al-Abbas ibn al-Ma'mun
  Al-Abbas ibn al-Ma'mun
  Al-Abbas ibn al-Ma'mun was an Arab prince and general, the son of the Abbasid Caliph al-Ma'mun . A distinguished military leader in the Byzantine–Arab Wars, he was passed over in the succession in favour of his uncle al-Mu'tasim...
  
   (829-833)
• 'Ali ibn Ishaq (833-841)
• Rija ibn Ayyub al-Hadari (841-847)
• Malik ibn Sauq al-Taglibi (847-850)
• Ibrahim al-Muyad ibn Mutawakkil (850-855)
• al-Fath ibn Hakan al-Turki (856-861)
• 'Isa ibn Muhammad ibn al-Shayh (861-864)
• ?
• Amajur (871-872)
• Abu Ahmad Talha al-Muwaffak ibn Mutawakkil (872-877)
• to Egypt (877-969)
  • Tughj ibn Jauf (896)
  • Abu Bakr Muhammad al-Ikshidi (896-933)
  • Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Kaigaliq (933-935)
  • directly to Egypt (935-943)
  • Hamdanid dynasty
    • Muhammad ibn Yazdad al-Shahrzuri (943-945)
    • Saif ad-Dawlah Abu al-Hasan 'Ali ibn Abu al-Shuja (945)
    • Muhammad ibn Raik (945-946)
    • Saif ad-Dawlah Abu al-Hasan 'Ali ibn Abu al-Shuja (946)
  • directly to Egypt (Ikhshidid dynasty
    Ikhshidid dynasty
    The Ikhshidid dynasty of Egypt ruled from 935 to 969. The dynasty carried the Arabic title "Wali" reflecting their position as governors on behalf of the Abbasids, the first governor was Muhammad bin Tughj Al-Ikhshid, a Turkic slave soldier, who was installed by the Abbasid Caliph and gave him and...
    
    , 946-969)

Fatimid

Fatimid

The Fatimid Islamic Caliphate or al-Fāṭimiyyūn was a Berber Shia Muslim caliphate first centered in Tunisia and later in Egypt that ruled over varying areas of the Maghreb, Sudan, Sicily, the Levant, and Hijaz from 5 January 909 to 1171.The caliphate was ruled by the Fatimids, who established the...

 emirs

• Abu Ali Jafar ibn Fallah al-Katami (969-971)
• ?
• Zalim inbn Mauhab al-Ukayli (973-974)
• Jaysh ibn Muhammad (974)
• Rayn al-Muizzi (974)
• Alp Tegin al-Muizzi (974-977)
• Qassam al-Turab (977-983)
• Bal Tegin al-Turki (983)
• Bakjur (983-991)
• Munir al-Hadim (991)
• Magu Tegin (993-996)
• Sulayman ibn Fallah (996)
• Bishara al-Ikhshidi (997-998)
• Jaysh ibn Muhammad (998-1000)
• Sulayman ibn Fallah (1000–1002)
• Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn Jafar (1002–1004)
• Abu Salih Muflih al-Lihyani (1004–1009)
• Hamid ibn Mulham (1009)
• Wajik ad-Dawlah Abu al-Muta Zu-l-Karnayn Hamdan (1010–1011)
• Badr al-Attar (1011–1012)
• Abu Abdallah al-Muzahhir (1012–1014)
• Abd ar-Rahman ibn Ilyas (1015–1021)
• Wajik ad-Dawlah Abu al-Muta Zu-l-Karnayn Hamdan (1021–1023)
• Shihab ad-Dawlah Shah Tegin (1023–1024)
• Wajik ad-Dawlah Abu al-Muta Zu-l-Karnayn Hamdan (1024–1028)
• Anushtegin ad-Dizbari (1028–1041)
• Nasir ad-Dawlah Abu Ali al-Husein al-Hamdani (1041–1048)
• Baha ad-Dawlah Takiq al-Saklabi (1048–1049)
• Uddat ad-Dawlah Rifq al-Mustansiri (1049)
• Mu'in ad-Dawlah Haydar ibn Adud ad-Dawlah (1049–1058)
• Makin ad-Dawlah Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn 'Ali (1058)
• Nasir ad-Dawlah Abu Ali al-Husein al-Hamdani (1058–1060)
• Sebuq Tegin (1060)
• Muwaffaq ad-Dawlah Jauhar al-Mustansiri (1060–1061)
• Hasam ad-Dawlah ibn al-Bachinaki (1061)
• Uddat ad-Dawlah ibn al-Husein (1061)
• Mu'in ad-Dawlah Haydar ibn Adud ad-Dawla (1061–1063)
• Badr al-Jamali (1063)
• Hisn ad-Dawlah Haydar ibn Mansur (1063–1067)
• Qutb ad-Din Baris Tegin (1068–1069)
• Hisn ad-Dawlah Mualla al-Kitami (1069–1071)
• ?
• Zain ad-Dawlah Intisar ibn Yahya al-Masmudi (1075–1076)

Seljuq emirs

• Abaaq al-Khwarazmi
  Abaaq al-Khwarazmi
  Aziz ibn Abaaq al-Khwarazmi was a commander under Malik Shah I and later became the first Seljuk ruler to gain independence from the Great Seljuk Empire. He founded a state in Damascus in 1076, where he commenced the construction of the Citadel of Damascus. His successor was the brother of Malik...
  
   (1076–1079)
• Tutush I
  Tutush I
  Abu Sa'id Taj ad-Dawla Tutush I was the Seljuq ruler of Damascus from 1079 to 1095, succeeding Abaaq al-Khwarazmi. He finished the construction of the Citadel of Damascus, a project that had begun under the direction of Abaaq al Khwarizmi...
  
   (1079–1095)
• Duqaq
  Duqaq
  Abu Nasr Shams al-Muluk Duqaq was the Seljuq ruler of Damascus from 1095 to 1104.Duqaq was a son of the Seljuq ruler of Syria, Tutush I, and Khatun Safwat al-Mulk, He was the brother of Radwan. When their father died in 1095, Radwan claimed Syria for himself, and Duqaq initially inherited...
  
   (1095–1104)
• Tutush II (1104)
• Muhi ad-Din Baqtash (1104)

Burid

Burid dynasty

The Burid dynasty was a Turkish dynasty which ruled over Damascus in the early 12th century. The first Burid ruler, Toghtekin, began as a servant to the Seljuk ruler of Damascus, Duqaq. Following Duqaq's death in 1104, he seized the city for himself. The Burids gained recognition from the...

 emirs

• Zahir ad-Din Toghtekin (1104–1128)
• Taj al-Muluk Buri
  Taj al-Muluk Buri
  Taj al-Muluk Buri was an atabeg of Damascus from 1128 to 1132. He was initially an officer in the army of Duqaq, the Seljuq ruler of Damascus, together with his father Toghtekin...
  
   (1128–1132)
• Shams al-Mulk Ismail (1132–1135)
• Shihab ad-Din Mahmud (1135–1139)
• Jamal ad-Din Muhammad (1139–1140)
• Mu'in ad-Din Unur
  Mu'in ad-Din Unur
  Mu'in ad-Din Unur al-Atabeki was the ruler of Damascus in the mid-12th century.-Origins:Mu'in ad-Din was originally a Mameluk in the army of Toghtekin, the founder of the Burid Dynasty of Damascus. When Zengi, the atabeg of Aleppo, besieged Damascus in 1135, Mu'in ad-Din was at the head of army...
  
  (Regent, 1140–1149)
• Mujir ad-Din Abaq
  Mujir ad-Din Abaq
  Mujīr ad-Dīn ʿAbd al-Dawla Abu Saʿīd Ābaq ibn Jamāl ad-Dīn Muhammad was the governor of Damascus from 1140 to 1154. He was the eldest son of Jamal ad-Din Muhammad....
  
   (1140–1154)

Zengid

Zengid dynasty

The Zengid dynasty was a Muslim dynasty of Turkic origin, which ruled parts of Syria and northern Iraq on behalf of the Seljuk Empire.-History:...

 atabeg

Atabeg

Atabeg, Atabek, or Atabey is a hereditary title of nobility of Turkic origin, indicating a governor of a nation or province who was subordinate to a monarch and charged with raising the crown prince...

s

• Nur ad-Din Mahmud (1154–1174)
• As-Salih Ismail al-Malik
  As-Salih Ismail al-Malik
  As-Salih Ismail al-Malik was an emir of Damascus in 1174, the son of Nur ad-Din ZangiHe was only eleven years old when his father died in 1174. As-Salih came under the protection of the eunuch Gumushtugin and was taken to Aleppo, while Nur ad-Din's officers competed for supremacy...
  
   (1174)

Ayyubid

Ayyubid dynasty

The Ayyubid dynasty was a Muslim dynasty of Kurdish origin, founded by Saladin and centered in Egypt. The dynasty ruled much of the Middle East during the 12th and 13th centuries CE. The Ayyubid family, under the brothers Ayyub and Shirkuh, originally served as soldiers for the Zengids until they...

 sultan

Sultan

Sultan is a title with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic language abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", "rulership", and "dictatorship", derived from the masdar سلطة , meaning "authority" or "power". Later, it came to be used as the title of certain rulers who...

s

• Saladin
  Saladin
  Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb , better known in the Western world as Saladin, was an Arabized Kurdish Muslim, who became the first Sultan of Egypt and Syria, and founded the Ayyubid dynasty. He led Muslim and Arab opposition to the Franks and other European Crusaders in the Levant...
  
   (1174–1186)
• Al-Afdal (1186–1196), Son of Saladin
• Al-Adil I
  Al-Adil I
  Al-Adil I was an Ayyubid-Egyptian general and ruler of Kurdish descent. From his honorific "Sayf al-Din" he was sometimes known to the Frankish crusaders as "Saphadin".- Life :...
  
   (1196–1218)
• Al-Mu'azzam
  Al-Mu'azzam
  Al-Mu'azzam 'Isa Sharaf ad-Din was an Ayyubid Sultan who ruled Damascus from 1218 to 1227. The son of Sultan Al-Adil I and nephew of Saladin, founder of the dynasty, Al-Mu'azzam was installed by his father as governor of Damascus in 1201. After his father's death in 1218, Al-Mu'azzam ruled the...
  
   (1218–1227)
• An-Nasir Dawud
  An-Nasir Dawud
  An-Nasir Dawud was briefly Ayyubid sultan of Damascus and later Emir of Kerak.An-Nasir Dawud was the son of Al-Mu'azzam, the Ayyubid Sultan of Damascus from 1218 to 1227. On his father's death, An-Nasir succeeded, but soon faced opposition from his uncle, Al-Kamil of Egypt, who made war on him,...
  
   (1227–1229)
• Al-Ashraf
  Al-Ashraf
  Al-Ashraf Musa Abu'l-Fath al-Muzaffar ad-Din, called Al-Ashraf was a ruler of the Ayyubid dynasty. The son of Sultan Al-Adil I, Al-Ashraf was installed by his father in Harran in 1201 as Governor of the Jezireh...
  
   (1229–1237)
• As-Salih Ismail
  As-Salih Ismail
  Imad ad-Din "al-Malik as-Salih" Ismail bin Saif ad-Din Ahmad better known as as-Salih Ismail was the Ayyubid sultan based in Damascus in 1237 then in 1239-45.- Sultan of Damascus :...
  
   (1237)
• Al-Kamil
  Al-Kamil
  Al-Kamil was a Kurdish Ayyubid sultan who ruled North Africa. During his tenure as sultan, the Ayyubids defeated two crusades. In a temporary agreement with the Crusaders, he ceded Jerusalem to the Christians.-Biography:He was the son of sultan al-Adil, a brother of Saladin...
  
   (1237–1238)
• Al-Adil II
  Al-Adil II
  Saif ad-Dīn al-Malik al-ʿĀdil Abū Bakr b. Nāṣir ad-Dīn Muḥammad was the Ayyubid sultan of Egypt from 1238 to 1240.When his father al-Kamil, nephew of Saladin, died in 1238, al-Adil II followed him somewhat unprepared. When the country plunged into anarchy, his exiled half-brother, as-Salih Ayyub,...
  
   (1238–1239)
• As-Salih Ayyub
  As-Salih Ayyub
  Al-Malik as-Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub , also known as al-Malik al-Salih was the Ayyubid ruler of Egypt from 1240 to 1249.-Biography:...
  
   (1239)
• As-Salih Ismail
  As-Salih Ismail
  Imad ad-Din "al-Malik as-Salih" Ismail bin Saif ad-Din Ahmad better known as as-Salih Ismail was the Ayyubid sultan based in Damascus in 1237 then in 1239-45.- Sultan of Damascus :...
  
   (1239–1245)
• As-Salih Ayyub
  As-Salih Ayyub
  Al-Malik as-Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub , also known as al-Malik al-Salih was the Ayyubid ruler of Egypt from 1240 to 1249.-Biography:...
  
   (1245–1249)
• Turanshah (1249–1250)
• An-Nasir Yusuf
  An-Nasir Yusuf
  An-Nasir Yusuf An-Nasir Yusuf (Arabic: الناصر يوسف ) An-Nasir Yusuf (Arabic: الناصر يوسف ) (Royal Name: al-Malik al-Nasir Salah al-Din Yusuf (Arabic: الملك الناصر صلاح الدين يوسف )(1228–1260 ) was the Ayyubid ruler of most of Syria, including Aleppo (1236–1260) and Damascus (1250–1260)...
  
   (1250–1260)

Mameluk Bahrid

Bahri dynasty

The Bahri dynasty or Bahriyya Mamluks was a Mamluk dynasty of mostly Kipchak Turkic origin that ruled Egypt from 1250 to 1382 when they were succeeded by the Burji dynasty, another group of Mamluks...

 emirs

• ?
• Sunkur al-Ashkar (1275–1280)
• Lajin al-Askhar (1280-?)
• Akush Beg (c. 1290s)
• Izz ad-Din Ayback (?-1296)
• Shuja ad-Din Adirlu (1296–1297)
• Sayf ad-Din Kipchak (1297–1312)
• Sayf ad-Din Tanqiz as-Nasiri (1312–1340)
• Yilbugha al-Nasiri (1340–1350)
• Sayf ad-Din Manjak (1350)
• Tash Timur (c. 1380)
• Yilbugha al-Nasiri (?-1393)
• Sayf ad-Din Tanibak (1393–1399)
• Sudun (1399–1400)
• occupied by Timur (1400–1401)
• Taghribirdi al-Zahiri (1401-?)
• ?
• Kijmas (c. 1470s)
• Ghazali Arab (c. 16th century)
• Shihab ad-Din Ahmad (1516–1517)
• Janbirdi al-Ghazali (1518–1521)

Ottoman

Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman EmpireIt was usually referred to as the "Ottoman Empire", the "Turkish Empire", the "Ottoman Caliphate" or more commonly "Turkey" by its contemporaries...

 walis

• Yunus Pasha (c. 1516)
• Janbirdi al-Ghazali
  Janbirdi al-Ghazali
  Janbirdi al-Ghazali was the first governor of Damascus Province under the Ottoman Empire from February 1518 until his death in February 1521.-Viceroy of Hama and Governor of Damascus:...
  
   (1518-1521)
• Aiyaz Pasha (1521–1522)
• Ferhad Pasha (1522–1523)
• Hurram Pasha (1523–1525)
• Sulayman Pasha al-Tawashi (1525–1526)
• Lutf Pasha (1526–1528)
• Isa Bey Pasha Chenderli (1528–1531)
• Mustafa Ablaq Pasha (1531–1534)
• Lutf Pasha (1534–1535)
• Isa Bey Pasha Chenderli (1535)
• Mohammad Kuzal Pasha (1536–1537)
• Topal Sulayman Pasha (1537–1538)
• Ahmed Pasha I (1538–1539)
• Qese Husrau Pasha (1539–1541)
• Isa Pasha (1541–1543)
• Piri Pasha (1543–1545)
• Hadim Sinan Pasha (1545–1550)
• Piri Pasha (1550–1551)
• Mohammad Pasha Bartaki (1551–1552)
• Shamsi Ahmed Pasha (1552–1555)
• Hizr Pasha (1555–1561)
• Ali Pasha Lankun (1561–1563)
• Khusrau Pasha I (1563)
• Lala Mustafa Pasha (1563–1569)
• Murad Pasha Shaitan (1569)
• Ali Pasha Lankun (1569–1570)
• Haji Ahmed Pasha (1570–1571)
• Lala Jafar Pasha (1574–1575)
• Murad Pasha (1575–1577)
• Hasan Pasha I (1577–1581)
• Bahram Pasha (1581–1582)
• Husein Pasha I (1582–1583)
• Hasan Pasha I (1583)
• Qubad Sulayman Pasha (1584)
• Hasan Pasha I (1585–1586)
• Uways Pasha (1586–1587)
• Mohammas Pasha Farhad (1587–1588)
• Uways Pasha (1588–1589)
• Elwanzade Ali Pasha (1589–1590)
• Kocha Sinan Pasha (1590)
• Hasan Pasha I (1590–1591)
• Mustafa Pasha I (1591–1592)
• Khalil Pasha (1592–1593)
• Qachirji Mohammad Pasha (1593–1594)
• Hasan Pasha I (1594)
• Murad Pasha (1594–1595)
• Khusrau Pasha II (1595–1596)
• Razia Hutunzade Mustafa Pasha (1596–1597)
• Yusuf Sinan Pasha (1597–1598)
• Ahmed Pasha II (1598)
• Ahmed Pasha III (1598)
• Khusrau Pasha II (1599)
• Seyyed Mehmed Pasha (1599–1600)
• Othman Pasha (1601–1603)
• Farhad Pasha Bustanji (1603–1604)
• Mustafa Pasha II (1604–1607)
• Mahmud Pasha (1607–1608)
• Sufi Sinan Pasha (1608–1609)
• Ahmad al-Hafiz (1609–1615)
• Silihdar Mehmed Pasha (1615–1617)
• Ahmad al-Hafiz (1618–1619)
• Mustafa Pasha III (1619–1620)
• Sulayman Pasha I (1620–1621)
• Murtaza Pasha Bustanji (1621–1622)
• Mehmed Pasha Rushand (1622–1623)
• Mustafa Pasha al-Hannaq (1623–1624)
• Nigdeli Mustafa Pasha (1624–1625)
• Gurju Mehmed Pasha I (1625–1626)
• Tayar Oglu Mehmed Pasha (1626–1628)
• Küçük Ahmed Pasha (1628–1629)
• Mustafa Pasha IV (1629–1630)
• Nawaya Mehmed Pasha (1630–1631)
• Ilyas Pasha (1632–1633)
• Deli Yusuf Pasha (1633–1635)
• Küçük Ahmed Pasha (1635–1636)
• Dervish Mehmed Pasha I (1636–1638)
• Mustafa Pasha IV (1638–1639)
• Chifteli Othman Pasha (1639–1640)
• Mehmed Pasha I (1640–1641)
• Serji Ahmed Pasha (1641–1642)
• Melik Ahmed Pasha (1642–1643)
• Sultanzade Mehmed Pasha (1643)
• Silihdar Yusuf Pasha (1643–1644)
• Gurju Mehmed Pasha II (1644–1645)
• Ibrahim Pasha I (1645)
• Mehmed Pasha Salami (1645–1646)
• Gürcê Mehmed (1646)
• Silihadar Yusuf Pasha (1646–1647)
• Sufi Murteza Pasha (1647)
• Sofu Mehmed Pasha
  Sofu Mehmed Pasha
  - Early years :He was a chamberlain of a defterdar . During the reign of Murad IV in 1636, he was appointed as the defterdar. During the reign of İbrahim in 1645 he was dismissed. During his retirement he became a member of Mevlevi Order gaining the title Mevlevi or Sofu...
  
   (1648)
• Damad Ibshir Mustafa Pasha (1649)
• Mehmed Pasha II (1649–1650)
• Silihdar Murtaza Pasha (1650)
• Siwasli Mustafa Pasha (1650–1651)
• Ag Ahmed Pasha (1651-1562)
• Deftarzade Mehmed Pasha (1653–1655)
• Qara Murad Pasha (1655)
• Qeprulu Fazil Ahmed Pasha (1659–1661)
• Sulayman Pasha II (1661–1663)
• Ribleli Mustafa Pasha (1663–1665)
• Salih Pasha I (1665–1666)
• Qara Mustafa Pasha (1666–1667)
• Mehmed Pasha Chewish Oglu (1667–1669)
• Ibrahim Pasha Shaytan (1669–1671)
• Abazekh Husein Pasha (1671–1672)
• Qara Mehmed Pasha (1672–1673)
• Ibrahim Pasha Shushman (1673–1674)
• Qer Husein Pasha (1674–1675)
• Ibrahim Pasha II (1675–1676)
• Osman Pasha Bustarji (1676–1679)
• Abazekh Husein Pasha (1679–1683)
• Ibrahim Pasha III (1684)
• Osman Pasha Bustarji (1684–1685)
• Kaplan Pasha (1686–1687)
• Arab Salih Pasha (1687–1688)
• Hamza Pasha (1688–1689)
• Silihdar Mustafa Pasha (1689–1690)
• Murtaza Pasha (1690–1691)
• Gurju Mehmed Pasha III (1691–1692)
• Ibshir Mustafa Pasha (1693–1694)
• Silihdar Osman Pasha (1695–1696)
• Silihdar Buuqli Mustafa Pasha (1696–1697)
• Ahmad Pasha Hacigirai (1697–1698)
• Silihdar Husein Pasha (1699)
• Silihdar Hasan Pasha (1700)
• Arslan Mehmed Pasha Matracyoghlu (1701)
• Salih Agha (1702)
• Mehmed Pasha Kurd Bajram (1702–1703)
• Pasha-ojlu (1703)
• Osman Pasha Arnavud (1703)
• Arslan Mehmed Pasha Matracyoghlu (1703–1704)
• Mustafa Pasha V (1704)
• Firari Hüseyin Pasha (1704–1705)
• Mehmed Pasha Kurd Bajram (1705–1706)
• Pasha-ojlu (1706)
• Baltaci Süleyman Pasha (1706–1707)
• Yusuf Pasha Qubtan Helvaci (1707)
• Halebli Hüseyin Pasha (1707)
• Osmanzade Nasuh Pasha al]]-ydini (1708–1714)
• Cerkes Mehmed Pasha the Circassian (1714)
• Mehmed Pasha III (1714)
• Topal Yusuf Pasha (1715)
• Nevsehirli Damad Ibrahim Pasha (1716–1717)
• Köprülüzade Abd Allah Pasha (1717–1718)
• Reçeb Pasha (1718)
• Abu Tawq Matuqzade Osman Pasha (1718)
• Küçük Osman Pasha (1719–1720)
• Ali Pasha Maqtulojlu (1720–1723)
• Abu Tawq Matuqzade Osman Pasha (1723–1725)
• Azamzade Ismail Pasha (1725–1730)
• Osman Aça (1730)
• Qara Süleyman Aça (acting
  Acting (law)
  In law, when someone is said to be acting in a position it can mean one of three things.*The position has not yet been formally created.*The person is only occupying the position temporarily, to ensure continuity.*The person does not have a mandate....
  
  ) (1730)
• Aidinli Abdallah Pasha (1730–1731)
• vacant (1731–1734)
• Azamzade Süleyman Pasha
  Sulayman Pasha al-Azm
  Sulayman Pasha al-Azm was the governor of Damascus under the Ottoman Empire from 1733–37 and 1741-43. He belonged to the prominent Arab al-Azm clan and was the uncle of As'ad Pasha al-Azm who succeeded him as governor...
  
   (1734–1738)
• Hüsein Pasha II (1738)
• Abu Tawq Matuqzade Osman Pasha (1739)
• Abdi Pashazade Ali Pasha (1740)
• Azamzade Süleyman Pasha (1741–1743)
• Azamzade Esad Pasha
  As'ad Pasha al-Azm
  As'ad Pasha al-Azm was the governor of Damascus under Ottoman rule from 1742 to his deposition in 1757. He is responsible for the construction of several architectural works in the city and other places in Syria.-Background:...
  
   (1743–1757)
• Mekkizade Hüseyin Pasha (1757)
• Ishalyq Mehmed Pasha (1759–1760)
• Uthman Pasha al-Kurzi (1760–1771)
• Azamzade Mehmed Pasha (1771–1772)
• Hafiz Mustafa Pasha Bustanci (1772–1773)
• Azamzade Mehmed Pasha (1773–1783)
• Osmanzade Mehmed Pasha (1783)
• Osmanzade Dervish Pasha (1783–1784)
• Ahmed Pasha al-Jazzar (1784–1786)
• Hüseyin Pasha Battal (1786–1787)
• Abdi Pasha (1787–1788)
• Ibrahim Pasha al-Halabi (1788–1789)
• vacant (1789–1790)
• Ahmed Pasha al-Jazzar (1790–1795)
• Azamzade Abdallah Pasha (1795–1798)
• Ahmed Pasha al-Jazzar (1798–1799)
• Azamzade Abdallah Pasha (1799–1803)
• Ahmed Pasha al-Jazzar (1803–1804)
• Azamzade Abdallah Pasha (1804-807)
• Kunj Yusuf Pasha (1807–1810)
• Süleyman Pasha Silahdar (1810–1818)
• Salih Pasha II (1818)
• Abdallah Pasha II (1819–1821)
• Dervish Mehmd Pasha II (1821–1822)
• Mustafa Pasha IV (1822–1826)
• vacant (1826–1828)
• Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1828–1831)
• Benderli Mehmed Selim Sırrı Paşa
  Mehmed Selim Pasha
  Mehmed Selim Pasha or Mehmed Selim Sırrı Pasha was an Ottoman statesman. He was Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire. He ruled from 14 September 1824 to 24 October 1828 as Grand Vizier of sultan Mahmud II and failed in the fight against the Greek War of Independence...
  
   (1831–1832)
• to Egypt, autonomous from the Ottoman Empire
  • Ahmed Bey (1831–1832)
  • Ibrahim Pasha IV (1832)
  • Muhammad Sharif Pasha (1832–1838)
  • vacant (1838–1840)
• Izzet Mehmed Pasha (1840–1841)
• Mehmed Reshid Pasha (1841–1844)
• Mehmed Namiq Pasha (1845–1846)
• Riza Pasha (1845–1846)
• Musa Sefveti Pasha (1846)
• Namiq Pasha (1848)
• Mehmed Namiq Pasha (1848–1850)
• Osman Pasha Said Pasha (1850–1852)
• Izzet Mehmed Pasha (1852)
• Açaf Pasha (1852–1854)
• Arif Mehmed Pasha (1854–1855)
• Mehmed Namiq Pasha (1855)
• Mahmud Nedim Pasha (1856–1857)
• Izzet Mehmed Pasha (1857)
• Ali Pasha II (1858)
• Mu'amer Pasha (1860)
• Keçecizade Mehmed Fuad Pasha (1860–1861)
• Ahmed Pasha IV (1861)
• Emin Muhlis Pasha (1861–1862)
• Mehmed Reshid Pasha (1862–1864)
• Müterçim Mehmed Rüstü Pasha (1864–1865)
• Reshid Pasha (1865–1871)
• Subhi Pasha (1871–1873)
• Sherif Mehmed Re'uf Pasha (1873–1874)
• Esad Pasha (1874–1875)
• Ahmed Hamdi Pasha (1875–1876)
• Ahmed Pasha V (1876–1877)
• Küçük Ömer Fevzi Pasha (1877–1878)
• Ali Haydar Midhat Pasha (1878–1879)
• Hamdi Pasha (1880–1885)
• Rashid Nashid Pasha (1885–1888)
• Manastirli Mehmed Nazif Pasha (1888–1889)
• Mustafa Asim Pasha (1889–1891)
• Topal Osman Nuri Pasha (1891–1892)
• Sherif Mehmed Rauf Pasha (1892–1894)
• Haçi Osman Nuri Pasha (1894–1895)
• Hasan Pasha II (1896–1897)
• Nazim Pasha (1897–1906)
• Shukri Pasha (1906–1909)
• Ismail Fazil Bey (1909–1911)
• Ismail Ghalib Bey (1911–1912)
• Kiazim Pasha (1912–1913)
• Arif Bey (1913)
• Mehmed Arif Bey Mardin (1914)
• Jamal Pasha (1915)
• Azmi Pasha (1915–1916)
• Tahsin Bey (1916–1918)
• Mehmed Gabriel Pasha (1918)
• Shukri Pasha (October 1–2, 1918)

Capital of Syria

• to France
  France
  The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
  
   (1920–1946)
• Republic of Syria (1946–1958)
• United Arab Republic
  United Arab Republic
  The United Arab Republic , often abbreviated as the U.A.R., was a sovereign union between Egypt and Syria. The union began in 1958 and existed until 1961, when Syria seceded from the union. Egypt continued to be known officially as the "United Arab Republic" until 1971. The President was Gamal...
  
  (1958–1961)
• Republic of Syria (1961–present)

External links

• Syria and Damascus from Hostkingdom.net