1229 James I of Aragon the Conqueror enters Medina Mayurqa (now known as Palma, Spain) thus consummating the Christian reconquest of the island of Majorca.
1469 Ferdinand II of Aragon marries Isabella I of Castile, a marriage that paves the way to the unification of Aragon and Castile into a single country, Spain.
1483 Gran Canaria, the main of the Canary Islands is conquered by the Kingdom of Castile, very important step in the expansion of Spain.
1491 The siege of Granada, the last Moorish stronghold in Spain, begins.
1492 Reconquista: the emirate of Granada, the last Moorish stronghold in Spain, surrenders
1492 Spain and Christopher Columbus sign the Capitulations of Santa Fe for his voyage to Asia to acquire spices.
1492 Spain gives Christopher Columbus his commission of exploration.
1492 The Jews are expelled from Spain when the Alhambra Decree takes effect.
1492 Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile drive the Jews out of Spain.
1492 Christopher Columbus sets sail from Palos de la Frontera, Spain.
1492 The Jews of Spain are expelled by the Catholic Monarchs.
1493 Christopher Columbus returns to Spain after his first trip to the Americas.
1493 Pope Alexander VI divides the New World between Spain and Portugal along the Line of Demarcation.
1494 Christopher Columbus lands on the island of Jamaica and claims it for Spain.
1494 Spain and Portugal sign the Treaty of Tordesillas which divides the New World between the two countries.
1494 The Treaty of Tordesillas is ratified by Spain.
1502 Christopher Columbus leaves Spain for his fourth and final journey to the New World.
1503 Important victory of the Great captain at the Battle of Cerignola, ruling a small Spanish armies over a French four times bigger in number, in Cerignola, next Bari, Southern Italy. It is noted as the first battle in history won by gunpowder small arms.
1511 Spain and England ally against France.
1513 Explorer Juan Ponce de León declares Florida a territory of Spain.
1513 Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa reaches what would become known as the Pacific Ocean.
1513 Battle of La Motta: Spanish troops under Ramón de Cardona defeat the Venetians.
1516 The Treaty of Noyon between France and Spain is signed. Francis I of France recognises Charles's claim to Naples, and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor recognises Francis's claim to Milan.
1520 The Spaniards are expelled from Tenochtitlan.
1520 La Noche Triste: a joint Mexican Indian force led by the Aztec ruler Cuitláhuac defeat Spanish Conquistadores led by Hernán Cortés.
1522 The ''Victoria'', the only surviving ship of Ferdinand Magellan's expedition, returns to Sanlúcar de Barrameda in Spain, becoming the first ship to circumnavigate the world.
1527 Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance. 147 Swiss Guards, including their commander, die fighting the forces of Charles V in order to allow Pope Clement VII to escape into Castel Sant'Angelo.
1528 Shipwrecked Spanish conquistador Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca becomes the first known European to set foot in Texas.
1529 Treaty of Saragossa divides the eastern hemisphere between Spain and Portugal along a line 297.5 leagues or 17° east of the Moluccas.
1533 Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca empire
1536 Spaniard Pedro de Mendoza founds Buenos Aires, Argentina.
1539 Spain annexes Cuba.
1539 DeSoto claims Florida for Spain.
1548 The city of Nuestra Senora de La Paz (Our Lady of Peace) was founded by Captain Alonso de Mendoza by appointment of the king of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V.
1556 Philip II becomes King of Spain.
1556 Departing from Vlissingen, ex-Holy Roman Emperor Charles V returns to Spain.
1558 Battle of Gravelines: in France, Spanish forces led by Count Lamoral of Egmont defeat the French forces of Marshal Paul de Thermes at Gravelines.
1559 Bartolomé Carranza, Spanish archbishop, is arrested for heresy.
1565 Cebu is established becoming the first Spanish settlement in the Philippines.
1566 Two-hundred Dutch noblemen, led by Hendrik van Brederode, force themselves into the presence of Margaret of Parma and present the Petition of Compromise, denouncing the Spanish Inquisition in the Netherlands. The Inquisition is suspended and a delegation is sent to Spain to petition Philip II.
1568 The Netherlands declare their independence from Spain.
1576 Eighty Years' War: In Flanders, Spain captures Antwerp (after three days the city is nearly destroyed).
1580 Battle of Alcântara. Spain defeats Portugal.
1581 Plakkaat van Verlatinghe (Act of Abjuration): the northern Low Countries declare their independence from the Spanish king, Philip II.
1582 Spanish conquistador Hernando de Lerma founds the settlement of Salta, Argentina.
1582 Because of the implementation of the Gregorian calendar this day does not exist in this year in Italy, Poland, Portugal and Spain.
1582 Because of the implementation of the Gregorian calendar, this day is skipped in Italy, Poland, Portugal and Spain.
1582 Because of the implementation of the Gregorian calendar, this day is skipped in Italy, Poland, Portugal and Spain.
1582 Because of the implementation of the Gregorian calendar this day does not exist in this year in Italy, Poland, Portugal and Spain.
1582 Because of the implementation of the Gregorian calendar, this day does not exist in this year in Italy, Poland, Portugal and Spain.
1582 Because of the implementation of the Gregorian calendar this day does not exist in this year in Italy, Poland, Portugal and Spain.
1582 Because of the implementation of the Gregorian calendar, this day does not exist in this year in Italy, Poland, Portugal and Spain.
1582 Because of the implementation of the Gregorian calendar this day does not exist in this year in Italy, Poland, Portugal and Spain.
1582 Because of the implementation of the Gregorian calendar, this day does not exist in this year in Italy, Poland, Portugal and Spain.
1582 Because of the implementation of the Gregorian calendar this day does not exist in this year in Italy, Poland, Portugal and Spain.
1582 Pope Gregory XIII implements the Gregorian calendar. In Italy, Poland, Portugal, and Spain, October 4 of this year is followed directly by October 15.
1595 Henry IV of France declares war on Spain.
1595 The Spanish army captures Cambrai.
1607 The Bank of Genoa fails after announcement of national bankruptcy in Spain.
1607 Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar.
1609 Expulsion order announced against the Moriscos of Valencia; beginning of the expulsion of all Spain's Moriscos.
1641 Battle of Mbororé: Guaranís from Jesuit Reductions fight Bandeirantes, and Portuguese explorers after separation of the Kingdoms of Spain and Portugal.
1643 Thirty Years' War: French forces under the duc d'Enghien decisively defeat Spanish forces at the Battle of Rocroi, marking the symbolic end of Spain as a dominant land power.
1643 Thirty Years' War: French forces under the duc d'Enghien decisively defeat Spanish forces at the Battle of Rocroi, marking the symbolic end of Spain as a dominant land power.
1648 Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster and Osnabrück is signed, ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain.
1655 England, with troops under the command of Admiral William Penn and General Robert Venables, annexes Jamaica from Spain.
1657 Admiral Robert Blake destroys a Spanish silver fleet under heavy fire at Santa Cruz de Tenerife.
1659 The Peace of the Pyrenees is signed between France and Spain.
1668 Spain recognizes Portugal as an independent nation.
1680 Pueblo Indians capture Santa Fe from Spanish during the Pueblo Revolt.
1697 The Treaty of Rijswijk is signed by France, England, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire and the Dutch Republic ending the Nine Years' War (1688–97).
1707 The Habsburg army is defeated by Bourbon army at Almansa (Spain) in the War of the Spanish Succession.
1714 Siege of Barcelona: Barcelona, capital city of Catalonia, surrenders to Spanish and French Bourbon armies in the War of the Spanish Succession.
1715 A Spanish treasure fleet of 10 ships under Admiral Ubilla leaves Havana, Cuba for Spain. Seven days later, 9 of them sink in a storm off the coast of Florida. A few centuries later, treasure is salvaged from these wrecks.
1717 Spanish troops land on Sardinia.
1718 Great Britain declares war on Spain.
1729 Spain, France and Great Britain sign the Treaty of Seville.
1739 War of Jenkins' Ear starts: British Prime Minister, Robert Walpole, reluctantly declares war on Spain.
1744 France and Spain defeat the Kingdom of Sardinia at the Battle of Madonna dell'Olmo.
1746 War of Austrian Succession: Austria and Sardinia defeat a Franco-Spanish army at the Battle of Piacenza.
1755 King Ferdinand VI of Spain grants royal protection to the Beaterio de la Compañia de Jesus, now known as the Congregation of the Religious of the Virgin Mary.
1762 Great Britain declares war on Spain and Naples.
1762 Seven Years' War: conclusion of the Battle of Manila between Britain and Spain, which resulted in the British occupation of Manila for the rest of the war.
1766 Antonio de Ulloa, the first Spanish governor of Louisiana, arrives in New Orleans.
1771 Spain cedes Port Egmont in the Falkland Islands to the United Kingdom.
1775 The Spanish establish a ''presidio'' (fort) in the town that became Tucson, Arizona.
1779 Spain declares war on the Kingdom of Great Britain, and the siege of Gibraltar begins.
1781 Los Angeles, California, is founded as El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora La Reina de los Ángeles de Porciúncula (The Village of Our Lady, the Queen of the Angels of Porziuncola) by 44 Spanish settlers.
1782 Spanish defeat British forces and capture Minorca.
1783 The Kingdom of Great Britain signs a peace treaty with France and Spain, officially ending hostilities in the Revolutionary War.
1783 American Revolutionary War: Spain recognizes United States independence.
1794 The Battle of Boulou is fought, in which French forces defeated the Spanish under General Union.
1795 The United States and Spain sign the Treaty of Madrid, which establishes the boundaries between Spanish colonies and the U.S.
1797 Horatio Nelson loses more than 300 men and his right arm during the failed conquest attempt of Tenerife (Spain).
1798 The Mississippi Territory is organized from disputed territory claimed by both the United States and Spain. It is expanded in 1804 and again in 1812.
1798 The week long battle of St. George's Caye begins between Spain and Britain off the coast of Belize.
1798 At the Battle of St. George's Caye, British Honduras defeats Spain.
1800 Spain cedes Louisiana to France via the Treaty of San Ildefonso.
1803 In New Orleans, Louisiana, Spanish representatives officially transfer the Louisiana Territory to a French representative. Just 20 days later, France transfers the same land to the United States as the Louisiana Purchase.
1805 Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Trafalgar: A British fleet led by Vice Admiral Lord Nelson defeats a combined French and Spanish fleet off the coast of Spain under Admiral Villeneuve. It signals almost the end of French maritime power and leaves Britain's navy unchallenged until the twentieth century.
1805 Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Trafalgar: A British fleet led by Vice Admiral Lord Nelson defeats a combined French and Spanish fleet off the coast of Spain under Admiral Villeneuve. It signals almost the end of French maritime power and leaves Britain's navy unchallenged until the twentieth century.
1808 Napoleon's brother, Joseph Bonaparte is crowned King of Spain.
1809 Quito, now the capital of Ecuador, declares independence from Spain. This rebellion will be crushed on August 2, 1810.
1810 The Governor of Caracas declares independence from Spain.
1810 Citizens of Bogotá, New Granada declare independence from Spain.
1811 Paraguay gains independence from Spain.
1811 Paraguay declares independence from Spain.
1811 Peninsular War: The allies Spain, Portugal and Britain, defeat the French at the Battle of Albuera.
1811 Venezuela declares independence from Spain.
1812 Bolivian War of Independence: In Bolivia, the Battle of La Coronilla, in which the women from Cochabamba fight against the Spanish army.
1814 King Ferdinand VII of Spain signs the Decrete of the 4th of May, returning Spain to absolutism.
1816 Argentina declares independence from Spain.
1817 An Argentine/Chilean patriotic army, after crossing the Andes, defeats Spanish troops on the Battle of Chacabuco.
1819 By the Adams-Onís Treaty, Spain sells Florida to the United States for five million U.S. dollars.
1819 Simón Bolívar triumphs over Spain in the Battle of Boyacá.
1820 Guayaquil declares independence from Spain.
1821 The Battle of Carabobo takes place. It is the decisive battle in the war of independence of Venezuela from Spain.
1821 The United States takes possession of its newly bought territory of Florida from Spain.
1821 The Treaty of Córdoba is signed in Córdoba, now in Veracruz, Mexico, concluding the Mexican War of Independence from Spain.
1821 Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica jointly declare independence from Spain.
1821 Mexico gains its independence from Spain.
1821 Panama Independence Day: Panama separates from Spain and joins Gran Colombia.
1825 Bolivia gains independence from Spain.
1836 The settlement of Mayagüez, Puerto Rico is elevated to the royal status of villa by the government of Spain.
1836 Spain recognizes the independence of Mexico.
1859 Spain declares war on Morocco.
1861 The Canellas meteorite, an 859-gram chondrite-type meteorite, strikes the earth near Barcelona, Spain.
1865 Battle of Papudo: The Spanish navy engages a combined Peruvian-Chilean fleet north of Valparaiso, Chile.
1865 Chincha Islands War: Peru allies with Chile against Spain.
1866 Peruvian defenders fight off Spanish fleet at the Battle of Callao.
1868 Grito de Lares ("Lares Revolt") occurs in Puerto Rico against Spanish rule.
1875 Notorious New York City politician Boss Tweed escapes from prison and flees to Cuba, then Spain.
1876 Corrupt Tammany Hall leader William Marcy Tweed (better known as Boss Tweed) is delivered to authorities in New York City after being captured in Spain.
1898 Spanish-American War: The {{USS|Maine|ACR-1|6}} explodes and sinks in Havana harbor in Cuba, killing more than 260. This event leads the United States to declare war on Spain.
1898 Spanish-American War: The U.S. Congress, on April 25, recognizes that a state of war exists between the United States and Spain as of this date.
1898 Spanish-American War: The United States Navy begins a blockade of Cuban ports and the {{USS|Nashville|PG-7|6}} captures a Spanish merchant ship.
1898 The Spanish-American War: The United States declares war on Spain.
1898 Spanish-American War: The United States declares war on Spain.
1898 Philippine Declaration of Independence: General Emilio Aguinaldo declares the Philippines' independence from Spain.
1898 The United States captures Guam from Spain.
1899 Spanish rule ends in Cuba.
1899 Spanish-American War: The Treaty of Paris, a peace treaty between the United States and Spain, is ratified by the United States Senate.
1899 Spain cedes Puerto Rico to the United States.
1906 The Algeciras Conference gives France and Spain control over Morocco.
1912 Spain declares a protectorate over the north shore of Morocco.
1921 Spanish Premier Eduardo Dato Iradier is assassinated while exiting the parliament building in Madrid.
1923 Following a military coup in Spain, Miguel Primo de Rivera takes over, setting up a dictatorship.
1923 Miguel Primo de Rivera becomes dictator of Spain.
1931 Spanish Cortes depose King Alfonso XIII and proclaims the 2nd Spanish Republic.
1934 In Spain the national council of ''Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista'' is inaugurated. The council decides to merge the movement with the ''Falange Española''.
1936 Elections bring the Popular Front to power in Spain.
1936 Spanish Civil War: An Armed Forces rebellion against the recently-elected leftist Popular Front government of Spain starts the civil war.
1936 In Spanish Morocco, military rebels attempt a coup d'état against the legitimacy of the Spanish government. This will lead to the Spanish Civil War.
1936 In Catalonia, Spain, the Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia is founded through the merger of Socialist and Communist parties.
1936 Francisco Franco is named head of the Nationalist government of Spain.
1937 Spanish Civil War: Spanish Republican forces defeat the Italians at the Battle of Guadalajara.
1937 Spanish Civil War: Guernica (or Gernika in Basque, Spain is bombed by German Luftwaffe.
1955 Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Finland, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Jordan, Laos, Libya, Nepal, Portugal, Romania, Spain and Sri Lanka join the United Nations.
1956 Spain relinquishes its protectorate in Morocco.
1958 Moroccan Liberation Army ambushes Spanish patrol in the Battle of Edchera.
1959 The Organization for European Economic Cooperation admits Spain.
1966 Off the coast of Spain in the Mediterranean, the {{Ship|DSV|Alvin}} submarine finds a missing American hydrogen bomb.
1967 The people of Gibraltar vote to remain a British dependency rather than becoming part of Spain.
1968 Equatorial Guinea becomes independent from Spain
1975 Prince Juan Carlos becomes Spain's acting head of state, taking over for the country's ailing dictator, Gen. Francisco Franco.
1975 Spain abandons Western Sahara.
1975 Francisco Franco, Caudillo of Spain, dies after 36 years in power.
1976 The formerly Spanish territory of Western Sahara, under the auspices of the Polisario Front declares independence as the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.
1976 5 workers are killed by the police in a demonstration in Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
1977 In Alicante, Spain, fascists attack a group of MCPV militants and sympathizers, and one MCPV sympathizer is killed.
1978 Los Alfaques Disaster: A truck carrying liquid gas crashes and explodes at a coastal campsite in Tarragona, Spain killing 216 tourists.
1978 Spain approves its latest constitution in a referendum.
1978 Spain becomes a democracy after 40 years of dictatorship.
1982 During a procession outside the shrine of the Virgin Mary in Fátima, Portugal, security guards overpower Juan Fernandez Krohn before he can attack Pope John Paul II with a bayonet. Krohn, an ultraconservative Spanish priest opposed to the Vatican II reforms, believed that the Pope had to be killed for being an "agent of Moscow".
1982 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party wins elections, leading to first Socialist government in Spain after death of Franco. Felipe Gonzalez becomes Prime Minister-elect.
1983 The Spanish Socialist government of Felipe González and Miguel Boyer nationalizes Rumasa, a holding company founded by entrepreneur José María Ruiz Mateos.
1984 Under the Brussels Agreement signed between the governments of the United Kingdom and Spain, the former agreed to enter into discussions with Spain over Gibraltar, including sovereignty.
1985 Iberia Airlines Boeing 727 crashes into Mount Oiz in Spain, killing 148.
1986 The Kingdom of Spain and the Portuguese Republic are admitted into the European Community.
1992 The Greek oil tanker ''Aegean Sea'', carrying 80,000 tonnes of crude oil, runs aground in a storm while approaching La Coruña, Spain, and spills much of its cargo.
1996 In Spain, an ETA bomb at Reus Airport injures 53
1997 In north west Rwanda, Hutu militia members kill 3 Spanish aid workers, 3 soldiers and seriously wound one other.
1997 Partido Popular (Spain) member Miguel Ángel Blanco is kidnapped in the Basque city of Ermua by ETA members, sparking widespread protests.
1998 Former Chilean dictator General Augusto Pinochet is arrested in London on a warrant from Spain requesting his extradition on murder charges.
2002 The peseta is discontinued as official currency of Spain and is replaced by the euro (€).
2003 The Spanish police thwart an attempt by ETA to detonate 50 kg of explosives at 3:55 p.m. inside Madrid's busy Chamartín Station.
2004 Madrid train bombings: Simultaneous explosions on rush hour trains in Madrid, Spain, kill 191 people.
2004 Islamist terrorists involved in the 11 March 2004 Madrid attacks attempt to bomb the Spanish high-speed train AVE near Madrid. Their attack is thwarted.
2005 Spain becomes the first country to vote in a referendum on ratification of the proposed Constitution of the European Union, passing it by a substantial margin, but on a low turnout.
2005 Ante Gotovina, a Croatian army general accused of war crimes, is captured in the Playa de las Américas, Tenerife by the Spanish police.
2006 Valencia metro accident leaves 43 dead in Valencia, Spain.
2007 ''¿Por qué no te callas?'' incident between King Juan Carlos of Spain and Venezuela's president Hugo Chávez.