Haplogroup G (Y-DNA) Country by Country
Encyclopedia
In human genetics
, Haplogroup G (M201) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup
None of the sampling done by research studies shown here would qualify as true random sampling, and thus any percentages of haplogroup
G provided country by country are only rough approximations of what would be found in the full population. There is evidence, however, that most authors tried to obtain samples primarily from persons with histories of long residences in the locale sampled.
, 2% were found to be G. SNP testing was not done, but this one sample was predicted G based on haplotype
. When originally tested for SNPs, G was not an available test.
of southern Cameroon
none were G, and likewise there were no G samples found among 14 Bantus there.
(2004), 9% were G. And in a 2009 study, among 116 Egyptians, 6.9% were G.
of Ethiopia
, none were found to be G. These men were apparently living in Israel at the time of the study.
based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but a close approximation for the population in Tripoli
in the western part of the country based on the STR
markers of 63 samples from there in the YHRD database indicates 7.9% are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.
Of 20 Jews of Libya, 10% were found to be G. These men seemingly were then living in Israel.
, none were reported as G. Of these, 124 samples came from the southeastern coast, and 9 were from the north central highlands.
, 1% were found to be G.
In another study 1% of 312 samples in Morocco were G.
Another study gathered samples only from hamlets in Morocco's Azgour Valley, where none of 33 samples were determined G. These hamlets were selected because they were felt to be typically Berber
in composition.
A study of 20 Moroccan Jews
found 30% were G. The tested men were then apparently living in Israel
. Another study of Jewish men found 19.3% of 83 Jewish men from Morocco belonged to haplogroup G.
among the Hutus and 94 among the Tutsis, 0% were G.
, none were G.
, none were reported as G.
, 0% were found to be G.
In another study 0% of 52 samples were G.
, 0% were found to be G.
, 2.2% were found to be G.
One study sampled 20 Iraqi Jews (apparently living in Israel), and 10% were found to be G2a (P15+). Another study of Iraqi Jews found 10.1% of 79 men were G.
9.8% were found to be G. The G2a (P15+) types were in the majority, with G2c being the next most common type.
Among the Islamic Druze
, G was found in 4% of 37 samples on the Golan Heights; in 14% of 183 samples in the Galilee
; and in 12% of 35 samples in the Carmel
. Another study which sampled 20 Druze men apparently living in Israel, none had the G mutation.
Among Palestinians apparently living in Israel, 75% of 20 samples were found to be G2a (P15+). In the same study, among Samaritans in Israel none of 12 samples was G. In the CEPH-HDGP "Central Israel" Palestinian sample (n=17), 59% (10) were G. These were G2a3b-P303. "Central Israel Palestnians" are very likely to be the Abu Ghosh
Palestinian clan of the Jerusalem region, who accepted Israeli citizenship in 1948. This clan is known to have be of Circassian origin from the Caucasus.
A study of 329 Druze men found 12.5% were haplogroup G. This study was not confined to Israel, but was probably mostly Israeli.
, 5.5% were G.
In another study, 5.9% of 101 Jordanian samples at Amman
were G, and 0% of 45 samples in the Dead Sea
area in Jordan were G.
, 2.4% were G.
In a study confined to Bedouin
tribes of Kuwait, among 148 samples 3.4% were G. Most of these were found among the Aniza. All these were G2a (P15+).
, 6% were G.
In 29 samples from another study among the Druze
in Lebanon, none were G in contrast to significant percentages of G among them in Syria and Israel.
, 4.8% were G.
In another study of Syria, 5.5% of 200 samples were G. In yet another study, 3.5% of 87 Syrian samples were G.
In another study, among 26 samples taken among the Druze
in Syria 14% were G.
, 9.2% were G. The G1/G1a samples were found only among the northeastern Turkey samples. The single G2c* was found in Kars Province in the far northeast. Of the 9.2% G total, the G samples were found in each of the following subgroups: (a) G2c*(M377+ M283-) n=1; (b) G1* (M342+) n=1; (c) G1a (P20+) n=4; (d) G2a* (P15+) n=37; (e) G2a1 (P16+) n=5; and (f) G2b (M286+) n=1.
Among 87 Kurmanji
-speaking Kurds in southeastern Turkey, 2.3% were found to be G. And among 27 Zazaki
-speaking Kurds in the same area, 3.7% were G.
A 2008 doctoral dissertation that sampled 140 men in four towns in central Turkey found 4 of 49 men at Merkez were G2, 1 of 30 at Eskikoy, and none of 31 and 30 men respectively at Dogukoy and Gocmankoy were G2. However, the author only applied prediction software to STR samples to determine the haplogroups. He concluded that the genetic diversity found suggests "multiple ancestral populations contributed to the genetic make-up of the area." One G2 man had known origins in northeastern Turkey.
, 4.2% were G. The majority were of the G1 type.
, 1.6% were G. All were G2a (P15+).
In another study that concentrated on the island of Soqotra, none of 63 samples was G.
In another study among 20 Jewish Yemenis, 5% were G2a (P15+) and another 5% were G1 (M285+). These men were apparently then living in Israel. A 2010 study of Jewish men found 0% of 74 Jewish men from Yemen were haplogroup G.
11% were G.
A study that concentrated on Jewish men found 21% of 57 Jewish men from Armenia were haplogroup G.
18% were G.
In a study that concentrated on the Talysh
of the southern tip of Azerbaijan, 3% of 40 samples were found to be G.
A study that sampled Jews from Azerbaijan found 16% of 57 men were haplogroup G.
(2001), 30% were G.
Among 77 samples taken in Georgia (2003), 31% were G. Georgia has the highest percentage of G among the general population recorded in any country. Among 66 samples taken in Georgia (2009), 31.6% were G2a (P15+). Of this 31.6% figure, 1.5% were G2a3a (M406+), and the remainder were unspecified other types of G2a.
Among 25 Kurmanji
-speaking Kurds in Georgia, 0% were found to be G.
In Abkhazia
55% of 60 samples were found to be G as listed in a 2009 presentation by Khadizhat Dibirova.
In a study of Jewish men, 4.8% of 62 Jewish men from Georgia were haplogroup G.
None of these men were found G1 (M285+) or G2a (P15+).
In a 2003 study these percentages of G were found in the following central north Caucasus populations:
In a 2004 study regarding North Ossetians
,
A second Ossetian study also in 2004, gave the following results:
The G concentrations at Alagir and Digora represent the highest reported concentrations of G in any locale in the world. Though not stated in the study, most of these are likely typical G2a1a type of G based on STR marker values.
In a 2006 doctoral dissertation dealing with the northwestern Caucasus area, the following were reported:
Note: The above study by Yunusbaev (2006) showed the tiny population of Northeast Caucasian language family
Andic-speaking
Chamalal
to be 19% (N=5/27) G2a-P15, and all of this was an unknown sub-clade of G2a-P15 listed as "G2c" which was not defined in 2006 when this study was conducted (no SNP testing was done for true G2c-M377). Since this study tested only G-M201 and G2a-P15, it is possible that this sub-clade may actually be G2a1-P16, since a number of the likely G haplotypes from Daghestan are actually G2a1-P16. He also reported that 12% (N=76) of the Kumyks
tested were G with that figure composed of 11% G2a (P15+) and 1% (1/76) listed as "G2c", which again at the time a sub-clade of G2a-P15, likely G2a1-P16).
A 2009 presentation by Khadizhat Dibirova indicated the following percentages:
The reported high G concentration among the Shapsugs
of the far northwestern Caucasus represents the highest percentage of G among any group worldwide. The type of G was not reported. If the Shapsug samples all belong to a particular G haplogroup it is likely this is the highest percentage of G in a single population in the world slightly higher than among the Madjars of Kazakhstan
.
A 2009 study that concentrated on Balkarian men found 28.9% G. The location was not specified, but Balkarians live mostly in the Kabardino-Balkar Republic in the north Caucasus in a location consistent with the map the authors provided. Another study that was not geographically precise found that among 155 Adyghe men,47.7% were haplogroup G.
in a 2006 study:
(a) The Turkic Uyghurs
who live primarily in far northwestern China 4.5% of 67.
(b) The northern Han
2.3% of 44.
(c) The southern Han 0% of 40.
(d) Tibet
0% of 105.
(e) The Zhuang who live in southern China or Vietnam, 0% of 20.
(f) The Yao
of southern China 0% of 60.
(g) In Manchuria
or among the Manchus in northeastern China, 0% of 93.
(h) The Evenks
who live principally along the border of northeastern China 0% of 31.
(i) The Oroqen of northeastern China 0% of 22.
(j) The Yi
who live principally in southern China and who speak a Burmese language 0% of 43.
(k) The Tujia of central China, 0% of 47.
A study that sampled five southern Chinese groups found the following percentages of G:
(1) The Han
less than 1% G in 166 samples.
(2) The Miao
0% of 58.
(3) The She
0% of 51.
(4) The Tujia 0% of 49.
(5) The Yao
0% of 60.
A study that concentrated on the island of Hainan
off the southeastern Chinese coast found 0% G among 405 men from various island aborigine groups.
A study that concentrated on the Mang
of Yunnan Province in southern China found no G among 65 samples.
Another study that sampled Tibet found 0% G among 156 samples
A 2010 study of northwestern China found G (M201) in 2% of 41 Kazakhs
; 2% of 31 Tajikes; and 2% of 23 Ozbeks. No G was found among Tu
, Xibo, Mongolian
, Tataer
, Ughur
, Yugu, Kirghiz, Russ
, Dongxiang
, Bao'an
and Salar persons.
These studies are inadequate for determining, among other things, the G percentage within the enormous Han population of China. The Athey haplogroup predictor can provide an estimate of the G population when applied to the 8580 STR samples in the YHRD database. This tool, on the one hand, used no Chinese samples to arrive at its algorithms, but on the other hand the results from applying the predictor to those Chinese samples in YHRD supplied by known research studies are generally in close agreement with the predictions.
Within the 5856 Han samples in YHRD, 0.19% are predicted G. This very low percentage, nevertheless, represents about 1.13 million Han men. These 11 Han samples are heavily concentrated in northern China.
The predictor also indicated 4.7% of 321 Xibe
samples were G. And 4% of 177 Uyghur
samples were G. And 2.3% of 133 Salar samples were G. And 1.7% of 236 Manchu samples were G. And 1.2% of 321 Tibetan samples were G. This latter finding differs from the research studies which found no G there. Less than 1% G was predicted for the Yi, Hui
and Mongolian samples. Virtually all these samples from minority Chinese populations were gathered in northern China.
No G at all was predicted for the southern Chinese ethnic groups: the Qiang, Hezhan, Hani
, She, Zhuang, Buyi
and Yao. In addition, several northern Chinese populations have no predicted G: the Oroqen, Ewenki
, Tuva
, Daur as well as Koreans in China.
Based on marker values, most YHRD Chinese samples have features of types of G2a. And G1 and G2a1 probably represent the rest. G2c and G2a3a do not seem represented.
, 0% were G.
Among 48 samples taken among Taiwanese aboriginals, none were G.
, 1.5% were G.
In another study that concentrated on south Indian locations, less than 1% of 155 samples was G in Tamil Nadu
, and the G percentage in Andhra Pradesh
was 1% of 167 samples.
A study that sampled 1052 men within 25 diverse populations in India, only one man was G. This person was included in the samples labeled Kash. Pandit.
A study that sampled 1074 men within 77 diverse Indian populations found only one man in central India who was G.
Another study found in 560 samples from northern India that 4% were G. The authors found no G among 96 Bhargavas or 88 Chaturvedis (both Brahmins), but 1.7% of 118 other Brahmins, 9.7% of 154 Shia and 5.8% of 104 Sunni samples were G.
In a study of 286 men belonging to two tribal groups of Andhra Pradesh
in southern India, as well as five caste groups from various parts of India, only one man in West Bengal
was G.
In a study of 728 Indian samples taken from among 36 populations and 18 castes, 1.2% were G. These were all G2a (P15+) men. In this study many of the G2a men were contained within the samples of the Dravidian
upper caste where G persons comprised 11.9% of 59 samples.
In a study sampling 45 Cochin Jews
from southern India, none were haplogroup G. This same study found 6.5% of 31 Bene Israel
Jews from Mumbai
were G.
In the YHRD database, among 44 samples taken among the Afridi
Pashtuns in Uttar Pradesh
, northern India, 28 (64%) were found to belong to haplogroup G.
, 0% were G.
In another study confined to Western New Guinea
none of 183 samples were G.
In a study of the northwestern end of the island of New Guinea
among 162 samples from 13 populations none were G.
In anoher study confined to the island of Sumba
no G was found among 352 samples.
A study that gathered 552 samples in Bali
, 21 in western Indonesia and 55 in eastern Indonesia failed to find any G persons.
, 15.2% were G. Of these 5 samples, 4 were G2a (P15+). And 12.8% of 117 samples from the south of that country were G. In this latter location the percentage of G1 almost equaled the G2a percentage. The authors did not provide information about locations sampled.
Of 91 samples taken at unstated location(s) in northern Iran (2009), 2.2% were G.
Of 50 samples taken from the Mazandarani
in northern Iran west of the Caspian Sea
, 14% were G. Likewise of 50 samples from the Gilaki in the same area, 10% were G.
Of 50 samples taken from the Talysh
along the southwestern shore of the Caspian Sea in north central Iran, 2% were G.
Samples were taken in another study in Khuzestan Province
of west central Iran, and 15% G found among 53 Bakhtiari in Izeh
and 6% G among Arabs in Ahvaz
.
In a study of Jewish men, there were no haplogroup G men among 49 men with Iranian origins.
: Ainu
, Aomori
, Okinawa, Shizuoka
, Tokushima and Kyushu
0% were G.
In another study, among 23 samples taken in Japan, none were G.
, 86.7% of 45 samples were G. This is the highest concentration of G reported anywhere in the world so far. All the samples were G1.
, 0% were G.
Among another 85 samples also taken in 2006 in Korea, 0% were G.
, 0.7% were G.
On 47 samples taken also in 2006 in Mongolia, 0% were G.
, 2.7% were G. This same study found the percentage of G among 96 samples from Pakistani Pathans was 11.5%; among 44 samples from Kalash
men was 18.1% and among 97 samples from Burusho men was 1% all groups of northern Pakistan.
Among 176 Pakistani samples gathered in another study, G2a (P15+) men represented 4.6% of the total. G1 (M285+) men represented 0.6%, and G2c (M377+) men were 1.1%.
(2006) none of 685 samples was G. Most of these were Papuan-speaking persons.
In 46 samples taken in Papua New Guinea (2006), 0% were G.
In another study (2008) 19 samples taken on the island of New Britain
none were found to be G, and none of 52 samples in the Trobriand Islands
were G. In this same study, on the mainland of Papua New Guinea none of 197 samples were listed as G.
among 98 Altai samples, 1% were G. The Altai
or Altay are a Turkic group overlapping Mongolia and south central Russia. In this same study among the Buryats
, a Mongol people who live principally just north of Mongolia, 1.2% of 81 samples were G, and no G at all was found among 31 samples from the Evens
who live principally in the far northeastern area of Russia.
In another 2006 study concentrating on the southern Siberian border region, going from west to east:
(a) Of 92 samples from the Turkic Altaian-Kizhi
, 1.1% G.
(b) Of 47 samples from the Teleuts, 0% G.
(c) Of 51 samples from the Turkic Shors
0% G.
(d) Of 53 samples from the Turkic Khakas
sians, 0% G.
(e) Of 113 samples from the Mongolized Turkic Tuvinians, 0.9% G.
(f) Of 36 samples from the Turkic Todjins, 0% G.
(g) Of 53 samples from the Turkic Tofalars, 0% G.
(g) Of 34 samples from Sojots, 2.9% G.
(h) Of 238 samples from the Mongol Buryats
, 0.4% G.
Much farther to the north among 50 Evenks
, 0% G.
Another 2006 study covered primarily the northeastern area of Siberia where Yakuts
and Yakut-speaking Evenks
live. The authors did not test for G, but the report suggests the men all belonged instead to the haplogroups shown in the report.
A 2008 study concentrated on two populations of northwestern Siberia. Among 63 Mansi, 4% were G, and among 106 Khanty
none were G.
In a small study of 18 Siberian samples, none were G.
in one study 5.5% were G.
In another study of Sinhalese
men, none of 39 samples was G.
based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR
markers of samples from there in the YHRD database indicates 7.0% (n=16) of 230 samples in the Tyrol
and none of 66 samples from Vienna
and 1.5% (n=1) at Graz
are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor. Several additional samples are borderline for being G.
based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR
markers of 113 samples from Leuven
in the YHRD database indicates 1.8% (n=2) are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.
A 2010 study of DNA Project Oud-Hertgodom Brabant
found that 3.6% of 893 samples were haplogroup G2a among those with eastern Belgian ancestry.
in Bosnia, 1.2% were found to be G2a (P15+), and among 90 Croats
in Bosnia none were G. And in this same study among 84 Bosnians 3.6% were G2a (P15+). In none of these groups was any G2a3a (M406+) found.
In another study among 69 samples in Bosnia, 4.4% were G, and among 141 samples in Herzegovina
none were G.
based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR
markers of 122 samples from there in the YHRD database indicates 4.9% (n=6) are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.
, 1.1% were G2a (P15+). In this same study, 29 samples were taken separately in the far eastern city of Osijek
, and 13.8% were G2a (P15+). The G2a samples were also tested for G2a3a (M406), and none was found.
In another study, among 108 samples from 5 Croatian mainland locations, 0.9% were G.
In yet another study, among 99 samples on the Croatian mainland, less than 1% were G. On the island of Krk
, among 74 samples, none were G; on the island of Brač
6% of 49 samples were G; on the island of Korčula
, 10.4% of 134 samples were G; and 1.1% of 91 samples on the island of Hvar
were G.
, 5.1% were G and were overwhelmingly G2a (P15+).
In another study, among 75 samples from Czechs, 4.0% were G2a (P15+). None of these was G2a3a (M406+)
based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR
markers of 247 samples from there in the YHRD database indicates 1.2% (n=3) are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor. There are several additional samples that might be G.
based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR
markers of 133 samples from Tartu
in the YHRD database indicates none are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor. Several additional samples are borderline for being G.
(Osterbotten) in Finland were G.
A survey of the general population of Finland based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR
markers of 399 samples from there in the YHRD database indicates 0.5% (n=2) are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.
(2003), 0% were G, but 11.8% of 34 samples on the island of Corsica
were G.
An approximation method based on use of STR
markers from 109 samples from Paris
in the YHRD database indicates 1.8% (n=2) are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor. And in 99 similar samples from Strasbourg
in the far northeast, 4% (n=4) are G.
based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation method based on STR
markers in samples in the YHRD database using the Athey haplogroup predictor indicates the following G percentages among samples from these German cities: (a) Freiburg
in the southwest, 433 samples of which 4.4% (n=19) are G; (b) Munich
in the southeast, 281 samples of which 5.3% (n=15) are G; (c) Chemnitz
in the northeast. 820 samples of which 3.8% (n=31) are G.
(2003), 2.6% were G. In 77 samples taken somewhere in Greece (2007), 9.1% were G.
In another study 3.3% of 92 Greek samples were G. This 3.3% was composed of 1.1% G2a3a (M406+) and the remainder other types of G2a.
Among 193 samples (2008) taken on the island of Crete
, 10.9% were G. Among 57 samples taken on the Peloponnese
, 5.3% were G. And at several mainland Greek sites, 4.4% were G.
Another study that focused on Crete (2007), found 7.7% of 104 samples in the central part of the island were G, and that 6.3% of 64 samples on the eastern end were G.
based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR
markers of 342 samples from there in the YHRD database indicates none are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.
, 3.0% were found to G, and all were G2a (P15+).
In another study, among 53 samples from Hungary, 1.9% were G2a (P15+). None of these were G2a3a (M406+)
based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR
markers of 100 samples from there in the YHRD database indicates none are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.
, none were G. The actual figure in the population is certainly not zero because there are dozens of samples from Irish ancestry persons in various databases.
and Elba
, 10.7% of 699 samples were G. The authors did not sample the northwestern Milan area and the high mountains of the central north. The Val Badia samples in the far northeast of Italy had an aytpical low 3% of 34 samples. The other areas all ranged 7% to 15% G. Elba
had 11% of 95 samples as G.
A 2003 study of Italy had found 11.8% of 51 samples in Sicily
; 8.1% of 37 samples in Calabria
; 14.1% of 78 samples in Sardinia
; and 10% of 50 samples in north central Italy were G.
In another 202 samples taken in Sardinia 13.9% were G. The authors noted the percentage at the sampled sites in the north of the island were 10.4% G, in the central-eastern area 11.1% but only 6.5% in the southwestern area.
And another Sardinian study of 930 males found 12.6% as G. Among a subgroup of these 930 where geographical information was available, the percentage on the southeastern coast was 13.9%; on the northeastern coast 20.9% and 13.9% in the inland central area. This study indicated an unusual percentage of G men there with STR marker value of 23 at DYS390—a percentage not seen in continental Europe where the 23 value is uncommon.
In another Sardinian study confined to towns in the northern sector of the island, 14% of 100 samples were all found to be G2a (P15+) based only on a probability calculation. The G2 category as represented by P15 became G2a in the period in which this study was conducted. The men were predicted just "G2" in the study. But P15 (now G2a) was probably the intended category.
A study that sampled only northeastern Italy found 11.3% G2a (P15+) among 67 samples. None of these were G2a3a (M406+).
A study that focused on the northeastern coast of Italy south of Venice
, found among 163 samples that 8.6% were G.
A study that concentrated on 19 upland areas in the Marches region of central Italy found 7.4% G among 162 samples.
A study that concentrated on Sicily
found among 236 samples 5.9% were G. This 5.9% figure was divided into 5.5% G2a (P15+) and the remainder other types of G. There were notable high G2a percentages in Caccamo
(25% of 16 samples), in Troina
(13.3 % of 30 samples) and in Sciacca
(10.7% of 27 samples).
as a country, and others consider it part of Serbia.
Among 113 samples taken among Albanians
in Kosovo, none were G.
based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR
markers of 145 samples from Riga
in the YHRD database indicates none are definitively G using the Athey haplogroup predictor. Several samples are possibly G.
based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR
markers of 157 samples from Vilnius
in the YHRD database indicates 1.3% (n=2) are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor. One additional sample is borderline for being G.
1.8% of 57 samples were found to be G2a3a (M406+). In this same study, a separate sampling of Albanians
in Macedonia, 1.6% of 64 samples were G2a (P15+) but not G2a3a (M406+).
In a general study of Macedonia, 5.1% of 79 samples were G. This study also found among 57 Romani in Macedonia none were G.
of southern Moldova
13.5% were G.
based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR
markers of 211 samples from there in the YHRD database indicates 4.3% (n=9) are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.
based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR
markers of 230 samples from there in the YHRD database indicates 1.3% (n=3) are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor. Several additional samples are borderline for being G.
, 0% were found to be G.
Additional information is available in the form of approximations based on the Polish STR
-marker samples in the YHRD database. The G samples were identified using the Athey haplogroup predictor. Among 182 samples taken in the general population at Bialystok
in the northeast, 0.5% (n=1) were G. At this same locale among Belarusians
0.6% (n=1) of 157 samples were G; among 129 Old Believers
none were G; among 124 Tatars
0.8% (n=1) were G. In the northwest at Szczecin
among 105 samples 1% (n=1) was G. In the south at Krakow
among 207 samples, 0.5% (n=1) were G. In the southeast at Lublin
among 246 samples, 0.5% (n=1) were G.
, 12% were found to be G, and 9% of 78 samples in the south of the country were G.
In another study, among 109 samples taken in northern Portugal, 7.3% were G.
In a Portuguese study that also included the Atlantic islands, 3.1% of samples in Madeira
were G, and 8.3% of 121 samples from the Azores
were G. In northern Portugal, 5% of 101 samples were G; in central Portugal 7.8% of 102 samples were G; and 7% of 100 samples in southern Portugal.
, 5.2% were found to G, and all were G2a (P15+).
In a more general survey of the Romanian population based on 102 samples of STR
markers in the YHRD database 2.0% (n=2) are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor. One additional sample is borderline for being G.
In a 2008 study, 259 samples taken in three cities in the northernmost third of western Russia
, about 1% were G2a (P15+). In 246 samples from three cities south of there closer to Moscow about 1% were G, with more G1 men than G2a found. In 132 samples from two cities near the border with Latvia
and Estonia
0% were G. In 107 samples from a city near the border with Belarus
, 0% were G. In 394 samples from four cities near the border with the Ukraine
about 1% were G2a. And in 90 samples from among the Kuban Cossacks
in the south, 1.1% were G2a.
And in a 2006 study of 414 samples presumably from western Russia (according to a map provided) 1.2% were G. In this same study among 68 Kalmyks of Mongolian origin who live near the Caspian Sea
in the south of western Russia, none were G. In another study of the Kalmyks
in the Russian Republic of Kalmykia
the authors found 1% G among 99 samples.
Another study in 2008 reported on 545 samples from 12 locations in western Russia. Of these, 1.8% of the samples were G. The highest percentage was 9.5% of 42 samples in Orlovskaja Oblast
, east of Belarus
and north of the Ukraine
.
In a study that sampled 116 men of Chuvash
origin, 1.7% were haplogroup G. While the study was not geographically precise as to origins, many Chuvash people live in the region south of Moscow
.
2.6% were G. This 2.6% was composed of 1.3% G2a3a (M406+) and 1.3% other types of G2a.
, 8.3% were G. In a larger study covering about 600 mainland Spanish samples outside the Basque
area, the average was about 5% G with the highest percentage recorded in Castilla-La Mancha (10%), and the lowest in parts of Andalusia
and Castile
(3%).
In another study, among 258 samples taken in 5 populations in southern Spain, about 3% were G. This same study found in 3 populations in northwestern Spain among 149 samples, about 7% were G, and in the northeastern quarter of Spain in two populations none of 52 samples were G.
Among 221 samples from Basque people
in Spain 1.4% were G. Of these 168 were living in the three Basque provinces. All were G2a (P15+). Another study found 0% of 116 samples in Basque country were G.
In a study only of Cantabria
just west of the Basque Autonomous Community in northwestern Spain, 7.6% of 118 samples from 3 groupings were G.
A study only of Andalusia
in southern Spain found that 2.1% of Andalusians were G. And of 68 separate samples specifically from the Pedroches Valley (Valle de los Pedroches) in Andalusia 2.9% were G.
In the Balearic Islands
6% of 62 samples in Majorca were G; 0% of 37 samples in Minorca were G, but 13% of 54 samples in Ibiza were G.
1.6% were G. The authors also found 0% G in 38 samples from nomadic Saami
men of Sweden.
based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR
markers of 348 samples from there in the YHRD database indicates 4.3% (n=15) are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor. An additional sample is borderline for being G.
for G based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR
markers in the YHRD database indicates 3.4% (n=8) of 285 samples from London
are G and 1% (n=1) of 97 samples from Birmingham
are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.
, 3.3% were found G2a (P15+). None of these belonged to G2a3a (M406+).
An approximation of SNP results based on the STR
markers of 183 samples from Kiev
in the YHRD database indicates 1.1% (n=2) are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.
, none were G.
men from the Amazon
in Brazil
none were G.
none were G.
Human genetics
Human genetics describes the study of inheritance as it occurs in human beings. Human genetics encompasses a variety of overlapping fields including: classical genetics, cytogenetics, molecular genetics, biochemical genetics, genomics, population genetics, developmental genetics, clinical genetics,...
, Haplogroup G (M201) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup
Haplogroup
In the study of molecular evolution, a haplogroup is a group of similar haplotypes that share a common ancestor having the same single nucleotide polymorphism mutation in both haplotypes. Because a haplogroup consists of similar haplotypes, this is what makes it possible to predict a haplogroup...
None of the sampling done by research studies shown here would qualify as true random sampling, and thus any percentages of haplogroup
Haplogroup
In the study of molecular evolution, a haplogroup is a group of similar haplotypes that share a common ancestor having the same single nucleotide polymorphism mutation in both haplotypes. Because a haplogroup consists of similar haplotypes, this is what makes it possible to predict a haplogroup...
G provided country by country are only rough approximations of what would be found in the full population. There is evidence, however, that most authors tried to obtain samples primarily from persons with histories of long residences in the locale sampled.
Algeria
In 46 samples taken in AlgeriaAlgeria
Algeria , officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria , also formally referred to as the Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of Northwest Africa with Algiers as its capital.In terms of land area, it is the largest country in Africa and the Arab...
, 2% were found to be G. SNP testing was not done, but this one sample was predicted G based on haplotype
Haplotype
A haplotype in genetics is a combination of alleles at adjacent locations on the chromosome that are transmitted together...
. When originally tested for SNPs, G was not an available test.
Cameroon
Of 85 samples taken among the BamilekeBamileke
The Bamileke is a folk whose native ancestral area is in the western highlands of Cameroon's West Province, west of the Noun River and southeast of the Bamboutos Mountains and in the Moungo region of the Littoral, Southwest, and Centre Provinces. They are a part of the Semi-Bantu ethnic groups...
of southern Cameroon
Cameroon
Cameroon, officially the Republic of Cameroon , is a country in west Central Africa. It is bordered by Nigeria to the west; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republic to the east; and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo to the south. Cameroon's coastline lies on the...
none were G, and likewise there were no G samples found among 14 Bantus there.
Egypt
Of 147 samples from among Egyptians in EgyptEgypt
Egypt , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: , is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world...
(2004), 9% were G. And in a 2009 study, among 116 Egyptians, 6.9% were G.
Ethiopia
Among 17 JewsJews
The Jews , also known as the Jewish people, are a nation and ethnoreligious group originating in the Israelites or Hebrews of the Ancient Near East. The Jewish ethnicity, nationality, and religion are strongly interrelated, as Judaism is the traditional faith of the Jewish nation...
of Ethiopia
Ethiopia
Ethiopia , officially known as the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is the second-most populous nation in Africa, with over 82 million inhabitants, and the tenth-largest by area, occupying 1,100,000 km2...
, none were found to be G. These men were apparently living in Israel at the time of the study.
Libya
A survey of the population of LibyaLibya
Libya is an African country in the Maghreb region of North Africa bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south, and Algeria and Tunisia to the west....
based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but a close approximation for the population in Tripoli
Tripoli
Tripoli is the capital and largest city in Libya. It is also known as Western Tripoli , to distinguish it from Tripoli, Lebanon. It is affectionately called The Mermaid of the Mediterranean , describing its turquoise waters and its whitewashed buildings. Tripoli is a Greek name that means "Three...
in the western part of the country based on the STR
Short tandem repeat
A short tandem repeat in DNA occurs when a pattern of two or more nucleotides are repeated and the repeated sequences are directly adjacent to each other. The pattern can range in length from 2 to 5 base pairs and is typically in the non-coding intron region...
markers of 63 samples from there in the YHRD database indicates 7.9% are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.
Of 20 Jews of Libya, 10% were found to be G. These men seemingly were then living in Israel.
Madagascar
Among 133 samples from MadagascarMadagascar
The Republic of Madagascar is an island country located in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern coast of Africa...
, none were reported as G. Of these, 124 samples came from the southeastern coast, and 9 were from the north central highlands.
Morocco
In 147 samples taken in MoroccoMorocco
Morocco , officially the Kingdom of Morocco , is a country located in North Africa. It has a population of more than 32 million and an area of 710,850 km², and also primarily administers the disputed region of the Western Sahara...
, 1% were found to be G.
In another study 1% of 312 samples in Morocco were G.
Another study gathered samples only from hamlets in Morocco's Azgour Valley, where none of 33 samples were determined G. These hamlets were selected because they were felt to be typically Berber
Berber people
Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. They are continuously distributed from the Atlantic to the Siwa oasis, in Egypt, and from the Mediterranean to the Niger River. Historically they spoke the Berber language or varieties of it, which together form a branch...
in composition.
A study of 20 Moroccan Jews
Jews
The Jews , also known as the Jewish people, are a nation and ethnoreligious group originating in the Israelites or Hebrews of the Ancient Near East. The Jewish ethnicity, nationality, and religion are strongly interrelated, as Judaism is the traditional faith of the Jewish nation...
found 30% were G. The tested men were then apparently living in Israel
Israel
The State of Israel is a parliamentary republic located in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea...
. Another study of Jewish men found 19.3% of 83 Jewish men from Morocco belonged to haplogroup G.
Rwanda
Of 69 samples taken in RwandaRwanda
Rwanda or , officially the Republic of Rwanda , is a country in central and eastern Africa with a population of approximately 11.4 million . Rwanda is located a few degrees south of the Equator, and is bordered by Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo...
among the Hutus and 94 among the Tutsis, 0% were G.
São Tomé and Príncipe
Of 138 samples taken in 3 populations within the island nation of São Tomé and PríncipeSão Tomé and Príncipe
São Tomé and Príncipe, officially the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, is a Portuguese-speaking island nation in the Gulf of Guinea, off the western equatorial coast of Central Africa. It consists of two islands: São Tomé and Príncipe, located about apart and about , respectively, off...
, none were G.
Sudan
Of 445 samples taken among 15 different populations in SudanSudan
Sudan , officially the Republic of the Sudan , is a country in North Africa, sometimes considered part of the Middle East politically. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east, South Sudan to the south, the Central African Republic to the...
, none were reported as G.
Tunisia
In 139 samples taken in TunisiaTunisia
Tunisia , officially the Tunisian RepublicThe long name of Tunisia in other languages used in the country is: , is the northernmost country in Africa. It is a Maghreb country and is bordered by Algeria to the west, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Its area...
, 0% were found to be G.
In another study 0% of 52 samples were G.
Western Sahara
In 29 samples taken among the Saharawi in Western SaharaWestern Sahara
Western Sahara is a disputed territory in North Africa, bordered by Morocco to the north, Algeria to the northeast, Mauritania to the east and south, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Its surface area amounts to . It is one of the most sparsely populated territories in the world, mainly...
, 0% were found to be G.
Iraq
Among 139 samples taken in IraqIraq
Iraq ; officially the Republic of Iraq is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert....
, 2.2% were found to be G.
One study sampled 20 Iraqi Jews (apparently living in Israel), and 10% were found to be G2a (P15+). Another study of Iraqi Jews found 10.1% of 79 men were G.
Israel
Among 738 Jews in IsraelIsrael
The State of Israel is a parliamentary republic located in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea...
9.8% were found to be G. The G2a (P15+) types were in the majority, with G2c being the next most common type.
Among the Islamic Druze
Druze
The Druze are an esoteric, monotheistic religious community, found primarily in Syria, Lebanon, Israel, and Jordan, which emerged during the 11th century from Ismailism. The Druze have an eclectic set of beliefs that incorporate several elements from Abrahamic religions, Gnosticism, Neoplatonism...
, G was found in 4% of 37 samples on the Golan Heights; in 14% of 183 samples in the Galilee
Galilee
Galilee , is a large region in northern Israel which overlaps with much of the administrative North District of the country. Traditionally divided into Upper Galilee , Lower Galilee , and Western Galilee , extending from Dan to the north, at the base of Mount Hermon, along Mount Lebanon to the...
; and in 12% of 35 samples in the Carmel
Carmel
Carmel in the Bible refers to two distinct places:* Mount Carmel, coastal mountain range in Israel overlooking the Mediterranean Sea* Carmel , an ancient Israelite town in Judea...
. Another study which sampled 20 Druze men apparently living in Israel, none had the G mutation.
Among Palestinians apparently living in Israel, 75% of 20 samples were found to be G2a (P15+). In the same study, among Samaritans in Israel none of 12 samples was G. In the CEPH-HDGP "Central Israel" Palestinian sample (n=17), 59% (10) were G. These were G2a3b-P303. "Central Israel Palestnians" are very likely to be the Abu Ghosh
Abu Ghosh
Abu Ghosh is an Israeli Arab town in Israel, located west of Jerusalem on the Tel Aviv-Jerusalem highway. It is situated 610–720 meters above sea level. In 2010, it set the Guinness World Record for largest dish of hummus...
Palestinian clan of the Jerusalem region, who accepted Israeli citizenship in 1948. This clan is known to have be of Circassian origin from the Caucasus.
A study of 329 Druze men found 12.5% were haplogroup G. This study was not confined to Israel, but was probably mostly Israeli.
Jordan
Among 273 samples taken in JordanJordan
Jordan , officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan , Al-Mamlaka al-Urduniyya al-Hashemiyya) is a kingdom on the East Bank of the River Jordan. The country borders Saudi Arabia to the east and south-east, Iraq to the north-east, Syria to the north and the West Bank and Israel to the west, sharing...
, 5.5% were G.
In another study, 5.9% of 101 Jordanian samples at Amman
Amman
Amman is the capital of Jordan. It is the country's political, cultural and commercial centre and one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. The Greater Amman area has a population of 2,842,629 as of 2010. The population of Amman is expected to jump from 2.8 million to almost...
were G, and 0% of 45 samples in the Dead Sea
Dead Sea
The Dead Sea , also called the Salt Sea, is a salt lake bordering Jordan to the east and Israel and the West Bank to the west. Its surface and shores are below sea level, the lowest elevation on the Earth's surface. The Dead Sea is deep, the deepest hypersaline lake in the world...
area in Jordan were G.
Kuwait
In 42 samples taken in KuwaitKuwait
The State of Kuwait is a sovereign Arab state situated in the north-east of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south at Khafji, and Iraq to the north at Basra. It lies on the north-western shore of the Persian Gulf. The name Kuwait is derived from the...
, 2.4% were G.
In a study confined to Bedouin
Bedouin
The Bedouin are a part of a predominantly desert-dwelling Arab ethnic group traditionally divided into tribes or clans, known in Arabic as ..-Etymology:...
tribes of Kuwait, among 148 samples 3.4% were G. Most of these were found among the Aniza. All these were G2a (P15+).
Lebanon
In 916 samples from LebanonLebanon
Lebanon , officially the Republic of LebanonRepublic of Lebanon is the most common term used by Lebanese government agencies. The term Lebanese Republic, a literal translation of the official Arabic and French names that is not used in today's world. Arabic is the most common language spoken among...
, 6% were G.
In 29 samples from another study among the Druze
Druze
The Druze are an esoteric, monotheistic religious community, found primarily in Syria, Lebanon, Israel, and Jordan, which emerged during the 11th century from Ismailism. The Druze have an eclectic set of beliefs that incorporate several elements from Abrahamic religions, Gnosticism, Neoplatonism...
in Lebanon, none were G in contrast to significant percentages of G among them in Syria and Israel.
Syrian Arab Republic
Among 356 samples taken in SyriaSyria
Syria , officially the Syrian Arab Republic , is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest....
, 4.8% were G.
In another study of Syria, 5.5% of 200 samples were G. In yet another study, 3.5% of 87 Syrian samples were G.
In another study, among 26 samples taken among the Druze
Druze
The Druze are an esoteric, monotheistic religious community, found primarily in Syria, Lebanon, Israel, and Jordan, which emerged during the 11th century from Ismailism. The Druze have an eclectic set of beliefs that incorporate several elements from Abrahamic religions, Gnosticism, Neoplatonism...
in Syria 14% were G.
Turkey
Among 523 samples from TurkeyTurkey
Turkey , known officially as the Republic of Turkey , is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe...
, 9.2% were G. The G1/G1a samples were found only among the northeastern Turkey samples. The single G2c* was found in Kars Province in the far northeast. Of the 9.2% G total, the G samples were found in each of the following subgroups: (a) G2c*(M377+ M283-) n=1; (b) G1* (M342+) n=1; (c) G1a (P20+) n=4; (d) G2a* (P15+) n=37; (e) G2a1 (P16+) n=5; and (f) G2b (M286+) n=1.
Among 87 Kurmanji
Kurmanji
Kurmanji or Northern Kurdish is the most commonly spoken dialect of the Kurdish language.- Scripts and books :...
-speaking Kurds in southeastern Turkey, 2.3% were found to be G. And among 27 Zazaki
Zazaki
Zazaki is an Indo-European language spoken primarily in eastern Turkey. According to Ethnologue, the language is a part of the northwestern group of the Iranian section of the Indo-European family. Zazaki shares many features, structures, and vocabulary with Gorani, Talyshi and other Caspian...
-speaking Kurds in the same area, 3.7% were G.
A 2008 doctoral dissertation that sampled 140 men in four towns in central Turkey found 4 of 49 men at Merkez were G2, 1 of 30 at Eskikoy, and none of 31 and 30 men respectively at Dogukoy and Gocmankoy were G2. However, the author only applied prediction software to STR samples to determine the haplogroups. He concluded that the genetic diversity found suggests "multiple ancestral populations contributed to the genetic make-up of the area." One G2 man had known origins in northeastern Turkey.
United Arab Emirates
In 164 samples taken in the United Arab EmiratesUnited Arab Emirates
The United Arab Emirates, abbreviated as the UAE, or shortened to "the Emirates", is a state situated in the southeast of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia on the Persian Gulf, bordering Oman, and Saudi Arabia, and sharing sea borders with Iraq, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, and Iran.The UAE is a...
, 4.2% were G. The majority were of the G1 type.
Yemen
In 62 samples taken in YemenYemen
The Republic of Yemen , commonly known as Yemen , is a country located in the Middle East, occupying the southwestern to southern end of the Arabian Peninsula. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the north, the Red Sea to the west, and Oman to the east....
, 1.6% were G. All were G2a (P15+).
In another study that concentrated on the island of Soqotra, none of 63 samples was G.
In another study among 20 Jewish Yemenis, 5% were G2a (P15+) and another 5% were G1 (M285+). These men were apparently then living in Israel. A 2010 study of Jewish men found 0% of 74 Jewish men from Yemen were haplogroup G.
Armenia
Among 100 samples taken in ArmeniaArmenia
Armenia , officially the Republic of Armenia , is a landlocked mountainous country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia...
11% were G.
A study that concentrated on Jewish men found 21% of 57 Jewish men from Armenia were haplogroup G.
Azerbaijan
Among 72 samples taken in AzerbaijanAzerbaijan
Azerbaijan , officially the Republic of Azerbaijan is the largest country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia to the west, and Iran to...
18% were G.
In a study that concentrated on the Talysh
Talysh people
Talysh are an Iranian people indigenous to a region shared between Azerbaijan and Iran which spans the South Caucasus and the southwestern shore of the Caspian Sea. They speak the Talysh language, one of the Northwestern Iranian languages...
of the southern tip of Azerbaijan, 3% of 40 samples were found to be G.
A study that sampled Jews from Azerbaijan found 16% of 57 men were haplogroup G.
Georgia
Among 61 samples taken in GeorgiaGeorgia (country)
Georgia is a sovereign state in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded to the west by the Black Sea, to the north by Russia, to the southwest by Turkey, to the south by Armenia, and to the southeast by Azerbaijan. The capital of...
(2001), 30% were G.
Among 77 samples taken in Georgia (2003), 31% were G. Georgia has the highest percentage of G among the general population recorded in any country. Among 66 samples taken in Georgia (2009), 31.6% were G2a (P15+). Of this 31.6% figure, 1.5% were G2a3a (M406+), and the remainder were unspecified other types of G2a.
Among 25 Kurmanji
Kurmanji
Kurmanji or Northern Kurdish is the most commonly spoken dialect of the Kurdish language.- Scripts and books :...
-speaking Kurds in Georgia, 0% were found to be G.
In Abkhazia
Abkhazia
Abkhazia is a disputed political entity on the eastern coast of the Black Sea and the south-western flank of the Caucasus.Abkhazia considers itself an independent state, called the Republic of Abkhazia or Apsny...
55% of 60 samples were found to be G as listed in a 2009 presentation by Khadizhat Dibirova.
In a study of Jewish men, 4.8% of 62 Jewish men from Georgia were haplogroup G.
Russian Federation (Caucasus Region)
In a 2009 study on the highland northeastern Caucasus, these percentages of G were found in the following populations:| people | pop. (2002) | total N | G % | N=G |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avars Caucasian Avars Avars or Caucasian Avars are a modern people of Caucasus, mainly of Dagestan, in which they are the predominant group. The Caucasian Avar language belongs to the Northeast Caucasian language family .... |
~1,000,000 | 20 | 5% | 1 |
| Chechens-Akkins Chechen people Chechens constitute the largest native ethnic group originating in the North Caucasus region. They refer to themselves as Noxçi . Also known as Sadiks , Gargareans, Malkhs... |
425,526 (2002) | 20 | 5% | 1 |
| Kubachi people Kubachi language Kubachi is a language from the Dargin dialect continuum spoken in Dagestan, Russia. It is often considered a divergent dialect of Dargwa... |
-- | 14 | 0% | 0 |
| Laks Lak people (Dagestan) The Laks, self-designation Lak, are an indigenous people of Dagestan, speaking the Lak language. There are about 170,000 ethnic Laks.-History:An ancient polity on the Lak territory was the principality of Gumik... |
~140,000 | 21 | 4.8% | 1 |
| Tabasarans Tabasaran people The Tabasarans are an ethnic group who live mostly in Dagestan, Russia. Their population in Russia is about 200,000. They speak the Tabasaran language. They are mainly Sunni Muslims. Russian pole vaulter Yelena Isinbayeva is half Tabasaran.... |
~132,000 | 30 | 3.3% | 1 |
None of these men were found G1 (M285+) or G2a (P15+).
In a 2003 study these percentages of G were found in the following central north Caucasus populations:
| people | pop. (2002) | total N | G % | N=G |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kabardin | 21,808 (2002) | 59 | 29% | 17 |
| Ingush Ingush people The Ingush are a native ethnic group of the North Caucasus, mostly inhabiting the Russian republic of Ingushetia. They refer to themselves as Ghalghai . The Ingush are predominantly Sunni Muslims and speak the Ingush language... |
~600,000 | 22 | 27% | 6 |
| Chechen Chechen people Chechens constitute the largest native ethnic group originating in the North Caucasus region. They refer to themselves as Noxçi . Also known as Sadiks , Gargareans, Malkhs... |
425,526 (2002) | 19 | 5% | 1 |
| Dargin Dargin people The Dargwa or Dargin people are a Northeast Caucasian ethnic group of the Caucasus who live mainly in the Russian republic of Dagestan. They speak the Dargwa language... |
365,804 (2002) | 26 | 4% | 1 |
In a 2004 study regarding North Ossetians
Ossetians
The Ossetians are an Iranic ethnic group of the Caucasus Mountains, eponymous of the region known as Ossetia.They speak Ossetic, an Iranian language of the Eastern branch, with most also fluent in Russian as a second language....
,
| people | locality | total N | G % | N=G |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ossetian | Zil'ga | 23 | 57% | 13 |
| Ossetian | Zamankul | 23 | 61% | 14 |
| Ossetian | Alagir Alagir Alagir is an industrial town and the administrative center of Alagirsky District of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania, Russia, situated on the west bank of the Ardon River, west of the republic's capital Vladikavkaz... |
24 | 75% | 18 |
A second Ossetian study also in 2004, gave the following results:
| people | locality | total N | G % | N=G |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ossetian | Ardon Ardon, Republic of North Ossetia-Alania Ardon is a town and the administrative center of Ardonsky District of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania, Russia, located in the central part of the republic on the west bank of the Ardon River, northwest of the republic's capital Vladikavkaz... |
28 | 21% | |
| Ossetian | Digora Digora Digora is a town and the administrative center of Digorsky District of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania, Russia, located northwest of Vladikavkaz on the Ursdon River... |
31 | 74% |
The G concentrations at Alagir and Digora represent the highest reported concentrations of G in any locale in the world. Though not stated in the study, most of these are likely typical G2a1a type of G based on STR marker values.
In a 2006 doctoral dissertation dealing with the northwestern Caucasus area, the following were reported:
| people | pop. (2002) | N | G2a-P15 % | N G2a-P15 | G2a1-P16? | N G2a1-P16? | total G % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Andi | 21,808 (2002) | 49 | 6% | 3 | - | - | 6% |
| Lezgin Lezgins The Lezgians are an ethnic group living predominantly in southern Dagestan and northeastern Azerbaijan and who speak the Lezgian language.- Historical concept :While ancient Greek historians, including Herodotus, Strabo, and Pliny the Elder, referred... |
~600,000 | 31 | 58% | 18 | - | - | 58% |
| Dargin Dargin people The Dargwa or Dargin people are a Northeast Caucasian ethnic group of the Caucasus who live mainly in the Russian republic of Dagestan. They speak the Dargwa language... |
425,526 (2002) | 68 | 3% | 2 | - | - | 3% |
| Kumyk | 365,804 (2002) | 76 | 11% | 8 | 1% | 1 | 12% |
| Chamalal Chamalal language Chamalal is an Andic language of the Northeast Caucasian language family spoken in southwestern Dagestan, Russia by approximately 5,000 people, the Chamalals. It has three quite distinct dialects, Gadyri, Gakvari, and Gigatl.-External links:*... |
~5000 | 27 | - | - | 19% | 5 | 19% |
Note: The above study by Yunusbaev (2006) showed the tiny population of Northeast Caucasian language family
Northeast Caucasian languages
The Northeast Caucasian languages constitute a language family spoken in the Russian republics of Dagestan, Chechnya, Ingushetia, northern Azerbaijan, and in northeastern Georgia, as well as in diaspora populations in Russia, Turkey, and the Middle East...
Andic-speaking
Andic languages
The Andic languages are a branch of the Northeast Caucasian language family. They are often grouped together with the Avar language and with the Tsezic languages to form an Avar–Andic branch of that family....
Chamalal
Chamalal language
Chamalal is an Andic language of the Northeast Caucasian language family spoken in southwestern Dagestan, Russia by approximately 5,000 people, the Chamalals. It has three quite distinct dialects, Gadyri, Gakvari, and Gigatl.-External links:*...
to be 19% (N=5/27) G2a-P15, and all of this was an unknown sub-clade of G2a-P15 listed as "G2c" which was not defined in 2006 when this study was conducted (no SNP testing was done for true G2c-M377). Since this study tested only G-M201 and G2a-P15, it is possible that this sub-clade may actually be G2a1-P16, since a number of the likely G haplotypes from Daghestan are actually G2a1-P16. He also reported that 12% (N=76) of the Kumyks
Kumyks
Kumyks are a Turkic people occupying the Kumyk plateau in north Dagestan and south Terek, and the lands bordering the Caspian Sea. They comprise 14% of the population of the Russian republic of Dagestan. They speak the Kumyk language...
tested were G with that figure composed of 11% G2a (P15+) and 1% (1/76) listed as "G2c", which again at the time a sub-clade of G2a-P15, likely G2a1-P16).
A 2009 presentation by Khadizhat Dibirova indicated the following percentages:
| people | pop. (2002) | total N | G % | N=G |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shapsug Shapsugs Shapsugs are a people/tribe of the Adyghe branch, who are currently living in Tuapsinsky District of Krasnodar Krai, Lazarevsky City District of Sochi, and in the Republic of Adygea in Russia... |
3231 (2002) | 106 | 81.1% | 86 |
| Ossetian | ~600,000 | 166 | 67.8% | 113 |
| Terek Cossacks | 425,526 (2002) | 86 | 53.5% | 46 |
| Circassian | 365,804 (2002) | 48 | 31.3% | 15 |
| Lezgin Lezgins The Lezgians are an ethnic group living predominantly in southern Dagestan and northeastern Azerbaijan and who speak the Lezgian language.- Historical concept :While ancient Greek historians, including Herodotus, Strabo, and Pliny the Elder, referred... |
~600,000 | 90 | 5.6% | 5 |
| Avars Caucasian Avars Avars or Caucasian Avars are a modern people of Caucasus, mainly of Dagestan, in which they are the predominant group. The Caucasian Avar language belongs to the Northeast Caucasian language family .... |
~5000 | 108 | 12% | 13 |
| Chechen Chechen people Chechens constitute the largest native ethnic group originating in the North Caucasus region. They refer to themselves as Noxçi . Also known as Sadiks , Gargareans, Malkhs... (Chechnya Chechnya The Chechen Republic , commonly referred to as Chechnya , also spelled Chechnia or Chechenia, sometimes referred to as Ichkeria , is a federal subject of Russia . It is located in the southeastern part of Europe in the Northern Caucasus mountains. The capital of the republic is the city of Grozny... & Ingushetia Ingushetia The Republic of Ingushetia is a federal subject of Russia , located in the North Caucasus region with its capital at Magas. In terms of area, the republic is the smallest of Russia's federal subjects except for the two federal cities, Moscow and Saint Petersburg... ) |
178 | 5.6% | 10 | |
| Chechen Chechen people Chechens constitute the largest native ethnic group originating in the North Caucasus region. They refer to themselves as Noxçi . Also known as Sadiks , Gargareans, Malkhs... (Dagestan Dagestan The Republic of Dagestan is a federal subject of Russia, located in the North Caucasus region. Its capital and the largest city is Makhachkala, located at the center of Dagestan on the Caspian Sea... ) |
~5000 | 72 | 4.2% | 3 |
| Dargin Dargin people The Dargwa or Dargin people are a Northeast Caucasian ethnic group of the Caucasus who live mainly in the Russian republic of Dagestan. They speak the Dargwa language... |
425,526 (2002) | 86 | 2.3% | 2 |
| Kaltagian Kajtak language Kajtak is a language from the Dargin dialect continuum spoken in Dagestan, Russia. It is often considered a divergent dialect of Dargwa. The Ethnologue lists it under the dialects of Dargwa, but recognizes that it may be a separate language.... |
30 | - | - | |
| Kubachin Kubachi language Kubachi is a language from the Dargin dialect continuum spoken in Dagestan, Russia. It is often considered a divergent dialect of Dargwa... |
56 | - | - |
The reported high G concentration among the Shapsugs
Shapsugs
Shapsugs are a people/tribe of the Adyghe branch, who are currently living in Tuapsinsky District of Krasnodar Krai, Lazarevsky City District of Sochi, and in the Republic of Adygea in Russia...
of the far northwestern Caucasus represents the highest percentage of G among any group worldwide. The type of G was not reported. If the Shapsug samples all belong to a particular G haplogroup it is likely this is the highest percentage of G in a single population in the world slightly higher than among the Madjars of Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan , officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country in Central Asia and Eastern Europe. Ranked as the ninth largest country in the world, it is also the world's largest landlocked country; its territory of is greater than Western Europe...
.
A 2009 study that concentrated on Balkarian men found 28.9% G. The location was not specified, but Balkarians live mostly in the Kabardino-Balkar Republic in the north Caucasus in a location consistent with the map the authors provided. Another study that was not geographically precise found that among 155 Adyghe men,47.7% were haplogroup G.
China
These percentages of G were found in the following number of samples from ChinaChina
Chinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...
in a 2006 study:
(a) The Turkic Uyghurs
Uyghur people
The Uyghur are a Turkic ethnic group living in Eastern and Central Asia. Today, Uyghurs live primarily in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in the People's Republic of China...
who live primarily in far northwestern China 4.5% of 67.
(b) The northern Han
Han Chinese
Han Chinese are an ethnic group native to China and are the largest single ethnic group in the world.Han Chinese constitute about 92% of the population of the People's Republic of China , 98% of the population of the Republic of China , 78% of the population of Singapore, and about 20% of the...
2.3% of 44.
(c) The southern Han 0% of 40.
(d) Tibet
Tibet
Tibet is a plateau region in Asia, north-east of the Himalayas. It is the traditional homeland of the Tibetan people as well as some other ethnic groups such as Monpas, Qiang, and Lhobas, and is now also inhabited by considerable numbers of Han and Hui people...
0% of 105.
(e) The Zhuang who live in southern China or Vietnam, 0% of 20.
(f) The Yao
Yao people
The Yao nationality is a government classification for various minorities in China. They form one of the 55 ethnic minority groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China, where they reside in the mountainous terrain of the southwest and south...
of southern China 0% of 60.
(g) In Manchuria
Manchuria
Manchuria is a historical name given to a large geographic region in northeast Asia. Depending on the definition of its extent, Manchuria usually falls entirely within the People's Republic of China, or is sometimes divided between China and Russia. The region is commonly referred to as Northeast...
or among the Manchus in northeastern China, 0% of 93.
(h) The Evenks
Evenks
The Evenks are a Tungusic people of Northern Asia. In Russia, the Evenks are recognized as one of the Indigenous peoples of the Russian North, with a population of 35,527...
who live principally along the border of northeastern China 0% of 31.
(i) The Oroqen of northeastern China 0% of 22.
(j) The Yi
Yi people
The Yi or Lolo people are an ethnic group in China, Vietnam, and Thailand. Numbering 8 million, they are the seventh largest of the 55 ethnic minority groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China...
who live principally in southern China and who speak a Burmese language 0% of 43.
(k) The Tujia of central China, 0% of 47.
A study that sampled five southern Chinese groups found the following percentages of G:
(1) The Han
Han Chinese
Han Chinese are an ethnic group native to China and are the largest single ethnic group in the world.Han Chinese constitute about 92% of the population of the People's Republic of China , 98% of the population of the Republic of China , 78% of the population of Singapore, and about 20% of the...
less than 1% G in 166 samples.
(2) The Miao
Miao people
The Miao or ม้ง ; ) is an ethnic group recognized by the government of the People's Republic of China as one of the 55 official minority groups. Miao is a Chinese term and does not reflect the self-designations of the component nations of people, which include Hmong, Hmu, A Hmao, and Kho Xiong...
0% of 58.
(3) The She
She people
The She people are a Chinese ethnic group. They form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China....
0% of 51.
(4) The Tujia 0% of 49.
(5) The Yao
Yao people
The Yao nationality is a government classification for various minorities in China. They form one of the 55 ethnic minority groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China, where they reside in the mountainous terrain of the southwest and south...
0% of 60.
A study that concentrated on the island of Hainan
Hainan
Hainan is the smallest province of the People's Republic of China . Although the province comprises some two hundred islands scattered among three archipelagos off the southern coast, of its land mass is Hainan Island , from which the province takes its name...
off the southeastern Chinese coast found 0% G among 405 men from various island aborigine groups.
A study that concentrated on the Mang
Mang people
The Mang are an ethnic group living primarily in Vietnam, where they are one of that nation's 54 officially recognized ethnic groups. There are also about 500 Mang living in the Yunnan province of southern China, where they are officially termed an undistinguished nationality.The Mang language is...
of Yunnan Province in southern China found no G among 65 samples.
Another study that sampled Tibet found 0% G among 156 samples
A 2010 study of northwestern China found G (M201) in 2% of 41 Kazakhs
Kazakhs
The Kazakhs are a Turkic people of the northern parts of Central Asia ....
; 2% of 31 Tajikes; and 2% of 23 Ozbeks. No G was found among Tu
Tu people
The Monguor or Tu people , White Mongol/Chagan Mongol are one of the 56 officially recognized ethnic groups in the People's Republic of China. The "Tu" ethnic category was created in the 1950s....
, Xibo, Mongolian
Mongols
Mongols ) are a Central-East Asian ethnic group that lives mainly in the countries of Mongolia, China, and Russia. In China, ethnic Mongols can be found mainly in the central north region of China such as Inner Mongolia...
, Tataer
Tatars
Tatars are a Turkic speaking ethnic group , numbering roughly 7 million.The majority of Tatars live in the Russian Federation, with a population of around 5.5 million, about 2 million of which in the republic of Tatarstan.Significant minority populations are found in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan,...
, Ughur
Uyghur people
The Uyghur are a Turkic ethnic group living in Eastern and Central Asia. Today, Uyghurs live primarily in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in the People's Republic of China...
, Yugu, Kirghiz, Russ
Russ
Russ is a participant in the traditional Norwegian upper secondary high school graduation ceremony known as russefeiring . Russ are easily recognized by their distinctive overalls and caps resembling student caps...
, Dongxiang
Dongxiang people
The Dongxiang people are one of 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China...
, Bao'an
Bonan
The Bonan people are an ethnic group living in Gansu and Qinghai provinces in northwestern China...
and Salar persons.
These studies are inadequate for determining, among other things, the G percentage within the enormous Han population of China. The Athey haplogroup predictor can provide an estimate of the G population when applied to the 8580 STR samples in the YHRD database. This tool, on the one hand, used no Chinese samples to arrive at its algorithms, but on the other hand the results from applying the predictor to those Chinese samples in YHRD supplied by known research studies are generally in close agreement with the predictions.
Within the 5856 Han samples in YHRD, 0.19% are predicted G. This very low percentage, nevertheless, represents about 1.13 million Han men. These 11 Han samples are heavily concentrated in northern China.
The predictor also indicated 4.7% of 321 Xibe
Xibe
The Xibe or Sibo are a Tungusic ethnic group living mostly in northeast China and Xinjiang. They form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China.- History :...
samples were G. And 4% of 177 Uyghur
Uyghur people
The Uyghur are a Turkic ethnic group living in Eastern and Central Asia. Today, Uyghurs live primarily in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in the People's Republic of China...
samples were G. And 2.3% of 133 Salar samples were G. And 1.7% of 236 Manchu samples were G. And 1.2% of 321 Tibetan samples were G. This latter finding differs from the research studies which found no G there. Less than 1% G was predicted for the Yi, Hui
Hui people
The Hui people are an ethnic group in China, defined as Chinese speaking people descended from foreign Muslims. They are typically distinguished by their practice of Islam, however some also practice other religions, and many are direct descendants of Silk Road travelers.In modern People's...
and Mongolian samples. Virtually all these samples from minority Chinese populations were gathered in northern China.
No G at all was predicted for the southern Chinese ethnic groups: the Qiang, Hezhan, Hani
Hani people
thumb|Typical daily attire of ethnic Hani in China. Near [[Yuanyang County, Yunnan|Yuanyang]], [[Yunnan]] Province, [[China]] The Hani people are an ethnic group. They form one of the 56 nationalities officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. They also form one of the 54 officially...
, She, Zhuang, Buyi
Buyei
The Buyei are an ethnic group living in southern mainland China. Numbering 2.5 million, they are the 11th largest of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China...
and Yao. In addition, several northern Chinese populations have no predicted G: the Oroqen, Ewenki
Evenks
The Evenks are a Tungusic people of Northern Asia. In Russia, the Evenks are recognized as one of the Indigenous peoples of the Russian North, with a population of 35,527...
, Tuva
Tuvans
Tuvans or Tuvinians are Turkic peoples living in southern Siberia. They are historically known as one of the Uriankhai, from the Mongolian designation...
, Daur as well as Koreans in China.
Based on marker values, most YHRD Chinese samples have features of types of G2a. And G1 and G2a1 probably represent the rest. G2c and G2a3a do not seem represented.
Taiwan
In 132 samples taken in TaiwanTaiwan
Taiwan , also known, especially in the past, as Formosa , is the largest island of the same-named island group of East Asia in the western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. The island forms over 99% of the current territory of the Republic of China following...
, 0% were G.
Among 48 samples taken among Taiwanese aboriginals, none were G.
India
In 405 samples taken in IndiaIndia
India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world...
, 1.5% were G.
In another study that concentrated on south Indian locations, less than 1% of 155 samples was G in Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu is one of the 28 states of India. Its capital and largest city is Chennai. Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian Peninsula and is bordered by the union territory of Pondicherry, and the states of Kerala, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh...
, and the G percentage in Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh , is one of the 28 states of India, situated on the southeastern coast of India. It is India's fourth largest state by area and fifth largest by population. Its capital and largest city by population is Hyderabad.The total GDP of Andhra Pradesh is $100 billion and is ranked third...
was 1% of 167 samples.
A study that sampled 1052 men within 25 diverse populations in India, only one man was G. This person was included in the samples labeled Kash. Pandit.
A study that sampled 1074 men within 77 diverse Indian populations found only one man in central India who was G.
Another study found in 560 samples from northern India that 4% were G. The authors found no G among 96 Bhargavas or 88 Chaturvedis (both Brahmins), but 1.7% of 118 other Brahmins, 9.7% of 154 Shia and 5.8% of 104 Sunni samples were G.
In a study of 286 men belonging to two tribal groups of Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh , is one of the 28 states of India, situated on the southeastern coast of India. It is India's fourth largest state by area and fifth largest by population. Its capital and largest city by population is Hyderabad.The total GDP of Andhra Pradesh is $100 billion and is ranked third...
in southern India, as well as five caste groups from various parts of India, only one man in West Bengal
West Bengal
West Bengal is a state in the eastern region of India and is the nation's fourth-most populous. It is also the seventh-most populous sub-national entity in the world, with over 91 million inhabitants. A major agricultural producer, West Bengal is the sixth-largest contributor to India's GDP...
was G.
In a study of 728 Indian samples taken from among 36 populations and 18 castes, 1.2% were G. These were all G2a (P15+) men. In this study many of the G2a men were contained within the samples of the Dravidian
Dravidian peoples
Dravidian peoples is a term used to refer to the diverse groups of people who natively speak languages belonging to the Dravidian language family. Populations of speakers of around 220 million are found mostly in Southern India. Other Dravidian people are found in parts of central India, Sri Lanka,...
upper caste where G persons comprised 11.9% of 59 samples.
In a study sampling 45 Cochin Jews
Cochin Jews
Cochin Jews, also called Malabar Jews , are the oldest group of Jews in India, with roots claimed to date to the time of King Solomon, though historically attested migration dates from the fall of Jerusalem in 70 CE. Historically, they lived in the Kingdom of Cochin in South India, now part of the...
from southern India, none were haplogroup G. This same study found 6.5% of 31 Bene Israel
Bene Israel
The Bene Israel are a group of Jews who migrated in the 19th century from villages in the Konkan area to the nearby Indian cities, primarily Mumbai, but also to Pune, and Ahmedabad. Prior to these waves of emigrations and to this day, the Bene Israel formed the largest sector of the subcontinent's...
Jews from Mumbai
Mumbai
Mumbai , formerly known as Bombay in English, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India, and the fourth most populous city in the world, with a total metropolitan area population of approximately 20.5 million...
were G.
In the YHRD database, among 44 samples taken among the Afridi
Afridi
Afridi of rough hilly area in the eastern Safed Koh range, west of the Peshawar Valley and east of Torkham, and Maidan in Tirah, which can be accessed by the Kajurhi plains and the valleys of Bara and Churah in Pakistan...
Pashtuns in Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh abbreviation U.P. , is a state located in the northern part of India. With a population of over 200 million people, it is India's most populous state, as well as the world's most populous sub-national entity...
, northern India, 28 (64%) were found to belong to haplogroup G.
Indonesia
In 80 samples taken in IndonesiaIndonesia
Indonesia , officially the Republic of Indonesia , is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is an archipelago comprising approximately 13,000 islands. It has 33 provinces with over 238 million people, and is the world's fourth most populous country. Indonesia is a republic, with an...
, 0% were G.
In another study confined to Western New Guinea
Western New Guinea
West Papua informally refers to the Indonesian western half of the island of New Guinea and other smaller islands to its west. The region is officially administered as two provinces: Papua and West Papua. The eastern half of New Guinea is Papua New Guinea.The population of approximately 3 million...
none of 183 samples were G.
In a study of the northwestern end of the island of New Guinea
New Guinea
New Guinea is the world's second largest island, after Greenland, covering a land area of 786,000 km2. Located in the southwest Pacific Ocean, it lies geographically to the east of the Malay Archipelago, with which it is sometimes included as part of a greater Indo-Australian Archipelago...
among 162 samples from 13 populations none were G.
In anoher study confined to the island of Sumba
Sumba
Sumba is an island in eastern Indonesia, is one of the Lesser Sunda Islands, and is in the province of East Nusa Tenggara. Sumba has an area of 11,153 km², and the population was officially at 611,422 in 2005...
no G was found among 352 samples.
A study that gathered 552 samples in Bali
Bali
Bali is an Indonesian island located in the westernmost end of the Lesser Sunda Islands, lying between Java to the west and Lombok to the east...
, 21 in western Indonesia and 55 in eastern Indonesia failed to find any G persons.
Iran
Of 33 samples taken in northern IranIran
Iran , officially the Islamic Republic of Iran , is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran" has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia...
, 15.2% were G. Of these 5 samples, 4 were G2a (P15+). And 12.8% of 117 samples from the south of that country were G. In this latter location the percentage of G1 almost equaled the G2a percentage. The authors did not provide information about locations sampled.
Of 91 samples taken at unstated location(s) in northern Iran (2009), 2.2% were G.
Of 50 samples taken from the Mazandarani
Mazandarani people
The Mazandarani people are Iranian people of Caucasus origin living primarily in south of the Caspian Sea coast. The Elburz mountains mark the southern limit of Mazandarani peoples .- People:...
in northern Iran west of the Caspian Sea
Caspian Sea
The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed body of water on Earth by area, variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged sea. The sea has a surface area of and a volume of...
, 14% were G. Likewise of 50 samples from the Gilaki in the same area, 10% were G.
Of 50 samples taken from the Talysh
Talysh people
Talysh are an Iranian people indigenous to a region shared between Azerbaijan and Iran which spans the South Caucasus and the southwestern shore of the Caspian Sea. They speak the Talysh language, one of the Northwestern Iranian languages...
along the southwestern shore of the Caspian Sea in north central Iran, 2% were G.
Samples were taken in another study in Khuzestan Province
Khuzestan Province
Khuzestan Province is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. It is in the southwest of the country, bordering Iraq's Basra Province and the Persian Gulf. Its capital is Ahwaz and covers an area of 63,238 km²...
of west central Iran, and 15% G found among 53 Bakhtiari in Izeh
Izeh
Izeh is a city in and the capital of Izeh County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 103,695, in 20,127 families....
and 6% G among Arabs in Ahvaz
Ahvaz
-History:For a more comprehensive historical treatment of the area, see the history section of Khūzestān Province.-Ancient history:Ahvaz is the anagram of "Avaz" and "Avaja" which appear in Darius's epigraph...
.
In a study of Jewish men, there were no haplogroup G men among 49 men with Iranian origins.
Japan
In 259 samples taken among the following groups or locations in JapanJapan
Japan is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south...
: Ainu
Ainu people
The , also called Aynu, Aino , and in historical texts Ezo , are indigenous people or groups in Japan and Russia. Historically they spoke the Ainu language and related varieties and lived in Hokkaidō, the Kuril Islands, and much of Sakhalin...
, Aomori
Aomori, Aomori
is the capital city of Aomori Prefecture, in the northern Tōhoku region of Japan. As of 2009, the city had an estimated population of 302,068 and a density of 366 persons per km². Its total area was 824.52 km².- History :...
, Okinawa, Shizuoka
Shizuoka, Shizuoka
is the capital city of Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan, and the prefecture's second-largest city in terms of both population and area. It became one of Japan's 19 "designated cities" in 2005.-Geography:...
, Tokushima and Kyushu
Kyushu
is the third largest island of Japan and most southwesterly of its four main islands. Its alternate ancient names include , , and . The historical regional name is referred to Kyushu and its surrounding islands....
0% were G.
In another study, among 23 samples taken in Japan, none were G.
Kazakhstan
In a study of the Madyars in the Torgay area of KazakhstanKazakhstan
Kazakhstan , officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country in Central Asia and Eastern Europe. Ranked as the ninth largest country in the world, it is also the world's largest landlocked country; its territory of is greater than Western Europe...
, 86.7% of 45 samples were G. This is the highest concentration of G reported anywhere in the world so far. All the samples were G1.
Korea
In 75 samples taken in KoreaKorea
Korea ) is an East Asian geographic region that is currently divided into two separate sovereign states — North Korea and South Korea. Located on the Korean Peninsula, Korea is bordered by the People's Republic of China to the northwest, Russia to the northeast, and is separated from Japan to the...
, 0% were G.
Among another 85 samples also taken in 2006 in Korea, 0% were G.
Malaysia
In 32 samples taken among Malays (presumably from Malaysia), 6.3% were G.Mongolia
In 149 samples taken in MongoliaMongolia
Mongolia is a landlocked country in East and Central Asia. It is bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south, east and west. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its western-most point is only from Kazakhstan's eastern tip. Ulan Bator, the capital and largest...
, 0.7% were G.
On 47 samples taken also in 2006 in Mongolia, 0% were G.
Pakistan
Of 638 samples taken in PakistanPakistan
Pakistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is a sovereign state in South Asia. It has a coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in the east and China in the far northeast. In the north, Tajikistan...
, 2.7% were G. This same study found the percentage of G among 96 samples from Pakistani Pathans was 11.5%; among 44 samples from Kalash
Kalash
Kalasha or Kalash may refer to:*Kalash people of Chitral, northern Pakistan**Kalasha **Kalash language, also known as Kalasha-mondr**Kalasha Desh, their valleys*Nuristani people of Nuristan, Afghanistan...
men was 18.1% and among 97 samples from Burusho men was 1% all groups of northern Pakistan.
Among 176 Pakistani samples gathered in another study, G2a (P15+) men represented 4.6% of the total. G1 (M285+) men represented 0.6%, and G2c (M377+) men were 1.1%.
Papua New Guinea
In a large study of Northern Island Melanesia within Papua New GuineaPapua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea , officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is a country in Oceania, occupying the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and numerous offshore islands...
(2006) none of 685 samples was G. Most of these were Papuan-speaking persons.
In 46 samples taken in Papua New Guinea (2006), 0% were G.
In another study (2008) 19 samples taken on the island of New Britain
New Britain
New Britain, or Niu Briten, is the largest island in the Bismarck Archipelago of Papua New Guinea. It is separated from the island of New Guinea by the Dampier and Vitiaz Straits and from New Ireland by St. George's Channel...
none were found to be G, and none of 52 samples in the Trobriand Islands
Trobriand Islands
The Trobriand Islands are a 450 km² archipelago of coral atolls off the eastern coast of New Guinea. They are situated in Milne Bay Province in Papua New Guinea. Most of the population of 12,000 indigenous inhabitants live on the main island of Kiriwina, which is also the location of the...
were G. In this same study, on the mainland of Papua New Guinea none of 197 samples were listed as G.
Russian Federation [Asian portion]
In a 2006 study, in RussiaRussia
Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
among 98 Altai samples, 1% were G. The Altai
Altay people
The Altay or Altai are an ethnic group of Turkic people living in the Siberian Altai Republic and Altai Krai and surrounding areas of Tuva and Mongolia. For alternative ethnonyms see also Teleut, Tele, Telengit, Mountain Kalmuck, White Kalmuck, Black Tatar, Oirat/Oirot.The Uriankhai people were...
or Altay are a Turkic group overlapping Mongolia and south central Russia. In this same study among the Buryats
Buryats
The Buryats or Buriyads , numbering approximately 436,000, are the largest ethnic minority group in Siberia and are mainly concentrated in their homeland, the Buryat Republic, a federal subject of Russia...
, a Mongol people who live principally just north of Mongolia, 1.2% of 81 samples were G, and no G at all was found among 31 samples from the Evens
Evens
The Evens or Eveny are a people in Siberia and the Russian Far East. They live in some of the regions of the Magadan Oblast and Kamchatka Krai and northern parts of Sakha east of the Lena River. According to the 2002 census, there were 19,071 Evens in Russia...
who live principally in the far northeastern area of Russia.
In another 2006 study concentrating on the southern Siberian border region, going from west to east:
(a) Of 92 samples from the Turkic Altaian-Kizhi
Altay people
The Altay or Altai are an ethnic group of Turkic people living in the Siberian Altai Republic and Altai Krai and surrounding areas of Tuva and Mongolia. For alternative ethnonyms see also Teleut, Tele, Telengit, Mountain Kalmuck, White Kalmuck, Black Tatar, Oirat/Oirot.The Uriankhai people were...
, 1.1% G.
(b) Of 47 samples from the Teleuts, 0% G.
(c) Of 51 samples from the Turkic Shors
Shors
Shors or Shorians are a Turkic people in the Kemerovo Oblast in Russia. Their self designation is Шор, or Shor. They were also called Kuznetskie Tatars , Kondoma Tatars , Mras-Su Tatars in some of the documents of the 17th-18th centuries.Most of Shors live in the Tom basin along the Kondoma and...
0% G.
(d) Of 53 samples from the Turkic Khakas
Khakas
The Khakas, or Khakass , are a Turkic-speaking people, who live in Russia, in the republic of Khakassia in southern Siberia. They speak the Khakas language.The origin of the Khakas people is disputed...
sians, 0% G.
(e) Of 113 samples from the Mongolized Turkic Tuvinians, 0.9% G.
(f) Of 36 samples from the Turkic Todjins, 0% G.
(g) Of 53 samples from the Turkic Tofalars, 0% G.
(g) Of 34 samples from Sojots, 2.9% G.
(h) Of 238 samples from the Mongol Buryats
Buryats
The Buryats or Buriyads , numbering approximately 436,000, are the largest ethnic minority group in Siberia and are mainly concentrated in their homeland, the Buryat Republic, a federal subject of Russia...
, 0.4% G.
Much farther to the north among 50 Evenks
Evenks
The Evenks are a Tungusic people of Northern Asia. In Russia, the Evenks are recognized as one of the Indigenous peoples of the Russian North, with a population of 35,527...
, 0% G.
Another 2006 study covered primarily the northeastern area of Siberia where Yakuts
Yakuts
Yakuts , are a Turkic people associated with the Sakha Republic.The Yakut or Sakha language belongs to the Northern branch of the Turkic family of languages....
and Yakut-speaking Evenks
Evenks
The Evenks are a Tungusic people of Northern Asia. In Russia, the Evenks are recognized as one of the Indigenous peoples of the Russian North, with a population of 35,527...
live. The authors did not test for G, but the report suggests the men all belonged instead to the haplogroups shown in the report.
A 2008 study concentrated on two populations of northwestern Siberia. Among 63 Mansi, 4% were G, and among 106 Khanty
Khanty people
Khanty / Hanti are an indigenous people calling themselves Khanti, Khande, Kantek , living in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, a region historically known as "Yugra" in Russia, together with the Mansi. In the autonomous okrug, the Khanty and Mansi languages are given co-official status with Russian...
none were G.
In a small study of 18 Siberian samples, none were G.
Sri Lanka
In 91 samples taken in Sri LankaSri Lanka
Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka is a country off the southern coast of the Indian subcontinent. Known until 1972 as Ceylon , Sri Lanka is an island surrounded by the Indian Ocean, the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait, and lies in the vicinity of India and the...
in one study 5.5% were G.
In another study of Sinhalese
Sinhalese people
The Sinhalese are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group,forming the majority of Sri Lanka,constituting 74% of the Sri Lankan population.They number approximately 15 million worldwide.The Sinhalese identity is based on language, heritage and religion. The Sinhalese speak Sinhala, an Indo-Aryan language and the...
men, none of 39 samples was G.
Uzbekistan
A study of 15 Jewish men from Uzbekistan found 0% were haplogroup G. This same study, however, referred to a mixture of studies in which 22% of other Uzbek Jewish men samples belonged to haplogroup G.Austria
A survey of the general population of AustriaAustria
Austria , officially the Republic of Austria , is a landlocked country of roughly 8.4 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the...
based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR
Short tandem repeat
A short tandem repeat in DNA occurs when a pattern of two or more nucleotides are repeated and the repeated sequences are directly adjacent to each other. The pattern can range in length from 2 to 5 base pairs and is typically in the non-coding intron region...
markers of samples from there in the YHRD database indicates 7.0% (n=16) of 230 samples in the Tyrol
Tyrol (state)
Tyrol is a state or Bundesland, located in the west of Austria. It comprises the Austrian part of the historical region of Tyrol.The state is split into two parts–called North Tyrol and East Tyrol–by a -wide strip of land where the state of Salzburg borders directly on the Italian province of...
and none of 66 samples from Vienna
Vienna
Vienna is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.723 million , and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and political centre...
and 1.5% (n=1) at Graz
Graz
The more recent population figures do not give the whole picture as only people with principal residence status are counted and people with secondary residence status are not. Most of the people with secondary residence status in Graz are students...
are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor. Several additional samples are borderline for being G.
Belgium
A survey of the general population of BelgiumBelgium
Belgium , officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, and those of several other major international organisations such as NATO.Belgium is also a member of, or affiliated to, many...
based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR
Short tandem repeat
A short tandem repeat in DNA occurs when a pattern of two or more nucleotides are repeated and the repeated sequences are directly adjacent to each other. The pattern can range in length from 2 to 5 base pairs and is typically in the non-coding intron region...
markers of 113 samples from Leuven
Leuven
Leuven is the capital of the province of Flemish Brabant in the Flemish Region, Belgium...
in the YHRD database indicates 1.8% (n=2) are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.
A 2010 study of DNA Project Oud-Hertgodom Brabant
Province of Brabant
Brabant was a province of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands from 1815 until 1830 and a province of Belgium from 1830 until 1995, when it was split into the Dutch-speaking Flemish Brabant, the French-speaking Walloon Brabant and the bilingual Brussels-Capital Region.-United Kingdom of the...
found that 3.6% of 893 samples were haplogroup G2a among those with eastern Belgian ancestry.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Among 81 SerbsSerbs
The Serbs are a South Slavic ethnic group of the Balkans and southern Central Europe. Serbs are located mainly in Serbia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina, and form a sizable minority in Croatia, the Republic of Macedonia and Slovenia. Likewise, Serbs are an officially recognized minority in...
in Bosnia, 1.2% were found to be G2a (P15+), and among 90 Croats
Croats
Croats are a South Slavic ethnic group mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries. There are around 4 million Croats living inside Croatia and up to 4.5 million throughout the rest of the world. Responding to political, social and economic pressure, many Croats have...
in Bosnia none were G. And in this same study among 84 Bosnians 3.6% were G2a (P15+). In none of these groups was any G2a3a (M406+) found.
In another study among 69 samples in Bosnia, 4.4% were G, and among 141 samples in Herzegovina
Herzegovina
Herzegovina is the southern region of Bosnia and Herzegovina. While there is no official border distinguishing it from the Bosnian region, it is generally accepted that the borders of the region are Croatia to the west, Montenegro to the south, the canton boundaries of the Herzegovina-Neretva...
none were G.
Bulgaria
A survey of the general population of BulgariaBulgaria
Bulgaria , officially the Republic of Bulgaria , is a parliamentary democracy within a unitary constitutional republic in Southeast Europe. The country borders Romania to the north, Serbia and Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, as well as the Black Sea to the east...
based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR
Short tandem repeat
A short tandem repeat in DNA occurs when a pattern of two or more nucleotides are repeated and the repeated sequences are directly adjacent to each other. The pattern can range in length from 2 to 5 base pairs and is typically in the non-coding intron region...
markers of 122 samples from there in the YHRD database indicates 4.9% (n=6) are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.
Croatia
Among 89 samples taken in CroatiaCroatia
Croatia , officially the Republic of Croatia , is a unitary democratic parliamentary republic in Europe at the crossroads of the Mitteleuropa, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean. Its capital and largest city is Zagreb. The country is divided into 20 counties and the city of Zagreb. Croatia covers ...
, 1.1% were G2a (P15+). In this same study, 29 samples were taken separately in the far eastern city of Osijek
Osijek
Osijek is the fourth largest city in Croatia with a population of 83,496 in 2011. It is the largest city and the economic and cultural centre of the eastern Croatian region of Slavonia, as well as the administrative centre of Osijek-Baranja county...
, and 13.8% were G2a (P15+). The G2a samples were also tested for G2a3a (M406), and none was found.
In another study, among 108 samples from 5 Croatian mainland locations, 0.9% were G.
In yet another study, among 99 samples on the Croatian mainland, less than 1% were G. On the island of Krk
Krk
Krk is a Croatian island in the northern Adriatic Sea, located near Rijeka in the Bay of Kvarner and part of the Primorje-Gorski Kotar county....
, among 74 samples, none were G; on the island of Brač
Brac
Brač is an island in the Adriatic Sea within Croatia, with an area of 396 km², making it the largest island in Dalmatia, and the third largest in the Adriatic. Its tallest peak, Vidova Gora, or Mount St. Vid, stands at 778 m, making it the highest island point in the Adriatic...
6% of 49 samples were G; on the island of Korčula
Korcula
Korčula is an island in the Adriatic Sea, in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County of Croatia. The island has an area of ; long and on average wide — and lies just off the Dalmatian coast. Its 16,182 inhabitants make it the second most populous Adriatic island after Krk...
, 10.4% of 134 samples were G; and 1.1% of 91 samples on the island of Hvar
Hvar
- Climate :The climate of Hvar is characterized by mild winters and warm summers. The yearly average air temperature is , 686 mm of precipitation fall on the town of Hvar on average every year and the town has a total of 2800 sunshine hours per year. For comparison Hvar has an average of 7.7...
were G.
Czech Republic
Among 257 samples from the Czech RepublicCzech Republic
The Czech Republic is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country is bordered by Poland to the northeast, Slovakia to the east, Austria to the south, and Germany to the west and northwest....
, 5.1% were G and were overwhelmingly G2a (P15+).
In another study, among 75 samples from Czechs, 4.0% were G2a (P15+). None of these was G2a3a (M406+)
Denmark
A survey of the general population of DenmarkDenmark
Denmark is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. The countries of Denmark and Greenland, as well as the Faroe Islands, constitute the Kingdom of Denmark . It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark...
based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR
Short tandem repeat
A short tandem repeat in DNA occurs when a pattern of two or more nucleotides are repeated and the repeated sequences are directly adjacent to each other. The pattern can range in length from 2 to 5 base pairs and is typically in the non-coding intron region...
markers of 247 samples from there in the YHRD database indicates 1.2% (n=3) are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor. There are several additional samples that might be G.
Estonia
A survey of the general population of EstoniaEstonia
Estonia , officially the Republic of Estonia , is a state in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia , and to the east by Lake Peipsi and the Russian Federation . Across the Baltic Sea lies...
based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR
Short tandem repeat
A short tandem repeat in DNA occurs when a pattern of two or more nucleotides are repeated and the repeated sequences are directly adjacent to each other. The pattern can range in length from 2 to 5 base pairs and is typically in the non-coding intron region...
markers of 133 samples from Tartu
Tartu
Tartu is the second largest city of Estonia. In contrast to Estonia's political and financial capital Tallinn, Tartu is often considered the intellectual and cultural hub, especially since it is home to Estonia's oldest and most renowned university. Situated 186 km southeast of Tallinn, the...
in the YHRD database indicates none are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor. Several additional samples are borderline for being G.
Finland
A study found 5% of 40 samples from OstrobothniaOstrobothnia (region)
Ostrobothnia is a region of Finland. It is located in Western Finland. It borders the regions Central Ostrobothnia, Southern Ostrobothnia, and Satakunta and is one of the four regions making up the historical province of Ostrobothnia....
(Osterbotten) in Finland were G.
A survey of the general population of Finland based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR
Short tandem repeat
A short tandem repeat in DNA occurs when a pattern of two or more nucleotides are repeated and the repeated sequences are directly adjacent to each other. The pattern can range in length from 2 to 5 base pairs and is typically in the non-coding intron region...
markers of 399 samples from there in the YHRD database indicates 0.5% (n=2) are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.
France
In a 2003 study, in 23 samples taken somewhere in FranceFrance
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
(2003), 0% were G, but 11.8% of 34 samples on the island of Corsica
Corsica
Corsica is an island in the Mediterranean Sea. It is located west of Italy, southeast of the French mainland, and north of the island of Sardinia....
were G.
An approximation method based on use of STR
Short tandem repeat
A short tandem repeat in DNA occurs when a pattern of two or more nucleotides are repeated and the repeated sequences are directly adjacent to each other. The pattern can range in length from 2 to 5 base pairs and is typically in the non-coding intron region...
markers from 109 samples from Paris
Paris
Paris is the capital and largest city in France, situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region...
in the YHRD database indicates 1.8% (n=2) are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor. And in 99 similar samples from Strasbourg
Strasbourg
Strasbourg is the capital and principal city of the Alsace region in eastern France and is the official seat of the European Parliament. Located close to the border with Germany, it is the capital of the Bas-Rhin département. The city and the region of Alsace are historically German-speaking,...
in the far northeast, 4% (n=4) are G.
Germany
A survey of the general population of GermanyGermany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation method based on STR
Short tandem repeat
A short tandem repeat in DNA occurs when a pattern of two or more nucleotides are repeated and the repeated sequences are directly adjacent to each other. The pattern can range in length from 2 to 5 base pairs and is typically in the non-coding intron region...
markers in samples in the YHRD database using the Athey haplogroup predictor indicates the following G percentages among samples from these German cities: (a) Freiburg
Freiburg
Freiburg im Breisgau is a city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. In the extreme south-west of the country, it straddles the Dreisam river, at the foot of the Schlossberg. Historically, the city has acted as the hub of the Breisgau region on the western edge of the Black Forest in the Upper Rhine Plain...
in the southwest, 433 samples of which 4.4% (n=19) are G; (b) Munich
Munich
Munich The city's motto is "" . Before 2006, it was "Weltstadt mit Herz" . Its native name, , is derived from the Old High German Munichen, meaning "by the monks' place". The city's name derives from the monks of the Benedictine order who founded the city; hence the monk depicted on the city's coat...
in the southeast, 281 samples of which 5.3% (n=15) are G; (c) Chemnitz
Chemnitz
Chemnitz is the third-largest city of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. Chemnitz is an independent city which is not part of any county and seat of the government region Direktionsbezirk Chemnitz. Located in the northern foothills of the Ore Mountains, it is a part of the Saxon triangle...
in the northeast. 820 samples of which 3.8% (n=31) are G.
Greece
In 76 samples taken somewhere in GreeceGreece
Greece , officially the Hellenic Republic , and historically Hellas or the Republic of Greece in English, is a country in southeastern Europe....
(2003), 2.6% were G. In 77 samples taken somewhere in Greece (2007), 9.1% were G.
In another study 3.3% of 92 Greek samples were G. This 3.3% was composed of 1.1% G2a3a (M406+) and the remainder other types of G2a.
Among 193 samples (2008) taken on the island of Crete
Crete
Crete is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, and one of the thirteen administrative regions of Greece. It forms a significant part of the economy and cultural heritage of Greece while retaining its own local cultural traits...
, 10.9% were G. Among 57 samples taken on the Peloponnese
Peloponnese
The Peloponnese, Peloponnesos or Peloponnesus , is a large peninsula , located in a region of southern Greece, forming the part of the country south of the Gulf of Corinth...
, 5.3% were G. And at several mainland Greek sites, 4.4% were G.
Another study that focused on Crete (2007), found 7.7% of 104 samples in the central part of the island were G, and that 6.3% of 64 samples on the eastern end were G.
Greenland
A survey of the general population of GreenlandGreenland
Greenland is an autonomous country within the Kingdom of Denmark, located between the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Though physiographically a part of the continent of North America, Greenland has been politically and culturally associated with Europe for...
based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR
Short tandem repeat
A short tandem repeat in DNA occurs when a pattern of two or more nucleotides are repeated and the repeated sequences are directly adjacent to each other. The pattern can range in length from 2 to 5 base pairs and is typically in the non-coding intron region...
markers of 342 samples from there in the YHRD database indicates none are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.
Hungary
In 100 samples taken in HungaryHungary
Hungary , officially the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is situated in the Carpathian Basin and is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine and Romania to the east, Serbia and Croatia to the south, Slovenia to the southwest and Austria to the west. The...
, 3.0% were found to G, and all were G2a (P15+).
In another study, among 53 samples from Hungary, 1.9% were G2a (P15+). None of these were G2a3a (M406+)
Iceland
A survey of the general population of IcelandIceland
Iceland , described as the Republic of Iceland, is a Nordic and European island country in the North Atlantic Ocean, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Iceland also refers to the main island of the country, which contains almost all the population and almost all the land area. The country has a population...
based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR
Short tandem repeat
A short tandem repeat in DNA occurs when a pattern of two or more nucleotides are repeated and the repeated sequences are directly adjacent to each other. The pattern can range in length from 2 to 5 base pairs and is typically in the non-coding intron region...
markers of 100 samples from there in the YHRD database indicates none are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.
Ireland
Among 796 samples taken in all areas of IrelandIreland
Ireland is an island to the northwest of continental Europe. It is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island on Earth...
, none were G. The actual figure in the population is certainly not zero because there are dozens of samples from Irish ancestry persons in various databases.
Italy
In a large 2007 study of 11 regions of peninsular ItalyItaly
Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...
and Elba
Elba
Elba is a Mediterranean island in Tuscany, Italy, from the coastal town of Piombino. The largest island of the Tuscan Archipelago, Elba is also part of the National Park of the Tuscan Archipelago and the third largest island in Italy after Sicily and Sardinia...
, 10.7% of 699 samples were G. The authors did not sample the northwestern Milan area and the high mountains of the central north. The Val Badia samples in the far northeast of Italy had an aytpical low 3% of 34 samples. The other areas all ranged 7% to 15% G. Elba
Elba
Elba is a Mediterranean island in Tuscany, Italy, from the coastal town of Piombino. The largest island of the Tuscan Archipelago, Elba is also part of the National Park of the Tuscan Archipelago and the third largest island in Italy after Sicily and Sardinia...
had 11% of 95 samples as G.
A 2003 study of Italy had found 11.8% of 51 samples in Sicily
Sicily
Sicily is a region of Italy, and is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. Along with the surrounding minor islands, it constitutes an autonomous region of Italy, the Regione Autonoma Siciliana Sicily has a rich and unique culture, especially with regard to the arts, music, literature,...
; 8.1% of 37 samples in Calabria
Calabria
Calabria , in antiquity known as Bruttium, is a region in southern Italy, south of Naples, located at the "toe" of the Italian Peninsula. The capital city of Calabria is Catanzaro....
; 14.1% of 78 samples in Sardinia
Sardinia
Sardinia is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea . It is an autonomous region of Italy, and the nearest land masses are the French island of Corsica, the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Tunisia and the Spanish Balearic Islands.The name Sardinia is from the pre-Roman noun *sard[],...
; and 10% of 50 samples in north central Italy were G.
In another 202 samples taken in Sardinia 13.9% were G. The authors noted the percentage at the sampled sites in the north of the island were 10.4% G, in the central-eastern area 11.1% but only 6.5% in the southwestern area.
And another Sardinian study of 930 males found 12.6% as G. Among a subgroup of these 930 where geographical information was available, the percentage on the southeastern coast was 13.9%; on the northeastern coast 20.9% and 13.9% in the inland central area. This study indicated an unusual percentage of G men there with STR marker value of 23 at DYS390—a percentage not seen in continental Europe where the 23 value is uncommon.
In another Sardinian study confined to towns in the northern sector of the island, 14% of 100 samples were all found to be G2a (P15+) based only on a probability calculation. The G2 category as represented by P15 became G2a in the period in which this study was conducted. The men were predicted just "G2" in the study. But P15 (now G2a) was probably the intended category.
A study that sampled only northeastern Italy found 11.3% G2a (P15+) among 67 samples. None of these were G2a3a (M406+).
A study that focused on the northeastern coast of Italy south of Venice
Venice
Venice is a city in northern Italy which is renowned for the beauty of its setting, its architecture and its artworks. It is the capital of the Veneto region...
, found among 163 samples that 8.6% were G.
A study that concentrated on 19 upland areas in the Marches region of central Italy found 7.4% G among 162 samples.
A study that concentrated on Sicily
Sicily
Sicily is a region of Italy, and is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. Along with the surrounding minor islands, it constitutes an autonomous region of Italy, the Regione Autonoma Siciliana Sicily has a rich and unique culture, especially with regard to the arts, music, literature,...
found among 236 samples 5.9% were G. This 5.9% figure was divided into 5.5% G2a (P15+) and the remainder other types of G. There were notable high G2a percentages in Caccamo
Caccamo
Caccamo is a town and comune located on the Tyrrhenian coast of Sicily in the Province of Palermo.-History:The official founding of Caccamo was not until 1093, when the Normans began building the castle on a rocky spur overlooking a cliff. The castle itself is actually now being slowly converted...
(25% of 16 samples), in Troina
Troina
Troina is a town and comune in the province of Enna, Sicily, Italy. It is located in the Nebrodi Park.-History:...
(13.3 % of 30 samples) and in Sciacca
Sciacca
Sciacca , also Schiacca, is a town and comune in the province of Agrigento on the southwestern coast of Sicily...
(10.7% of 27 samples).
Kosovo
Some countries recognize KosovoKosovo
Kosovo is a region in southeastern Europe. Part of the Ottoman Empire for more than five centuries, later the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija within Serbia...
as a country, and others consider it part of Serbia.
Among 113 samples taken among Albanians
Albanians
Albanians are a nation and ethnic group native to Albania and neighbouring countries. They speak the Albanian language. More than half of all Albanians live in Albania and Kosovo...
in Kosovo, none were G.
Latvia
A survey of the general population of LatviaLatvia
Latvia , officially the Republic of Latvia , is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by Estonia , to the south by Lithuania , to the east by the Russian Federation , to the southeast by Belarus and shares maritime borders to the west with Sweden...
based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR
Short tandem repeat
A short tandem repeat in DNA occurs when a pattern of two or more nucleotides are repeated and the repeated sequences are directly adjacent to each other. The pattern can range in length from 2 to 5 base pairs and is typically in the non-coding intron region...
markers of 145 samples from Riga
Riga
Riga is the capital and largest city of Latvia. With 702,891 inhabitants Riga is the largest city of the Baltic states, one of the largest cities in Northern Europe and home to more than one third of Latvia's population. The city is an important seaport and a major industrial, commercial,...
in the YHRD database indicates none are definitively G using the Athey haplogroup predictor. Several samples are possibly G.
Lithuania
A survey of the general population of LithuaniaLithuania
Lithuania , officially the Republic of Lithuania is a country in Northern Europe, the biggest of the three Baltic states. It is situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, whereby to the west lie Sweden and Denmark...
based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR
Short tandem repeat
A short tandem repeat in DNA occurs when a pattern of two or more nucleotides are repeated and the repeated sequences are directly adjacent to each other. The pattern can range in length from 2 to 5 base pairs and is typically in the non-coding intron region...
markers of 157 samples from Vilnius
Vilnius
Vilnius is the capital of Lithuania, and its largest city, with a population of 560,190 as of 2010. It is the seat of the Vilnius city municipality and of the Vilnius district municipality. It is also the capital of Vilnius County...
in the YHRD database indicates 1.3% (n=2) are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor. One additional sample is borderline for being G.
Macedonia
In a study of Greeks in MacedoniaRepublic of Macedonia
Macedonia , officially the Republic of Macedonia , is a country located in the central Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe. It is one of the successor states of the former Yugoslavia, from which it declared independence in 1991...
1.8% of 57 samples were found to be G2a3a (M406+). In this same study, a separate sampling of Albanians
Albanians
Albanians are a nation and ethnic group native to Albania and neighbouring countries. They speak the Albanian language. More than half of all Albanians live in Albania and Kosovo...
in Macedonia, 1.6% of 64 samples were G2a (P15+) but not G2a3a (M406+).
In a general study of Macedonia, 5.1% of 79 samples were G. This study also found among 57 Romani in Macedonia none were G.
Moldova
In 89 samples taken among the Turkic-speaking GagauzesGagauz people
The Gagauz people are Turkic speaking group living mostly in southern Moldova , southwestern Ukraine , south-eastern Romania and northeastern Bulgaria. Unlike most other Turkic speaking people, the Gagauz are predominantly Orthodox Christians...
of southern Moldova
Moldova
Moldova , officially the Republic of Moldova is a landlocked state in Eastern Europe, located between Romania to the West and Ukraine to the North, East and South. It declared itself an independent state with the same boundaries as the preceding Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1991, as part...
13.5% were G.
Netherlands
A survey of the general population of the NetherlandsNetherlands
The Netherlands is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with several islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders...
based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR
Short tandem repeat
A short tandem repeat in DNA occurs when a pattern of two or more nucleotides are repeated and the repeated sequences are directly adjacent to each other. The pattern can range in length from 2 to 5 base pairs and is typically in the non-coding intron region...
markers of 211 samples from there in the YHRD database indicates 4.3% (n=9) are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.
Norway
A survey of the general population of NorwayNorway
Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic unitary constitutional monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jan Mayen, and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard and Bouvet Island. Norway has a total area of and a population of about 4.9 million...
based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR
Short tandem repeat
A short tandem repeat in DNA occurs when a pattern of two or more nucleotides are repeated and the repeated sequences are directly adjacent to each other. The pattern can range in length from 2 to 5 base pairs and is typically in the non-coding intron region...
markers of 230 samples from there in the YHRD database indicates 1.3% (n=3) are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor. Several additional samples are borderline for being G.
Poland
Among 99 samples taken in PolandPoland
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
, 0% were found to be G.
Additional information is available in the form of approximations based on the Polish STR
Short tandem repeat
A short tandem repeat in DNA occurs when a pattern of two or more nucleotides are repeated and the repeated sequences are directly adjacent to each other. The pattern can range in length from 2 to 5 base pairs and is typically in the non-coding intron region...
-marker samples in the YHRD database. The G samples were identified using the Athey haplogroup predictor. Among 182 samples taken in the general population at Bialystok
Bialystok
Białystok is the largest city in northeastern Poland and the capital of the Podlaskie Voivodeship. Located on the Podlaskie Plain on the banks of the Biała River, Białystok ranks second in terms of population density, eleventh in population, and thirteenth in area, of the cities of Poland...
in the northeast, 0.5% (n=1) were G. At this same locale among Belarusians
Belarusians
Belarusians ; are an East Slavic ethnic group who populate the majority of the Republic of Belarus. Introduced to the world as a new state in the early 1990s, the Republic of Belarus brought with it the notion of a re-emerging Belarusian ethnicity, drawn upon the lines of the Old Belarusian...
0.6% (n=1) of 157 samples were G; among 129 Old Believers
Old Believers
In the context of Russian Orthodox church history, the Old Believers separated after 1666 from the official Russian Orthodox Church as a protest against church reforms introduced by Patriarch Nikon between 1652–66...
none were G; among 124 Tatars
Tatars
Tatars are a Turkic speaking ethnic group , numbering roughly 7 million.The majority of Tatars live in the Russian Federation, with a population of around 5.5 million, about 2 million of which in the republic of Tatarstan.Significant minority populations are found in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan,...
0.8% (n=1) were G. In the northwest at Szczecin
Szczecin
Szczecin , is the capital city of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship in Poland. It is the country's seventh-largest city and the largest seaport in Poland on the Baltic Sea. As of June 2009 the population was 406,427....
among 105 samples 1% (n=1) was G. In the south at Krakow
Kraków
Kraków also Krakow, or Cracow , is the second largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in the Lesser Poland region, the city dates back to the 7th century. Kraków has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish academic, cultural, and artistic life...
among 207 samples, 0.5% (n=1) were G. In the southeast at Lublin
Lublin
Lublin is the ninth largest city in Poland. It is the capital of Lublin Voivodeship with a population of 350,392 . Lublin is also the largest Polish city east of the Vistula river...
among 246 samples, 0.5% (n=1) were G.
Portugal
In 60 samples taken in northern PortugalPortugal
Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the...
, 12% were found to be G, and 9% of 78 samples in the south of the country were G.
In another study, among 109 samples taken in northern Portugal, 7.3% were G.
In a Portuguese study that also included the Atlantic islands, 3.1% of samples in Madeira
Madeira
Madeira is a Portuguese archipelago that lies between and , just under 400 km north of Tenerife, Canary Islands, in the north Atlantic Ocean and an outermost region of the European Union...
were G, and 8.3% of 121 samples from the Azores
Azores
The Archipelago of the Azores is composed of nine volcanic islands situated in the middle of the North Atlantic Ocean, and is located about west from Lisbon and about east from the east coast of North America. The islands, and their economic exclusion zone, form the Autonomous Region of the...
were G. In northern Portugal, 5% of 101 samples were G; in central Portugal 7.8% of 102 samples were G; and 7% of 100 samples in southern Portugal.
Romania
In 97 samples taken among Hungarian-speaking Skelzers in Transylvania in RomaniaRomania
Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea...
, 5.2% were found to G, and all were G2a (P15+).
In a more general survey of the Romanian population based on 102 samples of STR
Short tandem repeat
A short tandem repeat in DNA occurs when a pattern of two or more nucleotides are repeated and the repeated sequences are directly adjacent to each other. The pattern can range in length from 2 to 5 base pairs and is typically in the non-coding intron region...
markers in the YHRD database 2.0% (n=2) are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor. One additional sample is borderline for being G.
Russian Federation [European portion]
Western Russia.In a 2008 study, 259 samples taken in three cities in the northernmost third of western Russia
Russia
Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
, about 1% were G2a (P15+). In 246 samples from three cities south of there closer to Moscow about 1% were G, with more G1 men than G2a found. In 132 samples from two cities near the border with Latvia
Latvia
Latvia , officially the Republic of Latvia , is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by Estonia , to the south by Lithuania , to the east by the Russian Federation , to the southeast by Belarus and shares maritime borders to the west with Sweden...
and Estonia
Estonia
Estonia , officially the Republic of Estonia , is a state in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia , and to the east by Lake Peipsi and the Russian Federation . Across the Baltic Sea lies...
0% were G. In 107 samples from a city near the border with Belarus
Belarus
Belarus , officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered clockwise by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Its capital is Minsk; other major cities include Brest, Grodno , Gomel ,...
, 0% were G. In 394 samples from four cities near the border with the Ukraine
Ukraine
Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after Russia...
about 1% were G2a. And in 90 samples from among the Kuban Cossacks
Kuban Cossacks
Kuban Cossacks or Kubanians are Cossacks who live in the Kuban region of Russia. Most of the Kuban Cossacks are of descendants of two major groups who were re-settled in the Western Northern Caucasus during the Caucasus War in the late 18th century...
in the south, 1.1% were G2a.
And in a 2006 study of 414 samples presumably from western Russia (according to a map provided) 1.2% were G. In this same study among 68 Kalmyks of Mongolian origin who live near the Caspian Sea
Caspian Sea
The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed body of water on Earth by area, variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged sea. The sea has a surface area of and a volume of...
in the south of western Russia, none were G. In another study of the Kalmyks
Kalmyk people
Kalmyk people is the name given to the Oirats, western Mongols in Russia, whose descendants migrated from Dzhungaria in 1607. Today they form a majority in the autonomous Republic of Kalmykia on the western shore of the Caspian Sea. Kalmykia is Europe's only Buddhist government...
in the Russian Republic of Kalmykia
Kalmykia
The Republic of Kalmykia is a federal subject of Russia . Population: It is the only Buddhist region in Europe. It has also become well-known as an international chess mecca because its former President, Kirsan Ilyumzhinov, is the head of the International Chess Federation .-Geography:*Area:...
the authors found 1% G among 99 samples.
Another study in 2008 reported on 545 samples from 12 locations in western Russia. Of these, 1.8% of the samples were G. The highest percentage was 9.5% of 42 samples in Orlovskaja Oblast
Oryol Oblast
Oryol Oblast is a federal subject of Russia . Its administrative center is the city of Oryol. Population: -Geography:It is located in the southwestern part of the Central Federal District, in the Mid-Russian Highlands. Kaluga and Tula Oblasts border it in the north, Bryansk Oblast is located to...
, east of Belarus
Belarus
Belarus , officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered clockwise by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Its capital is Minsk; other major cities include Brest, Grodno , Gomel ,...
and north of the Ukraine
Ukraine
Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after Russia...
.
In a study that sampled 116 men of Chuvash
Chuvash people
The Chuvash people are a Turkic ethnic group, native to an area stretching from the Volga Region to Siberia. Most of them live in Republic of Chuvashia and surrounding areas, although Chuvash communities may be found throughout all Russia.- Etymology :...
origin, 1.7% were haplogroup G. While the study was not geographically precise as to origins, many Chuvash people live in the region south of Moscow
Moscow
Moscow is the capital, the most populous city, and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural, scientific, religious, financial, educational, and transportation centre of Russia and the continent...
.
Slovenia
Among 75 samples taken in SloveniaSlovenia
Slovenia , officially the Republic of Slovenia , is a country in Central and Southeastern Europe touching the Alps and bordering the Mediterranean. Slovenia borders Italy to the west, Croatia to the south and east, Hungary to the northeast, and Austria to the north, and also has a small portion of...
2.6% were G. This 2.6% was composed of 1.3% G2a3a (M406+) and 1.3% other types of G2a.
Spain
Among 24 samples taken in the northeastern corner of SpainSpain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
, 8.3% were G. In a larger study covering about 600 mainland Spanish samples outside the Basque
Basque Country (autonomous community)
The Basque Country is an autonomous community of northern Spain. It includes the Basque provinces of Álava, Biscay and Gipuzkoa, also called Historical Territories....
area, the average was about 5% G with the highest percentage recorded in Castilla-La Mancha (10%), and the lowest in parts of Andalusia
Andalusia
Andalusia is the most populous and the second largest in area of the autonomous communities of Spain. The Andalusian autonomous community is officially recognised as a nationality of Spain. The territory is divided into eight provinces: Huelva, Seville, Cádiz, Córdoba, Málaga, Jaén, Granada and...
and Castile
Castile and León
Castile and León is an autonomous community in north-western Spain. It was so constituted in 1983 and it comprises the historical regions of León and Old Castile...
(3%).
In another study, among 258 samples taken in 5 populations in southern Spain, about 3% were G. This same study found in 3 populations in northwestern Spain among 149 samples, about 7% were G, and in the northeastern quarter of Spain in two populations none of 52 samples were G.
Among 221 samples from Basque people
Basque people
The Basques as an ethnic group, primarily inhabit an area traditionally known as the Basque Country , a region that is located around the western end of the Pyrenees on the coast of the Bay of Biscay and straddles parts of north-central Spain and south-western France.The Basques are known in the...
in Spain 1.4% were G. Of these 168 were living in the three Basque provinces. All were G2a (P15+). Another study found 0% of 116 samples in Basque country were G.
In a study only of Cantabria
Cantabria
Cantabria is a Spanish historical region and autonomous community with Santander as its capital city. It is bordered on the east by the Basque Autonomous Community , on the south by Castile and León , on the west by the Principality of Asturias, and on the north by the Cantabrian Sea.Cantabria...
just west of the Basque Autonomous Community in northwestern Spain, 7.6% of 118 samples from 3 groupings were G.
A study only of Andalusia
Andalusia
Andalusia is the most populous and the second largest in area of the autonomous communities of Spain. The Andalusian autonomous community is officially recognised as a nationality of Spain. The territory is divided into eight provinces: Huelva, Seville, Cádiz, Córdoba, Málaga, Jaén, Granada and...
in southern Spain found that 2.1% of Andalusians were G. And of 68 separate samples specifically from the Pedroches Valley (Valle de los Pedroches) in Andalusia 2.9% were G.
In the Balearic Islands
Balearic Islands
The Balearic Islands are an archipelago of Spain in the western Mediterranean Sea, near the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula.The four largest islands are: Majorca, Minorca, Ibiza and Formentera. The archipelago forms an autonomous community and a province of Spain with Palma as the capital...
6% of 62 samples in Majorca were G; 0% of 37 samples in Minorca were G, but 13% of 54 samples in Ibiza were G.
Sweden
Among 305 samples taken in seven regions of SwedenSweden
Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund....
1.6% were G. The authors also found 0% G in 38 samples from nomadic Saami
Sami people
The Sami people, also spelled Sámi, or Saami, are the arctic indigenous people inhabiting Sápmi, which today encompasses parts of far northern Sweden, Norway, Finland, the Kola Peninsula of Russia, and the border area between south and middle Sweden and Norway. The Sámi are Europe’s northernmost...
men of Sweden.
Switzerland
A survey of the general population of SwitzerlandSwitzerland
Switzerland name of one of the Swiss cantons. ; ; ; or ), in its full name the Swiss Confederation , is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe,Or Central Europe depending on the definition....
based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR
Short tandem repeat
A short tandem repeat in DNA occurs when a pattern of two or more nucleotides are repeated and the repeated sequences are directly adjacent to each other. The pattern can range in length from 2 to 5 base pairs and is typically in the non-coding intron region...
markers of 348 samples from there in the YHRD database indicates 4.3% (n=15) are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor. An additional sample is borderline for being G.
United Kingdom
A survey of the general population of the United KingdomUnited Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
for G based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR
Short tandem repeat
A short tandem repeat in DNA occurs when a pattern of two or more nucleotides are repeated and the repeated sequences are directly adjacent to each other. The pattern can range in length from 2 to 5 base pairs and is typically in the non-coding intron region...
markers in the YHRD database indicates 3.4% (n=8) of 285 samples from London
London
London is the capital city of :England and the :United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its...
are G and 1% (n=1) of 97 samples from Birmingham
Birmingham
Birmingham is a city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands of England. It is the most populous British city outside the capital London, with a population of 1,036,900 , and lies at the heart of the West Midlands conurbation, the second most populous urban area in the United Kingdom with a...
are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.
Ukraine
Among 92 samples taken in the UkraineUkraine
Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after Russia...
, 3.3% were found G2a (P15+). None of these belonged to G2a3a (M406+).
An approximation of SNP results based on the STR
Short tandem repeat
A short tandem repeat in DNA occurs when a pattern of two or more nucleotides are repeated and the repeated sequences are directly adjacent to each other. The pattern can range in length from 2 to 5 base pairs and is typically in the non-coding intron region...
markers of 183 samples from Kiev
Kiev
Kiev or Kyiv is the capital and the largest city of Ukraine, located in the north central part of the country on the Dnieper River. The population as of the 2001 census was 2,611,300. However, higher numbers have been cited in the press....
in the YHRD database indicates 1.1% (n=2) are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.
Wallis and Futuna
Among 50 samples taken in East FutunaFutuna Island, Wallis and Futuna
Futuna is an island in the Pacific Ocean belonging to the French overseas collectivity of Wallis and Futuna. It is one of the Hoorn Islands or Îles Horne, nearby Alofi being the other...
, none were G.
United States
Among 2517 persons in the United States of America from a wide variety of locales, 2.5% were found to be G. When restricted to those with European ancestry the percentage rises to about 4%. African-Americans were about 1% G, and Native Americans 0.3%.Brazil
In a study of 48 ApalaiApalai
The Aparai or Apalai are an indigenous people of Brazil, who live in Amapá and Pará states. They were sedentary slash and burn farmers, necessitating periodic relocation as soil became exhausted, but also hunters and gatherers...
men from the Amazon
Amazon Rainforest
The Amazon Rainforest , also known in English as Amazonia or the Amazon Jungle, is a moist broadleaf forest that covers most of the Amazon Basin of South America...
in Brazil
Brazil
Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...
none were G.
French Guiana
In a study of 103 men from 4 Native American groups in French GuianaFrench Guiana
French Guiana is an overseas region of France, consisting of a single overseas department located on the northern Atlantic coast of South America. It has borders with two nations, Brazil to the east and south, and Suriname to the west...
none were G.
See also
- Haplogroup G (Y-DNA)Haplogroup G (Y-DNA)In human genetics, Haplogroup G is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. It is a branch of Haplogroup F . Haplogroup G has an overall low frequency in most populations but is widely distributed within many ethnic groups of the Old World in Europe, northern and western Asia, northern Africa, the Middle East,...
- Haplogroup G1 (Y-DNA)Haplogroup G1 (Y-DNA)In human genetics, Haplogroup G1 is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. G1 is a branch of Haplogroup G Y-DNA . Haplogroup G1 has an extremely low frequency in almost all countries except Iran and the countries adjoining Iran on the west....
- Haplogroup G2a3a (Y-DNA)Haplogroup G2a3a (Y-DNA)In human genetics, Haplogroup G2a3a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. G2a3a is a branch of Haplogroup G Y-DNA . More specifically in descending order, G2a3a is a subbranch also of G2 , G2a and finally G2a3 Haplogroup G2a3a seems most common in Turkey and Greece...
- Haplogroup G2a3b1 (Y-DNA)Haplogroup G2a3b1 (Y-DNA)In human genetics, Haplogroup G2a3b1 is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. It is a branch of haplogroup G . In descending order, G2a3b1 is additionally a branch of G2 , G2a , G2a3 and finally G2a3b . This haplogroup represents the majority of haplogroup G men in most areas of Europe west of Russia and...
- Haplogroup G2c (Y-DNA)Haplogroup G2c (Y-DNA)In human genetics, Haplogroup G2c is a Y-chromosome haplogroup and is defined by the presence of the M377 mutation. It is a branch of Haplogroup G, which in turn is defined by the presence of the M201 mutation....
- genetic genealogyGenetic genealogyGenetic genealogy is the application of genetics to traditional genealogy. Genetic genealogy involves the use of genealogical DNA testing to determine the level of genetic relationship between individuals.-History:...
- Y-chromosome haplogroups by populationsY-chromosome haplogroups by populationsThe following articles are lists of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups found in populations and various ethnic groups by regions or continents around the world based on relevant studies, and the samples have been taken from individuals identified by linguistic designation.General*Y-DNA haplogroups...