This is a list of official and unofficial names for time spans in the geologic timescale and units of chronostratigraphy

Chronostratigraphy

Chronostratigraphy is the branch of stratigraphy that studies the age of rock strata in relation to time.The ultimate aim of chronostratigraphy is to arrange the sequence of deposition and the time of deposition of all rocks within a geological region, and eventually, the entire geologic record of...

. Since many of the smallest subdivisions of the geologic timescale were in the past defined on regional lithostratigraphic

Lithostratigraphy

Lithostratigraphy is a sub-discipline of stratigraphy, the geological science associated with the study of strata or rock layers. Major focuses include geochronology, comparative geology, and petrology...

 units, there are many alternative names that overlap. The body concerned with standardizing the names of geochronologic units is the International Commission on Stratigraphy

International Commission on Stratigraphy

The International Commission on Stratigraphy , sometimes referred to by the unofficial "International Stratigraphic Commission" is a daughter or major subcommittee grade scientific daughter organization that concerns itself with stratigraphy, geological, and geochronological matters on a global...

 (ICS). In 2008 however, even though the Phanerozoic

Phanerozoic

The Phanerozoic Eon is the current eon in the geologic timescale, and the one during which abundant animal life has existed. It covers roughly 542 million years and goes back to the time when diverse hard-shelled animals first appeared...

 eon is almost completely divided in internationally recognizable units, local subdivisions are often still preferred over the international ones.

List

Name (English English language English is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into what was to become south-east Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria... )	base/start (Ma)	top/end (Ma)	status	usage	named after	author, year
A
Aalenian Aalenian The Aalenian is a subdivision of the Middle Jurassic epoch/series of the geologic timescale that extends from about 175.6 Ma to about 171.6 Ma . It was preceded by the Toarcian and succeeded by the Bajocian.-Stratigraphic definitions:...	175.6 ± 2.0	171.6 ± 3.0	age (Jurassic)	ICS	Aalen Aalen Aalen is a city in the German state of Baden-Württemberg, about east of Stuttgart and north of Ulm. It is the seat of the Ostalbkreis district, and its largest city, as well as the largest city within the Ostwürttemberg region. In spatial planning, Aalen is designated a Mittelzentrum...  (Germany)
Abereiddian	471.8 ± 1.6	464	age (Ordovician)	regional	Abereiddy Abereiddy Abereiddy is a hamlet in the county of Pembrokeshire, in south-west Wales.It has a small beach which was awarded the Blue flag rural beach award in 2005. A large car park adjoins the beach, where in the summer an ice cream van can usually be found. The beach also has public toilets which are open...  (Wales)
Actonian	454	453	age (Ordovician)	regional	Acton Scott Acton Scott Acton Scott is a village and parish near Church Stretton in Shropshire, England. It lies in the Shropshire Hills area of outstanding natural beauty. The settlement was registered as Actune in the Domesday Book....  (England)
Adelaidean	1,300	542	age (Proterozoic)	Australia	Adelaide Adelaide Adelaide is the capital city of South Australia and the fifth-largest city in Australia. Adelaide has an estimated population of more than 1.2 million...
Aegean	245 ± 1.5	244	age (Triassic)	Europe	Aegean Sea Aegean Sea The Aegean Sea[p] is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea located between the southern Balkan and Anatolian peninsulas, i.e., between the mainlands of Greece and Turkey. In the north, it is connected to the Marmara Sea and Black Sea by the Dardanelles and Bosporus...
Aeronian	439.0 ± 1.8	436.0 ± 1.9	age (Silurian)	ICS	Cwm-coed-aeron (Wales)	Cocks et al., 1971
Aftonian	0.6	0.48	age (Pleistocene)	North America
Agenian Agenian The Agenian age is a period of geologic time within the Miocene used more specifically with European Land Mammal Ages. It follows the Orleanian age and overlaps the Aquitanian and Burdigalian ages....	23	20.4	ELMMZ (Miocene)	Europe	Agen Agen Agen is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in Aquitaine in south-western France. It lies on the river Garonne southeast of Bordeaux. It is the capital of the department.-Economy:The town has a higher level of unemployment than the national average...  (France)
Aimchanian		1100	age (Proterozoic)	Siberia
Aksayan	493	491.5	age (Cambrian)	Russia, Kazakhstan
Alaunian	216	211	sub-age (Triassic)	Europe
Albertan			epoch (Cambrian)	North America
Albian Albian The Albian is both an age of the geologic timescale and a stage in the stratigraphic column. It is the youngest or uppermost subdivision of the Early/Lower Cretaceous epoch/series. Its approximate time range is 112.0 ± 1.0 Ma to 99.6 ± 0.9 Ma...	112.0 ± 1.0	99.6 ± 0.9	age (Cretaceous)	ICS	Albia, Latin name of the river Aube (France)	d'Orbigny Alcide d'Orbigny Alcide Charles Victor Marie Dessalines d'Orbigny was a French naturalist who made major contributions in many areas, including zoology , palaeontology, geology, archaeology and anthropology.... , 1842
Alding(i)an	36	30	age (Eocene)	Australia
Algonkian		543	age (Proterozoic)	international	Algonquian native peoples Algonquian peoples The Algonquian are one of the most populous and widespread North American native language groups, with tribes originally numbering in the hundreds. Today hundreds of thousands of individuals identify with various Algonquian peoples...  of Canada
Allerød Allerød Oscillation The Allerød period was a warm and moist global interstadial that occurred at the end of the last glacial period. The Allerød oscillation raised temperatures , before they declined again in the succeeding Younger Dryas period, which was followed by the present interglacial period.In some regions,...	13,350 BP	12,700 BP	chronozone (Weichselian)	Northern Europe	Allerød Allerød municipality Allerød Kommune is a municipality on the island of Zealand in eastern Denmark. The municipality covers an area of 67 km², and has a total population of 23,493...  (Denmark)
Alportian	324.5	318.1 ± 1.3	age (Carboniferous)	regional	Alport Alport Alport is a hamlet in the White Peak area of Derbyshire, England. It lies east of Youlgreave, at the confluence of the River Bradford and the River Lathkill. The oldest house in the hamlet is Monks Hall...  (England)
Altonian	19.0	15.9	age (Miocene)	New Zealand	Alton Alton, New Zealand Alton is a small rural community in south Taranaki, in the western North Island of New Zealand. It is located between the towns of Hawera and Patea.-Business history:...
Amazonian	~1,800	present	Martian epoch	Mars	Amazonis Planitia Amazonis Planitia Amazonis Planitia is one of the smoothest plains on Mars. It is located between the Tharsis and Elysium volcanic provinces to the west of Olympus Mons in the Valles Marineris region of the Memnonia quadrangle, centered at...
Amgan	513.0 ± 2.0	502	age (Cambrian)	Russia, Kazakhstan
Amstelian	2.588	2.40	super-age (Pleistocene)	Netherlands	river Amstel Amstel The Amstel is a river in the Netherlands which runs through the city of Amsterdam. The river's name is derived from Aeme stelle, old Dutch for "area abounding with water"....	Harmer, 1896
Anglian	0.465	0.418	age (Pleistocene)	Great Britain	East Anglia East Anglia East Anglia is a traditional name for a region of eastern England, named after an ancient Anglo-Saxon kingdom, the Kingdom of the East Angles. The Angles took their name from their homeland Angeln, in northern Germany. East Anglia initially consisted of Norfolk and Suffolk, but upon the marriage of...
Animikean	2,225	1,400	age (Proterozoic)	North America (obsolete)
Anisian Anisian In the geologic timescale, the Anisian is the lower stage or earliest age of the Middle Triassic series or epoch and lasted from 245 million years ago until 237 million years ago, approximately...	245.0 ± 1.5	237.0 ± 2.0	age (Triassic)	ICS	Anisus, Latin name for the river Enns (Austria)
Antian	~2.12	~2.0	age (Pleistocene)	Great Britain	River Ant River Ant The River Ant is a tributary river of the River Bure in the county of Norfolk, England. It is 17 miles long , and has an overall drop of 25 metres from source to mouth...  (England)
Antwerpian	± 21	± 12	age (Miocene)	Belgium (obsolete)	Antwerp	Gogels, 1879
Aphebian	2500	1600	age (Proterozoic)	North America
Aptian Aptian The Aptian is an age in the geologic timescale or a stage in the stratigraphic column. It is a subdivision of the Early or Lower Cretaceous epoch or series and encompasses the time from 125.0 ± 1.0 Ma to 112.0 ± 1.0 Ma , approximately...	125.0 ± 1.0	112.0 ± 1.0	age (Cretaceous)	ICS	Apt Apt, Vaucluse Apt is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France.It lies on the left bank of the Calavon, east of Avignon...  (France)	d'Orbigny, 1840
Aquatraversian	2.588	2.4	age (Pleistocene)	Italy
Aquilan	85.2	82.2	NALMA (Cretaceous)	North America
Aquitanian Aquitanian age The Aquitanian is, in the ICS' geologic timescale, the oldest age or lowest stage in the Miocene. It spans the time between 23.03 ± 0.05 Ma and 20.43 ± 0.05 Ma and is a dry, cooling period...	23.03	20.43	age (Miocene)	ICS	Aquitaine Aquitaine Aquitaine , archaic Guyenne/Guienne , is one of the 27 regions of France, in the south-western part of metropolitan France, along the Atlantic Ocean and the Pyrenees mountain range on the border with Spain. It comprises the 5 departments of Dordogne, :Lot et Garonne, :Pyrénées-Atlantiques, Landes...
Archean Archean The Archean , also spelled Archeozoic or Archæozoic) is a geologic eon before the Paleoproterozoic Era of the Proterozoic Eon, before 2.5 Ga ago. Instead of being based on stratigraphy, this date is defined chronometrically...	none	2,500	eon	ICS
Arenig Arenig In geology, the Arenigian refers both to a time interval during the Lower Ordovician period and also to the suite of rocks which were deposited during this interval.-History:... (-ian)			epoch (Ordovician)	Europe	Arenig Fawr Arenig Fawr Arenig Fawr is a mountain located in Snowdonia, North Wales. The mountain, which is the largest in the area, lies close to Llyn Celyn reservoir alongside the A4212 between Trawsfynydd and Bala.-Location:...  (Wales)	Sedgwick Adam Sedgwick Adam Sedgwick was one of the founders of modern geology. He proposed the Devonian period of the geological timescale... , 1847; Fearnsides William George Fearnsides William George Fearnsides FRS was a British geologist....  1905
Arikareean Arikareean The Arikareean North American Stage on the geologic timescale is the North American faunal stage according to the North American Land Mammal Ages chronology , typically set from 30,600,000 to 20,800,000 years BP, a period of . It is usually considered to overlap the Oligocene and Miocene epochs...	30.8	20.6	super-age (Oligo-Miocene)	North America
Arnold	43.0	34.3	epoch (Paleogene)	New Zealand	Arnold River Arnold River, New Zealand The Arnold River is located in the west of New Zealand's South Island. It is the outflow of Lake Brunner, which it links with the Grey River. The Arnold River flows northwest for 20 kilometres, joining the Grey immediately above the town of Brunner, some 15 kilometres from the Tasman Sea...
Arnsbergian	326	325	sub-age (Carboniferous)	regional
Arowhanan	95.2	92.1	age (Cretaceous)	New Zealand	Arowhana
Arshantan Arshantan The Arshantan age is a period of geologic time within the Early Eocene epoch of the Paleogene used more specifically with Asian Land Mammal Ages. It follows the Bumbanian age and precedes the Irdinmanhan age....	52.1	46.2	ALMA (Eocene)	Asia
Artinskian Artinskian In the geologic timescale, the Artinskian is an age or stage of the Permian. It is a subdivision of the Cisuralian epoch or series. The Artinskian lasted between 284.4 ± 0.7 and 275.6 ± 0.7 million years ago...	284.4 ± 0.7	275.6 ± 0.7	age (Permian)	ICS	Arti Arti Arti is an urban locality and the administrative center of Artinsky District of Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia, located on the Artya River at its confluence with the Ufa River, southwest of Yekaterinburg and southeast of Krasnoufimsk. Population: 13,800 .-History:It was founded in 1783 when...  (Russia)	Karpinski, 1874
Arundian	341	339	age (Carboniferous)	regional
Asbian	337.5	333	age (Carboniferous)	regional
Ashbyan			age (Ordovician)	North America
Ashgill(-ian)			epoch (Ordovician)	Europe	Ashgill Ashgill Ashgill is a village in South Lanarkshire, Scotland....  (Scotland)
Asselian Asselian In the geologic timescale, the Asselian is the earliest geochronologic age or lowermost chronostratigraphic stage of the Permian. It is a subdivision of the Cisuralian epoch or series. The Asselian lasted between 299.0 ± 0.8 and 294.6 ± 0.8 million years ago...	299.0 ± 0.8	294.6 ± 0.8	age (Permian)	ICS	river Assel (Kazakhstan)	Ruzhenchev, 1954
Astaracian Astaracian The Astaracian age age is a period of geologic time , equivalent with the Middle Miocene and used more specifically with European Land Mammal Ages. It precedes the Vallesian age and follows the Orleanian age. The Astaracian overlaps the Langhian and Serravallian ages....	15	11.1	ELMMZ (Miocene)	Europe	The Astarac Astarac Astarac is a region in Gascony, a county in the Middle Ages. It was formed as a county out of the partition of the Duchy of Gascony amongst his son following the death of García II Sánchez. The youngest son, Arnold I, received Astarac....  (France)
Asturian		305	age (Carboniferous)	Europe	Asturias Asturias The Principality of Asturias is an autonomous community of the Kingdom of Spain, coextensive with the former Kingdom of Asturias in the Middle Ages...
Atdabanian	530	524	age (Cambrian)	Russia, Kazakhstan
Atlantic Atlantic (period) The Atlantic in palaeoclimatology was the warmest and moistest Blytt-Sernander period, pollen zone and chronozone of Holocene northern Europe. The climate was generally warmer than today. It was preceded by the Boreal, with a climate similar to today’s, and was followed by the Sub-Boreal, a...	5,660 BP	9,220 BP	chronozone (Holocene)	Northern Europe	the Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's oceanic divisions. With a total area of about , it covers approximately 20% of the Earth's surface and about 26% of its water surface area...	Blytt, 1876
Atokan			age (Carboniferous)	North America
Aurelucian	460.9	457	age (Ordovician)	Europe
Austinian			age (Cretaceous)	south and east of the US	Austin, Texas Austin, Texas Austin is the capital city of the U.S. state of :Texas and the seat of Travis County. Located in Central Texas on the eastern edge of the American Southwest, it is the fourth-largest city in Texas and the 14th most populous city in the United States. It was the third-fastest-growing large city in...	Murray, 1961
Autunian	~300	~275	age (Carboniferous-Permian)	Europe	Autun Autun Autun is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department in Burgundy in eastern France. It was founded during the early Roman Empire as Augustodunum. Autun marks the easternmost extent of the Umayyad campaign in Europe.-Early history:...  (France)
Avernian	29.2	23.03	ELMMZ (Oligocene)	Europe
Awamoan	20.0	17.5	age (Miocene)	New Zealand
Ayusokkanian	501.0 ± 2.0	494.5	age (Cambrian)	Russia, Kazakhstan
Azoic see Archean
B
Badenian	16.0	13.3	age (Miocene)	Paratethys	Baden Baden bei Wien -Points of interest:The town offers several parks and a picturesque surrounding, of which the most frequented is the Helenental valley. Not far from Baden, the valley is crossed by a widespread aqueduct of the Vienna waterworks...  (Austria)	Papp & Cicha, 1968
Baikalian	850	650	age (Proterozoic)	Siberia	Lake Baikal Lake Baikal Lake Baikal is the world's oldest at 30 million years old and deepest lake with an average depth of 744.4 metres.Located in the south of the Russian region of Siberia, between Irkutsk Oblast to the northwest and the Buryat Republic to the southeast, it is the most voluminous freshwater lake in the...
Bairnsdalian	15.0	10.5	age (Miocene)	Australia
Baishaean	433	429	age (Silurian)	China
Bajocian Bajocian In the geologic timescale, the Bajocian is an age or stage in the Middle Jurassic. It lasted from approximately 171.6 Ma to around 167.7 Ma . The Bajocian age succeeds the Aalenian age and precedes the Bathonian age....	171.6 ± 3.0	167.7 ± 3.5	age (Jurassic)	ICS	Bayeux Bayeux Bayeux is a commune in the Calvados department in Normandy in northwestern France.Bayeux is the home of the Bayeux Tapestry, which depicts the events leading up to the Norman conquest of England.-Administration:Bayeux is a sub-prefecture of Calvados...  (France)	d'Orbigny Alcide d'Orbigny Alcide Charles Victor Marie Dessalines d'Orbigny was a French naturalist who made major contributions in many areas, including zoology , palaeontology, geology, archaeology and anthropology....
Balcombian	15.5	15.0	age (Miocene)	Australia
Baotan	460.9	454.5	age (Ordovician)	China
Barremian Barremian The Barremian is an age in the geologic timescale between 130.0 ± 1.5 Ma and 125.0 ± 1.0 Ma). It is a subdivision of the Early Cretaceous epoch...	130.0 ± 1.5	125.0 ± 1.0	age (Cretaceous)	ICS	Barrême Barrême Barrême is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France.-Geography:The village lies in the middle of the commune, near the confluence of the rivers Asse de Clumanc, Asse de Blieux, and Asse de Moriez, tributaries of the Asse.-Regional Geology:Barreme is a young...  (France)	Coquand, 1873
Barruelian			age (Carboniferous)	Europe
Barstovian Barstovian The Barstovian North American Stage on the geologic timescale is the North American faunal stage according to the North American Land Mammal Ages chronology , typically set from 16,300,000 to 13,600,000 years BP, a period of . It is usually considered to overlap the Langhian and Serravallian...	16.3	13.6	age (Miocene)	North America
Bartonian Bartonian The Bartonian is, in the ICS's geological timescale, a stage or age in the middle Eocene epoch or series. The Bartonian age spans the time between and . It is preceded by the Lutetian and is followed by the Priabonian age.-Stratigraphic definition:...	37.2 ± 0.1	40.4 ± 0.2	age (Eocene)	ICS	Barton-on-Sea (South England)	Mayer-Eymar, 1857
Bashkirian Bashkirian The Bashkirian is in the ICS geologic timescale the lowest stage or oldest age of the Pennsylvanian, the youngest subsystem of the Carboniferous...	318.1 ± 1.3	311.7 ± 1.1	age (Carboniferous)	ICS	Bashkortostan Bashkortostan The Republic of Bashkortostan , also known as Bashkiria is a federal subject of Russia . It is located between the Volga River and the Ural Mountains. Its capital is the city of Ufa...
Basin Groups Basin Groups Basin Groups refers to 9 informal subdivisions of the lunar Pre-Nectarian geologic period.-Definition:The motivation for creating the Basin Groups subdivisions was to place 30 pre-Nectarian impact basins into 9 relative age groups...  1-9	4,150	3,850	subperiod (Prenectarium)	Moon (unofficial)	groups of impact basins
Batesfordian	16.5	15.5	age (Miocene)	Australia
Bathonian Bathonian In the geologic timescale the Bathonian is an age or stage of the Middle Jurassic. It lasted from approximately 167.7 Ma to around 164.7 Ma...	167.7 ± 3.5	164.7 ± 4.0	age (Jurassic)	ICS	Bath (England)
Batyrbayan	491.5	488.3	age (Cambrian)	Russia, Kazakhstan
Bavel Interglacial	1.03	0.96	age (Pleistocene)	Netherlands	Bavel Bavel (Netherlands) Bavel is a village in the southern Netherlands. It is located in the Dutch province of North Brabant, largely within the municipality of Breda with some rural areas in the municipality of Alphen-Chaam....
Bavelian	1.03	0.85	super-age (Pleistocene)	Netherlands	Bavel Bavel (Netherlands) Bavel is a village in the southern Netherlands. It is located in the Dutch province of North Brabant, largely within the municipality of Breda with some rural areas in the municipality of Alphen-Chaam....
Baventian	~2.0	~1.87	age (Pleistocene)	Great Britain	Easton Bavents Easton Bavents Easton Bavents is a hamlet in Waveney District and the ceremonial county of Suffolk in England. It was once the most easterly ecclesiastical parish in England; a map of Suffolk dated around 1610 shows a headland projecting eastwards into the sea there...  (England)	West Richard Gilbert West Richard Gilbert West FRS is a British botanist, geologist and palaeontologist.He began his career at the age of 18 in 1944 when he joined the Army and spent time in India. On return to England, he went to Clare College, Cambridge in 1948 taking Botany and Geology at Part I... , 1961
Bedoulian	129.97	125.0	sub-age (Cretaceous)	regional
Beestonian	1.77	~0.8	age (Pleistocene)	Great Britain	Beeston, Norfolk Beeston, Norfolk Beeston is a village in the county of Norfolk, England, in the civil parish of Beeston with Bittering, west of East Dereham and south of Fakenham...  (England)
Belvédère Interglacial	0.338	0.324	age (Pleistocene)	Netherlands	quarry "Belvédère" (Maastricht Maastricht Maastricht is situated on both sides of the Meuse river in the south-eastern part of the Netherlands, on the Belgian border and near the German border... )
Bendigonian	473.5	471.8	age (Ordovician)	Australia	Bendigo, Victoria Bendigo, Victoria Bendigo is a major regional city in the state of Victoria, Australia, located very close to the geographical centre of the state and approximately north west of the state capital Melbourne. It is the second largest inland city and fourth most populous city in the state. The estimated urban...
Berriasian Berriasian In the geological timescale, the Berriasian is an age or stage of the Early or Lower Creteceous. It is the oldest or lowest subdivision in the entire Cretaceous. It spanned between 145.5 ± 4.0 Ma and 140.2 ± 3.0 Ma...	145.5 ± 4.0	140.2 ± 3.0	age (Cretaceous)	ICS	Berrias (France)
Biber Glacial	~2.5	2.35	age (Pleistocene)	Alps	river Biber Biber (Danube) The Biber is a right tributary of the Danube in Bavaria, Germany. The source of the Biber is in the south of the hamlet Matzenhofen in Unterroth. The river is 36.8 km long....  (Germany)
Biber-Donau			age (Pleistocene)	Alps
Blancan Blancan The Blancan North American Stage on the geologic timescale is the North American faunal stage according to the North American Land Mammal Ages chronology , typically set from 4,750,000 to 1,808,000 years BP, a period of .. It is usually considered to start in the early-mid Pliocene epoch and end...	4.9	1.8	age (Plio-Pleistocene)	North America
Black River(-an)			age (Ordovician)	North America
Bolderian	<21	>16	age (Miocene)	Belgium (obsolete)	Bolderberg	Dumont, 1850
Bolindian	450	443.7	age (Ordovician)	Australia
Bølling Bølling Oscillation The Bølling oscillation was a warm interstadial period between the Oldest Dryas and Older Dryas stadials, at the end of the last glacial period. It is named after a peat sequence discovered at Bølling lake, central Jutland...	13,730 BP	13,480 BP	chronozone (Weichselian)	Northern Europe	Bølling Sø (Denmark)
Bolsovian			age (Carboniferous)	Europe	Bolsover Bolsover Bolsover is a town near Chesterfield, Derbyshire, England. It is 145 miles  from London, 18 miles  from Sheffield, 26 miles  from Nottingham and 54 miles  from Manchester. It is the main town in the Bolsover district.The civil parish for the town is called...  (England)
Boomerangian	504	501	age (Cambrian)	Australia
Boreal Boreal (period) In paleoclimatology of the Holocene, the Boreal was the first of the Blytt-Sernander sequence of north European climatic phases that were originally based on the study of Danish peat bogs, named for Axel Blytt and Rutger Sernander, who first established the sequence. In peat bog sediments, the...	10,640 BP	9,220 BP	chronozone (Holocene)	Northern Europe	boreal zone in ecology	Blytt, 1876
Bortonian	43.0	37.0	age (Eocene)	New Zealand	Bortons
Botomian	524	518.5	age (Cambrian)	Russia, Kazakhstan
Bramertonian	~2.12	~2.0	age (Pleistocene)	Great Britain	Bramerton Pits Bramerton Pits Bramerton Pits is a Site of Special Scientific Interest north of the village of Bramerton in Norfolk on the southern banks of the River Yare , where the Norwich 'Crag' comes to the surface:...  (England)	Funnell, Norton, West Richard Gilbert West Richard Gilbert West FRS is a British botanist, geologist and palaeontologist.He began his career at the age of 18 in 1944 when he joined the Army and spent time in India. On return to England, he went to Clare College, Cambridge in 1948 taking Botany and Geology at Part I...  and Mayhew, 1979
Bridgerian	50.3	46.2	age (Eocene)	North America
Brigantian	336	326.4 ± 1.6	age (Carboniferous)	North America, Europe	Brigantes Brigantes The Brigantes were a Celtic tribe who in pre-Roman times controlled the largest section of what would become Northern England, and a significant part of the Midlands. Their kingdom is sometimes called Brigantia, and it was centred in what was later known as Yorkshire...  (Celtic tribe)
Brioverian	~680	~600	age (Neoproterozoic)	Armorican Massif Armorican Massif The Armorican Massif is a geologic massif that covers a large area in the northwest of France, including Brittany, the western part of Normandy and the Pays de la Loire. Its name comes from the old Armorica, a Gaul area between the Loire and the Seine rivers... , France
Brüggenian	2.588	2.4	chronozone (Pleistocene)	Northwest Europe
Brunssumian	5.3	3.6	chronozone (Pliocene)	Northwest Europe	Brunssum Brunssum Brunssum is a municipality and a town in the province of Limburg, the Netherlands. Brunssum was formerly a center of coal mining in the Netherlands and there are a few active mines remaining in the area...  (The Netherlands)
Bulitian	55.8	53	age (Eocene)	California
Bumbanian Bumbanian The Bumbanian is an Asian Land Mammal Age , a large biozone which corresponds to ages between 55.8—46.8 Ma for finds of fossil mammals in Asia. This zone lies within the Ypresian stage of the Eocene series. It follows the Gashatan ALMA and precedes the Arshantan ALMA....  (Eocene)	55.7	52.1	ALMA	Asia
Buntsandstein Buntsandstein The Buntsandstein or Bunter sandstone is a lithostratigraphic and allostratigraphic unit in the subsurface of large parts of west and central Europe...	251.0 ± 0.4	246.6	epoch/subperiod (Triassic)	Europe	German German language German is a West Germanic language, related to and classified alongside English and Dutch. With an estimated 90 – 98 million native speakers, German is one of the world's major languages and is the most widely-spoken first language in the European Union.... : bunte Sandstein = coloured sandstone Sandstone Sandstone is a sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized minerals or rock grains.Most sandstone is composed of quartz and/or feldspar because these are the most common minerals in the Earth's crust. Like sand, sandstone may be any colour, but the most common colours are tan, brown, yellow,...	Von Alberti, 1834
Burdigalian Burdigalian The Burdigalian is, in the geologic timescale, an age or stage in the early Miocene. It spans the time between 20.43 ± 0.05 Ma and 15.97 ± 0.05 Ma...	20.43	15.97	age (Miocene)	ICS	Latin Latin Latin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. It, along with most European languages, is a descendant of the ancient Proto-Indo-European language. Although it is considered a dead language, a number of scholars and members of the Christian clergy speak it fluently, and... : Burdigala = Bordeaux Bordeaux Bordeaux is a port city on the Garonne River in the Gironde department in southwestern France.The Bordeaux-Arcachon-Libourne metropolitan area, has a population of 1,010,000 and constitutes the sixth-largest urban area in France. It is the capital of the Aquitaine region, as well as the prefecture...  (France)	Depéret Charles Depéret Charles Jean Julien Depéret was a French geologist and paleontologist. He was a member of the French Academy of Sciences, the Société géologique de France and dean of the Science faculty of Lyon.... , 1892
Burrellian	457	455	age (Ordovician)	Europe	Glenburrell Wistanstow Wistanstow is a village and parish in Shropshire, England.- Location :Wistanstow is located about 8km south of Church Stretton and 14km north of Ludlow. It is about 2½ km north of Craven Arms. It is just off the main Shrewsbury-Hereford road, the A49...  (England)
Burzyan	1,400	1,375	age (Proterozoic)	Russia
C
Caerfai	542 ± 0.2	513 ± 2	age (Cambrian)	Europe (obsolete)	Caerfai Bay Caerfai Bay Caerfai Bay near St Davids in Pembrokeshire West Wales has cliffs of purple sandstone and a sandy beach at low tide reached by steep steps. There is free parking above the beach with picnic benches and views of the islands of Skomer and Skokholm.-Geology:...  (Wales)
Calabrian	1.806	0.781	age (Pleistocene)	Southern Europe	Calabria Calabria Calabria , in antiquity known as Bruttium, is a region in southern Italy, south of Naples, located at the "toe" of the Italian Peninsula. The capital city of Calabria is Catanzaro....
Callovian Callovian In the geologic timescale, the Callovian is an age or stage in the Middle Jurassic, lasting between 164.7 ± 4.0 Ma and 161.2 ± 4.0 Ma. It is the last stage of the Middle Jurassic, following the Bathonian and preceding the Oxfordian....	164.7 ± 4.0	161.2 ± 4.0	age (Jurassic)	ICS	Kellaways (England)	d'Orbigny Alcide d'Orbigny Alcide Charles Victor Marie Dessalines d'Orbigny was a French naturalist who made major contributions in many areas, including zoology , palaeontology, geology, archaeology and anthropology....
Calymmian Calymmian The Calymmian is the first geologic period in the Mesoproterozoic Era and lasted from 1600 Mya to 1400 Mya...	1,600	1,400	period (Proterozoic)	ICS
Cambrian Cambrian The Cambrian is the first geological period of the Paleozoic Era, lasting from Mya ; it is succeeded by the Ordovician. Its subdivisions, and indeed its base, are somewhat in flux. The period was established by Adam Sedgwick, who named it after Cambria, the Latin name for Wales, where Britain's...	542.0 ± 1.0	488.3 ± 1.7	period (Paleozoic)	ICS	Cambria Cambria Cambria is the classical name for Wales, being the Latinised form of the Welsh name Cymru . The etymology of Cymry "the Welsh", Cimbri, and Cwmry "Cumbria", improbably connected to the Biblical Gomer and the "Cimmerians" by 17th-century celticists, is now known to come from Old Welsh combrog...  (Latin Latin Latin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. It, along with most European languages, is a descendant of the ancient Proto-Indo-European language. Although it is considered a dead language, a number of scholars and members of the Christian clergy speak it fluently, and...  for Wales Wales Wales is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain, bordered by England to its east and the Atlantic Ocean and Irish Sea to its west. It has a population of three million, and a total area of 20,779 km²... )	Sedgwick Adam Sedgwick Adam Sedgwick was one of the founders of modern geology. He proposed the Devonian period of the geological timescale... , 1835
Campanian Campanian The Campanian is, in the ICS' geologic timescale, the fifth of six ages of the Late Cretaceous epoch . The Campanian spans the time from 83.5 ± 0.7 Ma to 70.6 ± 0.6 Ma ...	83.5 ± 0.7	70.6 ± 0.6	age (Cretaceous)	ICS	Champagne Champagne, France Champagne is a historic province in the northeast of France, now best known for the sparkling white wine that bears its name.Formerly ruled by the counts of Champagne, its western edge is about 100 miles east of Paris. The cities of Troyes, Reims, and Épernay are the commercial centers of the area...  (France)	Coquand, 1857
Canadian			epoch (Ordovician)	North America
Cantabrian	305		age (Carboniferous)	Europe
Capitanian Capitanian In the geologic timescale, the Capitanian is an age or stage of the Permian. It is also the uppermost or latest of three subdivisions of the Guadalupian epoch or series. The Capitanian lasted between and...	265.8 ± 0.7	260.4 ± 0.7	age (Permian)	ICS	Capitan Reef (Texas, US)
Caradocian	460.9	449.5	epoch(Ordovician)	Europe	Caradoc Caradoc Caradoc Vreichvras Arm) was a semi-legendary ancestor to the kings of Gwent. He lived during the 5th or 6th century. He is remembered in Arthurian legend as a Knight of the Round Table as Carados Briefbras ....  (Welsh king)	Murchison, 1839
Carboniferous Carboniferous The Carboniferous is a geologic period and system that extends from the end of the Devonian Period, about 359.2 ± 2.5 Mya , to the beginning of the Permian Period, about 299.0 ± 0.8 Mya . The name is derived from the Latin word for coal, carbo. Carboniferous means "coal-bearing"...	359.2 ± 2.5	299.0 ± 0.8	period (Paleozoic)	ICS	carbon	Conybeare & Phillips William Phillips (geologist) William Phillips FRS was an English mineralogist and geologist.Phillips was the son of James Phillips, printer and bookseller in London. He became interested in mineralogy and geology, and was one of the founders of the Geological Society of London... , 1822
Carixian	189.6 ± 1.5		sub-age (Jurassic)	regional
Carnian Carnian The Carnian is the lowermost stage of the Upper Triassic series . It lasted from about 228.7 till 216.5 million years ago . The Carnian is preceded by the Ladinian and is followed by the Norian...	228.0 ± 2.0	216.5 ± 2.0	age (Triassic)	ICS	Carnic Alps Carnic Alps The Carnic Alps are a range of the Southern Limestone Alps in East Tyrol, Carinthia, South Tyrol and Friuli . They extend from east to west for about between the Gail River, a tributary of the Drava and the Tagliamento, forming the border between Austria and Italy.They are named after the Roman...  (Austria)	Mojsisovics Johann August Georg Edmund Mojsisovics von Mojsvar Johann August Georg Edmund Mojsisovics von Mojsvar was an Austro-Hungarian geologist and palaeontologist.Mojsvar was the son of the surgeon Georg Mojsisovics von Mojsvar . He was born at Vienna... , 1869
Carpentarian	1,800	1,300	age (Proterozoic)	Australia	Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Carpentaria The Gulf of Carpentaria is a large, shallow sea enclosed on three sides by northern Australia and bounded on the north by the Arafura Sea...
Casamajoran	54	48	age (Eocene)	South America
Cassian	1.1	0.8	age (Pleistocene)	Italy
Cassinian Cassinian The Cassinian is the latest age of the Canadian Epoch when thought of temporally and the uppermost stage of the Canadian Series when thought of stratigraphically...	473	471.8	sub-age (Ordovician)	North America
Castlecliffian	1.63	0.34	age (Pleistocene)	New Zealand	Castlecliff
Castlemanian	471	470	age (Ordovician)	Australia	Castlemaine Castlemaine, Victoria Castlemaine is a city in Victoria, Australia, in the Goldfields region of Victoria about 120 kilometres northwest by road from Melbourne, and about 40 kilometres from the major provincial centre of Bendigo. It is the administrative and economic centre of the Shire of Mount Alexander. The...
Cautleyan	447.5	446.5	age (Ordovician)	Europe	Cautley Spout Cautley Spout Cautley Spout is England's highest waterfall above ground. . The broken cascade of falls tumbles a total of 650 feet down a cliff face at the head of a wild and bleak glacial valley that comes down from a high plateau called The Calf...  (England)
Cayugan	421.3 ± 2.6	416.0 ± 2.8	age (Silurian)	North America
Cenomanian Cenomanian The Cenomanian is, in the ICS' geological timescale the oldest or earliest age of the Late Cretaceous epoch or the lowest stage of the Upper Cretaceous series. An age is a unit of geochronology: it is a unit of time; the stage is a unit in the stratigraphic column deposited during the corresponding...	99.6 ± 0.9	93.5 ± 0.8	age (Cretaceous)	ICS	Latin Latin Latin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. It, along with most European languages, is a descendant of the ancient Proto-Indo-European language. Although it is considered a dead language, a number of scholars and members of the Christian clergy speak it fluently, and... : Cenomanium = Le Mans Le Mans Le Mans is a city in France, located on the Sarthe River. Traditionally the capital of the province of Maine, it is now the capital of the Sarthe department and the seat of the Roman Catholic diocese of Le Mans. Le Mans is a part of the Pays de la Loire region.Its inhabitants are called Manceaux...  (France)	d'Orbigny Alcide d'Orbigny Alcide Charles Victor Marie Dessalines d'Orbigny was a French naturalist who made major contributions in many areas, including zoology , palaeontology, geology, archaeology and anthropology.... , 1847
Cenozoic Cenozoic The Cenozoic era is the current and most recent of the three Phanerozoic geological eras and covers the period from 65.5 mya to the present. The era began in the wake of the Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction event at the end of the Cretaceous that saw the demise of the last non-avian dinosaurs and...	65.5 ± 0.3	present	era	ICS	new life	Phillips John Phillips (geologist) John Phillips FRS was an English geologist.- Life and work :Philips was born at Marden in Wiltshire... , 1847
Cernaysian	55.9	55.0	ELMMZ (Paleocene)	Europe
Cisuralian	299.0 ± 0.8	270.6 ± 0.7	epoch (Permian)	ICS
Chadian	345.3 ± 2.1	341	age (Carboniferous)	regional
Chadronian Chadronian The Chadronian age within the North American Land Mammal Ages chronology is the North American faunal stage typically set from 38,000,000 to 33,900,000 years BP, a period of . It is usually considered to fall within the Eocene epoch...	38.0	33.9	age (Eocene)	North America
Chamovnicheskian	306	305	age (Carboniferous)	Russia
Champlanian			epoch (Ordovician)	North America
Changhsingian Changhsingian In the geologic timescale, the Changhsingian or Changxingian is the latest age or uppermost stage of the Permian. It is also the upper or latest of two subdivisions of the Lopingian epoch or series. The Changhsingian lasted from 253.8 ± 0.7 to 251.0 ± 0.7 million years ago...	253.8 ±0.7	251.0 ± 0.4	age (Permian)	ICS	Changxing Changxing County Changxing County is a county in the prefecture-level city of Huzhou, Zhejiang, China. Situated in the northern part of Zhejiang Province, it is close to the border of Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui Province and serves as an important city in transportation.Changxing has since 2004 a Twin City ...  (China)
Changlangpuan	523	518	age (Cambrian)	China
Changshanian	496.8	492.5	age (Cambrian)	China
Chapadmalalan Chapadmalalan The Chapadmalalan age is a period of geologic time within the Pliocene epoch of the Neogene used more specifically with South American Land Mammal Ages. It follows the Montehermosan and precedes the Uquian age....	4.0	3.0	age (Pliocene)	South America
Chasicoan Chasicoan The Chasicoan age is a period of geologic time within the Miocene epoch of the Neogene used more specifically with South American Land Mammal Ages. It follows the Mayoan and precedes the Huayquerian age....	10.0	9.0	age (Miocene)	South America
Chatauquan	370	359.2 ± 2.5	age (Devonian)	South America
Chattian Chattian The Chattian is, in the geologic timescale, the youngest of two ages or upper of two stages of the Oligocene epoch/series. It spans the time between and . The Chattian is preceded by the Rupelian and is followed by the Aquitanian .-Stratigraphic definition:The Chattian was introduced by Austrian...	28.4 ± 0.1	23.03	age (Oligocene)	ICS	Chatte Chatte Chatte is a commune in the Isère department in south-eastern France....  (France)	Fuchs, 1894
Chautauquan			age (Devonian)	North America
Chazyan			age (Ordovician)	North America
Cheltenhamian	5.0	4.3	age (Pliocene)	Australia
Cheneyan	455	452	age (Ordovician)	Europe
Cheremshankian	314.5	313.4	age (Carboniferous)	Russia
Chesterian	333	318.1	age (Carboniferous)	North America
Chewtonian	473	471	age (Ordovician)	Australia
Chokierian	325	324.5	sub-age (Carboniferous)	regional
Cincinnatian	451	443.7 ± 1.5	epoch (Ordovician)	North America	Cincinnati
Clansayesian	115.0	112.0	subage (Cretaceous)
Clarendonian Clarendonian The Clarendonian North American Stage on the geologic timescale is the North American faunal stage according to the North American Land Mammal Ages chronology , typically set from 13,600,000 to 10,300,000 years BP, a period of . It is usually considered to overlap the Serravallian of the Middle...	13.6	10.3	age (Miocene)	North America
Clarkforkian Clarkforkian The Clarkforkian North American Stage on the geologic timescale is the North American faunal stage according to the North American Land Mammal Ages chronology , typically set from 56,800,000 to 55,400,000 years BP lasting . It is usually considered to be within the Paleocene, more specifically the...	56.8	55.4	age (Paleo-Eocene)	North America
Clifdenian	15.9	15.1	age (Miocene)	New Zealand	Clifden Clifden, New Zealand The hamlet of Clifden, New Zealand is a small rural community on the Waiau River, Southland, New Zealand. It is notable for being the site of the Clifden Suspension Bridge and the Clifden Limestone Caves, well-known since early European settlers made it a "must see" place to visit.-Clifden war...
Colhuehuapian Colhuehuapian The Colhuehuapian age is a period of geologic time within the Miocene epoch of the Neogene used more specifically with South American Land Mammal Ages. It follows the Deseadan and precedes the Santacrucian age....	21.0	17.5	age (Miocene)	South America
Colloncurian	15.5	12.0	age (Miocene)	South America
Coniacian Coniacian The Coniacian is an age or stage in the geologic timescale. It is a subdivision of the Late Cretaceous epoch or Upper Cretaceous series and spans the time between 89.3 ± 1 Ma and 85.8 ± 0.7 Ma...	89.3 ± 1.0	85.8 ± 0.7	age (Cretaceous)	ICS	Cognac Cognac Cognac is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France. It is a sub-prefecture of the department.-Geography:Cognac is situated on the river Charente between the towns of Angoulême and Saintes. The majority of the town has been built on the river's left bank, with the smaller right...  (France)	Coquand, 1857
Copernican	1,100	present	period	Moon	Copernicus Copernicus (lunar crater) Copernicus is a prominent lunar impact crater named after the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus, located in eastern Oceanus Procellarum. It is estimated to be about 800 million years old, and typifies craters that formed during the Copernican period in that it has a prominent ray system.-...
Costonian	460.9	459	age (Ordovician)	regional
Couvinian	397.5 ± 2.7	391.8 ± 2.7	age (Devonian)	Belgium (obsolete)	Couvin Couvin Couvin is a Walloon municipality and town located in Belgium in the province of Namur.On 1 January 2006 the municipality had 13,476 inhabitants. Couvin is the second largest municipality of Belgium by surface area, after Tournai...	d'Omalius d'Halloy, 1862
Cressagian	488.3 ± 1.7	486	age (Ordovician)	Europe
Cretaceous Cretaceous The Cretaceous , derived from the Latin "creta" , usually abbreviated K for its German translation Kreide , is a geologic period and system from circa to million years ago. In the geologic timescale, the Cretaceous follows the Jurassic period and is followed by the Paleogene period of the...	145.5 ± 4.0	65.5 ± 0.3	period (Mesozoic)	ICS	Crete Crete Crete is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, and one of the thirteen administrative regions of Greece. It forms a significant part of the economy and cultural heritage of Greece while retaining its own local cultural traits... ; Latin Latin Latin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. It, along with most European languages, is a descendant of the ancient Proto-Indo-European language. Although it is considered a dead language, a number of scholars and members of the Christian clergy speak it fluently, and...  creta=chalk Chalk Chalk is a soft, white, porous sedimentary rock, a form of limestone composed of the mineral calcite. Calcite is calcium carbonate or CaCO3. It forms under reasonably deep marine conditions from the gradual accumulation of minute calcite plates shed from micro-organisms called coccolithophores....	d'Omalius d'Halloy, 1822
Croixan			epoch (Cambrian)	North America
Cromerian	0.85	0.465	super-age/age (Pleistocene)	Netherlands, Great Britain	Cromer Cromer Cromer is a coastal town and civil parish in north Norfolk, England. The local government authority is North Norfolk District Council, whose headquarters is in Holt Road in the town. The town is situated 23 miles north of the county town, Norwich, and is 4 miles east of Sheringham...  (England)
Cryogenian Cryogenian The Cryogenian is a geologic period that lasted from . It forms the second geologic period of the Neoproterozoic Era, preceded by the Tonian Period and followed by the Ediacaran...	850	635.5 ± 1.2	period (Proterozoic)	ICS	frozen beginning
Cryptic Cryptic era The Cryptic era is an informal term that refers to the earliest geologic evolution of the Earth and Moon. It is the oldest era of the Hadean eon, and it is commonly accepted to have begun close to 4567.17 million years ago when the Earth and Moon formed...	4,567	4,150	epoch (Prenectarian)	Moon (unofficial)	hidden
D
Dacian	5.332 ± 0.005	3.600 ± 0.005	age (Pliocene)	Paratethys	Dacia Dacia In ancient geography, especially in Roman sources, Dacia was the land inhabited by the Dacians or Getae as they were known by the Greeks—the branch of the Thracians north of the Haemus range...  (Roman province)
Dalanian (Dalaun)	313	310	age (Carboniferous)	China
Danian Danian The Danian is the oldest age or lowermost stage of the Paleocene epoch or series, the Paleogene period or system and the Cenozoic era or erathem. The beginning of the Danian age is at the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event...	65.5 ± 0.3	61.7 ± 0.2	age (Paleocene)	ICS	Denmark Denmark Denmark is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. The countries of Denmark and Greenland, as well as the Faroe Islands, constitute the Kingdom of Denmark . It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark...	Desor Pierre Jean Édouard Desor Pierre Jean Édouard Desor was a Swiss geologist. He associated in his early years with Louis Agassiz, studying palaeontology and glacial phenomena, and together with James David Forbes ascended the Jungfrau in 1841... , 1847
Dannevirke	65.0	43.0	epoch (Paleogene)	New Zealand	Dannevirke Dannevirke Dannevirke , is a rural service town in the Manawatu-Wanganui Region of the North Island, New Zealand. It is the major town of the administrative Tararua District, the easternmost of the districts in which the Regional Council has responsibilities...
Dapingian	471.8 ± 1.6	468.1 ± 1.6	age (Ordovician)	ICS	Daping (China)
Darriwilian	468.1 ± 1.6	460.9 ± 1.6	age (Ordovician)	ICS	Darriwil (Australia)	Hall Thomas Sergeant Hall Thomas Sergeant Hall was an Australian geologist and biologist, recipient of The Murchison Fund in 1901.-Early life:... , 1899
Datangian	345	333	age (Carboniferous)	China
Datsonian	488.3 ± 1.7	485	age (Ordovician)	Australia
Dawanian	472	471.8	age (Ordovician)	North America
Deerparkian			age (Devonian)	North America
Delamaran	512	504	age (Cambrian)	North America
Delmontian	7.5	2.9	age (Plio-Miocene)	California
Demingian	478.6	475	sub-age (Ordovician)	North America
Derryan	311.7 ± 1.1	308	age (Carboniferous)	North America
Deseadan Deseadan The Deseadan age is a period of geologic time within the Oligocene epoch of the Paleogene used more specifically with South American Land Mammal Ages. It follows the Tinguirirican and precedes the Colhuehuapian age....	29.0	21.0	age (Oligo-Miocene)	South America
Desmoinesian			age (Carboniferous)	North America
Deurnian			age (Miocene)	Belgium (obsolete)	Deurne	de Heinzelin (1955)
Devensian	0.116	0.0115	age (Pleistocene)	Great Britain	Devenses, Celtic tribe by the Deva (England and Wales)
Devonian Devonian The Devonian is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic Era spanning from the end of the Silurian Period, about 416.0 ± 2.8 Mya , to the beginning of the Carboniferous Period, about 359.2 ± 2.5 Mya...	416.0 ± 2.8	359.2 ± 2.5	period (Paleozoic)	ICS	Devon Devon Devon is a large county in southwestern England. The county is sometimes referred to as Devonshire, although the term is rarely used inside the county itself as the county has never been officially "shired", it often indicates a traditional or historical context.The county shares borders with...  (England)	Murchison Roderick Murchison Sir Roderick Impey Murchison, 1st Baronet KCB DCL FRS FRSE FLS PRGS PBA MRIA was a Scottish geologist who first described and investigated the Silurian system.-Early life and work:...  & Sedgwick Adam Sedgwick Adam Sedgwick was one of the founders of modern geology. He proposed the Devonian period of the geological timescale... , 1839
Dewuan	333	318.1 ± 1.3	age (Carboniferous)	China
Dinantian Dinantian Dinantian is the name of a series or epoch from the Lower Carboniferous system in Europe. It can stand for a series of rocks in Europe or the time span in which they were deposited....	359.2 ± 2.5	326.4 ± 1.6	epoch/sub-period (Carboniferous)	Northern Europe	Dinant Dinant Dinant is a Walloon city and municipality located on the River Meuse in the Belgian province of Namur, Belgium. The Dinant municipality includes the old communes of Anseremme, Bouvignes-sur-Meuse, Dréhance, Falmagne, Falmignoul, Foy-Notre-Dame, Furfooz, Lisogne, Sorinnes, and Thynes.-Origins to...
Divisaderan Divisaderan The Divisaderan age is a period of geologic time within the Eocene epoch of the Paleogene used more specifically with South American Land Mammal Ages. It follows the Mustersan and precedes the Tinguirirican age....	42	36	age (Eocene)	South America
Dogger	175.6 ± 2.0	161.2 ± 4.0	epoch (Jurassic)	Northern Europe	dogger=ironrich sediment type
Dolgellian	492.5	488.3 ± 1.7	age (Cambrian)	regional	Dolgellau Dolgellau Dolgellau is a market town in Gwynedd, north-west Wales, lying on the River Wnion, a tributary of the River Mawddach. It was the county town of the former county of Merionethshire .-History and economy:... , Wales
Domerian		183.0 ± 1.5	sub-age (Jurassic)	regional
Donau Glacial	1.7	1.35	age (Pleistocene)	Alps	river Danube Danube The Danube is a river in the Central Europe and the Europe's second longest river after the Volga. It is classified as an international waterway....
Donau-Günz		>2.35	age (Pleistocene)	Alps
Dorogomilovksian	305	303.9 ± 0.9	age (Carboniferous)	regional
Drenthian	0.238	0.17	chronozone (Pleistocene)	Northwest Europe	Drenthe Drenthe Drenthe is a province of the Netherlands, located in the north-east of the country. The capital city is Assen. It is bordered by Overijssel to the south, Friesland to the west, Groningen to the north, and Germany to the east.-History:Drenthe, unlike many other parts of the Netherlands, has been a...
Dresbachian Dresbachian The Dresbachian is the lower stage of the Late or Upper Cambrian Period in North America, equivalent to the Chinese Guzhangian which spans about 4 million years, from...	501	496.8	age (Cambrian)	North America
Drumian	506.5	503	age (Cambrian)	ICS	Drum Mountains (Utah, US)
Duchesnean Duchesnean The Duchesnean North American Stage on the geologic timescale is a North American Land Mammal Age , with an age from 42 to 38 million years BP, representing . It falls within the Eocene epoch. The Duchesnean is preceded by the Uintan and followed by the Chadronian NALMA.The Duchesnean falls within...	42.0	38.0	age (Eocene)	North America
Duckmantian			age (Carboniferous)	Europe	Duckmanton Railway Cutting, England
Duntroonian	27.3	25.2	age (Oligocene)	New Zealand	Duntroon Duntroon, New Zealand Duntroon is a small farming town in the Waitaki District of New Zealand's South Island. Although traditionally considered a North Otago town, it is presently officially located within the farthest southern reaches of Canterbury...
Dyeran	524.5	512	age (Cambrian)	North America
E
Eaglefordian			age (Cretaceous)	Gulf and Atlantic coast of the US	Eagle Ford, Dallas, Texas Eagle Ford, Dallas, Texas Eagle Ford is a neighborhood in West Dallas, Texas, United States.-Adjacent areas:*Ledbetter Gardens *Westmoreland Heights *Trinity River *City of Irving *City of Grand Prairie...	Murray, 1961
Early Imbrian	3850	3800	period	Moon	Mare Imbrium Mare Imbrium Mare Imbrium, Latin for "Sea of Showers" or "Sea of Rains", is a vast lunar mare filling a basin on Earth's Moon and one of the larger craters in the Solar System. Mare Imbrium was created when lava flooded the giant crater formed when a very large object hit the Moon long ago...
Eastonian	456	450	age (Ordovician)	Australia
Eburonian	1.80	1.45	super-age (Pleistocene)	Netherlands	Eburones Eburones The Eburones , were a Belgic people who lived in the northeast of Gaul, near the river Meuse and the modern provinces of Belgian and Dutch Limburg, in the period immediately before it was conquered by Rome. They played a major role in Julius Caesar's account of his "Gallic Wars", as the most... , Germanic tribe
Ectasian Ectasian The Ectasian is the second geologic period in the Mesoproterozoic Era and lasted from 1400 Mya ago to 1200 Mya...	1,400	1,200	period (Proterozoic)	ICS
Edenian			age (Ordovician)	North America
Ediacaran Ediacaran The Ediacaran Period , named after the Ediacara Hills of South Australia, is the last geological period of the Neoproterozoic Era and of the Proterozoic Eon, immediately preceding the Cambrian Period, the first period of the Paleozoic Era and of the Phanerozoic Eon...	635.5 ± 1.2	542.0 ± 1.0	period (Proterozoic)	ICS	Ediacara Hills Ediacara Hills Ediacara Hills are a range of low hills in the northern part of the Flinders Ranges of South Australia, around 650 km north of Adelaide. The area has many old copper and silver mines from mining activity in the late 19th century...  (Australia)
Edmontonian Edmontonian -Paleobiogeography:In southern North America, little changed in the transition from the Judithian to the Edmontonian. However, the northern biome experienced a general trend in reduction of centrosaurines, with only Pachyrhinosaurus surviving. Likewise among lambeosaurs, only the single genus...	80.8	70.7	NALMA (Cretaceous)	North America
Eemian	0.130	0.116	age (Pleistocene)	Northern Europe	river Eem Eem The Eem is a river in the north of the Utrecht Province in the Netherlands with a length of approximately .The river is fed by the Vallei Canal and a number of Veluwe creeks, the most important of which are the Heiligenberger Beek, the Barneveldse Beek and the Lunterse Beek, all of which come...  (Netherlands)	Harting, 1875
Eifelian	397.5 ± 2.7	391.8 ± 2.7	age (Devonian)	ICS	the Eifel Eifel The Eifel is a low mountain range in western Germany and eastern Belgium. It occupies parts of southwestern North Rhine-Westphalia, northwestern Rhineland-Palatinate and the south of the German-speaking Community of Belgium....  (Germany)	Beyrich, 1837
Egerian	25.8	20.3	age (Oligo-Miocene)	Paratethys	Eger Eger Eger is the second largest city in Northern Hungary, the county seat of Heves, east of the Mátra Mountains. Eger is best known for its castle, thermal baths, historic buildings , and red and white wines.- Name :...  (Hungary)	Báldi & Seneš, 1968
Eggenburgian	20.8	18.3	age (Miocene)	Paratethys	Eggenburg Eggenburg Eggenburg is a municipality in the district of Horn in Lower Austria, Austria....  (Austria)	Steininger & Seneš, 1968
Eildonian	433	428.2 ± 2.3	age (Silurian)	Australia
Elsterian	0.465	0.418	age (Pleistocene)	Northern Europe	river Weißen Elster (Germany)
Elvirian	326	324.5	age (Carboniferous)	regional
Emilian	1.5	0.781	subage (Pleistocene)	Italy
Emscherian	89.5	83.5	age (Cretaceous)	Germany
Emsian	407.0 ± 2.8	397.5 ± 2.7	age (Devonian)	ICS	Bad Ems Bad Ems Bad Ems is a town in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is the county seat of the Rhein-Lahn rural district and is well known as a bathing resort on the river Lahn...  (Germany)	de Dorlodot, 1900
Ensenadan Ensenadan The Ensenadan age is a period of geologic time within the Early Pleistocene epoch of the Neogene used more specifically with South American Land Mammal Ages. It follows the Uquian and precedes the Lujanian age....	1.2	0.8	age (Pleistocene)	South America
Eoarchean Eoarchean In the geologic record the Eoarchean erathem and the Eoarchean era in the geologic timescale correspond to one another in the dual system of classification of rock strata laid down beginning 4000 Ma to 3600 Ma .- Chronology :It was formerly officially unnamed and usually referred to as the first...	none	3.600	era	ICS
Eocene Eocene The Eocene Epoch, lasting from about 56 to 34 million years ago , is a major division of the geologic timescale and the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the Cenozoic Era. The Eocene spans the time from the end of the Palaeocene Epoch to the beginning of the Oligocene Epoch. The start of the...	55.8 ± 0.2	33.9 ± 0.1	epoch (Paleogene)	ICS	earliest recent	Lyell Charles Lyell Sir Charles Lyell, 1st Baronet, Kt FRS was a British lawyer and the foremost geologist of his day. He is best known as the author of Principles of Geology, which popularised James Hutton's concepts of uniformitarianism – the idea that the earth was shaped by slow-moving forces still in operation... , 1847
Eratosthenian Eratosthenian The Eratosthenian period in the lunar geologic timescale runs from 3,200 million years ago to 1,100 million years ago. It is named after the crater Eratosthenes, whose formation marks the beginning of this period. The formation of the crater Copernicus marks its end, and the beginning of the...	3,200	1,100	period	Moon	Eratosthenes Eratosthenes (crater) Eratosthenes is a relatively deep lunar impact crater that lies on the boundary between the Mare Imbrium and Sinus Aestuum mare regions. It forms the western terminus of the Montes Apenninus mountain range. The crater has a well-defined circular rim, terraced inner wall, central mountain peaks, an...
Ergilian Ergilian The Ergilian age is a period of geologic time within the Late Eocene epoch of the Paleogene used more specifically with Asian Land Mammal Ages. It follows the Ulangochuian and precedes the Houldjinian age....	35.1	33.8	ALMA (Oligo-Eocene)	Asia
Erian	391.8 ± 2.7	388	age (Devonian)	North America
F
Famennian Famennian The Famennian is one of two faunal stages in the Late Devonian epoch. It lasted from 374.5 ± 2.6 million years ago to 359.2 ± 2.5 million years ago. It was preceded by the Frasnian stage and followed by the Tournaisian stage and is named after Famenne, a natural region in southern Belgium.It was...	374.5 ± 2.6	359.2 ± 2.5	age (Devonian)	ICS	the Famenne Famenne Famenne is a natural region in southern Belgium. Together with The Fagne or la Fagne, west of the river Meuse, it is part of the Fagne-Famenne natural region...  (Belgium)	Dumont, 1855
Fassanian	237 ± 2.0	233	sub-age (Triassic)	Europe
Fengshanian	492.5	488.3 ± 1.7	age (Cambrian)	China
Fennian	473	471.8	age (Ordovician)	Europe
Festiniogian	496.8	492.5	age (Cambrian)	regional
Flaminian	0.5	0.3	age (Pleistocene)	Italy
Flandrian	0.01	present	age (Holocene)	Western Europe (obsolete)	Flanders Flanders Flanders is the community of the Flemings but also one of the institutions in Belgium, and a geographical region located in parts of present-day Belgium, France and the Netherlands. "Flanders" can also refer to the northern part of Belgium that contains Brussels, Bruges, Ghent and Antwerp...	Rutot & Van den Broeck, 1885
Floian	478.6 ± 1.7	471.8 ± 1.6	age (Ordovician)	ICS	Flo (Sweden)
Florian	508	504	age (Cambrian)	Australia
Fortunian	542.0 ± 1.0	528	age (Cambrian)	ICS	Fortune Head Fortune Head Fortune Head is a headland located about 1.6 km from the town of Fortune on the Burin Peninsula, southeastern Newfoundland.A 410 m thick section of rock along its cliffs is designated the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point representing the boundary between the Precambrian era and the...  (Canada)
Franconian Franconian (stage) The Franconian is the middle stage of the Upper or Late Cambrian in North America, equivalent to the Chinese Changshanian with a span of nearly 4.5 million years, from about 497 to 492.5 Ma...	496.8	492.5	age (Cambrian)	North America
Frasnian Frasnian The Frasnian is one of two faunal stages in the Late Devonian epoch. It lasted from 385.3 ± 2.6 million years ago to 374.5 ± 2.6 million years ago. It was preceded by the Givetian stage and followed by the Famennian stage...	385.3 ± 2.6	374.5 ± 2.6	age (Devonian)	ICS	Frasne Frasne Frasne is a commune in the Doubs department in the Franche-Comté region in eastern France.-Population:-External links:*...  (Belgium)	d'Omalius d'Halloy, 1862
Friasian Friasian The Friasian age is a period of geologic time within the Miocene epoch of the Neogene used more specifically with South American Land Mammal Ages. It follows the Santacrucian and precedes the Colloncuran age....	16.3	15.5	age (Miocene)	South America
Fujian	11.1	9.5	age (Miocene)	Japan
Fupingan	3,100	2,600	age (Archaean)	China
Furongian	501.0 ± 2.0	488.3 ± 1.7	epoch (Cambrian)	ICS	Furong Furong District Furong District is a district of Hunan, China. It is under the administration of Changsha city....  (China)
G
Gallic Gallic epoch The Gallic epoch is an obsolete epoch of the Cretaceous, encompassing the Barremian, Aptian, Albian, Cenomanian and Turonian faunal stages....	130.0 ± 1.5	89.3 ± 1.0	epoch (Cretaceous)	unofficial
Gargasian	121.0	115.0	sub-age (Cretaceous)	regional
Gashatan Gashatan The Gashatan is an Asian Land Mammal Age, a large biozone which corresponds to ages between 58.7—55.8 Ma for finds of fossil mammals in Asia. This zone lies within the Thanetian stage of the Paleocene series. It precedes the Bumbanian....	56.9	55.7	ALMA (Paleo-Eocene)	Asia
Gaultian			sub-age (Cretaceous)	regional
Gedinian	416.0 ± 2.8	411.2 ± 2.8	age (Devonian)	Belgium (obsolete)	Gedinne Gedinne Gedinne is a Walloon municipality located in the Belgian province of Namur. On 1 January 2006 the municipality had 4,405 inhabitants. The total area is 151.56 km², giving a population density of 29 inhabitants per km²....	Dumont, 1848
Geiseltalian	48.5	42.7	ELMMZ (Eocene)	Europe
Gelasian Gelasian The Gelasian is an age in the international geologic timescale or a stage in chronostratigraphy, being the earliest or lowest subdivision of the Quaternary period/system and Pleistocene epoch/series. It spans the time between 2.588 ± 0.005 Ma and 1.806 ± 0.005 Ma...	2.588	1.806	age (Pleistocene)	ICS	Gela Gela Gela is a town and comune in the province of Caltanissetta in the south of Sicily, Italy. The city is at about 84 kilometers distance from the city of Caltanissetta, on the Mediterranean Sea. The city has a larger population than the provincial capital, and ranks second in land area.Gela is an...  (Italy)	Rio et al., 1998
Geringian Geringian The Geringian North American Stage on the geologic timescale is the North American faunal stage according to the North American Land Mammal Ages chronology , typically set from 30,800,000 to 26,300,000 years BP, a period of . It is usually considered to fall within the Oligocene epoch...	30.8	26.3	age (Oligocene)	North America
Gisbornian	460.9	456	age (Ordovician)	Australia
Givetian	391.8 ± 2.7	385.3 ± 2.6	age (Devonian)	ICS	Givet Givet Givet is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France very close to the Belgian border. It lies on the river Meuse where Emperor Charles V built the fortress of Charlemont....  (France)	d'Omalius d'Halloy, 1839
Gleedonian	425.4	422.9 ± 2.5	age (Silurian)	regional
Gorstian	422.9 ± 2.5	421.3 ± 2.6	age (Silurian)	ICS	Gorsty (farm at Ludlow Ludlow Ludlow is a market town in Shropshire, England close to the Welsh border and in the Welsh Marches. It lies within a bend of the River Teme, on its eastern bank, forming an area of and centred on a small hill. Atop this hill is the site of Ludlow Castle and the market place... , England)	Holland et al., 1980
Gramian	10.3	8.5	age (Miocene)	Northern Germany
Grauvian	50.8	48.5	ELMMZ (Eocene)	Europe
Guadalupian	270.6 ± 0.7	260.4 ± 0.7	epoch (Permian)	ICS	Guadalupe Mountains Guadalupe Mountains The Guadalupe Mountains are a mountain range located in West Texas and southeastern New Mexico. The range includes the highest summit in Texas, Guadalupe Peak, , and the "signature peak" of West Texas, El Capitan, both located within Guadalupe Mountains National Park, as well as Carlsbad Caverns...  (Texas, US)
Guandian Guandian Guandian is a township-level division situated in Chuzhou, Anhui, China....	425.5	422	age (Silurian)	China
Gulf(-ian)			epoch (Cretaceous)	south and east of the US	the Mexican Gulf
Günz Glacial	2.35		age (Pleistocene)	Alps	river Günz (Germany)
Günz-Mindel			age (Pleistocene)	Alps
Gushanian	596.8	501	age (Cambrian)	China
Guzhangian	503	499	age (Cambrian)	ICS	Guzhang (China)
Gzhelian Gzhelian The Gzhelian is an age in the ICS geologic timescale or a stage in the stratigraphic column. It is the youngest stage of the Pennsylvanian, the youngest subsystem of the Carboniferous. The Gzhelian lasted from 303.9 ± 0.9 to 299.0 ± 0.8 Ma...	303.9 ± 0.9	299.0 ± 0.8	age (Carboniferous)	ICS	Gzhel Gzhel (village) Gzhel is the name of two rural localities in Ramensky District, Moscow Oblast, Russia, southeast from the center of Moscow. It gave its name to Gzhel ceramics as well as the Gzhelian age and stage in the ICS geologic timescale. In a broader sense, the name also refers to a cluster of villages and...  (Russia)
H
Hadean Hadean The Hadean is the geologic eon before the Archean. It started with the formation of the Earth about 4.7 Ga and ended roughly 3.8 Ga, though the latter date varies according to different sources. The name "Hadean" derives from Hades, Greek for "Underworld", referring to the "hellish"...	none	3,800	eon	unofficial	Hades Hades Hades , Hadēs, originally , Haidēs or , Aidēs , meaning "the unseen") was the ancient Greek god of the underworld. The genitive , Haidou, was an elision to denote locality: "[the house/dominion] of Hades". Eventually, the nominative came to designate the abode of the dead.In Greek mythology, Hades... , hell Hell In many religious traditions, a hell is a place of suffering and punishment in the afterlife. Religions with a linear divine history often depict hells as endless. Religions with a cyclic history often depict a hell as an intermediary period between incarnations...	Cloud Preston Cloud Preston Ercelle Cloud, Jr. was an American paleontologist, geographer, and professor. He was best-known for his work on the geologic time scale and the origin of life on Earth.-Early life:... , 1972
Hadrynian	850	542	age (Neoproterozoic)	North America
Hallian	~10.000	0	age (Holocene)	California
Haranoyan	18.2	15.97	age (Miocene)	Japan
Harnagian	459	458	age (Ordovician)	regional
Harrisonian Harrisonian The Harrisonian North American Stage on the geologic timescale is the North American faunal stage according to the North American Land Mammal Ages chronology , typically set from 24,800,000 to 20,600,000 years BP, a period of . It is usually considered to overlap the Chattian and Aquitarian stages...	24.8	20.6	age (Oligo-Miocene)	North America
Hastarian	359.2 ± 2.5	348	age (Carboniferous)	regional
Haumurian	84	65.5	age (Cretaceous)	New Zealand
Hautawan	3.1	2.2	sub-age (Plio-Pleistocene)	New Zealand
Hauterivian Hauterivian The Hauterivian is, in the geologic timescale, an age in the Early Cretaceous epoch or a stage in the Lower Cretaceous series. It spans the time between 136.4 ± 2 Ma and 130 ± 1.5 Ma...	136.4 ± 2.0	130.0 ± 1.5	age (Cretaceous)	ICS	Hauterive Hauterive, Neuchâtel Hauterive is a municipality in the district of Neuchâtel in the Français canton of Neuchâtel.-History:Hauterive is first mentioned about 1148 as arta ripa. The village's beginnings were first recorded in 1443 when monks founded the monastery Fontaine-André.-Geography:Hauterive has an area, , of...  (Switzerland)	Renevier Eugène Renevier Eugène Renevier Swiss geologist, was born at Lausanne, Switzerland, as a descendant of a noble family.In 1857 he became professor of geology and paleontology in the University of Lausanne... , 1873
Haweran	0.01	present	age (Holocene)	New Zealand
Headonian	37.2	33.8	ELMMZ (Oligo-Eocene)	Europe
Helikian	1,600	850	age (Proterozoic)	North America
Hemingfordian	20.6	16.3	age (Miocene)	North America
Hemmoorian			age (Miocene)	Northern Germany
Hemphillian Hemphillian The Hemphillian North American Stage on the geologic timescale is the North American faunal stage according to the North American Land Mammal Ages chronology , typically set from 10,300,000 to 4,900,000 years BP, a period of . It is usually considered to overlap the Tortonian epoch of the Late...	10.3	4.9	age (Mio-Pliocene)	North America
Heretaungan	49.5	46.2	age (Eocene)	New Zealand
Hesperian Hesperian The Hesperian is a geologic system and time period on the planet Mars characterized by widespread volcanic activity and catastrophic flooding that carved immense outflow channels across the surface. The Hesperian is an intermediate and transitional period of Martian history...	~3,500	~1,800	Martian epoch	Mars	Hesperia Planum Hesperia Planum Hesperia Planum is a broad lava plain in the southern highlands of the planet Mars. The plain is notable for its moderate number of impact craters and abundant wrinkle ridges. It is also the location of the ancient volcano Tyrrhena Mons...
Hettangian Hettangian The Hettangian is the earliest age or lowest stage of the Jurassic period of the geologic timescale. It spans the time between 199.6 ± 0.6 Ma and 196.5 ± 1 Ma . The Hettangian follows the Rhaetian and is followed by the Sinemurian.In Europe stratigraphy the Hettangian is a part of the time span in...	199.6 ± 0.6	196.5 ± 1.0	age (Jurassic)	ICS	Hettange-Grande Hettange-Grande Hettange-Grande is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.-Geography:Hettange-Grande is located close to the borders between France, Germany, and Luxembourg.-History:...  (France)	Renevier Eugène Renevier Eugène Renevier Swiss geologist, was born at Lausanne, Switzerland, as a descendant of a noble family.In 1857 he became professor of geology and paleontology in the University of Lausanne... , 1864
Hirnantian Hirnantian The Hirnantian is the seventh and final internationally-recognized stage of the Ordovician Period of the Paleozoic Era. It was of short duration, lasting about 1.9 million years, from 445.6 ± 1.5 to 443.7 ± 1.5 Ma . The early part of the Hirnantian was characterized by cold temperatures, major...	445.6 ± 1.5	443.7 ± 1.5	age (Ordovician)	ICS	Cwm Hirnant (Wales)	Bancroft, 1933
Holkerian	339	337.5	age (Carboniferous)	regional
Holocene Holocene The Holocene is a geological epoch which began at the end of the Pleistocene and continues to the present. The Holocene is part of the Quaternary period. Its name comes from the Greek words and , meaning "entirely recent"...	11,800 BP	present	epoch (Quaternary Quaternary The Quaternary Period is the most recent of the three periods of the Cenozoic Era in the geologic time scale of the ICS. It follows the Neogene Period, spanning 2.588 ± 0.005 million years ago to the present... )	ICS	Greek Greek language Greek is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages. Native to the southern Balkans, it has the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, spanning 34 centuries of written records. Its writing system has been the Greek alphabet for the majority of its history;... : totally new	Gervais Paul Gervais For the Canadian parliamentarian see Paul Mullins GervaisPaul Gervais full name François Louis Paul Gervaise was a French palaeontologist and entomologist.-Biography:... , 1867
Holsteinian	0.418	0.386	age (Pleistocene)	Northern Europe	Holstein Holstein Holstein is the region between the rivers Elbe and Eider. It is part of Schleswig-Holstein, the northernmost state of Germany....  (Germany)
Homerian	426.2 ± 2.4	422.9 ± 2.5	age (Silurian)	ICS	Homer Homer, Shropshire Homer is a small village in Shropshire, England, north of the town of Much Wenlock.The name first appears in the 14th century as "Honemor". Originally common land called Homer Wood, the settlement developed from squatters' cottages encroaching on the common during the 17th century...  (England)	Bassett et al., 1975
Honghuayuanian	478.6	472	age (Ordovician)	China
Houldjinian Houldjinian The Houldjinian age is a period of geologic time within the Late Eocene epoch of the Paleogene used more specifically with Asian Land Mammal Ages. It follows the Ergilian and precedes the Kekeamuan age....	37.2	33.9	ALMA	Asia
Houthalenian	<21	>16	age (Miocene)	Belgium (obsolete)	Houthalen	Hirsch, 1952
Hoxnian	0.418	0.386	age (Pleistocene)	Great Britain	Hoxne Hoxne Hoxne is an anciently established village in the Mid Suffolk district of Suffolk, England, about five miles east-southeast of Diss, Norfolk and one-half mile south of the River Waveney...  (Suffolk Suffolk Suffolk is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in East Anglia, England. It has borders with Norfolk to the north, Cambridgeshire to the west and Essex to the south. The North Sea lies to the east... )	West Richard Gilbert West Richard Gilbert West FRS is a British botanist, geologist and palaeontologist.He began his career at the age of 18 in 1944 when he joined the Army and spent time in India. On return to England, he went to Clare College, Cambridge in 1948 taking Botany and Geology at Part I...  & Donner, 1956
Hsandgolian	33.8	24.0	ALMA (Oligocene)	Asia
Huashibanian	318.1 ± 1.3	313	age (Carboniferous)	China
Huayquerian Huayquerian The Huayquerian age is a period of geologic time within the Miocene epoch of the Neogene used more specifically with South American Land Mammal Ages. It follows the Mayoan and precedes the Montehermosan age....	9.0	6.8	age (Miocene)	South America
Hutchinsonian	21	20	age (Miocene)	New Zealand
Huronian Huronian The Huronian glaciation extended from 2400 Mya to 2100 Mya, during the Siderian and Rhyacian periods of the Paleoproterozoic era, triggered by the oxygen catastrophe, which oxidised the atmospheric methane...	2,500	1,400	age (Proterozoic)	worldwide (obsolete)
I
Ibexian	~505	471.8	age (Cambrian-Ordovician)	North America
Icenian	2.4	~2	age (Pleistocene)	Netherlands, England (obsolete)	Iceni Iceni The Iceni or Eceni were a British tribe who inhabited an area of East Anglia corresponding roughly to the modern-day county of Norfolk between the 1st century BC and the 1st century AD... , ancient tribe (England)	Pannekoek, 1956
Idamean	497	494	age (Cambrian)	Australia
Ilfordian			age (Pleistocene)	British Isles	Ilford Ilford Ilford is a large cosmopolitan town in East London, England and the administrative headquarters of the London Borough of Redbridge. It is located northeast of Charing Cross and is one of the major metropolitan centres identified in the London Plan. It forms a significant commercial and retail...  (England)
Illinoian	0.17	0.125	age (Pleistocene)	North America
Illyrian	240 ± 2.0	237 ± 2.0	sub-age (Triassic)	Europe
Imbrian	3,850	3,200	period	Moon	Mare Imbrium Mare Imbrium Mare Imbrium, Latin for "Sea of Showers" or "Sea of Rains", is a vast lunar mare filling a basin on Earth's Moon and one of the larger craters in the Solar System. Mare Imbrium was created when lava flooded the giant crater formed when a very large object hit the Moon long ago...
Induan Induan The Induan is, in the geologic timescale, the first age of the Early Triassic epoch or the lowest stage of the Lower Triassic series. It spans the time between 251 ± 0.4 Ma and 249.7 ± 0.7 Ma...	251.0 ± 0.4	249.7 ± 0.7	age (Triassic)	ICS	river Indus Indus River The Indus River is a major river which flows through Pakistan. It also has courses through China and India.Originating in the Tibetan plateau of western China in the vicinity of Lake Mansarovar in Tibet Autonomous Region, the river runs a course through the Ladakh district of Jammu and Kashmir and...	Kiparisova & Popov, 1956
Ionian	0.781	0.126	age (Pleistocene)	Southern Europe	Ionia Ionia Ionia is an ancient region of central coastal Anatolia in present-day Turkey, the region nearest İzmir, which was historically Smyrna. It consisted of the northernmost territories of the Ionian League of Greek settlements...  (Ancient Greek region)
Ipswichian	0.130	0.116	age (Pleistocene)	Great Britain	Ipswich Ipswich Ipswich is a large town and a non-metropolitan district. It is the county town of Suffolk, England. Ipswich is located on the estuary of the River Orwell...  (England)	West Richard Gilbert West Richard Gilbert West FRS is a British botanist, geologist and palaeontologist.He began his career at the age of 18 in 1944 when he joined the Army and spent time in India. On return to England, he went to Clare College, Cambridge in 1948 taking Botany and Geology at Part I... , 1957
Irdinmanhan Irdinmanhan The Irdinmanhan age is a period of geologic time within the Middle Eocene epoch of the Paleogene used more specifically with Asian Land Mammal Ages. It follows the Arshantan and precedes the Sharamurunian age....	46.2	40.4	ALMA (Eocene)	Asia
Irvingtonian Irvingtonian The Irvingtonian North American Stage on the geologic timescale is the North American faunal stage according to the North American Land Mammal Ages chronology , typically set from 1,800,000 to 300,000 years BP, a period of . It is usually considered to overlap the Lower Pleistocene and Middle...	1.8		age (Pleistocene)	North America	Irvington
Isuan	3,800	3,500	age (Archaean)	Europe
Itaboraian Itaboraian The Itaboraian age is a period of geologic time within the Paleocene epoch of the Paleogene used more specifically with South American Land Mammal Ages. It follows the Peligran and precedes the Riochican age....	59	57	age (Paleocene)	South America
Ivorean	348	345.3 ± 2.1	age (Carboniferous)	regional
J
Jacksonian			age (Eocene)	southern US
Janjukian	30.0	27.5	age (Oligocene)	Australia
Jinningian	1,750	800	age (Proterozoic)	China
Jiusian			age (Carboniferous)	China
Johannian	48	35	age (Eocene)	Australia
Judithian Judithian The Judithian was a North American faunal stage lasting from 83.5 to 70.6 million years ago. It overlaps with the Campanian global stage.-Fauna:Dinosaur faunas of the Judithian age may represent the peak of dinosaur evolution in North America...	82.2	80.8	NALMA (Cretaceous)	North America
Julian Julian Julian is a common male given name in Britain, United States, Ireland, Germany, Poland, the Netherlands, France , Spain, Latin America and elsewhere....	229.6 ± 2.0	222.5	sub-age (Triassic)	Europe
Jurassic Jurassic The Jurassic is a geologic period and system that extends from about Mya to  Mya, that is, from the end of the Triassic to the beginning of the Cretaceous. The Jurassic constitutes the middle period of the Mesozoic era, also known as the age of reptiles. The start of the period is marked by...	199.6 ± 0.6	145.5 ± 4.0	period (Mesozoic)	ICS	Jura mountains Jura mountains The Jura Mountains are a small mountain range located north of the Alps, separating the Rhine and Rhone rivers and forming part of the watershed of each...	Brongniart Alexandre Brongniart Alexandre Brongniart was a French chemist, mineralogist, and zoologist, who collaborated with Georges Cuvier on a study of the geology of the region around Paris...
Jeffersonian	475	473	sub-age (Ordovician)	North America
K
Kaburan	13.5	11.1	age (Miocene)	Japan
Kaiatan	37.0	36.0	age (Eocene)	New Zealand
Kalimnan	4.3	3.4	age (Pliocene)	Australia
Kansan Kansan glaciation The Kansan glaciation or Kansan glacial was glacial stage and part of an early conceptual climatic and chronological framework composed of four glacial and interglacial stages.-History:...	0.48	0.26	age (Pleistocene)	North America
Kapitean	6.5	5.0	age (Miocene)	New Zealand
Karatau	1,100	800	age (Proterozoic)	Russia
Karoo Karoo The Karoo is a semi-desert region of South Africa. It has two main sub-regions - the Great Karoo in the north and the Little Karoo in the south. The 'High' Karoo is one of the distinct physiographic provinces of the larger South African Platform division.-Great Karoo:The Great Karoo has an area of...	±350	±300	ice age	worldwide	Karoo Karoo The Karoo is a semi-desert region of South Africa. It has two main sub-regions - the Great Karoo in the north and the Little Karoo in the south. The 'High' Karoo is one of the distinct physiographic provinces of the larger South African Platform division.-Great Karoo:The Great Karoo has an area of...  (South Africa)
Karpatian	17.0	16.0	age (Miocene)	Paratethys	the Carpathian Mountains Carpathian Mountains The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians are a range of mountains forming an arc roughly long across Central and Eastern Europe, making them the second-longest mountain range in Europe...	Cicha et al., 1967
Kashirskian	309.2	308.0	age (Carboniferous)	Russia
Kasimovian Kasimovian The Kasimovian is an geochronologic age or chronostratigraphic stage in the ICS geologic timescale. It is the third stage in the Pennsylvanian , lasting from 306.5 ± 1.0 to 303.9 ± 0.9 Ma. The Kasimovian stage follows the Moscovian and is followed by the Gzhelian.-Name and definition:The Kasimovian...	306.5 ± 1.0	303.9 ± 0.9	age (Carboniferous)	ICS	Kasimov Kasimov Kasimov is a town in Ryazan Oblast, Russia, which serves as the administrative center of Kasimovsky District . The town is situated on the left bank of the Oka River...  (Russia)
Kasterlian	~4.7	~3.6	age (Pliocene)	Belgium (obsolete)	Kasterlee Kasterlee Kasterlee is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp. The municipality comprises the towns of Kasterlee proper, Lichtaart and Tielen. On January 1, 2006 Kasterlee had a total population of 17,908. The total area is 71.56 km² which gives a population density of 250 inhabitants per...	Dumont, 1882
Katian	455.8 ± 1.6	445.6 ± 1.5	age (Ordovician)	ICS	Lake Katy (Oklahoma, US)
Kattendijkian	~5	~3.6	age (Pliocene)	Belgium (obsolete)	Kattendijke Kattendijke Kattendijke is a village in the Dutch province of Zeeland. It is located in the municipality of Goes on the Oosterschelde about 5 km northeast of the city of Goes....	Glibert & de Heinzelin, 1957
Kazanian			age (Permian)	Russia
Kechienjian	1.9	1.5	age (Pleistocene)	Japan
Keiloran	443.7 ± 1.5	433	age (Silurian)	Australia
Kekeamuan Kekeamuan The Kekeamuan age is a period of geologic time within the Early Oligocene epoch of the Paleogene used more specifically with Asian Land Mammal Ages. It follows the Houldjinian and precedes the Hsandagolian age....	28.4	33.9	ALMA	Asia
Keuper Keuper The Keuper is a lithostratigraphic unit in the subsurface of large parts of west and central Europe. The Keuper consists of dolostone, shales or claystones and evaporites that were deposited during the Middle and Late Triassic epochs...	±230	199.6	epoch (Triassic)	Europe		Von Alberti, 1834
Kimmeridgian Kimmeridgian In the geologic timescale, the Kimmeridgian is an age or stage in the Late or Upper Jurassic epoch or series. It spans the time between 155.7 ± 4 Ma and 150.8 ± 4 Ma . The Kimmeridgian follows the Oxfordian and precedes the Tithonian....	155.7 ± 4.0	150.8 ± 4.0	age (Jurassic)	ICS	Kimmeridge Kimmeridge Kimmeridge is a small village in the Purbeck district of Dorset, England, situated on the English Channel coast. Kimmeridge is about south of Wareham and about west of Swanage and is on the Isle of Purbeck...  (England)	d'Orbigny Alcide d'Orbigny Alcide Charles Victor Marie Dessalines d'Orbigny was a French naturalist who made major contributions in many areas, including zoology , palaeontology, geology, archaeology and anthropology....
Kinderhookian	359.2 ± 2.5	348	age (Carboniferous)	North America
Kinderscoutian	318.1 ± 1.3	317	age (Carboniferous)	regional	Kinder Scout Kinder Scout Kinder Scout is a moorland plateau in the Dark Peak of the Derbyshire Peak District in England. Part of the moor, at 636 m above sea level, is the highest point in the Peak District, the highest point in Derbyshire, and the highest point in the East Midlands. It is accessible from the villages of...  (England)
Kirkfield	458	457	age (Ordovician)	regional
Kiscellian		25.8	age (Oligocene)	Paratethys
Klazminskian	303.9 ± 0.9	300.5	age (Carboniferous)	regional
Korangan	117.5	108.4	age (Cretaceous)	New Zealand
Krevyakinskian	306.5	306	age (Carboniferous)	Russia
Kryzhanovan	1.9	1.2	age (Pleistocene)	Eastern Europe
Kungurian Kungurian In the geologic timescale, the Kungurian is an age or stage of the Permian. It is the latest or upper of four subdivisions of the Cisuralian epoch or series. The Kungurian lasted between 275.6 ± 0.7 and 270.6 ± 0.7 million years ago...	275.6 ± 0.7	270.6 ± 0.7	age (Permian)	ICS	Kungur Kungur Kungur is a town in the southeast of Perm Krai, Russia, located in the Ural Mountains at the inflowing of the Iren and Shakhva Rivers into the Sylva River . Kungur was founded in 1663 and granted town status in 1781. It serves as the administrative center of Kungursky District, although it is not...  (Russia)
L
Lacian	217.4 ± 2.0	211	sub-age	Europe
Ladinian Ladinian The Ladinian is a stage and age in the Middle Triassic series or epoch. It spans the time between 237 ± 2 Ma and 228 ± 2 Ma...	237.0 ± 2.0	228.0 ± 2.0	age (Triassic)	ICS	Ladini, people in northern Italy	Bittner, 1892
Lancefieldian	482	475	age (Ordovician)	Australia
Lancian Lancian -Geology:Terrestrial sedimentary strata from the Judithian to the Lancian are generally regressive through-out the entire sequence, so the preserved changes in fossil communities represent not only phylogenetic changes but ecological zones from the submontane habitats to near-sea level coastal...	70.7	65.5	NALMA (Cretaceous)	North America
Landenian	<60	>55	age (Paleocene)	Western Europe (obsolete)	Landen Landen Landen is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant. The municipality comprises the city of Landen proper and the towns of Attenhoven, Eliksem, Ezemaal, Laar, Neerlanden, Neerwinden, Overwinden, Rumsdorp, Waasmont, Walsbets, Walshoutem, Wange and Wezeren. On January 1, 2006...  (Belgium)	Dumont, 1839
Landon	34.3	21.7	epoch (Paleo-Neogene)	New Zealand
Langenfeldian			age (Miocene)	Northern Germany
Langhian Langhian The Langhian is, in the ICS geologic timescale, an age or stage in the middle Miocene epoch/series. It spans the time between 15.97 ± 0.05 Ma and 13.65 ± 0.05 Ma . The Langhian was a continuing warming period defined by Lorenzo Pareto in 1864, it was originally established in the Langhe area north...	15.97	13.65	age (Miocene)	ICS	Serravalle Langhe Serravalle Langhe Serravalle Langhe is a comune in the Province of Cuneo in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 60 km southeast of Turin and about 45 km northeast of Cuneo...  (Italy)	Pareto, 1864
Langsettian	314.5	313.4	age (Carboniferous)	regional	Langsett Langsett Langsett is a village and civil parish near Penistone in South Yorkshire. It lies near the southern edge of the Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley and on the edge of the Peak District National Park. At the 2001 census it had a population of 161....  (England)
Latdorfian			age (Oligocene)	Germany
Laventan Laventan The Laventan age is a period of geologic time within the Miocene epoch of the Neogene used more specifically with South American Land Mammal Ages. It follows the Colloncuran and precedes the Mayoan age....	13.8	12.0	age (Miocene)	South America
Leonardian			age (Permian)	North America
Lias	199.6 ± 0.6	175.6 ± 2.0	epoch (Jurassic)	Northern Europe	unclear
Likhvinian	0.3	0.18	age (Pleisctocene)	Eastern Europe
Lillburnian	15.1	12.7	age (Miocene)	New Zealand
Linxiangian	454.5	449	age (Ordovician)	China
Lishihhuangtuan	1.2	0.1	age (Pleistocene)	China
Livian	335	331	age (Carboniferous)	Belgium (obsolete)	Lives
Llandeilo Llandeilo Group In geology, the Llandeilo Group is the middle subdivision of the British Ordovician rocks. It was first described and named by Sir Robert Murchison from the neighborhood of Llandeilo in Carmarthenshire...  (Llandeilean)			epoch/age (Ordovician)	Europe	Llandeilo Llandeilo Llandeilo is a town in Carmarthenshire, Wales, situated at the crossing of the River Towy by the A483 on a 19th century stone bridge. Its population is 1,731.The town is served by Llandeilo railway station on the Heart of Wales Line.- Early history :...  (Wales)	Murchison Roderick Murchison Sir Roderick Impey Murchison, 1st Baronet KCB DCL FRS FRSE FLS PRGS PBA MRIA was a Scottish geologist who first described and investigated the Silurian system.-Early life and work:... , 1835
Llandovery	443.7 ± 1.5	428.2 ± 2.3	epoch (Silurian)	ICS	Llandovery Llandovery Llandovery is a market town in Carmarthenshire, Wales, lying on the River Tywi and the A40 road.The town is served by Llandovery railway station, where there is a park and ride to Llanelli and Shrewsbury via the Heart of Wales Line...  (Wales)	Murchison Roderick Murchison Sir Roderick Impey Murchison, 1st Baronet KCB DCL FRS FRSE FLS PRGS PBA MRIA was a Scottish geologist who first described and investigated the Silurian system.-Early life and work:... , 1859
Llanvirn(-ian)			epoch (Ordovician)	Europe		Hicks, 1875
Lochkovian	416.0 ± 2.8	411.2 ± 2.8	age (Devonian)	ICS	Lochkov (Czech Republic)
Longfordian	27.5	16.5	age (Oligo-Miocene)	Australia
Longmaxian	443.7 ± 1.5	438	age (Silurian)	China
Longobardian	233	229.6 ± 2.0	sub-age (Triassic)	Europe
Longvillian	457	455	age (Ordovician)	regional	Cheney Longville Cheney Longville Cheney Longville is a small village in Shropshire, England.It lies in the parish of Wistanstow, near to the small market town of Craven Arms.Called simply "Langfeld" in 1087, when it was owned by Shrewsbury Abbey...  (England)
Longwangmioan	518	513	age (Cambrian)	China
Lopingian	260.4 ± 0.7	251.0 ± 0.4	epoch (Permian)	ICS	Loping (China)
Lotharingian	193.3 ± 0.7	189.6 ± 0.7	substage (Jurassic)
Ludfordian	421.3 ± 2.6	418.7 ± 2.7	age (Silurian)	ICS	Ludford Ludford, Shropshire Ludford is a village and parish immediately to the south of the town of Ludlow, in Shropshire, England, on the south bank of the River Teme.- History & Amenities :...  (England)	Holland et al., 1980
Ludhamian	~2.52	~2.25	age (Pleistocene)	Great Britain	Ludham Ludham Ludham is a village and civil parish in the English county of Norfolk, in The Broads, at the end of a dyke leading to Womack Water and flowing into the River Thurne...  (England)
Ludian			age (Eocene)	western Europe		de Lapparent, 1893
Ludlovian	422.9 ± 2.5	418.7 ± 2.7	epoch (Silurian)	ICS	Ludlow Ludlow Ludlow is a market town in Shropshire, England close to the Welsh border and in the Welsh Marches. It lies within a bend of the River Teme, on its eastern bank, forming an area of and centred on a small hill. Atop this hill is the site of Ludlow Castle and the market place...  (England)	Murchison Roderick Murchison Sir Roderick Impey Murchison, 1st Baronet KCB DCL FRS FRSE FLS PRGS PBA MRIA was a Scottish geologist who first described and investigated the Silurian system.-Early life and work:... , 1854
Luisian	15.5	13.5	age (Miocene)	California
Lujanian Lujanian The Lujanian age is a period of geologic time within the Pleistocene and Holocene epochs of the Neogene used more specifically with South American Land Mammal Ages...	0.8	0.3	age (Pleistocene)	South America
Luliangian	2,350	1,750	age (Proterozoic)	China
Luosuan	318.1	~314	age (Carboniferous)	China
Lutetian Lutetian The Lutetian is, in the geologic timescale, a stage or age in the Eocene. It spans the time between and . The Lutetian is preceded by the Ypresian and is followed by the Bartonian. Together with the Bartonian it is sometimes referred to as the Middle Eocene subepoch...	48.6 ± 0.2	40.4 ± 0.2	age (Eocene)	ICS	Latin Latin Latin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. It, along with most European languages, is a descendant of the ancient Proto-Indo-European language. Although it is considered a dead language, a number of scholars and members of the Christian clergy speak it fluently, and... : Lutetia Lutetia Lutetia was a town in pre-Roman and Roman Gaul. The Gallo-Roman city was a forerunner of the re-established Merovingian town that is the ancestor of present-day Paris... =Paris Paris Paris is the capital and largest city in France, situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region...  (France)	de Lapparent, 1883
M
Maastrichtian Maastrichtian The Maastrichtian is, in the ICS' geologic timescale, the latest age or upper stage of the Late Cretaceous epoch or Upper Cretaceous series, the Cretaceous period or system, and of the Mesozoic era or erathem. It spanned from 70.6 ± 0.6 Ma to 65.5 ± 0.3 Ma...	70.6 ± 0.6	65.5 ± 0.3	age (Cretaceous)	ICS	Maastricht Maastricht Maastricht is situated on both sides of the Meuse river in the south-eastern part of the Netherlands, on the Belgian border and near the German border...  (Netherlands)	Dumont, 1849
Maentwrogian	501	496.8	age (Cambrian)	regional	Maentwrog Maentwrog Maentwrog is a village and community in the Welsh county of Gwynedd, lying in the Vale of Ffestiniog, within the Snowdonia National Park. The River Dwyryd runs alongside the village...  (Wales)
Malanghuangtuan	0.1	0.01	age (Pleistocene)	China
Malm Malm is a former municipality, a village, and the administrative centre of the municipality of Verran in Nord-Trøndelag county, Norway. Malm is located along the Trondheimsfjord, about a drive west from the town of Steinkjer. The village of Malm has a population of 1,572. The population density of...	161.2 ± 4.0	145.5 ± 4.0	epoch (Jurassic)	Europe	Old English: malm = calcareous soil
Mangaorapan	53.0	49.5	age (Eocene)	New Zealand
Mangaotanean	92.1	89.1	age (Cretaceous)	New Zealand
Mangapanian	3.00	2.40	age (Plio-Pleistocene)	New Zealand
Maozhangian	513	509	age (Cambrian)	China
Mapingian	310	299.0 ± 0.8	age (Carboniferous)	China
Marahuan	2.2	1.8	sub-age (Pleistocene)	New Zealand
Marjuman	504	494.5	age (Cambrian)	North America
Marsdenian	317	315.5	age (Carboniferous)	regional	Marsden, West Yorkshire Marsden, West Yorkshire Marsden is a large village within the Metropolitan Borough of Kirklees, in West Yorkshire, England, west of Huddersfield and located at the confluence of the River Colne and the Wessenden Brook... , England
Marshbrookian	455	454	age (Ordovician)	regional	Marshbrook Marshbrook Marshbrook is a hamlet in Shropshire, England. It is sometimes spelt "Marsh Brook", which is also the name of a small watercourse which flows through the area....  (England)
Mayan	502	501 ± 2.0	age (Cambrian)	Russia, Kazakhstan
Mayanan	1100	850	age (Proterozoic)	Siberia
Mayoian	12.0	10.0	age (Miocene)	South America
Mayvillian	453	447.5	age (Ordovician)	North America
Medinan			age (Silurian)	North America
Meishuchuan	542	532	age (Cambrian)	China
Melbournian	428.2 ± 2.3	416.0 ± 2.8	age (Silurian)	Australia	Melbourne Melbourne Melbourne is the capital and most populous city in the state of Victoria, and the second most populous city in Australia. The Melbourne City Centre is the hub of the greater metropolitan area and the Census statistical division—of which "Melbourne" is the common name. As of June 2009, the greater...
Melekesskian	313.4	311.7	age (Carboniferous)	Russia
Menapian		1.03	super-age (Pleistocene)	Netherlands	Menapii Menapii The Menapii were a Belgic tribe of northern Gaul in pre-Roman and Roman times. Their territory according to Strabo, Caesar and Ptolemy stretched from the mouth of the Rhine in the north, and southwards along the west of the Schelde. Their civitas under the Roman empire was Cassel , near Thérouanne... , Germanic tribe
Meramecian	340	333	age (Carboniferous)	North America
Merioneth	501 ± 2	488.3 ± 1.7	epoch (Cambrian)	Europe (obsolete)	Merioneth (Wales)
Merksemian	~2.5	~2	age (Pleistocene)	Belgium (obsolete)	Merksem Merksem Merksem is a district of the municipality and city of Antwerp in the Flemish Region of Belgium. It has almost 41,000 inhabitants.-History:The history of Merksem goes back to Gallo-Roman times. During that period the region was mentioned as Merk and Heim being part of the diocese Kamerijk...	de Heinzelin, 1958
Mesoarchean Mesoarchean The Mesoarchean is a geologic era within the Archean, spanning 3200 Ma to 2800 Ma . The period is defined chronometrically and is not referenced to a specific level in a rock section on Earth. Fossils from Australia show that stromatolites have lived on Earth since the Mesoarchean. The Pongola...	3,200	2,800	era	ICS
Mesoproterozoic Mesoproterozoic The Mesoproterozoic Era is a geologic era that occurred between 1600 Ma and 1000 Ma . The Mesoproterozoic was the first period of Earth's history with a respectable geological record. Continents existed in the Paleoproterozoic, but we know little about them...	1,600	1,000	era	ICS
Mesozoic Mesozoic The Mesozoic era is an interval of geological time from about 250 million years ago to about 65 million years ago. It is often referred to as the age of reptiles because reptiles, namely dinosaurs, were the dominant terrestrial and marine vertebrates of the time...	251.0 ± 0.7	65.5 ± 0.3	era	ICS	middle life
Messinian Messinian The Messinian is in the geologic timescale the last age or uppermost stage of the Miocene. It spans the time between 7.246 ± 0.005 Ma and 5.332 ± 0.005 Ma...	7.246	5.332	age (Miocene)	ICS	Messina (Italy)	Mayer-Eymar, 1867
Miaogoalingian	422	418.7	age (Silurian)	China
Migneintian	486	478.6 ± 1.7	age (Ordovician)	Europe
Mindel	0.85	0.465	age (Pleistocene)	Alps	river Mindel Mindel The Mindel is a river in Bavaria, southern Germany. The Mindel originates west of Kaufbeuren, in the Allgäu region, and flows generally north. It flows into the Danube in Gundremmingen, east of Günzburg. The towns Mindelheim, Burgau and Thannhausen lie along the Mindel.The Mindel gave its name to...  (Germany)
Mindel-Riss	0.465	0.238	age (Pleistocene)	Alps
Mindyallan	501	497	age (Cambrian)	Australia
Miocene Miocene The Miocene is a geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about . The Miocene was named by Sir Charles Lyell. Its name comes from the Greek words and and means "less recent" because it has 18% fewer modern sea invertebrates than the Pliocene. The Miocene follows the Oligocene...	23.03	5.332	epoch (Neogene)	ICS	Greek Greek language Greek is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages. Native to the southern Balkans, it has the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, spanning 34 centuries of written records. Its writing system has been the Greek alphabet for the majority of its history;... : less recent	Lyell Charles Lyell Sir Charles Lyell, 1st Baronet, Kt FRS was a British lawyer and the foremost geologist of his day. He is best known as the author of Principles of Geology, which popularised James Hutton's concepts of uniformitarianism – the idea that the earth was shaped by slow-moving forces still in operation... , 1847
Mississippian	359.2 ± 2.5	318.1 ± 1.3	epoch (Carboniferous)	ICS	Mississippi River Mississippi River The Mississippi River is the largest river system in North America. Flowing entirely in the United States, this river rises in western Minnesota and meanders slowly southwards for to the Mississippi River Delta at the Gulf of Mexico. With its many tributaries, the Mississippi's watershed drains...  (US)
Missourian			age (Carboniferous)	North America
Mitchellian	10.5	5.0	age (Plio-Miocene)	Australia
Mohawkian	462	451	epoch (Ordovician)	North America
Mohnian	13.5	7.5	age (Miocene)	California
Mokolian	2,050	900	age (Proterozoic)	South Africa
Monroecreekian	26.3	24.8	age (Oligocene)	North America	Monroe Creek
Montehermosan Montehermosan The Montehermosan age is a period of geologic time within the Miocene epoch of the Neogene used more specifically with South American Land Mammal Ages. It follows the Huayquerian and precedes the Chapadmalalan age....	6.8	4.0	age (Plio-Miocene)	South America
Montezuman	529.5	524.5	age (Cambrian)	North America
Montian	~65	~61	age (Paleocene)	Europe (obsolete)	Mons Mons Mons is a Walloon city and municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut, of which it is the capital. The Mons municipality includes the old communes of Cuesmes, Flénu, Ghlin, Hyon, Nimy, Obourg, Baudour , Jemappes, Ciply, Harmignies, Harveng, Havré, Maisières, Mesvin, Nouvelles,...  (Belgium)	Dewalque, 1868
Moridunian	478.6 ± 1.7	475	age (Ordovician)	Europe	Moridunum Moridunum (Carmarthen) Moridunum was a Roman fort and town in the Roman province of Britannia. Today it is known as Carmarthen, located in the Welsh county of Carmarthenshire .-Fort:...  (Wales)
Morozovan	0.8	0.5	age (Pleistocene)	Eastern Europe
Morrowan			age (Carboniferous)	North America
Moscovian Moscovian (Carboniferous) The Moscovian is in the ICS geologic timescale a stage or age in the Pennsylvanian, the youngest subsystem of the Carboniferous. The Moscovian age lasted from 311.7 ± 1.1 to 306.5 ± 1.0 Ma, is preceded by the Bashkirian and is followed by the Kasimovian...	311.7 ± 1.1	306.5 ± 1.0	age (Carboniferous)	ICS	Moscow Moscow Moscow is the capital, the most populous city, and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural, scientific, religious, financial, educational, and transportation centre of Russia and the continent...  (Russia)
Motuan Motuan The Motuans are native inhabitants of Papua New Guinea, living along the southern coastal area of the country. Their indigenous language is known as Motu, and they are believed to be the descendants of Polynesian immigrants who intermarried with the native Melanesians of the area...	103.3	100.2	age (Cretaceous)	New Zealand
Muschelkalk Muschelkalk The Muschelkalk is a sequence of sedimentary rock strata in the geology of central and western Europe. It has a Middle Triassic age and forms the middle part of the Germanic Trias, that further consists of the Buntsandstein and Keuper...	243 ± 2	235 ± 2	epoch (Triassic)	Europe	German German language German is a West Germanic language, related to and classified alongside English and Dutch. With an estimated 90 – 98 million native speakers, German is one of the world's major languages and is the most widely-spoken first language in the European Union.... : limestone with mussel Mussel The common name mussel is used for members of several families of clams or bivalvia mollusca, from saltwater and freshwater habitats. These groups have in common a shell whose outline is elongated and asymmetrical compared with other edible clams, which are often more or less rounded or oval.The... s	Füchsel, 1761
Mustersan Mustersan The Mustersan age is a period of geologic time within the Eocene epoch of the Paleogene used more specifically with South American Land Mammal Ages. It follows the Casamayoran and precedes the Divisaderan age....	48	42	age (Eocene)	South America
Myachkovskian	307.2	306.5	age (Carboniferous)	Russia
N
Namibian	900	542	age (Neoproterozoic)	South Africa	Namibia Namibia Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia , is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Angola and Zambia to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. It gained independence from South Africa on 21 March...
Namurian Namurian The Namurian is a stage in the regional stratigraphy of northwest Europe with an age between roughly 326 and 313 Ma . It is a subdivision of the Carboniferous system or period and the regional Silesian series. The Namurian is named for the Belgian city and province of Namur where strata of this age...	326.4	313.0	age (Carboniferous)	Europe	Namur Namur (city) Namur is a city and municipality in Wallonia, in southern Belgium. It is both the capital of the province of Namur and of Wallonia....  (Belgium)	Purves, 1883
Nanzian	48	35	age (Eocene)	California
Navarroan			age (Cretaceous-Paleocene)	south and east of the US	Navarro, Texas Navarro, Texas Navarro is a town in Navarro County, Texas, United States. The population was 191 at the 2000 census.-Geography:Navarro is located at .According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , all of it land....	Murray, 1961
Nebraskan	0.93	0.6	age (Pleistocene)	North America
Nectarian Nectarian The Nectarian Period of the lunar geologic timescale runs from 3920 million years ago to 3850 million years ago. It is the period during which the Nectaris Basin and other major basins were formed by large impact events...	3920	3850	period	Moon	Mare Nectaris Mare Nectaris The Sea of Nectar is a small lunar mare or sea located between the Sea of Tranquillity and the Sea of Fecundity . Montes Pyrenaeus borders the mare to the west and the large crater near the south center of the mare is known as Rosse...
Needian	0.42	0.38	age (Pleistocene)	Netherlands (obsolete)	Neede Neede Neede is a former municipality and a town in the eastern Netherlands.On 1 January 2005 the municipality of Neede merged with the municipalities of Eibergen, Borculo and Ruurlo into the municipality of Berkelland.- Population centres :...
Nemakit-Daldynian	542	534	age (Cambrian)	Russia, Kazakhstan
Neoarchaen	2,800	2,500	era	ICS
Neocomian Neocomian In geology, Neocomian was a name given to the lowest stage of the Cretaceous system. It was introduced by Jules Thurmann in 1835 on account of the development of these rocks at Neuchâtel , Switzerland. It has been employed in more than one sense. In the type area the rocks have been divided into...	145.5	125.0/130.0	epoch	unofficial	Neocomium, Latin name for Neuchâtel
Neogene Neogene The Neogene is a geologic period and system in the International Commission on Stratigraphy Geologic Timescale starting 23.03 ± 0.05 million years ago and ending 2.588 million years ago...	23.0	2.588	period (Cenozoic)	ICS		Hoernes, 1856
Neoproterozoic Neoproterozoic The Neoproterozoic Era is the unit of geologic time from 1,000 to 542.0 ± 1.0 million years ago. The terminal Era of the formal Proterozoic Eon , it is further subdivided into the Tonian, Cryogenian, and Ediacaran Periods...	1,000	542.0 ± 1.0	era	ICS
Neporatan	2.5	1.7	age (Pleistocene)	Eastern Europe
Neustrian	55.0	50.8	ELMMZ (Paleo-Eocene)	Europe
Ngaterian	100.2	95.2	age (Cretaceous)	New Zealand
Niagaran			age (Silurian)	North America
Noachian Noachian The Noachian is a geologic system and early time period on the planet Mars characterized by high rates of meteorite and asteroid impacts and the presence of abundant surface water...	none	~3,500	Martian epoch	Mars	Noachis Terra Noachis Terra Noachis Terra is an extensive southern landmass of the planet Mars. It lies west of the giant Hellas impact basin, roughly between the latitudes −20° and −80° and longitudes 30° west and 30° east, centered on ....
Noginskian	300.5	299.0 ± 0.8	age (Carboniferous)	Russia
Nomentanan	0.24	0.13	age (Pleistocene)	Italy
Nongshanian	62.9	56.9	ALMA (Paleocene)	Asia
Norian Norian The Norian is a division of the Triassic geological period. It has the rank of an age or stage . The Norian lasted from 216.5 ± 2.0 to 203.6 ± 1.5 million years ago. It was preceded by the Carnian and succeeded by the Rhaetian.-Stratigraphic definitions:The Norian was named after the Noric Alps in...	216.5 ± 2.0	203.6 ± 1.5	age (Triassic)	ICS	Noric Alps Noric Alps The Noric Alps are a mountain range in the Eastern Alps located mostly in Austria with a small area in Slovenia...  (Austria)
Nukumaruan	3.1	1.8	age (Pleistocene)	New Zealand
Nullaginian	2,500	1,800	age (Proterozoic)	Australia
O
Ochoan			age (Permian)	North America
Odessan	1.2	0.8	age (Pleistocene)	Eastern Europe
Okaian	0.5	0.3	sub-age (Ordovician)	North America
Okehuan	1.1	0.37	age (Pleistocene)	New Zealand
Older Dryas Older Dryas The Older Dryas was a stadial period between the Bølling and Allerød oscillations during the Pleistocene glacial period of ~11,700—12,000 uncalibrated years ago...	13,480 BP	13,350 BP	chron (Weichselian)	Europe	Dryas octopetala Dryas octopetala Dryas octopetala is an arctic-alpine flowering plant in the family Rosaceae. It is a small prostrate evergreen subshrub forming large colonies, and is a popular flower in rock gardens... (plant)
Oldest Dryas Oldest Dryas The Oldest Dryas was a climatic period, which occurred during the coldest stadial after the Weichselian glaciation in north Europe. In the Alps, the Oldest Dryas corresponds to the Gschnitz stadial of the Würm glaciation. The three “Dryas” periods are named for a marker species, Dryas octopetala,...	13,860	13,780	chron (Weichselian)	Europe	Dryas octopetala Dryas octopetala Dryas octopetala is an arctic-alpine flowering plant in the family Rosaceae. It is a small prostrate evergreen subshrub forming large colonies, and is a popular flower in rock gardens... (plant)
Olenekian Olenekian In the geologic timescale, the Olenekian is an age in the Early Triassic epoch or a stage in the Lower Triassic series. It spans the time between 249.7 ± 0.7 Ma and 245 ± 0.7 Ma . The Olenekian follows the Induan and is followed by the Anisian.The Olenekian saw the deposition of a large part of the...	249.5	245.9	age (Triassic)	ICS	river Olenyok Olenyok River The Olenyok River is a major river in northern Siberian Russia, west of the lower Lena River and east of the Anabar River. It is long, of which around is navigable. Average water discharge is 1210 m³/s...  (Siberia)
Oligocene Oligocene The Oligocene is a geologic epoch of the Paleogene Period and extends from about 34 million to 23 million years before the present . As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the period are well identified but the exact dates of the start and end of the period are slightly...	33.9 ± 0.1	23.03	epoch (Paleogene)	ICS	"not so recent"	Beyrich, 1857
Onnian	453	449	age (Ordovician)	regional	River Onny River Onny The River Onny is a river in Shropshire, England. It is a major tributary of the River Teme.The river has its sources in the Shropshire Hills at White Grit, located in Mid and South-west Shropshire. It has two branches, the East Onny and West Onny, which converge at Eaton, to the east of Lydham...  (England)
Oostermeer Interglacial	0.243	0.238	age (Pleistocene)	Netherlands	Oostermeer
Opoitian	5.0	3.8	age (Pliocene)	New Zealand
Ordian	520	510	age (Cambrian)	Australia
Ordovician Ordovician The Ordovician is a geologic period and system, the second of six of the Paleozoic Era, and covers the time between 488.3±1.7 to 443.7±1.5 million years ago . It follows the Cambrian Period and is followed by the Silurian Period...	488.3 ± 1.7	443.7 ± 1.5	period (Paleozoic)	ICS	Ordovices Ordovices The Ordovices were one of the Celtic tribes living in Great Britain, before the Roman invasion of Britain. Its tribal lands were located in present day Wales and England between the Silures to the south and the Deceangli to the north-east... , Celtic tribe	Lapworth Charles Lapworth Charles Lapworth was an English geologist.-Biography:He was born at Faringdon in Berkshire and educated as a teacher at the Culham Diocesan Training College near Abingdon, Oxfordshire. He moved to the Scottish border region, where he investigated the previously little-known fossil fauna of the area... , 1879
Orellan Orellan The Orellan North American Stage on the geologic timescale is the North American faunal stage according to the North American Land Mammal Ages chronology , typically set from 33,900,000 to 33,300,000 years BP, a period of . It is usually considered to fall within the Early Oligocene...	33.9	33.3	age (Oligocene)	North America
Orleanian Orleanian The Orleanian age is a period of geologic time , within the Miocene and used more specifically with European Land Mammal Ages. It precedes the Astaracian age and follows the Agenian age....	20.4	15	ELMMZ (Miocene)	Europe	Orléans Orléans -Prehistory and Roman:Cenabum was a Gallic stronghold, one of the principal towns of the Carnutes tribe where the Druids held their annual assembly. It was conquered and destroyed by Julius Caesar in 52 BC, then rebuilt under the Roman Empire...  (France)
Orosirian Orosirian The Orosirian is the third geologic period in the Paleoproterozoic Era and lasted from 2050 Mya to 1800 Mya . Instead of being based on stratigraphy, these dates are defined chronometrically....	2,050	1,800	period (Proterozoic)	ICS
Osagean			age (Carboniferous)	North America
Otaian	21.7	19.0	age (Miocene)	New Zealand
Ottnangian	18.3	17.0	age (Miocene)	Paratethys	Ottnang am Hausruck Ottnang am Hausruck Ottnang am Hausruck is a municipality in the district of Vöcklabruck in Upper Austria, Austria.Barbara Prammer, President of the National Council of Austria since 2006, is a native of the municipality....  (Austria)	Papp & Rögl, 1967
Oxfordian Oxfordian stage The Oxfordian is, in the ICS' geologic timescale, the earliest age of the Late Jurassic epoch, or the lowest stage of the Upper Jurassic series. It spans the time between 161.2 ± 4 Ma and 155.7 ± 4 Ma...	161.2 ± 4.0	155.0 ± 4.0	age (Jurassic)	ICS	Oxford Oxford The city of Oxford is the county town of Oxfordshire, England. The city, made prominent by its medieval university, has a population of just under 165,000, with 153,900 living within the district boundary. It lies about 50 miles north-west of London. The rivers Cherwell and Thames run through...  (England)	d’Orbigny
P
Paibian	501.0 ± 2.0	496	age (Cambrian)	ICS	Paibi (China)
Paleoarchean Paleoarchean The Paleoarchean is a geologic era within the Archaean. It spans the period of time 3600 Ma to 3200 Ma —the period being defined chronometrically and not referenced to a specific level in a rock section on Earth. The oldest ascertained life form is from this period....	3,600	3,200	era	ICS
Paleocene Paleocene The Paleocene or Palaeocene, the "early recent", is a geologic epoch that lasted from about . It is the first epoch of the Palaeogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era...	65.5 ± 0.3	55.8 ± 0.2	epoch (Paleogene)	ICS	oldest recent	Schimper Wilhelm Philipp Schimper Wilhelm Philippe Schimper was a French botanist who was born in Dossenheim-sur-Zinsel, Bas-Rhin, a town near the River Rhine in Alsace... , 1847
Paleophytic	~450	~270	era	paleobotany	old flora
Paleogene Paleogene The Paleogene is a geologic period and system that began 65.5 ± 0.3 and ended 23.03 ± 0.05 million years ago and comprises the first part of the Cenozoic Era...	65.5 ± 0.3	23.0	period (Cenozoic)	ICS		Hoernes, 1856
Paleoproterozoic Paleoproterozoic The Paleoproterozoic is the first of the three sub-divisions of the Proterozoic occurring between . This is when the continents first stabilized...	2,500	1,600	era	ICS
Paleozoic Paleozoic The Paleozoic era is the earliest of three geologic eras of the Phanerozoic eon, spanning from roughly...	542.0 ± 1.0	251.0 ± 0.7	era	ICS	old life
Pannonian	11.608 ± 0.005	7.246 ± 0.005	age (Miocene)	Paratethys	Pannonia Pannonia Pannonia was an ancient province of the Roman Empire bounded north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, and southward with Dalmatia and upper Moesia....  (Roman province)	Roth von Telegd, 1879
Pareora Pareora Pareora is a settlement in New Zealand. It is located close to State Highway 1, which bypasses the western edge of the town, and close to the Pacific Ocean coast, five kilometres north of Saint Andrews and 10 kilometres south of Timaru. The Pareora River reaches the ocean just to the south of the...	21.7	15.9	epoch (Neogene)	New Zealand
Pastonian	~1.87	1.77	age (Pleistocene)	Great Britain	Paston, Norfolk Paston, Norfolk Paston is a village and civil parish in the English county of Norfolk. The village is north-east of North Walsham and south-east of Cromer. It is north-east of the city of Norwich. The village sits astride the coast road between Mundesley and Bacton. The nearest railway station is at North...  (England)
Payntonian	491	488.3 ± 1.7	age (Cambrian)	Australia
Peligran Peligran The Peligran age is a period of geologic time within the Paleocene epoch of the Paleogene used more specifically with South American Land Mammal Ages. It follows the Tiupampan and precedes the Itaboraian age....	62.5	59	age (Paleocene)	South America
Pendleian	326.4 ± 1.6	326	age (Carboniferous)	regional	Pendle Hill Pendle Hill Pendle Hill is located in the north-east of Lancashire, England, near the towns of Burnley, Nelson, Colne, Clitheroe and Padiham, an area known as Pendleside. Its summit is above mean sea level. It gives its name to the Borough of Pendle. It is an isolated hill, separated from the Pennines to the...  (England)
Pennsylvanian Pennsylvanian The Pennsylvanian is, in the ICS geologic timescale, the younger of two subperiods of the Carboniferous Period. It lasted from roughly . As with most other geochronologic units, the rock beds that define the Pennsylvanian are well identified, but the exact date of the start and end are uncertain...	318.1 ± 1.3	299.0 ± 0.8	epoch (Carboniferous)	ICS	Pennsylvania Pennsylvania The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania is a U.S. state that is located in the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The state borders Delaware and Maryland to the south, West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, New York and Ontario, Canada, to the north, and New Jersey to...  (US)
Penutian	53	51	age (Eocene)	California
Permian Permian The PermianThe term "Permian" was introduced into geology in 1841 by Sir Sir R. I. Murchison, president of the Geological Society of London, who identified typical strata in extensive Russian explorations undertaken with Edouard de Verneuil; Murchison asserted in 1841 that he named his "Permian...	299.0 ± 0.8	251.0 ± 0.4	period (Paleozoic)	ICS	Perm Perm Perm is a city and the administrative center of Perm Krai, Russia, located on the banks of the Kama River, in the European part of Russia near the Ural Mountains. From 1940 to 1957 it was named Molotov ....  (Russia)	Murchison Roderick Murchison Sir Roderick Impey Murchison, 1st Baronet KCB DCL FRS FRSE FLS PRGS PBA MRIA was a Scottish geologist who first described and investigated the Silurian system.-Early life and work:... , 1849
Phanerozoic Phanerozoic The Phanerozoic Eon is the current eon in the geologic timescale, and the one during which abundant animal life has existed. It covers roughly 542 million years and goes back to the time when diverse hard-shelled animals first appeared...	542.0 ± 1.0	present	eon	ICS	visible life
Piacenzian Piacenzian The Piacenzian is in the international geologic timescale the upper stage or latest age of the Pliocene. It spans the time between 3.6 ± 0.005 Ma and 2.588 ± 0.005 Ma...	3.600	2.588	age (Pliocene)	ICS	Piacenza Piacenza Piacenza is a city and comune in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy. It is the capital of the province of Piacenza...  (Italy)	Mayer-Eymar, 1858
Piripauan	86.5	84	age (Cretaceous)	New Zealand
Pleistocene Pleistocene The Pleistocene is the epoch from 2,588,000 to 11,700 years BP that spans the world's recent period of repeated glaciations. The name pleistocene is derived from the Greek and ....	2.588	0.0117	epoch (Quaternary)	ICS	youngest recent
Pleniglacial	73,000 BP	14,500 BP	sub-age (Pleistocene)	Northern Europe
Pliensbachian Pliensbachian The Pliensbachian is an age of the geologic timescale or stage in the stratigraphic column. It is part of the Early or Lower Jurassic epoch or series and spans the time between 189.6 ± 1.5 Ma and 183 ± 1.5 Ma . The Pliensbachian is preceded by the Sinemurian and followed by the Toarcian.The...	189.6 ± 1.5	183.0 ± 1.5	age (Jurassic)	ICS	Pliensbach (Germany)	Oppel Albert Oppel Carl Albert Oppel was a German paleontologist.-History:He was born at Hohenheim in Württemberg, on December 19, 1831. He first went to the University of Tübingen, where he graduated with a Ph.D. in 1853. The results of his work was published in Die Juraformation Englands, Frankreichs and des... , 1858
Pliocene Pliocene The Pliocene Epoch is the period in the geologic timescale that extends from 5.332 million to 2.588 million years before present. It is the second and youngest epoch of the Neogene Period in the Cenozoic Era. The Pliocene follows the Miocene Epoch and is followed by the Pleistocene Epoch...	5.332	2.588	epoch (Neogene)	ICS	newer recent	Lyell Charles Lyell Sir Charles Lyell, 1st Baronet, Kt FRS was a British lawyer and the foremost geologist of his day. He is best known as the author of Principles of Geology, which popularised James Hutton's concepts of uniformitarianism – the idea that the earth was shaped by slow-moving forces still in operation... , 1847
Podolskian	308	307.2	age (Carboniferous)	Russia
Poederlian	~3.5	~2.5	age (Pliocene)	Belgium (obsolete)	Poederlee	Vincent, 1889
Pontian	7.246 ± 0.005	5.332 ± 0.005	epoch (Miocene)	Paratethys	Pontus Euxinus, Latin name for the Black Sea Black Sea The Black Sea is bounded by Europe, Anatolia and the Caucasus and is ultimately connected to the Atlantic Ocean via the Mediterranean and the Aegean seas and various straits. The Bosphorus strait connects it to the Sea of Marmara, and the strait of the Dardanelles connects that sea to the Aegean...	Le Play, 1842
Pontinian	0.1	0.01	age (Pleistocene)	Italy
Porangan	46.2	43.0	age (Eocene)	New Zealand
Portlandian			age (Jurassic)	British Isles	Isle of Portland Isle of Portland The Isle of Portland is a limestone tied island, long by wide, in the English Channel. Portland is south of the resort of Weymouth, forming the southernmost point of the county of Dorset, England. A tombolo over which runs the A354 road connects it to Chesil Beach and the mainland. Portland and...  (England)
Potsdamian	501 ± 2	488.3 ± 1.7	epoch (Cambrian)	Germany
Poundian	570	542 ± 0.3	age (Cambrian)	Australia
Pragian	411.2 ± 2.8	407.0 ± 2.8	age (Devonian)	ICS	Prague Prague Prague is the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic. Situated in the north-west of the country on the Vltava river, the city is home to about 1.3 million people, while its metropolitan area is estimated to have a population of over 2.3 million...  (Czech Republic)
Preboreal	11,560 BP	10,640 BP	chron	Northern Europe	before the Boreal
Precambrian Precambrian The Precambrian is the name which describes the large span of time in Earth's history before the current Phanerozoic Eon, and is a Supereon divided into several eons of the geologic time scale...	none	542.0 ± 1.0	none (before: eon)	worldwide	before the Cambrian
Pre-Illinoian			age (Pleistocene)	North America	before the Illinoian
Preludhamian	~2.52	~2.61	age (Plio-Pleistocene)	Great Britain	before the Ludhamian
Prenectarian	4567	3850	period	Moon	before the Nectarian
Prepastonian	~2.0	~1.87	age (Pleistocene)	Great Britain	before the Pastonian
Pretiglian	2.588	2.40	super-age (Pleistocene)	Netherlands	before the Tiglian Tegelen Tegelen Tegelen is a village in the province of Limburg in the Netherlands. It was an independent municipality until 2001, when it was merged into the municipality of Venlo.-Tiglian:...  (The Netherlands)	Van der Vlerk, 1948
Priabonian Priabonian The Priabonian is, in the ICS's geologic timescale, the latest age or the upper stage of the Eocene epoch or series. It spans the time between and...	37.2 ± 0.1	33.9 ± 0.1	age (Eocene)	ICS	Priabona (Italy)	Munier-Chalmas & De Lapparent, 1893
Pridoli(an)	418.7 ± 2.7	416.0 ± 2.8	epoch (Silurian)	ICS	Přidoli Prídolí Přídolí is a small town in Český Krumlov District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic.The town covers an area of , and has a population of 583 ....  (Czech Republic)
Priscoan see Hadean
Proterozoic Proterozoic The Proterozoic is a geological eon representing a period before the first abundant complex life on Earth. The name Proterozoic comes from the Greek "earlier life"...	2,500	542.0 ± 1.0	eon	ICS
Puercan Puercan The Puercan North American Stage on the geologic timescale is the North American faunal stage according to the North American Land Mammal Ages chronology , typically set from 65,000,000 to 63,300,000 years BP lasting . It is usually considered to be within the Paleocene...	65.5	63.3	age (Paleocene-Cretaceous)	North America
Purbeckian Purbeckian The Purbeck Group is an Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous lithostratigraphic group in south-east England...			age (Cretaceous-Jurassic)	England (obsolete)	Isle of Purbeck Isle of Purbeck The Isle of Purbeck, not a true island but a peninsula, is in the county of Dorset, England. It is bordered by the English Channel to the south and east, where steep cliffs fall to the sea; and by the marshy lands of the River Frome and Poole Harbour to the north. Its western boundary is less well...  (England)
Pusgillian	449	447.5	age (Ordovician)	Europe	Pus Gill, Cumbria (England)	Dean, 1959
Putikian	0.37	0.01	age (Pleistocene)	New Zealand
Q
Quaternary Quaternary The Quaternary Period is the most recent of the three periods of the Cenozoic Era in the geologic time scale of the ICS. It follows the Neogene Period, spanning 2.588 ± 0.005 million years ago to the present...	2.588	present	period (Cenozoic)	ICS	fourth part	Arduino Giovanni Arduino (geologist) Giovanni Arduino was an Italian geologist who is known as the "Father of Italian Geology".Arduino was born at Caprino Veronese, Veneto. He was a mining specialist who developed possibly the first classification of geological time, based on study of the geology of northern Italy... , 1760
Qungzusian	532	523	age (Cambrian)	China
R
Rancholabrean Rancholabrean The Rancholabrean North American Stage on the geologic timescale is the North American faunal stage according to the North American Land Mammal Ages chronology , typically set from less than 240,000 years to 11,000 years BP, a period of . It is usually considered to overlap the Middle Pleistocene...			age (Pleistocene)	North America
Randian	3,000	2,500	age (Archaean)	South Africa
Rawtheyan	446.5	445.5	age (Ordovician)	Europe	River Rawthey River Rawthey The River Rawthey is a river in Cumbria.The headwaters of the Rawthey are at Rawthey Gill Foot, where Rawthey Gill, whose own source is a confluence at Gill Head on East Baugh Fell, meets Haskhaw Gill....  (England)
Refugian	35.0	33.5	age (Oligo-Eocene)	California
Reinbekian			age (Miocene)	Northern Germany
Relizian	16.5	13.5	age (Miocene)	California
Repettian	2.9	2.2	age (Plio-Pleistocene)	California
Reuverian Reuverian The Reuverian is a geological era in northwestern Europe. It is dated approximately 2.6 million years ago, and is part of the late Pliocene.Clay deposits from the Reuverian stage can be found in the Netherlands and neighbouring parts of Germany. The stage is named after the town of Reuver, in the...	3.5	2.558	chronozone (Pliocene)	Northwest Europe	Reuver Reuver Reuver is a village in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is located in the municipality of Beesel, about 10 km south of the city of Venlo.-References:...  (The Netherlands)
Rhaetian Rhaetian The Rhaetian is in geochronology the latest age of the Triassic period or in chronostratigraphy the uppermost stage of the Triassic system. It lasted from 203.6 ± 1.5 to 199.6 ± 0.6 million years ago...	203.6 ± 1.5	199.6 ± 0.6	age (Triassic)	ICS	Rhaetian Alps Rhaetian Alps The Rhaetian Alps are a part of the Central Eastern Alps along the Italian–Swiss and Austrian–Swiss borders, mostly located in the Graubünden canton in eastern Switzerland.Piz Bernina , set on the Italian border, is the highest peak....  (Switzerland, Austria, Italy)
Rhuddanian	443.7 ± 1.5	439.0 ± 1.8	age (Silurian)	ICS	Cwm-Rhuddian (Wales)
Rhyacian	2,300	2,050	period (Proterozoic)	ICS
Richmondian	449	445.6 ± 1.5	age (Ordovician)	North America
Riochican Riochican The Riochican age is a period of geologic time within the Paleocene epoch of the Paleogene used more specifically with South American Land Mammal Ages. It follows the Itaboraian and precedes the Casamayoran age....	57	54	age (Eo-Paleocene)	South America
Riphean	1,650	650	age (Proterozoic)	worldwide (obsolete)
Riss Glacial	0.238	0.128	age (Pleistocene)	Alps	river Riß Riß The Riss is a small river in Baden-Württemberg, south-western Germany, right tributary of the Danube. Its source is in Upper Swabia, between Bad Waldsee and Bad Schussenried. It flows north, through the town of Biberach an der Riss. It then flows into the Danube between Ehingen and Erbach,...  (Germany)
Riss-Würm Interglacial	0.128	0.116	age (Pleistocene)	Alps
Roadian Roadian In the geologic timescale, the Roadian is an age or stage of the Permian. It is the earliest or lower of three subdivisions of the Guadalupian epoch or series. The Roadian lasted between 270.6 ± 0.7 and 268.0 ± 0.7 million years ago...	270.6 ± 0.7	268.0 ± 0.7	age (Permian)	ICS
Robiacian	42.7	37.2	ELMMZ (Miocene)	Europe
Romanian	3.6	1.8	age (Plio-Pleistocene)	Paratethys
Rotliegend Rotliegend The Rotliegend or Rotliegendes is a lithostratigraphic unit of Cisuralian age that is found in the subsurface of large areas in western and central Europe. The Rotliegend mainly consists of sandstone layers... (-es)	299	270.6	sub-period (Permian)	unofficial	German for "Red foot wall".	A traditional copper mining term in the Mansfelder Land Mansfelder Land Mansfelder Land was a district in the middle of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Neighboring districts were Aschersleben-Staßfurt, Bernburg, Saalkreis, Merseburg-Querfurt, Sangerhausen and Quedlinburg...  for the red oreless sandstone below the Kupferschiefer.
Runangan	36.0	34.3	age (Eo-Oligocene)	New Zealand
Rupelian Rupelian The Rupelian is, in the geologic timescale, the older of two ages or the lower of two stages of the Oligocene epoch/series. It spans the time between and . It is preceded by the Priabonian stage and is followed by the Chattian stage....	33.9 ± 0.1	28.4 ± 0.1	age (Oligocene)	ICS	river Rupel Rupel The Rupel is a tidal river in northern Belgium, right tributary of the Scheldt. It is about 12 km long. It flows through the Belgian province Antwerp. It is formed by the confluence of the rivers Dijle and Nete, in Rumst. It flows into the Scheldt at Rupelmonde. Towns along the Rupel are...  (Belgium)	Dumont, 1850
Ruscinian Ruscinian The Ruscian age is a period of geologic time within the Pliocene used more specifically with European Land Mammal Ages. It precedes the Villanyian age and follows the Turolian age. The Ruscian overlaps the early Piacenzian and Zanclean ages....	4.9	3.5	ELMMZ (Pliocene)	Europe	Ruscino, Latin for the Roussillon Roussillon Roussillon is one of the historical counties of the former Principality of Catalonia, corresponding roughly to the present-day southern French département of Pyrénées-Orientales...  (France)	Kretzoi Miklós Kretzoi Miklós Kretzoi was a Hungarian geologist, paleontologist and paleoanthropologist and Széchenyi Prize winner.... , 1962
S
Saalian	0.238	0.128	age (Pleistocene)	Northern Europe	river Saale Saale The Saale, also known as the Saxon Saale and Thuringian Saale , is a river in Germany and a left-bank tributary of the Elbe. It is not to be confused with the smaller Franconian Saale, a right-bank tributary of the Main, or the Saale in Lower Saxony, a tributary of the Leine.-Course:The Saale...  (Germany)
Sakian	494.5	493	age (Cambrian)	Russia, Kazakhstan
Sakmarian Sakmarian In the geologic timescale, the Sakmarian is an age or stage of the Permian. It is a subdivision of the Cisuralian epoch or series. The Sakmarian lasted between 294.6 ± 0.8 and 284.4 ± 0.7 million years ago...	294.6 ± 0.8	284.4 ± 0.7	age (Permian)	ICS	river Sakmara Sakmara River Sakmara River is a river in Russia that drains the southern tip of the Ural Mountains south into the Ural River. Its length is . It is a tributary of the Ural River, which it meets in Orenburg. The source of the Sakmara River is in the Republic of Bashkortostan...  (Russia)	Karpinski, 1874
Sandbian	460.9 ± 1.6	455.8 ± 1.6	age (Ordovician)	ICS	Sandby, Sweden
Sangamonian Sangamonian Stage The Sangamonian Stage, also known as the Sangamon interglacial, is the name used by Quaternary geologists to designate the last interglacial period in North America from 125,000—75,000 years ago, a period of...	0.125	0.075	age (Pleistocene)	North America
Santacrucian Santacrucian The Santacrucian age is a period of geologic time within the Miocene epoch of the Neogene used more specifically with South American Land Mammal Ages. It follows the Colhuehuapian and precedes the Friasian age....	17.5	16.3	age (Miocene)	South America
Santomian	1.81	1.5	subage (Pleistocene)	Italy
Santonian Santonian The Santonian is an age in the geologic timescale or a chronostratigraphic stage. It is a subdivision of the Late Cretaceous epoch or Upper Cretaceous series. It spans the time between 85.8 ± 0.7 mya and 83.5 ± 0.7 mya...	85.8 ± 0.7	83.5 ± 0.7	age (Cretaceous)	ICS	Saintes (France)	Coquand, 1873
Sarmatian	12.7	11.6	age (Miocene)	Paratethys	Sarmatians Sarmatians The Iron Age Sarmatians were an Iranian people in Classical Antiquity, flourishing from about the 5th century BC to the 4th century AD....  (ancient people)	Suess Eduard Suess Eduard Suess was a geologist who was an expert on the geography of the Alps. He is responsible for hypothesising two major former geographical features, the supercontinent Gondwana and the Tethys Ocean.Born in London to a Jewish Saxon merchant, when he was three his family relocated toPrague,... , 1866
Saxonian	~290	~258	age (Permian)	Europe (obsolete)	Saxony Saxony The Free State of Saxony is a landlocked state of Germany, contingent with Brandenburg, Saxony Anhalt, Thuringia, Bavaria, the Czech Republic and Poland. It is the tenth-largest German state in area, with of Germany's sixteen states....
Saucesian	22.0	16.5	age (Miocene)	California
Scaldisian	~4	~2.5	age (Pliocene)	Belgium (obsolete)	Scaldus, Latin name for the river Scheldt Scheldt The Scheldt is a 350 km long river in northern France, western Belgium and the southwestern part of the Netherlands...	Dumont, 1850
Scythian	251 ± 0.2	245 ± 1.5	Epoch (Early Triassic)	Europe	Scythia Scythia In antiquity, Scythian or Scyths were terms used by the Greeks to refer to certain Iranian groups of horse-riding nomadic pastoralists who dwelt on the Pontic-Caspian steppe...
Selandian Selandian The Selandian is in the geologic timescale an age or stage in the Paleocene. It spans the time between and . It is preceded by the Danian and followed by the Thanetian. Sometimes the Paleocene is subdivided in subepochs, in which the Selandian forms the "Middle Paleocene".-Stratigraphic...	61.7 ± 0.2	58.7 ± 0.2	age (Paleocene)	ICS	Seeland (Denmark)	Rosenkrantz, 1924
Senecan	388	370	age (Devonian)	North America
Senonian	89.3	65.5	epoch (Cretaceous)	unofficial	Sens Sens Sens is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.Sens is a sub-prefecture of the department. It is crossed by the Yonne and the Vanne, which empties into the Yonne here.-History:...  (France)	d'Orbigny Alcide d'Orbigny Alcide Charles Victor Marie Dessalines d'Orbigny was a French naturalist who made major contributions in many areas, including zoology , palaeontology, geology, archaeology and anthropology....
Serpukhovian Serpukhovian The Serpukhovian is in the ICS geologic timescale the uppermost stage or youngest age of the Mississippian, the lower subsystem of the Carboniferous. The Serpukhovian age lasted from 328.3 Ma tot 318.1 Ma...	326.4 ± 1.6	318.1 ± 1.3	age (Carboniferous)	ICS	Serpukhov Serpukhov Serpukhov is a city in Moscow Oblast, Russia, which is situated at the confluence of the Oka and the Nara Rivers. It is located south from Moscow on the Moscow—Simferopol highway. The Moscow—Tula railway passes through the town. Population: -History:...  (Russia)
Serravallian Serravallian The Serravallian is in the geologic timescale an age or a stage in the middle Miocene epoch/series, that spans the time between 13.65 ± 0.05 Ma and 11.608 ± 0.005 Ma...	13.65	11.608	age (Miocene)	ICS	Serravalle Scrivia Serravalle Scrivia Serravalle Scrivia is a comune in the Province of Alessandria in the Italian region of Piedmont, located about 100 km southeast of Turin and about 25 km southeast of Alessandria....  (Italy)	Pareto, 1864
Sevatian	206	202.3 ± 1.5	sub-age (Triassic)	Europe
Shanghuan	65.5	62.9	ALMA (Paleocene)	Asia
Shangsian		318.1	age (Carboniferous)	China
Shaodongian	359.2 ± 2.5	349.5	age (Carboniferous)	China
Sharamurunian Sharamurunian The Sharamurunian age is a period of geologic time within the Middle Eocene epoch of the Paleogene used more specifically with Asian Land Mammal Ages...	40.4	37.2	ALMA (Eocene)	Asia
Sheinwoodian	428.2 ± 2.3	426.2 ± 2.4	age (Silurian)	ICS	Sheinwood (England)	Basset et al., 1975
Shermanian	457	454	age (Ordovician)	regional
Shinulanian	438	433	age (Silurian)	China
Sicilian	0.781	0.260	subage (Pleistocene)	Italy	Sicily Sicily Sicily is a region of Italy, and is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. Along with the surrounding minor islands, it constitutes an autonomous region of Italy, the Regione Autonoma Siciliana Sicily has a rich and unique culture, especially with regard to the arts, music, literature,...
Siderian Siderian The Siderian is the first geologic period in the Paleoproterozoic Era and lasted from 2500 Mya to 2300 Mya . Instead of being based on stratigraphy, these dates are defined chronometrically....	2,500	2,300	period (Proterozoic)	ICS
Silesian	326.4	299.0	subperiod (Carboniferous)	Europe	Silesia Silesia Silesia is a historical region of Central Europe located mostly in Poland, with smaller parts also in the Czech Republic, and Germany.Silesia is rich in mineral and natural resources, and includes several important industrial areas. Silesia's largest city and historical capital is Wrocław...
Siegenian Siegenian The Siegenian was an epoch of the Devonian period spanning from 411.2 +/- 2.8 To 407 +/- 2.8 Ma. The term overlaps with parts of the internationally recognised Pragian and Emsian epochs, and although once widely used is now deprecated....			age (Devonian)	North America, Europe
Silurian Silurian The Silurian is a geologic period and system that extends from the end of the Ordovician Period, about 443.7 ± 1.5 Mya , to the beginning of the Devonian Period, about 416.0 ± 2.8 Mya . As with other geologic periods, the rock beds that define the period's start and end are well identified, but the...	443.7 ± 1.5	416.0 ± 2.8	period (Paleozoic)	ICS	Silures Silures The Silures were a powerful and warlike tribe of ancient Britain, occupying approximately the counties of Monmouthshire, Breconshire and Glamorganshire of present day South Wales; and possibly Gloucestershire and Herefordshire of present day England... , Celtic tribe	Murchison Roderick Murchison Sir Roderick Impey Murchison, 1st Baronet KCB DCL FRS FRSE FLS PRGS PBA MRIA was a Scottish geologist who first described and investigated the Silurian system.-Early life and work:... , 1835
Sinemurian Sinemurian In the geologic timescale, the Sinemurian is an age or stage in the Early or Lower Jurassic epoch or series. It spans the time between 196.5 ± 2 Ma and 189.6 ± 1.5 Ma...	196.5 ± 1.0	189.6 ± 1.5	age (Jurassic)	ICS	Semur-en-Auxois Semur-en-Auxois Semur-en-Auxois is a commune of the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.Semur-en-Auxois has a medieval core, built on a pink granite bluff more than half-encircled by the River Armançon...  (France)	d'Orbigny Alcide d'Orbigny Alcide Charles Victor Marie Dessalines d'Orbigny was a French naturalist who made major contributions in many areas, including zoology , palaeontology, geology, archaeology and anthropology.... , 1842
Sinian	800	542	age (Neoproterozic)	China
Soudleyan	458	457	age (Ordovician)	regional	Soudley Soudley Soudley is a small but thriving village north of Lydney, west Gloucestershire, England.Nearby attractions include Dean Heritage Centre, Soudley Ponds and the Blaize Bailey viewpoint....  (England)
Southland	15.9	10.9	epoch (Neogene)	New Zealand
Springerian			age (Carboniferous)	North America
St. David's	513 ± 2	501 ± 2	epoch (Cambrian)	Europe (obsolete)	St Davids (Wales)
Stampian			age (Oligocene)	western Europe	Laurence Dudley Stamp Laurence Dudley Stamp Sir Dudley Stamp, CBE, DSc, D. Litt, LLD, Ekon D, DSc Nat , was professor of geography at Rangoon and London, and one of the internationally best known British geographers of the 20th century....
Statherian Statherian The Statherian is the final geologic period in the Paleoproterozoic Era and lasted from 1800 Mya to 1600 Mya . Instead of being based on stratigraphy, these dates are defined chronometrically....	1,800	1,600	period (Proterozoic)	ICS
Stenian Stenian The Stenian is the final geologic period in the Mesoproterozoic Era and lasted from 1200 Mya to 1000 Mya . Instead of being based on stratigraphy, these dates are defined chronometrically...	1,200	1,000	period (Proterozoic)	ICS
Stephanian Stephanian (stage) The Stephanian is a stage in the regional stratigraphy of northwest Europe with an age between roughly 304 and 299 Ma . It is a subdivision of the Carboniferous system or period and the regional Silesian series...	303.9	299.0	age (Carboniferous)	Europe	Saint-Étienne Saint-Étienne Saint-Étienne is a city in eastern central France. It is located in the Massif Central, southwest of Lyon in the Rhône-Alpes region, along the trunk road that connects Toulouse with Lyon...  (France)	Mayer-Eymar, 1878
Steptoan	494.5	493	age (Cambrian)	North America
Streffordian	452	449	age (Ordovician)	Europe	Strefford Strefford Strefford is a historic hamlet in Shropshire, England.It lies in the civil parish of Wistanstow and is situated just off the A49 road north of the small town of Craven Arms. The nearest settlement is Upper Affcot, to the north on the A49, a hamlet which has a public house...  (England)
Sturtian	~730		age (Neoproterozoic)	worldwide, unofficial
Subatlantic	2400 BP	0	chron (Holocene)	Northern Europe
Subboreal	5660 BP	2400 BP	chron (Holocene)	Northern Europe
Suchian	3.0	1.9	age (Plio-Pleistocene)	Japan
Suevian	33.8	29.2	ELMMZ (Oligocene)	Europe
Sunwaptan	493	491	age (Cambrian)	North America
Susterian	8.5	5.3	chronozone (Miocene)	Northwest Europe	Susteren Susteren Susteren is a city in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is located in the municipality of Echt-Susteren, about 7 km northwest of Sittard. It was a separate municipality until 2003, when it was merged with Echt. Susteren received town privileges in 1276....  (The Netherlands)
Swazian Swazian The Swazian is a poorly defined geological stage in South Africa extending from about 4,000,000,000 years ago to 3,000,000,000 years ago , encompassing some of the Hadean and much of the Archean on the Geologic time scale. Other scales assign the Swazian to parts of the Paleoarchean and...	4,000	3,000	age (Archaean)	South Africa
Syltian			age (Miocene)	Northern Germany
T
Tabenbulakian Tabenbulakian The Tabenbulakian age is a period of geologic time within the Oligocene epoch of the Paleogene used more specifically with Asian Land Mammal Ages. It follows the Ulangochuian age....	24.0	23.03	ALMA (Oligocene)	Asia
Tangbagouan	359.2		age (Carboniferous)	China
Taranaki	10.9	5.28	epoch (Neogene)	New Zealand
Tarantian	0.15	0.0115	age (Pleistocene)	Southern Europe	Tarento Taranto Taranto is a coastal city in Apulia, Southern Italy. It is the capital of the Province of Taranto and is an important commercial port as well as the main Italian naval base....  (Italy)
Tatarian			age (Permian)	Russia	Tatarstan Tatarstan The Republic of Tatarstan is a federal subject of Russia located in the Volga Federal District. Its capital is the city of Kazan, which is one of Russia's largest and most prosperous cities. The republic borders with Kirov, Ulyanovsk, Samara, and Orenburg Oblasts, and with the Mari El, Udmurt,...
Taxandrian	1.80	0.418	super-age (Pleistocene)	Netherlands (obsolete)
Tayloran			age (Cretaceous)	south and west of the US	Taylor, Texas Taylor, Texas Taylor is a city in Williamson County, Texas, United States. The population was 13,575 at the 2000 census; it was 15,191 in the 2010 census estimate. Taylors largest employers include the Electric Reliability Council of Texas , Durcon Inc, and the T. Don Hutto Residential Center, an immigration...	Murray, 1961
Telychian	436.0 ± 1.9	428.2 ± 2.3	age (Silurian)	ICS	Pen-lan-Telych (Wales)	Cocks et al. 1973
Templetonian	510	508	age (Cambrian)	Australia
Teratan	89.1	86.5	age (Cretaceous)	New Zealand
Terreneuvian	542.0 ± 1.0	521	epoch (Cambrian)	ICS	Terre-Neuve, French name for Newfoundland
Tertiary Tertiary The Tertiary is a deprecated term for a geologic period 65 million to 2.6 million years ago. The Tertiary covered the time span between the superseded Secondary period and the Quaternary...	65.5 ± 0.3	2.588	sub-era (Cenozoic)	worldwide	third part	Arduino Giovanni Arduino (geologist) Giovanni Arduino was an Italian geologist who is known as the "Father of Italian Geology".Arduino was born at Caprino Veronese, Veneto. He was a mining specialist who developed possibly the first classification of geological time, based on study of the geology of northern Italy... , 1760
Teurian	65.0	55.5	age (Paleocene)	New Zealand
Thanetian Thanetian The Thanetian is, in the ICS' Geologic timescale, the latest age or uppermost stratigraphic stage of the Paleocene Epoch or series. It spans the time between and . The Thanetian is preceded by the Selandian age and followed by the Ypresian age...	58.7 ± 0.2	55.8 ± 0.2	age (Paleocene)	ICS	Isle of Thanet Isle of Thanet The Isle of Thanet lies at the most easterly point of Kent, England. While in the past it was separated from the mainland by the nearly -wide River Wantsum, it is no longer an island ....  (England)	Renevier Eugène Renevier Eugène Renevier Swiss geologist, was born at Lausanne, Switzerland, as a descendant of a noble family.In 1857 he became professor of geology and paleontology in the University of Lausanne... , 1874
Thuringian	285	251	age (Permian)	Europe (obsolete)	Thuringia Thuringia The Free State of Thuringia is a state of Germany, located in the central part of the country.It has an area of and 2.29 million inhabitants, making it the sixth smallest by area and the fifth smallest by population of Germany's sixteen states....  (Germany)
Thurnian	~2.25	~2.12	age (Pleistocene)	Great Britain	River Thurne River Thurne The River Thurne is a river in Norfolk, England in The Broads. Just six miles long it rises two miles from the coast near Martham Broad and is navigable from West Somerton. It flows southwest and is linked by Candle Dyke and Heigham Sound to both Horsey Mere and Hickling Broad...  (England}	West Richard Gilbert West Richard Gilbert West FRS is a British botanist, geologist and palaeontologist.He began his career at the age of 18 in 1944 when he joined the Army and spent time in India. On return to England, he went to Clare College, Cambridge in 1948 taking Botany and Geology at Part I... , 1961
Tiffanian Tiffanian The Tiffanian North American Stage on the geologic timescale is the North American faunal stage according to the North American Land Mammal Ages chronology , typically set from 60,200,000 to 56,800,000 years BP lasting . It is usually considered to overlap the Selandian and Thanetian within the...	60.2	56.8	age (Paleocene)	North America
Tiglian	2.40	1.80	super-age (Pleistocene)	Netherlands	Tegelen Tegelen Tegelen is a village in the province of Limburg in the Netherlands. It was an independent municipality until 2001, when it was merged into the municipality of Venlo.-Tiglian:...  (The Netherlands)
Tinguirirican Tinguirirican The Tinguirirican age is a period of geologic time within the Oligocene epoch of the Paleogene used more specifically with South American Land Mammal Ages. It follows the Divisaderan and precedes the Deseadan age....	36	29	age (Oligo-Eocene)	South America
Tithonian Tithonian In the geologic timescale the Tithonian is the latest age of the Late Jurassic epoch or the uppermost stage of the Upper Jurassic series. It spans the time between 150.8 ± 4 Ma and 145.5 ± 4 Ma...	150.8 ± 4.0	145.5 ± 4.0	age (Jurassic)	ICS	Tithon (Greek mythology Greek mythology Greek mythology is the body of myths and legends belonging to the ancient Greeks, concerning their gods and heroes, the nature of the world, and the origins and significance of their own cult and ritual practices. They were a part of religion in ancient Greece... )	Oppel Albert Oppel Carl Albert Oppel was a German paleontologist.-History:He was born at Hohenheim in Württemberg, on December 19, 1831. He first went to the University of Tübingen, where he graduated with a Ph.D. in 1853. The results of his work was published in Die Juraformation Englands, Frankreichs and des... , 1865
Tiupampan Tiupampan The Tiupampan age is a period of geologic time within the Paleocene epoch of the Paleogene used more specifically with South American Land Mammal Ages. It precedes the Peligran age....	64.5	62.5	age (Paleocene)	South America	Tiupampa	Marshall & de Muizon, 1988
Toarcian Toarcian The Toarcian is, in the ICS' geologic timescale, an age or stage in the Early or Lower Jurassic. It spans the time between 183.0 Ma and 175.6 Ma...	183.0 ± 1.5	175.6 ± 2.0	age (Jurassic)	ICS	Thouars Thouars Thouars is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.It is on the River Thouet. Its inhabitants are known as Thouarsais.-History:...  (France)	d'Orbigny Alcide d'Orbigny Alcide Charles Victor Marie Dessalines d'Orbigny was a French naturalist who made major contributions in many areas, including zoology , palaeontology, geology, archaeology and anthropology.... , 1849
Toyonian	518.5	513.0 ± 2.0	age (Cambrian)	Russia, Kazakhstan
Tommotian	534	530	age (Cambrian)	Russia, Kazakhstan
Tongaporutuan	10.9	6.5	age (Miocene)	New Zealand
Tongrian			age (Oligocene)	western Europe
Tonian Tonian The Tonian is the first geologic period in the Neoproterozoic Era and lasted from 1000 Mya to 850 Mya...	1,000	850	period (Proterozoic)	ICS
Torrejonian Torrejonian The Torrejonian North American Stage on the geologic timescale is the North American faunal stage according to the North American Land Mammal Ages chronology , typically set from 63,300,000 to 60,200,000 years BP lasting . It is usually considered to overlap the Selandian and Thanetian within the...	63.3	60.2	age (Paleocene)	North America
Tortonian Tortonian The Tortonian is in the geologic timescale an age or stage of the late Miocene that spans the time between 11.608 ± 0.005 Ma and 7.246 ± 0.005 Ma . It follows the Serravallian and is followed by the Messinian....	11.608	7.246	age (Miocene)	ICS	Tortona Tortona Tortona is a comune of Piemonte, in the Province of Alessandria, Italy. Tortona is sited on the right bank of the Scrivia between the plain of Marengo and the foothills of the Ligurian Apennines.-History:...  (Italy)	Mayer-Eymar, 1858
Totomian	3.6	3.0	age (Pliocene)	Japan
Tournaisian Tournaisian The Tournaisian is in the ICS geologic timescale the lowest stage or oldest age of the Mississippian, the oldest subsystem of the Carboniferous. The Tournaisian age lasted from 359.2 ± 2.5 Ma to 345.3 ± 2.1 Ma...	359.2 ± 2.5	345.3 ± 2.1	age (Carboniferous)	ICS	Tournai Tournai Tournai is a Walloon city and municipality of Belgium located 85 kilometres southwest of Brussels, on the river Scheldt, in the province of Hainaut....  (Belgium)	Dumont, 1832
Tozawan	15.97	13.5	age (Miocene)	Japan
Treenean	0.15	0.17	chronozone (Pleistocene)	Northwest Europe
Tremadoc(-ian)	488.3 ± 1.7	478.6 ± 1.7	epoch (Ordovician)	ICS	Tremadoc Bay (Wales)	Sedgwick Adam Sedgwick Adam Sedgwick was one of the founders of modern geology. He proposed the Devonian period of the geological timescale... , 1846
Trempealeauan Trempealeauan The Trempealeauan is the upper or latest stage of the Upper or Late Cambrian in North America, spanning about 4 million years from about 492.5 to 488.3 m.y.a., equivalent to the Fengshanian of China...	492.5	488.3 ± 1.7	age (Cambrian)	North America
Trentonian			age (Carboniferous)	North America
Triassic Triassic The Triassic is a geologic period and system that extends from about 250 to 200 Mya . As the first period of the Mesozoic Era, the Triassic follows the Permian and is followed by the Jurassic. Both the start and end of the Triassic are marked by major extinction events...	251.0 ± 0.4	199.6 ± 0.6	period (Mesozoic)	ICS	threefold	Von Alberti, 1834
Tubantian	0.116	0.0115	age (Pleistocene)	Netherlands (obsolete)		Van der Vlerk & Florschütz, 1950
Turolian Turolian The Turolian age is a period of geologic time within the Miocene used more specifically with European Land Mammal Ages. It precedes the Ruscinian age and follows the Vallesian age. The Turolian overlaps the Tortonian and Messinian ages....	8.7	4.9	ELMMZ (Mio-Pliocene)	Europe	Turolium, Latin for Teruel Teruel Teruel is a town in Aragon, eastern Spain, and the capital of Teruel Province. It has a population of 34,240 in 2006 making it one of the least populated provincial capitals in the country...  (Spain)	Crusafont, 1965
Turonian Turonian The Turonian is, in the ICS' geologic timescale, the second age in the Late Cretaceous epoch, or a stage in the Upper Cretaceous series. It spans the time between 93.5 ± 0.8 Ma and 89.3 ± 1 Ma...	93.5 ± 0.8	89.3 ± 1.0	age (Cretaceous)	ICS	Tours Tours Tours is a city in central France, the capital of the Indre-et-Loire department.It is located on the lower reaches of the river Loire, between Orléans and the Atlantic coast. Touraine, the region around Tours, is known for its wines, the alleged perfection of its local spoken French, and for the...  (France)	d'Orbigny Alcide d'Orbigny Alcide Charles Victor Marie Dessalines d'Orbigny was a French naturalist who made major contributions in many areas, including zoology , palaeontology, geology, archaeology and anthropology.... , 1842
Tuvalian	222.5	217.4 ± 2.0	sub-age (Triassic)	Europe
Tyrrhenian	0.26	0.01143	subage (Pleistocene)	Italy	Tyrrhenian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea The Tyrrhenian Sea is part of the Mediterranean Sea off the western coast of Italy.-Geography:The sea is bounded by Corsica and Sardinia , Tuscany, Lazio, Campania, Basilicata and Calabria and Sicily ....	Issel Arturo Issel Arturo Issel was an Italian geologist, palaeontologist, malacologist and archaeologist. He is noted for first defining the Tyrrhenian Stage in 1914... , 1914
U
Ufimian	268	270,6	age (Permian)	obsolete
Uintan Uintan The Uintan North American Stage on the geologic timescale is the North American faunal stage according to the North American Land Mammal Ages chronology , typically set from 46,200,000 to 42,000,000 years BP lasting . It is usually considered to fall within the Eocene epoch...	46.2	42.0	age (Eocene)	North America
Ulangochuian Ulangochuian The Ulangochuian age is a period of geologic time within the Late Eocene epoch of the Paleogene used more specifically with Asian Land Mammal Ages. It follows the Sharamurunian and precedes the Ergilian age....	37.2	35.1	ALMA (Eocene)	Asia
Ulatisian	51	48	age (Eocene)	California
Ulsterian			age (Devonian)	North America
Undillian	506	504	age (Cambrian)	Australia
Uquian Uquian The Uquian age is a period of geologic time within the Pliocene epoch of the Neogene used more specifically with South American Land Mammal Ages. It follows the Montehermosan and precedes the Ensenadan age....	3.0	1.2	age (Plio-Pleistocene)	South America	Uquia (Argentina)	Castellanos, 1923
Urutawan	108.4	103.3	age (Cretaceous)	New Zealand
V
Vaalian	2,500	2,050	age (Proterozoic)	South Africa
Valanginian Valanginian In the geologic timescale, the Valanginian is an age or stage of the Early or Lower Cretaceous. It spans between 140.2 ± 3.0 Ma and 136.4 ± 2.0 Ma...	140.2 ± 3.0	136.4 ± 2.0	age (Cretaceous)	ICS	Valangin (Switzerland)	Desor, 1853
Vallesian Vallesian The Vallesian age is a period of geologic time within the Miocene used more specifically with European Land Mammal Ages. It precedes the Turolian age and follows the Astaracian age. The Turolian overlaps the Tortonian and Messinian ages....	11.1	8.7	ELMMZ (Miocene)	Europe	The Vallès Vallès El Vallès is a historical county in Catalonia, Spain, located in the center of the Catalan Pre-coastal range. It is nowadays represented by two separate administrative divisions which are part of the Barcelona Province, named comarques...  (Spain)	Crusafont, 1950
Vendian	~610	542.0 ± 1.0	subera (Proterozoic)	worldwide (obsolete)
Venturian	2.2	1.9	age (Pleistocene)	California
Vereiskian	311.7 ± 1.1	309.2	age (Carboniferous)	Russia
Vierlandian			age (Miocene)	Northern Germany
Vicksburgian			age (Oligocene)	southern US
Villafranchian	3.5	1.1	ELMMZ (Plio-Pleistocene)	Europe
Virgilian			age (Carboniferous)	North America
Visean Viséan The Visean, Viséan or Visian is an age in the ICS geologic timescale or a stage in the stratigraphic column. It is the second stage of the Mississippian, the lower subsystem of the Carboniferous. The Visean lasted from 345.3 ± 2.1 to 328.3 ± 1.6 Ma...	345.3 ± 2.1	326.4 ± 1.6	age (Carboniferous)	ICS	Visé Visé Visé is a Walloon municipality and city of Belgium, where it is located on the river Meuse, in the province of Liège.The municipality consists of the former municipalities of Visé, Lanaye, Lixhe, Richelle, Argenteau and Cheratte....  (Belgium)	Dumont, 1832
Vraconian			sub-age (Cretaceous)	regional
W
Waalian	1.45	1.20	super-age (Pleistocene)	Netherlands	river Waal
Waiauan	12.7	10.9	age (Miocene)	New Zealand
Waipawan	55.5	53.0	age (Eocene)	New Zealand
Waipipian	3.60	3.00	age (Pliocene)	New Zealand
Waitakian	25.2	21.7	age (Oligo-Miocene)	New Zealand
Waitotaran	3.8	3.1	sub-age (Pliocene)	New Zealand
Waltonian		~2.52	age (Pliocene)	Great Britain	Walton-on-the-Naze Walton-on-the-Naze Walton-on-the-Naze is a small town in Essex, England, on the North Sea coast in the Tendring district. It is north of Clacton and south of the port of Harwich. It abuts Frinton-on-Sea to the south, and is part of the parish of Frinton and Walton. It is a resort town, with a permanent population of...	Harmer,
Wanganui	5.28	present	epoch (Neogene-Quaternary)	New Zealand	Wanganui Wanganui Whanganui , also spelled Wanganui, is an urban area and district on the west coast of the North Island of New Zealand. It is part of the Manawatu-Wanganui region....
Wangerripian			age (Paleo-Eocene)	Australia
Warendian	485	478.6	age (Ordovician)	Australia
Warthian	0.15	0.13	chronozone (Pleistocene)	Northwest Europe
Wasatchian Wasatchian The Wasatchian North American Stage on the geologic timescale is the North American faunal stage according to the North American Land Mammal Ages chronology , typically set from 55,400,000 to 50,300,000 years BP lasting . It is usually considered to be within the Eocene, more specifically the...	55.4	50.3	age (Eocene)	North America
Waucoban			epoch (Cambrian)	North America
Weichselian	0.116	0.0115	age	Northern Europe	Weichsel, German name for the river Vistula (Poland)
Wenlock(-ian)	428.2 ± 2.3	422.9 ± 2.5	epoch (Silurian)	ICS	Much Wenlock Much Wenlock Much Wenlock, earlier known as Wenlock, is a small town in central Shropshire, England. It is situated on the A458 road between Shrewsbury and Bridgnorth. Nearby, to the northeast, is the Ironbridge Gorge, and the new town of Telford...  (England)	Murchison Roderick Murchison Sir Roderick Impey Murchison, 1st Baronet KCB DCL FRS FRSE FLS PRGS PBA MRIA was a Scottish geologist who first described and investigated the Silurian system.-Early life and work:... , 1833
Werrikooian	1.00	1.806	age (Pleistocene)	Australia
Westphalian Westphalian (stage) The Westphalian is a stage in the regional stratigraphy of northwest Europe with an age between roughly 313 and 304 Ma . It is a subdivision of the Carboniferous system or period and the regional Silesian series. The Westphalian is named for the region of Westphalia in western Germany where strata...	313.0	303.9	age (Carboniferous)	Europe	Westphalia Westphalia Westphalia is a region in Germany, centred on the cities of Arnsberg, Bielefeld, Dortmund, Minden and Münster.Westphalia is roughly the region between the rivers Rhine and Weser, located north and south of the Ruhr River. No exact definition of borders can be given, because the name "Westphalia"...  (Germany)	de Lapparent & Munier-Chalmas, 1892
Whaingaroan	34.3	27.3	age (Oligocene)	New Zealand
Wheelerian	1.9	0.01143	age (Pleistocene)	California
Whiterockian	471.8 ± 1.6	462	age (Ordovician)	North America
Whitlandian	475	473.5	age (Ordovician)	Europe	Whitland Whitland Whitland is a small town in Carmarthenshire, south-west Wales, lying on the River Tâf. Whitland is home to the elusive "Whitland Trout" noted for its eggs and oily scales.- History :...  (Wales)
Whitneyan Whitneyan The Whitneyan North American Stage on the geologic timescale is the North American faunal stage according to the North American Land Mammal Ages chronology , typically set from 33,300,000 to 30,800,000 years BP, a period of . It is usually considered to fall within the Early Oligocene...	33.3	30.8	age (Oligocene)	North America
Whitwellian	426.2 ± 2.4	425.4	age (Silurian)	regional	Whitwell Coppice Homer, Shropshire Homer is a small village in Shropshire, England, north of the town of Much Wenlock.The name first appears in the 14th century as "Honemor". Originally common land called Homer Wood, the settlement developed from squatters' cottages encroaching on the common during the 17th century...  (England)
Wisconsinan	0.075	0.01	age (Pleistocene)	North America
Wolfcampian			age (Permian)	North America
Wolstonian	0.238	0.128	age (Pleistocene)	Great Britain	Wolston Wolston Wolston is a village and civil parish in the Rugby borough of Warwickshire, England. The village is located roughly halfway between Rugby and Coventry, and has a population of about 2,300. It is close to the A45 road and the Roman road the Fosse Way....  (England)
Woodbinian			age (Cretaceous)	Gulf coast and Atlantic coast of the US		Murray, 1961
Wordian Wordian In the geologic timescale, the Wordian is an age or stage of the Permian. It is the middle of three subdivisions of the Guadalupian epoch or series. The Wordian lasted between 268.0 ± 0.7 and 265.8 ± 0.7 million years ago...	268.0 ± 0.7	265.8 ± 0.7	age (Permian)	ICS
Wuchenghuangtuan	2.4	1.2	age (Pleistocene)	China
Wuchiapingian Wuchiapingian In the geologic timescale, the Wuchiapingian or Wujiapingian is an age or stage of the Permian. It is also the lower or earlier of two subdivisions of the Lopingian epoch or series. The Wuchiapingian spans the time between 260.4 ± 0.7 and 253.8 ± 0.7 million years ago...	260.4 ± 0.7	253.8 ± 0.7	age (Permian)	ICS
Würm Glacial	0.116	0.0115	age (Pleistocene)	Alps	river Würm Wurm The Wurm is a river in Germany , a left tributary of the Rur. The source of the Wurm are several brooks in the forests southwest of Aachen, which form the Wurm after the Diepenbenden reservoir. From there the Wurm nowadays flows through canals through the city of Aachen, until it resurfaces at the...  (Germany)
Wutaian	2,600	2,350	age (Archaean-Proterozoic)	China
X
Xiaodushanian		299	age (Carboniferous)	China
Xiushanian	429	425.5	age (Silurian)	China
Y
Yanguan	349.5	345	age (Carboniferous)	China
Yarmouthian	0.26	0.17	age (Pleistocene)	North America	Aegean Sea Aegean Sea The Aegean Sea[p] is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea located between the southern Balkan and Anatolian peninsulas, i.e., between the mainlands of Greece and Turkey. In the north, it is connected to the Marmara Sea and Black Sea by the Dardanelles and Bosporus...
Yatalan	3.4	2.0	age (Plio-Pleistocene)	Australia
Yeadonian	315.5	314.5	age (Carboniferous)	regional	Yeadon Yeadon, West Yorkshire Yeadon is a town within the City of Leeds metropolitan borough, in West Yorkshire, England. It is home to Leeds Bradford International Airport.-History:...  (England)
Younger Dryas Younger Dryas The Younger Dryas stadial, also referred to as the Big Freeze, was a geologically brief period of cold climatic conditions and drought between approximately 12.8 and 11.5 ka BP, or 12,800 and 11,500 years before present...	12,700 BP	11,560 BP	chron (Weichselian)	Northern Europe	Dryas octopetala Dryas octopetala Dryas octopetala is an arctic-alpine flowering plant in the family Rosaceae. It is a small prostrate evergreen subshrub forming large colonies, and is a popular flower in rock gardens... (plant)
Ypeenian	470	468.1	age (Ordovician)	Australia
Ypresian Ypresian In the geologic timescale the Ypresian is the oldest age or lowest stratigraphic stage of the Eocene. It spans the time between and , is preceded by the Thanetian age and is followed by the Eocene Lutetian age....	55.8 ± 0.2	48.6 ± 0.2	age (Eocene)	ICS	Ypres, French name for Ieper (Belgium)	Dumont, 1849
Ynezian	61.5	55.8	age (Paleocene)	California
Yuian	9.5	3.6	age (Plio-Miocene)	Japan
Yurmatian	1,375	1,100	age (Proterozoic)	Russia
Yuzanjian	1.5	0.75	age (Pleistocene)	Japan
Z
Zanclean Zanclean The Zanclean is the lowest stage or earliest age on the geologic time scale of the Pliocene. It spans the time between 5.332 and 3.6 Ma ± 0.005 Ma . It is preceded by the Messinian age of the Miocene epoch, and followed by the Piacenzian age....	5.332	3.60	age (Pliocene)	ICS	Zancla, old name for Messina (Italy)	Sequenza, 1868
Zechstein Zechstein The Zechstein is a unit of sedimentary rock layers of Middle to Late Permian age located in the European Permian Basin which stretches from the east coast of England to northern Poland...	±270	±250	sub-period (Permian)	Europe (unofficial)
Zemorrian	33.5	22.0	age (Oligo-Miocene)	California
Zhungxian	505	501	age (Cambrian)	China
Zuzhungian	509	503	age (Cambrian)	China

See also

• Geologic time scale
  Geologic time scale
  The geologic time scale provides a system of chronologic measurement relating stratigraphy to time that is used by geologists, paleontologists and other earth scientists to describe the timing and relationships between events that have occurred during the history of the Earth...
  
  
• Geological history of Earth
  Geological history of Earth
  The geological history of Earth follows the major events in Earth's past based on the geologic time scale, a system of chronological measurement based on the study of the planet's rock layers...
  
  
• History of Earth
  History of Earth
  The history of the Earth describes the most important events and fundamental stages in the development of the planet Earth from its formation 4.578 billion years ago to the present day. Nearly all branches of natural science have contributed to the understanding of the main events of the Earth's...
  
  
• chronostratigraphy
  Chronostratigraphy
  Chronostratigraphy is the branch of stratigraphy that studies the age of rock strata in relation to time.The ultimate aim of chronostratigraphy is to arrange the sequence of deposition and the time of deposition of all rocks within a geological region, and eventually, the entire geologic record of...
  
  
• geochronology
  Geochronology
  Geochronology is the science of determining the age of rocks, fossils, and sediments, within a certain degree of uncertainty inherent to the method used. A variety of dating methods are used by geologists to achieve this, and schemes of classification and terminology have been proposed...
  
  

Literature

; 1975: The type Wenlock series, Report of the Institute of Geological Sciences, 75(13), pp. 1–19.; 1971: A correlation of Silurian rocks in the British Isles, Journal of the Geological Society 127(2), pp. 103–136.; 2004: A Geologic Time Scale 2004, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, ISBN 0-521-78142-6.; 2004: U-Pb zircon date from the Neoproterozoic Ghaub Formation, Namibia: Constraints on Marinoan glaciation, Geology 32(9), pp. 817–820.; 1980: Ludlow stages, Lethaia 13, p. 268, ISSN 0024-1164.; 2005: Global time scale and regional stratigraphic reference scales of Central and West Europe, East Europe, Tethys, South China, and North America as used in the Devonian–Carboniferous–Permian Correlation Chart 2003 (DCP 2003), Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 240, pp. 318–372.; 1998: The Gelasian Stage (Upper Pliocene): a new unit of the global standard chronostratigraphic scale, Episodes 21(2), p. 82-87.