Chattian
Encyclopedia
The Chattian is, in the geologic timescale, the youngest of two ages or upper of two stages of the Oligocene
epoch
/series
. It spans the time between and . The Chattian is preceded by the Rupelian
and is followed by the Aquitanian (the lowest stage of the Miocene
).
n palaeontologist Theodor Fuchs in 1894. Fuchs named the stage after the Chatti
, a Germanic
tribe. The original type locality
was near the German
city of Kassel
.
The base of the Chattian is at the extinction
of the foram genus
Chiloguembelina (which is also the base of foram biozone
P21b). An official GSSP for the Chattian stage had not been established yet in 2009.
The top of the Chattian stage (which is the base of the Aquitanian stage, Miocene series and Neogene
system) is at the first appearance of foram species Paragloborotalia kugleri, the extinction
of calcareous nannoplankton species Reticulofenestra bisecta (which forms the base of nannoplankton biozone
NN1), and the base of magnetic chronozone C6Cn.2n.
The Chattian is coeval with regionally used stages or zones like the upper Avernian European mammal zone (it spans the Mammal Paleogene zones 30 through 26 and part of 25.), the upper Geringian
and lower Arikareean
mammal zones
of North America, most of the Deseadan
mammal zone of South America, the upper Hsandgolian and whole Tabenbulakian
mammal zone of Asia, the upper Kiscellian and lower Egerian Paratethys
stages of Central and eastern Europe, the upper Janjukian and lower Longfordian Australian regional stages, part of the Zemorrian Californian stage and Chickasawhayan regional stage of the eastern US.
of La Garita
with a magnitude of 9.2. It has been dated to ago.
.; 2001: Precise K–Ar, 40Ar/39Ar, Rb–Sr and U/Pb mineral ages from the 27.5 Ma Fish Canyon Tuff reference standard, Chemical Geology 175(3–4), pp 653–671.; 2004: The size and frequency of the largest explosive eruptions on Earth, Bulletin of Volcanology 66(8), pp 735–748.
Oligocene
The Oligocene is a geologic epoch of the Paleogene Period and extends from about 34 million to 23 million years before the present . As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the period are well identified but the exact dates of the start and end of the period are slightly...
epoch
Epoch (geology)
An epoch is a subdivision of the geologic timescale based on rock layering. In order, the higher subdivisions are periods, eras and eons. We are currently living in the Holocene epoch...
/series
Series (stratigraphy)
Series are subdivisions of rock layers made based on the age of the rock and corresponding to the dating system unit called an epoch, both being formally defined international conventions of the geological timescale. A series is therefore a sequence of rock depositions defining a...
. It spans the time between and . The Chattian is preceded by the Rupelian
Rupelian
The Rupelian is, in the geologic timescale, the older of two ages or the lower of two stages of the Oligocene epoch/series. It spans the time between and . It is preceded by the Priabonian stage and is followed by the Chattian stage....
and is followed by the Aquitanian (the lowest stage of the Miocene
Miocene
The Miocene is a geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about . The Miocene was named by Sir Charles Lyell. Its name comes from the Greek words and and means "less recent" because it has 18% fewer modern sea invertebrates than the Pliocene. The Miocene follows the Oligocene...
).
Stratigraphic definition
The Chattian was introduced by AustriaAustria
Austria , officially the Republic of Austria , is a landlocked country of roughly 8.4 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the...
n palaeontologist Theodor Fuchs in 1894. Fuchs named the stage after the Chatti
Chatti
The Chatti were an ancient Germanic tribe whose homeland was near the upper Weser. They settled in central and northern Hesse and southern Lower Saxony, along the upper reaches of the Weser River and in the valleys and mountains of the Eder, Fulda and Weser River regions, a district approximately...
, a Germanic
Germanic peoples
The Germanic peoples are an Indo-European ethno-linguistic group of Northern European origin, identified by their use of the Indo-European Germanic languages which diversified out of Proto-Germanic during the Pre-Roman Iron Age.Originating about 1800 BCE from the Corded Ware Culture on the North...
tribe. The original type locality
Type locality (geology)
Type locality , also called type area or type locale, is the where a particular rock type, stratigraphic unit, fossil or mineral species is first identified....
was near the German
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
city of Kassel
Kassel
Kassel is a town located on the Fulda River in northern Hesse, Germany. It is the administrative seat of the Kassel Regierungsbezirk and the Kreis of the same name and has approximately 195,000 inhabitants.- History :...
.
The base of the Chattian is at the extinction
Extinction
In biology and ecology, extinction is the end of an organism or of a group of organisms , normally a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and recover may have been lost before this point...
of the foram genus
Genus
In biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia...
Chiloguembelina (which is also the base of foram biozone
Biozone
Biostratigraphic units or Biozones are intervals of geological strata that are defined on the basis of their characteristic fossil taxa....
P21b). An official GSSP for the Chattian stage had not been established yet in 2009.
The top of the Chattian stage (which is the base of the Aquitanian stage, Miocene series and Neogene
Neogene
The Neogene is a geologic period and system in the International Commission on Stratigraphy Geologic Timescale starting 23.03 ± 0.05 million years ago and ending 2.588 million years ago...
system) is at the first appearance of foram species Paragloborotalia kugleri, the extinction
Extinction
In biology and ecology, extinction is the end of an organism or of a group of organisms , normally a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and recover may have been lost before this point...
of calcareous nannoplankton species Reticulofenestra bisecta (which forms the base of nannoplankton biozone
Biozone
Biostratigraphic units or Biozones are intervals of geological strata that are defined on the basis of their characteristic fossil taxa....
NN1), and the base of magnetic chronozone C6Cn.2n.
The Chattian is coeval with regionally used stages or zones like the upper Avernian European mammal zone (it spans the Mammal Paleogene zones 30 through 26 and part of 25.), the upper Geringian
Geringian
The Geringian North American Stage on the geologic timescale is the North American faunal stage according to the North American Land Mammal Ages chronology , typically set from 30,800,000 to 26,300,000 years BP, a period of . It is usually considered to fall within the Oligocene epoch...
and lower Arikareean
Arikareean
The Arikareean North American Stage on the geologic timescale is the North American faunal stage according to the North American Land Mammal Ages chronology , typically set from 30,600,000 to 20,800,000 years BP, a period of . It is usually considered to overlap the Oligocene and Miocene epochs...
mammal zones
Nalma
Nalma is a village development committee in Lamjung District in the Gandaki Zone of northern-central Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2082 people living in 409 individual households.-External links:*...
of North America, most of the Deseadan
Deseadan
The Deseadan age is a period of geologic time within the Oligocene epoch of the Paleogene used more specifically with South American Land Mammal Ages. It follows the Tinguirirican and precedes the Colhuehuapian age....
mammal zone of South America, the upper Hsandgolian and whole Tabenbulakian
Tabenbulakian
The Tabenbulakian age is a period of geologic time within the Oligocene epoch of the Paleogene used more specifically with Asian Land Mammal Ages. It follows the Ulangochuian age....
mammal zone of Asia, the upper Kiscellian and lower Egerian Paratethys
Paratethys
The Paratethys ocean, Paratethys sea or just Paratethys was a large shallow sea that stretched from the region north of the Alps over Central Europe to the Aral Sea in western Asia. The sea was formed during the Oxfordian epoch as an extension of the rift that formed the Central Atlantic Ocean and...
stages of Central and eastern Europe, the upper Janjukian and lower Longfordian Australian regional stages, part of the Zemorrian Californian stage and Chickasawhayan regional stage of the eastern US.
Volcanic event
During the Chattian the largest known single-event volcanic eruption occurred: the Fish Canyon eruptionFish Canyon tuff
The Fish Canyon tuff is the volcanic deposit resulting from one of the largest known explosive eruptions on Earth, estimated at 5,000 cubic kilometers. The eruption was centered at La Garita Caldera in southwest Colorado...
of La Garita
La Garita Caldera
La Garita Caldera is a large volcanic caldera located in the San Juan volcanic field in the San Juan Mountains near the town of Creede in southwestern Colorado, United States. It lies to the west of the town of La Garita, Colorado...
with a magnitude of 9.2. It has been dated to ago.
Literature
; 1894: Tertiaerfossilien aus den kohlenführenden Miocaenablagerungen der Umgebung von Krapina und Radaboj und über die Stellung der sogenannten "Aquitanischen Stufe", Königlich- Ungarische Geologische Anstalt, Mittheilungen und Jahrbuch 10, p. 163-175. ; 2004: A Geologic Time Scale 2004, Cambridge University PressCambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press is the publishing business of the University of Cambridge. Granted letters patent by Henry VIII in 1534, it is the world's oldest publishing house, and the second largest university press in the world...
.; 2001: Precise K–Ar, 40Ar/39Ar, Rb–Sr and U/Pb mineral ages from the 27.5 Ma Fish Canyon Tuff reference standard, Chemical Geology 175(3–4), pp 653–671.; 2004: The size and frequency of the largest explosive eruptions on Earth, Bulletin of Volcanology 66(8), pp 735–748.
External links
- GeoWhen Database - Chattian
- Neogene timescale (including the upper Paleogene), at the website of the subcommission for stratigraphic information of the ICS
- Stratigraphic chart of the Paleogene, at the website of Norges Network of offshore records of geology and stratigraphy]