Laurence Dudley Stamp
Encyclopedia
Sir Dudley Stamp, CBE
, DSc
, D. Litt
, LLD
, Ekon D, DSc Nat (9 March 1898 – ), was professor of geography
at Rangoon and London
, and one of the internationally best known British geographer
s of the 20th century.
Educated at King’s College London, he specialised in the study of geology
and geography
and taught at the universities of Rangoon (1923–26) and London
(1926–45). From 1936 to 1944 he directed the compilation and publication of the report of the Land Utilisation Survey of Britain
. He worked on many official enquiries into the use of land and planning.
, London in 1898, the seventh child of a shopkeeper; his elder brother Josiah became the banker Lord Stamp of Shortlands
. He attended University School, Rochester (1910–13), where he joined the Rochester and District Natural History Society. He then studied for a BSc at King's College London
, graduating with first-class honours in 1917. Following military service he returned to King's as a demonstrator. His friendship with a student, his future wife Elsa Rea, led to an interest in geography. They both sat for the BA in 1921, Stamp again taking a first. He was awarded a DSc
in the same year.
during World War I
in France
and Belgium
from 1917 to 1919. Whilst away his research paper on the Silurian
of Clun Forest
was read on his behalf to the Geological Society of London
.
geologist in the then British Empire
colony
of Burma, marrying and becoming professor of geology and geography in the new University of Rangoon in 1923. In 1926 he returned to the UK, becoming Reader
in Economic geography
at the London School of Economics
(LSE).
In the 1930s Stamp formed the Land Utilisation Survey of Britain, a major project to survey of the whole country using volunteers including colleagues, students, school teachers and pupils, on a scale of 6 inches to a mile. Publication of maps and reports began in 1933 and was completed in 1948, after interruption by the Second World war. Stamp reported on the reaction of a farmer who came across a school class doing land-use survey on his land. Angry at first, the farmer was pacified by the explanation of the schoolmaster, and then later wrote approvingly to his local newspaper that this approach was valuable both to the pupils and the community. Stamp went on to act as a consultant to many national governments and prepared a general scheme for a world land use survey which was adopted by the International Geographical Union
.
Stamp became professor of Economic geography
in 1945 and moved to the chair of Social geography
in 1948. Whilst at LSE Stamp held senior posts at many organisations, including presidency of section E of the British Association (1949), the Geographical Association
(1950), the International Geographical Union
(1952–6) and the Institute of British Geographers (1956), and vice-presidency of the Royal Society of Arts (1954–6).
He also acted as a government advisor - as vice-chairman of the Scott committee on land utilisation in rural areas (1941–2), as chief adviser on rural land utilisation in the Ministry of Agriculture
(1942–55), developed the idea of land classification which was officially adopted for planning purposes and was a member of the Royal Commission on Common Land (1955–8). He retired in 1958.
, Cornwall
, Stamp acted as a director of the family grocery firm and was president of the Institute of Grocers (1960–63). His work as a geographer and government advisor however was far from over. He was a member of the Nature Conservancy
from 1958, chairman of the British National Committee for Geography (1961-6) and president of the Royal Geographical Society
(1963–6). Stamp's wife Elsa died in 1962. In 1964 he chaired the organising committee of the Twentieth International Geographical Union
Congress in London; a keen philatelist
, he successfully argued for a set of commemorative stamps. In 1965 he chaired the National Resources Advisory Committee of the Ministry of Land and Natural Resources. Stamp died of heart failure in 1966 at a conference in Mexico City
; he is reputed to have just completed a quest to visit every country in the world. He was buried in Bude.
(later professor of geography at Stamp's alma mater King's College London) in 1960, following Stamp's approach of the use of volunteers. Although around 3000 volunteers completed much of the field work, only a limited amount was published at 1:25,000 due to printing problems.
organized a further survey with the participation of around 50,000 school pupils.
's Dudley Stamp Memorial Fund provides small grants for geographers to assist them in postgraduate research or study travel likely to lead to the advancement of geography and to international co-operation in the study of the subject.
, contain much information on his organisation of the Land Use Survey, together with personal and professional papers which illustrate his life and career.
in 1946 and knighted in 1965. He received the Daniel Pidgeon award of the Geological Society
(1920) and the gold medal of the Mining and Geological Institute of India (1922). Later he received the Founder's Medal of the Royal Geographical Society
(1949), the American Geographical Society
's Charles P. Daly Medal (1950), the Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography
's Vega medal (1954), the Tokyo Geographical Society's medal (1957) and the Royal Scottish Geographical Society
's Scottish Geographical Medal (1964). The Town Planning Institute
elected him to honorary membership in 1944. Honorary degrees included LLD
from Edinburgh
(1963) and DSc
from Exeter
(1965).
CBE
CBE and C.B.E. are abbreviations for "Commander of the Order of the British Empire", a grade in the Order of the British Empire.Other uses include:* Chemical and Biochemical Engineering...
, DSc
DSC
-in academia:* D.Sc., Doctor of Science* Doctor of Surgical Chiropody, superseded in the 1960s by Doctor of Podiatric Medicine* Dalton State College, Georgia* Daytona State College, Florida* Deep Springs College, California* Dixie State College of Utah...
, D. Litt
Doctor of Letters
Doctor of Letters is a university academic degree, often a higher doctorate which is frequently awarded as an honorary degree in recognition of outstanding scholarship or other merits.-Commonwealth:...
, LLD
Legum Doctor
Legum Doctor is a doctorate-level academic degree in law, or an honorary doctorate, depending on the jurisdiction. The double L in the abbreviation refers to the early practice in the University of Cambridge to teach both Canon Law and Civil Law, the double L indicating the plural, Doctor of both...
, Ekon D, DSc Nat (9 March 1898 – ), was professor of geography
Geography
Geography is the science that studies the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of Earth. A literal translation would be "to describe or write about the Earth". The first person to use the word "geography" was Eratosthenes...
at Rangoon and London
London
London is the capital city of :England and the :United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its...
, and one of the internationally best known British geographer
Geographer
A geographer is a scholar whose area of study is geography, the study of Earth's natural environment and human society.Although geographers are historically known as people who make maps, map making is actually the field of study of cartography, a subset of geography...
s of the 20th century.
Educated at King’s College London, he specialised in the study of geology
Geology
Geology is the science comprising the study of solid Earth, the rocks of which it is composed, and the processes by which it evolves. Geology gives insight into the history of the Earth, as it provides the primary evidence for plate tectonics, the evolutionary history of life, and past climates...
and geography
Geography
Geography is the science that studies the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of Earth. A literal translation would be "to describe or write about the Earth". The first person to use the word "geography" was Eratosthenes...
and taught at the universities of Rangoon (1923–26) and London
University of London
-20th century:Shortly after 6 Burlington Gardens was vacated, the University went through a period of rapid expansion. Bedford College, Royal Holloway and the London School of Economics all joined in 1900, Regent's Park College, which had affiliated in 1841 became an official divinity school of the...
(1926–45). From 1936 to 1944 he directed the compilation and publication of the report of the Land Utilisation Survey of Britain
Land Utilisation Survey of Britain
The Land Utilisation Survey of Britain was a comprehensive survey of land use in Great Britain in the 1930s. The survey was the first such comprehensive survey in Britain since the Domesday Book survey in the 11th Century. A Second Land Use Survey was carried out in the 1960s...
. He worked on many official enquiries into the use of land and planning.
Early life and education
Stamp was born in CatfordCatford
Catford is a district in south London, England, located in the London Borough of Lewisham. It is situated south-east of Charing Cross. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London.-Architecture:...
, London in 1898, the seventh child of a shopkeeper; his elder brother Josiah became the banker Lord Stamp of Shortlands
Josiah Stamp, 1st Baron Stamp
Josiah Charles Stamp, 1st Baron Stamp, Bt, GCB, GBE, FBA, was a British civil servant, industrialist, economist, statistician, writer, and banker. He was a director of the Bank of England and chairman of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway.Josiah was born in London, the third of seven...
. He attended University School, Rochester (1910–13), where he joined the Rochester and District Natural History Society. He then studied for a BSc at King's College London
King's College London
King's College London is a public research university located in London, United Kingdom and a constituent college of the federal University of London. King's has a claim to being the third oldest university in England, having been founded by King George IV and the Duke of Wellington in 1829, and...
, graduating with first-class honours in 1917. Following military service he returned to King's as a demonstrator. His friendship with a student, his future wife Elsa Rea, led to an interest in geography. They both sat for the BA in 1921, Stamp again taking a first. He was awarded a DSc
DSC
-in academia:* D.Sc., Doctor of Science* Doctor of Surgical Chiropody, superseded in the 1960s by Doctor of Podiatric Medicine* Dalton State College, Georgia* Daytona State College, Florida* Deep Springs College, California* Dixie State College of Utah...
in the same year.
First world war
Stamp served in the British armyBritish Army
The British Army is the land warfare branch of Her Majesty's Armed Forces in the United Kingdom. It came into being with the unification of the Kingdom of England and Scotland into the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707. The new British Army incorporated Regiments that had already existed in England...
during World War I
World War I
World War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...
in France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
and Belgium
Belgium
Belgium , officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, and those of several other major international organisations such as NATO.Belgium is also a member of, or affiliated to, many...
from 1917 to 1919. Whilst away his research paper on the Silurian
Silurian
The Silurian is a geologic period and system that extends from the end of the Ordovician Period, about 443.7 ± 1.5 Mya , to the beginning of the Devonian Period, about 416.0 ± 2.8 Mya . As with other geologic periods, the rock beds that define the period's start and end are well identified, but the...
of Clun Forest
Clun Forest
Clun Forest is a remote, rural area of open pastures, moorland and mixed deciduous/coniferous woodland in the southwest part of the English county of Shropshire and also just over the border into Powys, Wales....
was read on his behalf to the Geological Society of London
Geological Society of London
The Geological Society of London is a learned society based in the United Kingdom with the aim of "investigating the mineral structure of the Earth"...
.
Professional and academic career
Stamp spent the early 1920s as a petroleumPetroleum
Petroleum or crude oil is a naturally occurring, flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and other liquid organic compounds, that are found in geologic formations beneath the Earth's surface. Petroleum is recovered mostly through oil drilling...
geologist in the then British Empire
British Empire
The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom. It originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. At its height, it was the...
colony
Colony
In politics and history, a colony is a territory under the immediate political control of a state. For colonies in antiquity, city-states would often found their own colonies. Some colonies were historically countries, while others were territories without definite statehood from their inception....
of Burma, marrying and becoming professor of geology and geography in the new University of Rangoon in 1923. In 1926 he returned to the UK, becoming Reader
Reader (academic rank)
The title of Reader in the United Kingdom and some universities in the Commonwealth nations like Australia and New Zealand denotes an appointment for a senior academic with a distinguished international reputation in research or scholarship...
in Economic geography
Economic geography
Economic geography is the study of the location, distribution and spatial organization of economic activities across the world. The subject matter investigated is strongly influenced by the researcher's methodological approach. Neoclassical location theorists, following in the tradition of Alfred...
at the London School of Economics
London School of Economics
The London School of Economics and Political Science is a public research university specialised in the social sciences located in London, United Kingdom, and a constituent college of the federal University of London...
(LSE).
In the 1930s Stamp formed the Land Utilisation Survey of Britain, a major project to survey of the whole country using volunteers including colleagues, students, school teachers and pupils, on a scale of 6 inches to a mile. Publication of maps and reports began in 1933 and was completed in 1948, after interruption by the Second World war. Stamp reported on the reaction of a farmer who came across a school class doing land-use survey on his land. Angry at first, the farmer was pacified by the explanation of the schoolmaster, and then later wrote approvingly to his local newspaper that this approach was valuable both to the pupils and the community. Stamp went on to act as a consultant to many national governments and prepared a general scheme for a world land use survey which was adopted by the International Geographical Union
International Geographical Union
The International Geographical Union is an international geographical society. The first International Geographical Congress was held in Antwerp in 1871. Subsequent meetings led to the establishment of the permanent organization in Brussels, Belgium, in 1922. The Union has 34 Commissions and four...
.
Stamp became professor of Economic geography
Economic geography
Economic geography is the study of the location, distribution and spatial organization of economic activities across the world. The subject matter investigated is strongly influenced by the researcher's methodological approach. Neoclassical location theorists, following in the tradition of Alfred...
in 1945 and moved to the chair of Social geography
Social geography
Social geography is the branch of human geography that is most closely related to social theory in general and sociology in particular, dealing with the relation of social phenomena and its spatial components. Though the term itself has a tradition of more than 100 years, there is no consensus on...
in 1948. Whilst at LSE Stamp held senior posts at many organisations, including presidency of section E of the British Association (1949), the Geographical Association
Geographical Association
The Geographical Association is a Sheffield, United Kingdom-based subject association with the core charitable objective of furthering the study, learning and teaching of geography. It is a lively community of practice with over a century of innovation behind it and an unrivalled understanding of...
(1950), the International Geographical Union
International Geographical Union
The International Geographical Union is an international geographical society. The first International Geographical Congress was held in Antwerp in 1871. Subsequent meetings led to the establishment of the permanent organization in Brussels, Belgium, in 1922. The Union has 34 Commissions and four...
(1952–6) and the Institute of British Geographers (1956), and vice-presidency of the Royal Society of Arts (1954–6).
He also acted as a government advisor - as vice-chairman of the Scott committee on land utilisation in rural areas (1941–2), as chief adviser on rural land utilisation in the Ministry of Agriculture
Ministry of Agriculture
An agriculture ministry or department of agriculture is a ministry or other government agency charged with agriculture. The ministry is often headed by a minister for agriculture....
(1942–55), developed the idea of land classification which was officially adopted for planning purposes and was a member of the Royal Commission on Common Land (1955–8). He retired in 1958.
Retirement
Besides DIY work at home in BudeBude
Bude is a small seaside resort town in North Cornwall, England, at the mouth of the River Neet . It lies just south of Flexbury, north of Widemouth Bay and west of Stratton and is located along the A3073 road off the A39. Bude is twinned with Ergué-Gabéric in Brittany, France...
, Cornwall
Cornwall
Cornwall is a unitary authority and ceremonial county of England, within the United Kingdom. It is bordered to the north and west by the Celtic Sea, to the south by the English Channel, and to the east by the county of Devon, over the River Tamar. Cornwall has a population of , and covers an area of...
, Stamp acted as a director of the family grocery firm and was president of the Institute of Grocers (1960–63). His work as a geographer and government advisor however was far from over. He was a member of the Nature Conservancy
Nature Conservancy (UK)
The Nature Conservancy was a British government agency established by Royal Charter in 1949.The Nature Conservancy was superseded by the Nature Conservancy Council in 1973....
from 1958, chairman of the British National Committee for Geography (1961-6) and president of the Royal Geographical Society
Royal Geographical Society
The Royal Geographical Society is a British learned society founded in 1830 for the advancement of geographical sciences...
(1963–6). Stamp's wife Elsa died in 1962. In 1964 he chaired the organising committee of the Twentieth International Geographical Union
International Geographical Union
The International Geographical Union is an international geographical society. The first International Geographical Congress was held in Antwerp in 1871. Subsequent meetings led to the establishment of the permanent organization in Brussels, Belgium, in 1922. The Union has 34 Commissions and four...
Congress in London; a keen philatelist
Philately
Philately is the study of stamps and postal history and other related items. Philately involves more than just stamp collecting, which does not necessarily involve the study of stamps. It is possible to be a philatelist without owning any stamps...
, he successfully argued for a set of commemorative stamps. In 1965 he chaired the National Resources Advisory Committee of the Ministry of Land and Natural Resources. Stamp died of heart failure in 1966 at a conference in Mexico City
Mexico City
Mexico City is the Federal District , capital of Mexico and seat of the federal powers of the Mexican Union. It is a federal entity within Mexico which is not part of any one of the 31 Mexican states but belongs to the federation as a whole...
; he is reputed to have just completed a quest to visit every country in the world. He was buried in Bude.
Legacy
Much of the development of government policy for land-use control in Britain may be traced back to Stamp's land utilisation survey and analysis of land-use changes.Second Land-use survey
A second land utilisation survey was initiated by Alice ColemanAlice Coleman
Alice Mary Coleman is emeritus professor of geography at King's College London. She is noted for directing the 1960s Second Land Use Survey of Britain and for analyses of land use planning and urban design taken up by the political right....
(later professor of geography at Stamp's alma mater King's College London) in 1960, following Stamp's approach of the use of volunteers. Although around 3000 volunteers completed much of the field work, only a limited amount was published at 1:25,000 due to printing problems.
Land-Use UK
In 1996 the Geographical AssociationGeographical Association
The Geographical Association is a Sheffield, United Kingdom-based subject association with the core charitable objective of furthering the study, learning and teaching of geography. It is a lively community of practice with over a century of innovation behind it and an unrivalled understanding of...
organized a further survey with the participation of around 50,000 school pupils.
Dudley Stamp Memorial Fund
The Royal SocietyRoyal Society
The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, known simply as the Royal Society, is a learned society for science, and is possibly the oldest such society in existence. Founded in November 1660, it was granted a Royal Charter by King Charles II as the "Royal Society of London"...
's Dudley Stamp Memorial Fund provides small grants for geographers to assist them in postgraduate research or study travel likely to lead to the advancement of geography and to international co-operation in the study of the subject.
Stamp Papers
The Stamp Papers, held at the department of geography, University of SussexUniversity of Sussex
The University of Sussex is an English public research university situated next to the East Sussex village of Falmer, within the city of Brighton and Hove. The University received its Royal Charter in August 1961....
, contain much information on his organisation of the Land Use Survey, together with personal and professional papers which illustrate his life and career.
Selected published works
- Stamp, L.D. (1919), The highest Silurian rocks of the Clun-Forest District (Shropshire). Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society LXXIV-3 (295); pp. 221-246.
- Stamp, L.D. (1927), Wandlungen in Welthandelsverkehr: Atlantischer oder Stiller Ozean? (Changes in World Trade Flows: Atlantic or Pacific Ocean?), Zeitschrift für Geopolitik, 4 (12), 1927, pp. 64-66. (in German, English translation by Rolf Meyer to be published 2009).
- Stamp, L.D. (1929), The World: a general geography, London: Longmans, Green & Co.
- Stamp, L.D. (ed) (1933), Slovene Studies: Being Studies Carried Out by Members of the Le Play Society in the Alpine Valleys of Slovenia (Yugoslavia).
- Stamp, L.D. (ed) (1937), The Land of Britain. The Report of the Land Utilisation Survey of Britain.
- Stamp, L.D. (1940), The Southern Margin of the Sahara: Comments on Some Recent Studies on the Question of Desiccation in West Africa, Geographical Review, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 297-300.
- Stamp, L.D. (1946), Britain's Structure And Scenery, New NaturalistNew NaturalistThe New Naturalist Library books are a series published by Collins in the United Kingdom, on a variety of natural history topics relevant to the British Isles...
Series, London: Collins. - Stamp, L.D. (1946), Physical Geography and Geology, London: Longmans Green and Co.
- Stamp, L.D. (1948), The Land of Britain: Its Use and Misuse. London: Longmans, Green and Co.
- Stamp, L.D. & Kimble G.H.T. (1949), An Introduction to Economic Geography, Toronto, New York and London: Longmans, Green and Co.
- Stamp, L.D. & Wooldridge S.W.Sidney William WooldridgeProfessor Sidney William Wooldridge CBE, FRS, FGS , geologist, geomorphologist and geographer, was a pioneer in the study of the geomorphology of south-east England and the first professor of geography at King's College London...
, eds (1951) London Essays in Geography. London: (Longmans, Green & Co., for London School of Economics). - Stamp, L.D. (1952), Land for Tomorrow: the Underdeveloped World, Bloomington: Indiana University Press
- Stamp, L.D. (1955), Man and the Land, New Naturalist Series, London: Collins.
- Stamp, L.D. (1957), India, Pakistan, Ceylon and Burma, London: Metheun & Co. Ltd.
- Stamp, L.D. (1959), A Regional Geography, Part I: The Americas. (9th ed 1959), Longman.
- Stamp, Sir L.D. (1961), A Glossary of Geographical Terms, London: Longmans, ISBN 0582310628
- Stamp, L.D. (ed) (1961), A History of Land Use in Arid Regions, UNESCO Arid Zone Research Publication XVII, Paris: UNESCOUNESCOThe United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations...
. - Stamp, Sir L.D. (1962), The Land of Britain: Its use and misuse. 3rd enlarged ed.
- Stamp, L.D. (1962), Britain's Structure And Scenery, Fontana
- Hoskins, W.G.W. G. HoskinsWilliam George Hoskins CBE FSA was a British local historian who founded the first university department of English Local History. His great contribution to the study of history was in the field of landscape history...
& Stamp, L.D., (1963), The Common Lands of England and Wales, New Naturalist Series, London: Collins. - Stamp, L.D. (1969), Nature Conservation in Britain, New Naturalist Series, London: Collins.
- Stamp, Sir L.D. (1969), Our Developing World, London: Faber and Faber, ISBN 0571046398.
Awards
Stamp was appointed CBECBE
CBE and C.B.E. are abbreviations for "Commander of the Order of the British Empire", a grade in the Order of the British Empire.Other uses include:* Chemical and Biochemical Engineering...
in 1946 and knighted in 1965. He received the Daniel Pidgeon award of the Geological Society
Geological Society of London
The Geological Society of London is a learned society based in the United Kingdom with the aim of "investigating the mineral structure of the Earth"...
(1920) and the gold medal of the Mining and Geological Institute of India (1922). Later he received the Founder's Medal of the Royal Geographical Society
Royal Geographical Society
The Royal Geographical Society is a British learned society founded in 1830 for the advancement of geographical sciences...
(1949), the American Geographical Society
American Geographical Society
The American Geographical Society is an organization of professional geographers, founded in 1851 in New York City. Most fellows of the society are Americans, but among them have always been a significant number of fellows from around the world...
's Charles P. Daly Medal (1950), the Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography
Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography
The Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography is a scientific learned society founded in Sweden in 1877...
's Vega medal (1954), the Tokyo Geographical Society's medal (1957) and the Royal Scottish Geographical Society
Royal Scottish Geographical Society
The Royal Scottish Geographical Society is a learned society founded in 1884 and based in Perth. The Society has a membership of 2500 and aims to advance the science of geography worldwide by supporting education, research, expeditions, through its journal , its newsletter and other publications...
's Scottish Geographical Medal (1964). The Town Planning Institute
Royal Town Planning Institute
The Royal Town Planning Institute is a body representing planning professionals in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. It was founded in 1914.-Members:...
elected him to honorary membership in 1944. Honorary degrees included LLD
Legum Doctor
Legum Doctor is a doctorate-level academic degree in law, or an honorary doctorate, depending on the jurisdiction. The double L in the abbreviation refers to the early practice in the University of Cambridge to teach both Canon Law and Civil Law, the double L indicating the plural, Doctor of both...
from Edinburgh
Edinburgh
Edinburgh is the capital city of Scotland, the second largest city in Scotland, and the eighth most populous in the United Kingdom. The City of Edinburgh Council governs one of Scotland's 32 local government council areas. The council area includes urban Edinburgh and a rural area...
(1963) and DSc
DSC
-in academia:* D.Sc., Doctor of Science* Doctor of Surgical Chiropody, superseded in the 1960s by Doctor of Podiatric Medicine* Dalton State College, Georgia* Daytona State College, Florida* Deep Springs College, California* Dixie State College of Utah...
from Exeter
University of Exeter
The University of Exeter is a public university in South West England. It belongs to the 1994 Group, an association of 19 of the United Kingdom's smaller research-intensive universities....
(1965).