
Oil Campaign chronology of World War II
Encyclopedia
The Oil Campaign chronology of World War II lists bombing missions and related events regarding the petroleum/oil/lubrication (POL) facilities that supplied Nazi Germany
.
— events regarding Nazi Germany
petroleum, lubrication, and/or oil (POL) supplies
and/or
— events regarding Allied planning
— RAF, Eighth Air Force
, and other roundels indicate units (most listings are from the RAF chronology and the USAAF chronology)
"100 BG" — listings that include the unit abbreviation (BG is Bombardment Group) are from the corresponding mission history for the unit.
Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany , also known as the Third Reich , but officially called German Reich from 1933 to 1943 and Greater German Reich from 26 June 1943 onward, is the name commonly used to refer to the state of Germany from 1933 to 1945, when it was a totalitarian dictatorship ruled by...
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Legend

Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany , also known as the Third Reich , but officially called German Reich from 1933 to 1943 and Greater German Reich from 26 June 1943 onward, is the name commonly used to refer to the state of Germany from 1933 to 1945, when it was a totalitarian dictatorship ruled by...
petroleum, lubrication, and/or oil (POL) supplies




Eighth Air Force
The Eighth Air Force is a numbered air force of the United States Air Force Global Strike Command . It is headquartered at Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana....
, and other roundels indicate units (most listings are from the RAF chronology and the USAAF chronology)
"100 BG" — listings that include the unit abbreviation (BG is Bombardment Group) are from the corresponding mission history for the unit.
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Oil and other installations in Ruhr | ![]() Rotterdam Blitz The Rotterdam Blitz refers to the aerial bombardment of Rotterdam by the German Air Force on 14 May 1940, during the German invasion of the Netherlands in World War II. The objective was to support the German troops fighting in the city, break Dutch resistance and force the Dutch to surrender... , Western Air Plan 5 was activated. This was the first large-scale strategic bombing during World War II Strategic bombing during World War II Strategic bombing during World War II is a term which refers to all aerial bombardment of a strategic nature between 1939 and 1945 involving any nations engaged in World War II... and the first attack on the German interior - it inflicted little damage. Just 24 of 96 bombers dispatched to Ruhr Area Ruhr Area The Ruhr, by German-speaking geographers and historians more accurately called Ruhr district or Ruhr region , is an urban area in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. With 4435 km² and a population of some 5.2 million , it is the largest urban agglomeration in Germany... power stations and refineries found the target area, setting several oil plants on fire. |
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Oil installations in Ruhr | ![]() Handley Page Hampden The Handley Page HP.52 Hampden was a British twin-engine medium bomber of the Royal Air Force serving in the Second World War. With the Whitley and Wellington, the Hampden bore the brunt of the early bombing war over Europe, taking part in the first night raid on Berlin and the first 1,000-plane... and 6 Vickers Wellington Vickers Wellington The Vickers Wellington was a British twin-engine, long range medium bomber designed in the mid-1930s at Brooklands in Weybridge, Surrey, by Vickers-Armstrongs' Chief Designer, R. K. Pierson. It was widely used as a night bomber in the early years of the Second World War, before being displaced as a... bombers attacked Ruhr oil targets. |
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Hamburg Bombing of Hamburg in World War II The Allied bombing of Hamburg during World War II included numerous strategic bombing missions and diversion/nuisance raids. As a large port and industrial center, Hamburg's shipyards, U-boat pens, and the Hamburg-Harburg area oil refineries were attacked throughout the war... -Harburg |
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Bremen Bombing of Bremen in World War II The Bombing of Bremen in World War II by the Royal Air Force and the Eighth Air Force targeted strategic targets in the state of Bremen, which had heavy anti-aircraft artillery but only 35 fighter aircraft in the area. In addition to Wesermünde/Bremerhaven, targets were also in Farge and... |
![]() Armstrong Whitworth Whitley The Armstrong Whitworth A.W.38 Whitley was one of three British twin-engine, front line medium bomber types in service with the Royal Air Force at the outbreak of the Second World War... bombers attacked Bremen oil installations.In 1906, Standard Oil Standard Oil Standard Oil was a predominant American integrated oil producing, transporting, refining, and marketing company. Established in 1870 as a corporation in Ohio, it was the largest oil refiner in the world and operated as a major company trust and was one of the world's first and largest multinational... included the German-American Petroleum Company, the Mannheim-Bremen http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B0CE3DF1331E733A25752C1A9679D946797D6CF Petroleum Company and, formerly known as Korff, the Petroleum Refinery. |
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"Oil refineries" | ![]() |
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Leipzig Leipzig Leipzig Leipzig has always been a trade city, situated during the time of the Holy Roman Empire at the intersection of the Via Regia and Via Imperii, two important trade routes. At one time, Leipzig was one of the major European centres of learning and culture in fields such as music and publishing... /Leuna Leuna Leuna is a town in the Saalekreis, Saxony-Anhalt, eastern Germany, south of Merseburg and Halle. It is known for the Leunawerke , at 13 km2 one of the biggest chemical industrial complexes in Germany, where a very wide range of chemicals and plastics is produced... |
![]() Leipzig Leipzig Leipzig has always been a trade city, situated during the time of the Holy Roman Empire at the intersection of the Via Regia and Via Imperii, two important trade routes. At one time, Leipzig was one of the major European centres of learning and culture in fields such as music and publishing... . |
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Bremen | ![]() No. 10 Squadron RAF No. 10 Squadron was a Royal Air Force squadron. The squadron served in a variety of roles over its 90 year history... Whitley shot down the first German fighter by the RAF in World War II. |
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Hamburg-Harburg refineries | ![]() |
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Bremen | ![]() |
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Hamburg-Harburg refineries | ![]() |
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oil targets | ![]() |
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Frankfurt oil depot Bombing of Frankfurt am Main in World War II Bombing of Frankfurt am Main by the Allies of World War II killed about 5,500 residents and destroyed the largest medieval city centre in Germany . Post-war reconstruction generally used modern architecture, and a few landmark buildings were rebuilt in a simple historical style... |
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Leipzig/Leuna | ![]() |
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The Future Strategy report predicted "Germany's oil stocks might be exhausted--and Germany's situation disastrous--by June 1941." | |
1941 |
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Gelsenkirchen Gelsenkirchen Gelsenkirchen is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located in the northern part of the Ruhr area. Its population in 2006 was c. 267,000.... |
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Hannover | ![]() |
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Gelsenkirchen (Nordstern) | ![]() No. 57 Squadron RAF -History:57 Squadron of the Royal Flying Corps was formed on 8 June 1916 at Copmanthorpe, Yorkshire. In December 1916 the squadron was posted to France equipped with the FE2d. The squadron re-equipped with Airco DH4s in May 1917 and commenced long range bombing and reconnaissance operations near... at RAF Feltwell RAF Feltwell RAF Feltwell is a Royal Air Force station in Norfolk, East Anglia that is currently used by the United States Air Forces Europe. The station is located about 10 miles west of Thetford, and is in the borough of King's Lynn at approximate Ordnance Survey grid reference .A former Second World War... but took off quickly. |
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Operation Barbarossa Operation Barbarossa Operation Barbarossa was the code name for Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II that began on 22 June 1941. Over 4.5 million troops of the Axis powers invaded the USSR along a front., the largest invasion in the history of warfare... included the goal to capture the Baku oilfields. At the time, total German oil imports from the USSR were 912,000 tons/tbd, with German stockpiles at 1,350,000 tons. By October 1941, Nazi Germany oil product stocks were down to 905,000 tons. |
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![]() Ploiesti Ploiești is the county seat of Prahova County and lies in the historical region of Wallachia in Romania. The city is located north of Bucharest.... |
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6 Soviet aircraft bombed Ploieşti. | |
1942 | ![]() Harnes Harnes is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France.-Geography:Harnes is an ex-coalmining and light industrial town situated some northeast of Lens, at the junction of the D162e and the D39... |
The Kuhlman Fischer-Tropsch plant at Harnes was shut down briefly due to bomb damage. |
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After A-2 and the War Plans Division reported it as a target, Colonel Bonner Fellers Bonner Fellers Bonner Frank Fellers , was a U.S. Army officer who served during World War II as military attaché and psychological warfare director. He was a considered a protégé of General Douglas MacArthur.-World War II:... identified Romanian oil was "by far the most decisive objective [and] the strategic target of the war". |
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Cologne Bombing of Cologne in World War II The City of Cologne was bombed in 262 separate air raids by the Allies during World War II, including 31 times by the Royal Air Force . Air raid alarms went off in the winter/spring of 1940 as enemy bombers passed overhead. However, the first actual bombing took place on 12 May 1940... |
The Kolnische Gummifaden Fabrik tire and tube factory at Deutz on the east bank of the Rhine was entirely destroyed. | |
1942 | ![]() |
The "Bombers' Baedeker" identified oil, communications, and ball bearings were "bottleneck" German industries. |
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The HALPRO (Halverson project) raid Egypt-Libya Campaign The Egypt–Libya Campaign is the name used by the United States military for the US contribution to the Allied Western Desert Campaign, during World War II. From 1942, U.S. forces assisted the British Commonwealth in fighting Axis forces in Egypt and Libya. The U.S... was the 1st US mission against a European target — 10 aircraft bombed the Astra Română oil refinery. |
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Bremen | ![]() GEE (navigation) Gee was the code name given to a radio navigation system used by the Royal Air Force during World War II.Different sources record the name as GEE or Gee. The naming supposedly comes from "Grid", so the lower case form is more correct, and is the form used in Drippy's publications. See Drippy 1946.... with limited success, damaging the oil refinery, Focke-Wulf Focke-Wulf Focke-Wulf Flugzeugbau AG was a German manufacturer of civil and military aircraft before and during World War II. Many of the company's successful fighter aircraft designs were slight modifications of the Focke-Wulf Fw 190.-History:... buildings, the Atlas Werke Atlas Werke Atlas Werke was a German shipbuilding company, located in Bremen. It was founded in 1911.During World War I Atlas Werke built one single U 151 U-boat for the Kaiserliche Marine, the U-156.... , the Bremer Vulkan Bremer Vulkan Bremer Vulkan AG was a great German shipbuilding company located at the Weser river in Bremen-Vegesack. It was founded in 1893 and closed in 1997 because of financial problems and mismanagement.... shipyard, the Norddeutsche Hütte AG steel mill, and 2 large dockside warehouses. |
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Hitler authorized Operation Edelweiss Operation Edelweiss Operation Edelweiss , named after the mountain flower, was a German plan to gain control over the Caucasus and capture the oil fields of Baku during the Soviet-German War. The operation was authorised by Hitler on 23 July 1942... to capture the Soviet oil fields of Baku. On July 10, Hermann Göring Hermann Göring Hermann Wilhelm Göring, was a German politician, military leader, and a leading member of the Nazi Party. He was a veteran of World War I as an ace fighter pilot, and a recipient of the coveted Pour le Mérite, also known as "The Blue Max"... had met with experts on how to repair the Russian Maykop oil facilities (Germany reassembled an oil facility at Kherson Kherson Kherson is a city in southern Ukraine. It is the administrative center of the Kherson Oblast , and is designated as its own separate raion within the oblast. Kherson is an important port on the Black Sea and Dnieper River, and the home of a major ship-building industry... in the Ukraine, also). The Soviets set the Maikop oilfields on fire August 9, the town was evacuated on the 16th, and Nazi Germany began occupation in August. |
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![]() Bucharest Bucharest is the capital municipality, cultural, industrial, and financial centre of Romania. It is the largest city in Romania, located in the southeast of the country, at , and lies on the banks of the Dâmbovița River.... |
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The US Enemy Oil Committee was established as a counterpart to the British Technical Sub-Committee on Axis Oil (Hartley Committee). | |
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The Axis Oil Position in Europe, November 1942 estimated that Romanian oil fields contribute 33% of Axis supplies. | |
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The German Strategy in 1943 predicted Nazi Germany will have increased domestic oil supplies in mid-1943. | |
1943 |
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A German armoured column within 30 miles of the Soviet Sixth Army near Stalingrad had to retreat due to having fuel for only 15 miles. At his HQ company Christmas party, Erwin Rommel Erwin Rommel Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel , popularly known as the Desert Fox , was a German Field Marshal of World War II. He won the respect of both his own troops and the enemies he fought.... received a miniature oil drum as a gift (containing captured British coffee). |
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After Hap Arnold created the Committee for Operations Analysis United States Army Air Forces The United States Army Air Forces was the military aviation arm of the United States of America during and immediately after World War II, and the direct predecessor of the United States Air Force.... (COA) on December 9, 1942,http://books.google.com/books?id=rVVeO4B985wC&pg=PA11 to develop a plan for strategic bombing, the COA's initial Western Axis Oil Industry report listed the following order of strategic importance: hydrogenation facilities (15 plants), refineries (29 plants), lubrication plants, coker units, Fischer-Tropsch facilities, tetraethyl lead Tetra-ethyl lead Tetraethyllead , abbreviated TEL, is an organolead compound with the formula 4Pb. An inexpensive additive, its addition to gasoline from the 1920's allowed octane ratings and thus engine compression to be boosted significantly, increasing power and fuel economy... facilities, and oilfields/pipelines. |
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The Axis Oil Position (C.C.S. 158) at the Allied Casablanca Conference identified it would be "remote" for Nazi Germany to retain the Maikop oil fields. However, "even if the whole of the Romanian production were knocked out early in the year, [Germany] would still have enough for operations in 1944 [but the destruction of] two tetraethyl lead factories … would hamstring the production of German aviation fuel" (Brehon Somervell). Nazi Germany destroyed the Maikop facilities prior to withdrawing.http://histclo.com/essay/war/ww2/camp/eur/sov/stalin/w2we-cau.html | |
![]() ![]() Combined Chiefs of Staff The Combined Chiefs of Staff was the supreme military command for the western Allies during World War II. It was a body constituted from the British Chiefs of Staff Committee and the American Joint Chiefs of Staff.... |
C.C.S. 166/1/D Casablanca directive The Casablanca directive was approved by the Combined Chiefs of Staff of the Western Allies at their 65th meeting on 21 January 1943 and issued to the appropriate the Royal Air Force and United States Army Air Force commanders on 4 February 1943.... identified oil facilities as the 4th bombing priority. |
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The COA's comprehensive plan identified the strategic bombing objective was to "bring about a high degree of destruction in a few really essential industries than to dissipate bombing efforts over a large number of targets [in] many industries." 19 vital industries were identified: Petroleum was 3rd (39 targets), "Synthetic rubber and rubber tires" were 6th (12 targets) and "Coking plants" were 10th (89 targets). In particular, destruction of 13 hydrogenation plants and 12 Ploesti refineries would reduce "German petroleum resources" by 90%. | |
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We must, therefore, apply [bombardment] to those specially selected and vital targets which will give the greatest return." (Arnold to Carl Spaatz Carl Spaatz Carl Andrew "Tooey" Spaatz GBE was an American World War II general and the first Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force. He was of German descent.-Early life:... ) |
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Pölitz Police, Poland Police is a town in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship, northwestern Poland. It is the capital of Police County. As of 2006, the town had 34,284 inhabitants. The name comes from Polish pole, which means "field".... |
339 bombers attacked the Stettin railyards, the Pölitz oil refinery, and Swinemünde.http://books.google.com/books?id=Gx85T-eYPdQC&pg=PA19 The Pölitz synthetic oil plant had been added to the Area Bombing Directive Area bombing directive The Area Bombing Directive was a directive from the wartime British Government's Air Ministry to the Royal Air Force which ordered RAF bombers to attack the German industrial workforce and the morale of the German populace through bombing German cities and their civilian inhabitants.- Background... on February 14, 1942 (one day before it was issued), and a subcamp of Sachsenhausen near Pölitz provided forced labor. |
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The CBO Combined Bomber Offensive The Combined Bomber Offensive was an Anglo-American offensive of strategic bombing during World War II in Europe. The primary portion of the CBO was against German Air Force targets which was the highest priority from June 1943 to 1944... "Eaker" plan was approved and confirmed oil targets as the 4th primary objective ("contingent upon attacks against Ploesti"). |
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Bochum benzol Benzol Benzol may refer to* Benzole* Benzene* Phenol* British Benzol, which was one of the largest independent oil distributors in the UK. It went into administration on 16 August 2005... plant |
![]() Battle of the Ruhr The Battle of the Ruhr was a 5-month long campaign of strategic bombing during the Second World War against the Nazi Germany Ruhr Area, which had coke plants, steelworks, and 10 synthetic oil plants... bombings of the Bochum coal-producing center northwest of Essen damaged its "extensive coke, gas, benzol, and iron, and steel plants." In 1943, the 466th No. 466 Squadron RAAF No. 466 Squadron RAAF was a Royal Australian Air Force bomber squadron during World War II.-History:The squadron was formed at RAF Driffield in Yorkshire, England on 10 October 1942, under Article XV of the Empire Air Training Scheme. The majority of its original personnel were from British... bombed Bochum targets on March 29, May 13, October 9, and November 4. After a 92 BG mission to Bochum on August 12, 1943, 342 RAF aircraft also accurately bombed Bochum on September 29/30, 1943 when the German radar controller mistakenly directed fighters to Bremen Bombing of Bremen in World War II The Bombing of Bremen in World War II by the Royal Air Force and the Eighth Air Force targeted strategic targets in the state of Bremen, which had heavy anti-aircraft artillery but only 35 fighter aircraft in the area. In addition to Wesermünde/Bremerhaven, targets were also in Farge and... , 150 miles away. |
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The Advisory Council submitted the Air Attack on Ploesti ("SOAPSUDS") bombardment plan, which the Trident Conference Washington Conference (1943) The Third Washington Conference was held in Washington, D.C. was a World War II strategic meeting from May 12 to May 27, 1943, between the heads of government of the United Kingdom and the United States. The delegations were headed by Winston Churchill and Franklin D... subsequently considered. On June 6 the plan was deemed "an important and desirable operation", and the "Planning committee" first met on June 25 (Uzal Girard Ent Uzal Girard Ent Uzal Girard Ent was an American Army Air Force officer who served as the commander of the Ninth and the Second Air Forces during World War II.-Biography:Ent was born on March 3, 1900, in Northumberland, Pennsylvania... predicted losses of 75 aircraft). Training began on July 20/22 and ended July 29.< |
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Hüls | ![]() Synthetic rubber Synthetic rubber is is any type of artificial elastomer, invariably a polymer. An elastomer is a material with the mechanical property that it can undergo much more elastic deformation under stress than most materials and still return to its previous size without permanent deformation... plant/aircraft tire factories: "those swine have destroyed Hüls!" (Göring). A Hüls target was also bombed on December 28/29, 1941. |
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![]() La Spezia La Spezia , at the head of the Gulf of La Spezia in the Liguria region of northern Italy, is the capital city of the province of La Spezia. Located between Genoa and Pisa on the Ligurian Sea, it is one of the main Italian military and commercial harbours and hosts one of Italy's biggest military... |
![]() Operation Bellicose The Operation Bellicose strategic bombing in World War II targeted the Nazi Germany Zeppelin Works in Friedrichshafen and the La Spezia, Italy, naval base and was the first use of shuttle bombing in World War II and the second use of a Master Bomber... , 52 bombers damaged an "oil depot" and an "armaments store". By March 1, 1944, the La Spezia crude oil refinery was "Unused". |
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![]() Bari Bari is the capital city of the province of Bari and of the Apulia region, on the Adriatic Sea, in Italy. It is the second most important economic centre of mainland Southern Italy after Naples, and is well known as a port and university city, as well as the city of Saint Nicholas... |
Wellingtons of the Northwest African Strategic Air Force Northwest African Air Forces Northwest African Air Forces was the principal sub-command of the Mediterranean Air Command created when the Allied air forces in North Africa and the Mediterranean Theater of Operations were reorganized in February of 1943... bombed the "Bari, Italy oil refinery". |
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Gelsenkirchen (Nordstern) | ![]() Combined Bomber Offensive The Combined Bomber Offensive was an Anglo-American offensive of strategic bombing during World War II in Europe. The primary portion of the CBO was against German Air Force targets which was the highest priority from June 1943 to 1944... , the Battle of the Ruhr Battle of the Ruhr The Battle of the Ruhr was a 5-month long campaign of strategic bombing during the Second World War against the Nazi Germany Ruhr Area, which had coke plants, steelworks, and 10 synthetic oil plants... unsuccessfully bombed Nordstern. |
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Gelsenkirchen (Nordstern) | ![]() Battle of the Ruhr The Battle of the Ruhr was a 5-month long campaign of strategic bombing during the Second World War against the Nazi Germany Ruhr Area, which had coke plants, steelworks, and 10 synthetic oil plants... , Nordstern was unsuccessfully attacked. |
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![]() Brazi Brazi is a commune in Prahova County, Romania. It is composed of six villages: Băteşti, Brazii de Jos, Brazii de Sus , Negoieşti, Popeşti and Stejaru.In 1948 it had a population of 1,530.... |
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![]() Câmpina Câmpina is a city in Prahova county, Romania, north of the county seat Ploieşti, located on the main route between Wallachia and Transylvania. In 2003, the city celebrated 500 years since its founding.-History:... |
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![]() Medal of Honor The Medal of Honor is the highest military decoration awarded by the United States government. It is bestowed by the President, in the name of Congress, upon members of the United States Armed Forces who distinguish themselves through "conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his or her... were awarded). |
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![]() Medal of Honor The Medal of Honor is the highest military decoration awarded by the United States government. It is bestowed by the President, in the name of Congress, upon members of the United States Armed Forces who distinguish themselves through "conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his or her... was awarded). The Enemy Oil Committee subsequently appraised that Operation Tidal Wave bomb damage at Ploieşti caused "no curtailment of overall product output". |
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Bochum | ![]() Clark Gable William Clark Gable , known as Clark Gable, was an American film actor most famous for his role as Rhett Butler in the 1939 Civil War epic film Gone with the Wind, in which he starred with Vivien Leigh... , a gunnery observer on his third operational flight Gable's footage is in the FMPU First Motion Picture Unit The First Motion Picture Unit was the first unit of the United States Military to be made up entirely of motion picture personnel. It was also the title of a 1943 documentary about the unit.-Organization:... 's propanganda film Combat America Combat America Combat America is a 1943 Allied propaganda film of World War II:Initial footage depicts aircraft flying over American mountains, with Gable narrating that this is what they are fighting for... . |
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Recklinghausen | ![]() |
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Gelsenkirchen | ![]() |
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Göring identified Mussolini had hoarded 65,000 tons of aviation fuel, including 38,000 barrels in the La Spezia La Spezia La Spezia , at the head of the Gulf of La Spezia in the Liguria region of northern Italy, is the capital city of the province of La Spezia. Located between Genoa and Pisa on the Ligurian Sea, it is one of the main Italian military and commercial harbours and hosts one of Italy's biggest military... tunnels. The Cisa Pass Cisa Pass The Cisa Pass or La Cisa Pass is a mountain pass in Italy that marks the division between the Ligurian and Tuscan Apennines. It is between northern Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna , near the source of the Magra River at 1,040 meters .-See also:* List of highest paved roads in Europe* List of mountain... tunnel connected La Spezia with Parma Parma Parma is a city in the Italian region of Emilia-Romagna famous for its ham, its cheese, its architecture and the fine countryside around it. This is the home of the University of Parma, one of the oldest universities in the world.... , and US soldiers were executed for planned sabotage of the Cinque Terre Cinque Terre The Cinque Terre is a rugged portion of coast on the Italian Riviera. It is in the Liguria region of Italy, to the west of the city of La Spezia. "The Five Lands" is composed of five villages: Monterosso al Mare, Vernazza, Corniglia, Manarola, and Riomaggiore... tunnel between La Spezia and Genoa Genoa Genoa |Ligurian]] Zena ; Latin and, archaically, English Genua) is a city and an important seaport in northern Italy, the capital of the Province of Genoa and of the region of Liguria.... . |
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Gelsenkirchen | ![]() |
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Gelsenkirchen (Scholven/Buer) | 96 of 328 B-17s bombed 238 tons on the "Hydrier Werke Scholven A.G." (damaged) and the Gelsenkirchener Bergwerke (missed). Gelsenkirchener Bergwerke plants were also at Duisburg-Hamborn (BRUCKHAUSEN Benzol Plant) and Dortmund. A Gelsenkirchen target was also attacked on November 19, and Gelsenkirchen Mission 134 on November 19 was rerouted to bomb the German-Dutch border due to malfunctioning blind-bombing PFF equipment in bad weather. | |
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"losses of oil stocks … caused by Allied attacks during the first eight months of 1943 [were] 400,000 tons. … Approximately 75 per cent of Roumanian crude is a waxy, viscous oil which becomes solid at temperatures below 69" degrees (J.I.C (43) 480). | |
1944 |
Ludwigshafen–Oppau Oppau Oppau may refer to* Ludwigshafen-Oppau, a suburb of Ludwigshafen, Germany** the Oppau explosion which occurred there in 1921* until 1945, Opawa, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Poland... |
The 351 BG bombed the explosives factory at Oppau. Prior to May 1944, explosives production was 99,000 metric tons/month, but in December 1944, the amount had dropped to 20,500; and after October 1944, German explosives were 20% rock salt. The Mannheim-Ludwigshafen area was bombed in late 1943 to prevent recovery from previous bomb damage. The Mannheim aircraft plant was bombed on October 19, 1944, and Mannheim had a Daimler Benz truck plant. |
Ludwigshafen | 1,000 tons of bombs dropped on Ludwigshafen, and the 447 BG bombed the Ludwigshafen oil refinery. In addition to the nearby Oppau plants, Ludwigshafen targets included a small synthetic oil plant and an oil refinery that used the dehydrogenation process to improve "gasoline quality". Dr. Wurster of the Ludwigshafen Military Government was the "managing director of Oppau and Ludwigshafen." Ludwigshafen targets were subsequently bombed by the 8AF on March 2, March 31, and May 27. | |
![]() Rijeka Rijeka is the principal seaport and the third largest city in Croatia . It is located on Kvarner Bay, an inlet of the Adriatic Sea and has a population of 128,735 inhabitants... |
The 317 BS bombed the oil refinery.http://www.b17pbemgame.com/317_bomb_squadron_roster.htm Circa January 1944, the Enemy Oil Committee identified that Italian refining had ceased in August 1943. Italian refineries were at Fiume (Ramsa plant), La Spezia, Leghorn, Trieste (Aquila & SIAF plants), and Venice. | |
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"To reduce output … to virtually zero in the six months following 1 March requires the destruction of 23 synthetic plants (about 3.3 million tons) and 31 refineries (about 3.7 million tons) [which] currently account for over 90 per cent of total Axis refinery and synthetic oil output" (Plan for Completion of Combined Bomber Offensive). The "German oil situation is extremely vulnerable to the scale of attack contemplated, and that the results of any appreciable damage to production would be disastrous." (US Petroleum Attache, March 6). | |
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Although Spaatz's claimed "We believe attacks on transportation will not force the German fighters into action. We believe they will defend oil to their last fighter plane', Dwight D. Eisenhower Dwight D. Eisenhower Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower was the 34th President of the United States, from 1953 until 1961. He was a five-star general in the United States Army... decided that "apart from the attack on the GAF,[German air force] the transportation plan was the only one which offered a reasonable chance of the air forces making an important contribution to the land battle during the first vital weeks of OVERLORD". Control of all air operations was transferred to Eisenhower on April 14 at noon. |
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![]() H2X radar H2X radar was an American development of the British H2S radar, the first ground mapping radar to be used in combat. It was used by the USAAF during World War II as a navigation system for daylight overcast and nighttime operations... ) was against Ploieşti. |
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Bad winter weather had reduced Wehrmacht Wehrmacht The Wehrmacht – from , to defend and , the might/power) were the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. It consisted of the Heer , the Kriegsmarine and the Luftwaffe .-Origin and use of the term:... fuel consumption, and Luftwaffe fuel supplies were 574,000 tonnes. "…the enemy isn't attacking [the synthetic oil plants] because he wants them for his own use. He thinks it's enough to pulverize our airplanes" (Göring). "Whereas in 1939 our hydrogenation plants were producing 2 million metric tons equivalent of petroleum (including automobile fuel), the construction of new facilities up to 1943 provided an increase to 5.7 million metric tons, and the facilities scheduled for this year will raise the yearly output to 7.1 millon metric tons." (Albert Speer Albert Speer Albert Speer, born Berthold Konrad Hermann Albert Speer, was a German architect who was, for a part of World War II, Minister of Armaments and War Production for the Third Reich. Speer was Adolf Hitler's chief architect before assuming ministerial office... to Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party , commonly referred to as the Nazi Party). He was Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and head of state from 1934 to 1945... ). |
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Salzbergen Salzbergen Salzbergen is a municipality in the Emsland district, Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated on the river Ems, approx. 25 km south of Lingen, and 10 km northwest of Rheine.It has the oldest oil refinery in the world, opened in 1860.... synthetic oil plant |
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By May 1944, only 1.1% of Allied bombs had been used on oil targets. | |
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Bruges Bruges Bruges is the capital and largest city of the province of West Flanders in the Flemish Region of Belgium. It is located in the northwest of the country.... , Belgium |
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Leipzig/Böhlen Böhlen Böhlen is a town in the Free State of Saxony, Germany, south of Leipzig. Its main features are a small airport and a power-plant. It is located in the newly built Neuseenland, the lakes created in the former open-pit mining areas.- References :... |
![]() Oil Campaign of World War II The Allied Oil Campaign of World War II was directed at facilities supplying Nazi Germany with petroleum, oil, and lubrication products... in Germany more than they had defended transportation targets. RLV fighters put up their largest force ever, but five synthetic oil plants were successfully attacked with 1,718 tons of bombs. A diversionary raid made on the Zwickau aircraft depot faced 200 Luftwaffe fighters |
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Leipzig/Lützendorf Wettin, Saxony-Anhalt Wettin is a small town and a former municipality in the Saalekreis district of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, situated on the River Saale north of Halle. Since 1 January 2011, it is part of the town Löbejün-Wettin. It is known for Wettin Castle, the ancestral seat of the House of Wettin, ruling dynasty of... |
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Brüx Most Most is the capital city of the Most District, situated between the Czech Central Mountains and the Ore Mountains, approximately northwest of Prague along the Bílina River and southwest of Ústí nad Labem.-Etymology:... , Czechoslovakia |
![]() Lignite Lignite, often referred to as brown coal, or Rosebud coal by Northern Pacific Railroad,is a soft brown fuel with characteristics that put it somewhere between coal and peat... at the Maltheuren plant at Brüx. |
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Daily output of aircraft fuel had dropped from 5,850 to 4,820 metric tonnes; but the reserve of 574,000 tonnes was expected to last 19 months. On "May 12 ... the technological war was decided. ...with the attack ... upon several fuel plants ... a new era in the air war began. It meant the end of German armaments production" (Speer). "In my view the fuel, Buna rubber, and nitrogen plants represent a particularly sensitive point for the conduct of the war, since vital materials for armaments are being manufactured in a small number of plants… The enemy has struck us at one of our weakest points. If they persist at it this time, we will soon no longer have any fuel production worth mentioning" (Hitler). By May 28, fuel production had returned to the level prior to the May 12 raids. The "economic air raids [using] wise planning [by] the enemy began ... in the last half or three-quarters of a year" before December 1944. "Before that he was, at least from his standpoint, committing absurdities" (Speer, December 1, 1944) | |
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![]() No. 205 Group RAF No. 205 Group was a long-range, heavy bomber group of the Royal Air Force established on October 23, 1941 by boosting No. 257 Wing to Group status.... bombed the Româno-Americană refinery. |
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Leipzig/Leuna | ![]() Leuna Leuna is a town in the Saalekreis, Saxony-Anhalt, eastern Germany, south of Merseburg and Halle. It is known for the Leunawerke , at 13 km2 one of the biggest chemical industrial complexes in Germany, where a very wide range of chemicals and plastics is produced... , and Leuna resumed partial production on June 3 and reached 75% of capacity in early July. |
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Magdeburg Magdeburg Magdeburg , is the largest city and the capital city of the Bundesland of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Magdeburg is situated on the Elbe River and was one of the most important medieval cities of Europe.... /Konigsburg Königsburg Königsburg is a ruined medieval castle southeast of Königshütte, a village in the borough of Oberharz am Brocken, in Harz district in the German state of Saxony-Anhalt.- Site :... |
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Ruhland Ruhland Ruhland is a town in the Oberspreewald-Lausitz district, in southern Brandenburg, Germany. It is situated on the river Schwarze Elster, 12 km southwest of Senftenberg.... –Schwarzheide Schwarzheide Schwarzheide is a town in the Oberspreewald-Lausitz district, in southern Brandenburg, Germany. It is situated on the river Schwarze Elster, 11 km southwest of Senftenberg, 110 km south of Berlin and 40 km north of Dresden... |
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Pölitz | ![]() Stralsund - Main sights :* The Brick Gothic historic centre is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.* The heart of the old town is the Old Market Square , with the Gothic Town Hall . Behind the town hall stands the imposing Nikolaikirche , built in 1270-1360... . |
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The 485 BG bombed the Refinery. "Lumina Petromina" was an additional Romanian refinery not in Ploieşti or Bucharest. | |
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The intelligence annex to the field order for the May 31 Ploieşti mission stated "Successful attacks on [the aircraft factories at the] Wiener-Neustadter complex have raised oil to high priority. …destruction of remaining active capacity of Ploesti will create [a] critical situation for [the] entire Axis war effort and make possible further important inroads through attacks in Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia and Italy. [The] Eighth Air Force has now damaged all but 2 of the major synthetic plants in its area making it possible for Fifteenth [Air Force] to destroy sufficient refinery and synthetic capacity to [reduce total] production close to 75 percent. Destruction of vital installations in targets selected will immobilize Ploesti capacity for several months." | |
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32 B-24s of the 450 BG attacked the "Româno-Americană Oil Refinery", but failed due to the smoke screens. The 450 BG also bombed the Româno-Americană refinery on June 6, 24, & July 15; and the Concordia Vega refinery on July 9, 22 | |
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A May 5 decoded message stated anti-aircraft artillery was being moved to Pölitz and Blechhammer Blechhammer The Blechhammer area was the location of Nazi Germany chemical plants, prisoner of war camps, and forced labor camps . Labor camp prisoners began arriving as early as June 17, 1942, and in July 1944, 400-500 men were transferred from the Terezin family camp to Blechhammer... , and one on June 5 indicated the Luftwaffe was short of fuel. British intelligence concluded that the bombing of oil targets would be "crippling" in 3–6 months.http://books.google.com/books?id=LZ99c7ZlxxQC&pg=PA144 Romanian production had been reduced from 200,000 tons in February to 40,000 in June. |
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Spaatz ordered that "the primary aim of the Eighth and Fifteenth Air Forces would be to deny oil to the enemy". | |
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![]() Operation Frantic -Airfields:In February 1944, the USAAF received access to six air bases in Ukraine, but it turned out only three were set up for the effort. In haste, the United States Strategic Air Forces in Europe established a headquarters detachment at Poltava Airfield, near Kiev in the Soviet Union in late... , attacked the Galaţi Galati Galați is a city and municipality in Romania, the capital of Galați County. Located in the historical region of Moldavia, in the close vicinity of Brăila, Galați is the largest port and sea port on the Danube River and the second largest Romanian port.... Airdrome: "most oil from Ploesti must be shipped west over [the] Danube for refining." (annex of intelligence report) |
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![]() Trieste Trieste is a city and seaport in northeastern Italy. It is situated towards the end of a narrow strip of land lying between the Adriatic Sea and Italy's border with Slovenia, which lies almost immediately south and east of the city... |
![]() Trieste Trieste is a city and seaport in northeastern Italy. It is situated towards the end of a narrow strip of land lying between the Adriatic Sea and Italy's border with Slovenia, which lies almost immediately south and east of the city... . |
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36 P-38s dive-bombed 3 Ploieşti oil refineries by flying under the smoke screens. | |
![]() Constanta Constanța is the oldest extant city in Romania, founded around 600 BC. The city is located in the Dobruja region of Romania, on the Black Sea coast. It is the capital of Constanța County and the largest city in the region.... |
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![]() Giurgiu Giurgiu is the capital city of Giurgiu County, Romania, in the Greater Wallachia. It is situated amid mud-flats and marshes on the left bank of the Danube facing the Bulgarian city of Rousse on the opposite bank. Three small islands face the city, and a larger one shelters its port, Smarda... |
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![]() Smederevo Smederevo is a city and municipality in Serbia, on the right bank of the Danube, about 40 km downstream of the capital Belgrade. According to official results of the 2011 census, the city has a population of 107,528... |
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Gelsenkirchen (Nordstern) | ![]() RAF Bomber Command RAF Bomber Command controlled the RAF's bomber forces from 1936 to 1968. During World War II the command destroyed a significant proportion of Nazi Germany's industries and many German cities, and in the 1960s stood at the peak of its postwar military power with the V bombers and a supplemental... to attack Ruhr oil plants halted Nordstern production (1,000 tons/day of aviation fuel) for several weeks. THe main attack of the night was directed against lines of communication targets in France. |
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Emmerich am Rhein | ![]() |
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![]() Pétfürdo - External links :*... |
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[Expand] | ![]() Komárom Komárom is a city in Hungary on the right bank of the Danube in Komárom-Esztergom county.The city of Komárom was formerly a separate suburban village called... (Hungary), and Osijek Osijek Osijek is the fourth largest city in Croatia with a population of 83,496 in 2011. It is the largest city and the economic and cultural centre of the eastern Croatian region of Slavonia, as well as the administrative centre of Osijek-Baranja county... (Ipoil). |
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![]() Sisak Sisak is a city in central Croatia. The city's population in 2011 was 33,049, with a total of 49,699 in the administrative region and it is also the administrative centre of the Sisak-Moslavina county... |
![]() Sisak Sisak is a city in central Croatia. The city's population in 2011 was 33,049, with a total of 49,699 in the administrative region and it is also the administrative centre of the Sisak-Moslavina county... -Caprag. Caprag refining capacity was 120,000 tons/yr. |
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![]() Osijek Osijek is the fourth largest city in Croatia with a population of 83,496 in 2011. It is the largest city and the economic and cultural centre of the eastern Croatian region of Slavonia, as well as the administrative centre of Osijek-Baranja county... |
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Gelsenkirchen (Scholven/Buer Buer, Germany Buer is the largest suburb of Gelsenkirchen. The Hochstrasse in the heart of Buer is the largest shopping street in Gelsenkirchen.-History:... ) |
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Hanover (Deurag-Nerag) | ![]() Synthetic rubber Synthetic rubber is is any type of artificial elastomer, invariably a polymer. An elastomer is a material with the mechanical property that it can undergo much more elastic deformation under stress than most materials and still return to its previous size without permanent deformation... in Hanover was bombed on July 26, 1943, during Blitz Week Blitz Week Blitz Week was a period of United States Army Air Forces aerial bombardment during the Combined Bomber Offensive of World War II. Air raids were conducted on six of seven days as part of Operation Gomorrah, against targets such as the chemical plant at Herøya, Norway, which produced nitrates for... ). |
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![]() Bombing of Vienna in World War II The city of Vienna in Austria was bombed fifty-two times during World War II, and 87,000 houses of the city were lost . Only 41 civilian vehicles survived the raids, more than 3,000 bomb craters were counted... /Floridsdorf Floridsdorf Floridsdorf is the 21st district of Vienna, Austria .Floridsdorf is located in the northern part of Vienna.The District Office and the centre of Floridsdorf are located round Am Spitz, at the junction of Prager Straße and Brünner Straße .Since 2004, Floridsdorf has had its own tower: the... |
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![]() Donaustadt Donaustadt is the 22nd district of Vienna, Austria .Donaustadt is the eastern fourth of Vienna.- Geography :The Donaustadt district is in the northeast part of Vienna and is the largest of the districts in area, occupying about one-quarter of the Vienna city area, 102.24 km².It borders the... |
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![]() Lobau The Lobau is a Vienna floodplain on the northern side of the Danube and partly in Großenzersdorf, Lower Austria. It has been part of the Danube-Auen National Park since 1996 and has been a protected area since 1978. It is used as a recreational area and is known as a site of nudism. There is... ) |
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![]() Schwechat Schwechat is a city south-east of Vienna known for the Vienna International Airport and Schwechater beer. It is also home to the refineries belonging to the Austrian national oil company OMV.- Geography :... |
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![]() Szöny -History:In the year 97, the Roman legion Legio I Adiutrix campaigned in the area. The town was known as Brigetio to the Romans. The town has one of the earliest records of conjoined twins - Helen and Judith.... |
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Bremen | ![]() Bremen-Oslebshausen railway station Bremen-Oslebshausen is a railway station located on the Vegesack-Bremen and Bremen-Bremerhaven railway lines. Only services on the Vegesack-Bremen line call at the station, services to and from Bremerhaven pass through without stopping.... refinery was 1 of 11 bombed on this date. Bremen Oslebshausen refining capacity was 100,000 tons/yr. |
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![]() Sète Sète is a commune in the Hérault department in Languedoc-Roussillon in southern France. Its inhabitants are called Sétois.... |
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![]() Balaruc-le-Vieux Balaruc-le-Vieux is a commune in the Hérault department in the Languedoc-Roussillon region in southern France.-Population:-References:*... |
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The minimum number of flak guns were ordered to be placed at Pölitz (200), Auschwitz (200), Hamburg (200), Brüx (170, Gelsenkirchen (140), Scholven (140), Wesseling (150), Heydebreck (130), Leuna (120), Blechhammer (100), Moosbierbaum (100), and Böhlen (70).http://books.google.com/books?id=rVVeO4B985wC&pg=PA317 The Ruhland Fischer-Tropsch plant and other synthetic oil plants were fortified to be "hydrogenation fortresses" (e.g., the plants in the Leipzig area were protected by over 1,000 guns.) In additional to increased active defenses, the facilities incorporated blast walls and concrete "dog houses" around vital machinery. Similar to the technical experts transferred for the V-2 rocket program, 7,000 engineers were released from the German Army to provide technical support for oil facilities. Aviation fuel production (thousands of tons) was reduced the most in June 1944 (Wolfgang Birkenfeld, 1964): Jan - Feb - Mar - Apr - May - Jun - Jul - Aug - Sep - Oct - Nov - Dec 1944 159 - 164 - 181 - 175 - 156 - 52 - 35 - 17 - 10 - 20 - 49 - 26 and in August, a limited program was assigned the "highest priority". "By sending the production of fighter aircraft soaring we can meet the greatest danger we face: the crushing of our armaments manufacture on the home front" (Speer, August 13). |
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B-24s bombed an oil refinery.http://www.milhist.net/usaaf/ploesti.html | |
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![]() Montbartier Montbartier is a commune in the Tarn-et-Garonne department in the Midi-Pyrénées region in southern France.-References:*... |
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![]() Sète Sète is a commune in the Hérault department in Languedoc-Roussillon in southern France. Its inhabitants are called Sétois.... |
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[Expand] | ![]() Senonches Senonches is a commune in the Eure-et-Loir department in north-central France.-Population:-References:*... . |
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Homberg | ![]() Meerbeck Meerbeck is a municipality in the district of Schaumburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany.... in the Ruhr. |
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![]() Foggia Foggia is a city and comune of Apulia, Italy, capital of the province of Foggia. Foggia is the main city of a plain called Tavoliere, also known as the "granary of Italy".-History:... Italy; the B-17s were planned to transfer to UK bases on June 27 but bad weather delayed the move until July 5. |
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![]() Korneuburg Korneuburg is a town in Austria. It is located in the state Lower Austria and is the administrative center of the district of Korneuburg. Korneuburg is situated on the left bank of the Danube, opposite the city of Klosterneuburg, and is 12 km northwest of Vienna... |
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![]() Moosbierbaum Moosbierbaum is part of the Atzenbrugg municipality of Lower Austria.HistoryIn 1913, the Škoda Wetzlar gunpowder factory was established in Moosbierbaum. As a target of the Oil Campaign of World War II, Moosbierbaum had a chemical works which performed 60,000 tons/year of Naphtha dehydrogenation,... ) |
The 455th BG received a 2nd Distinguished Unit Citation for bombing the Vienna (Moosbierbaum) oil refinery. | |
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Heydebreck Heydebreck-Cosel Heydebreck was a Nazi Germany village area with POW camps Arbeitskommando E711A and Bau und Arbeits camp 20 . Five km west in the Cosel district was a subcamp of Auschwitz III operated from April 1, 1944 to January 26, 1945... |
The Heydebreck oil/chemical facilities near Cosel Kedzierzyn-Kozle Kędzierzyn-Koźle is the capital city of Kędzierzyn-Koźle County, Silesia, Poland. Kędzierzyn-Koźle is a place of a major river port, has rail connections with all major cities of Poland and serves western outskirts of the Upper Silesian Metropolitan Union.... and Blechhammer were first bombed in June 1944. |
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Blechhammer Blechhammer The Blechhammer area was the location of Nazi Germany chemical plants, prisoner of war camps, and forced labor camps . Labor camp prisoners began arriving as early as June 17, 1942, and in July 1944, 400-500 men were transferred from the Terezin family camp to Blechhammer... South |
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![]() Dugny Dugny is a commune in the northeastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located from the centre of Paris.About a third of Le Bourget airport lies on the territory of the commune of Dugny, including its main terminal and the Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace... |
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![]() Bombing of Bucharest in World War II The Bucharest World War II bombings were primarily Allied bombings of railroad targets and those of the Oil Campaign of World War II, but included a bombing by Nazi Germany after the royal coup. Bucharest stored and distributed much of Ploiești's refined oil products.... |
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Gelsenkirchen (Scholven/Buer) | ![]() Saarbrücken Saarbrücken is the capital of the state of Saarland in Germany. The city is situated at the heart of a metropolitan area that borders on the west on Dillingen and to the north-east on Neunkirchen, where most of the people of the Saarland live.... (which had an airfield and marshalling yards)http://libraryautomation.com/nymas/usaaf7.html and 10 bombed the Scholven/Buer oil plant. |
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"Our aviation gasoline production was badly hit in May and June. The enemy has succeeded in increasing our losses of aviation gasoline up to 90 percent by June 22. Only through speedy recovery of damaged plants has it been possible to regain partly … however, aviation gasoline production is completely insufficient http://books.google.com/books?id=AC1GlWYTe3EC&pg=RA1-PA208-IA11 … If we cannot manage to protect our hydrogenation factories and our refineries by all possible means, it will be impossible to get them back into working order from the state they are in now. If that happens, then by September we shall no longer be capable of covering the Wehrmacht's most urgent needs. In other words, from then on there will be a gap which will be impossible to fill and which will bring in its train inevitable tragic consequences." (Speer to Hitler) | |
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![]() Budapest Budapest is the capital of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary, it is the country's principal political, cultural, commercial, industrial, and transportation centre. In 2011, Budapest had 1,733,685 inhabitants, down from its 1989 peak of 2,113,645 due to suburbanization. The Budapest Commuter... (Shell) |
The 456 BG bombed the "previously-untouched" Shell Oil refinery 456th Bomb Group The 456th Bomb Group was an air combat unit of the United States Army Air Forces during the Second World War. A "heavy bombardment group," the 456th operated B-24 Liberator aircraft and was known unofficially as "Steed's Flying Colts," after its commander.The 456th Bomb Group flew 249 bombing... at Budapest and earned its 2nd Distinguished Unit Citation. 31 aircraft bombed at mid-morning and were attacked three minutes after bomb release (before reassembly) by 50 Me-109s and 10 FW-190s of Jagdgeschwader 300 Jagdgeschwader 300 Jagdgeschwader 300 was a Luftwaffe fighter-wing of World War II. JG 300 was formed on June 26, 1943 in Deelen as Stab/Versuchskommando Herrmann, from July 18, 1943 as Stab/JG Herrmann, and then finally redesignated on August 20, 1943 to Stab/JG 300... and the Hungarian 101 Puma Group Hungarian Air Force The Hungarian Air Force is the air force branch of the Hungarian Army.- 1918 to Pre–World War II :Following the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in 1918, a small air arm was established operating surviving aircraft from Hungarian factories and training schools... . The 744 BS lost 6 of 9 bombers in the target area and a seventh damaged beyond repair (36 KIA/MIA, 24 captured — the largest single-day loss for the group.) Budapest's three refineries were operated by Shell, Magyar Petrol, and Asvanyol-Fanto, and oil storage was at Budapest-Csepel Csepel Csepel is the 21st district and a neighbourhood in Budapest, Hungary. Csepel officially became part of Budapest on 1 January 1950.- Location :... . Budapest also was the site of the Duna Repülőgépgyár Repülogépgyár Levente II -References:http://www.csepel-sziget.hu/wordpress/?p=173 -See also:... Szigentmiklos assembly plant for Messerschmitt 210s and 410s. |
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![]() Belgrade Belgrade is the capital and largest city of Serbia. It is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers, where the Pannonian Plain meets the Balkans. According to official results of Census 2011, the city has a population of 1,639,121. It is one of the 15 largest cities in Europe... |
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![]() Brasov Brașov is a city in Romania and the capital of Brașov County.According to the last Romanian census, from 2002, there were 284,596 people living within the city of Brașov, making it the 8th most populated city in Romania.... |
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![]() Mestre Mestre is a city part of the comune of Venice, in Veneto, northern Italy.The city is connected to Venice by a large rail and road bridge, called Ponte della Libertà .... . |
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The 461st BG bombed Ploieşti oil targets. | |
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The Joint Oil Targets Committee was set up. | |
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Leipzig | ![]() Taucha Taucha is a town in the district of Nordsachsen, in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It is situated on the river Parthe, 10 km northeast of Leipzig.... , 35 hit Leipzig/Heiterblick, 79 & 15 bombed the Erla fighter aircraft plants at Leipzig/Mockau & Leipzig/Abtnaundorf, 46 hit Leipzig Deutsche Kugellager Fabrik (D.K.F.) ball bearing works. (The Leipzig DKF plant was also bombed on December 3/4, 1943.) 35 hit Kolleda Airfield, 19 hit Leipzig Station and 7 hit Nordhausen. Leipzig/Taucha Taucha Taucha is a town in the district of Nordsachsen, in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It is situated on the river Parthe, 10 km northeast of Leipzig.... had an oil refinery and a Mittledeutsche Jumo 211 engine plant. In March 1944, the Leipzig A.T.G. plant could complete final assembly of Ju 88 bombers at 10/month. |
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B-24s bombed an oil refinery.http://www.milhist.net/usaaf/ploesti.html | |
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Aviation fuel production was 2,307 daily tonnes (40% of original production). | |
Kiel Kiel Kiel is the capital and most populous city in the northern German state of Schleswig-Holstein, with a population of 238,049 .Kiel is approximately north of Hamburg. Due to its geographic location in the north of Germany, the southeast of the Jutland peninsula, and the southwestern shore of the... |
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Wesseling Wesseling Wesseling is an industrial German city on the Rhine bordering Cologne city on the south. Wesseling originates from the Latin „Wasliacum“ which means "Villlage of Waslica" The story that Wesselig originates from "changing of the rope"... |
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Leipzig/Leuna | ![]() Messerschmitt Me 163 The Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet, designed by Alexander Lippisch, was a German rocket-powered fighter aircraft. It is the only rocket-powered fighter aircraft ever to have been operational. Its design was revolutionary, and the Me 163 was capable of performance unrivaled at the time. Messerschmitt... conducted its first attacks, engaging B-17s with escorts, including 8 P-51s of the 359th Fighter Group 359th Fighter Group The 359th Fighter Group is an inactive United States Army Air Force organization. Its last assignment was with the Army Service Forces, being stationed at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey. It was inactivated on 10 November 1945.... . Merseburg-Leuna was bombed 6 times from July 20-September 28. Leuna attacks on July 28 & 29; August 24; September 11, 13, & 28; and October 7 kept Leuna closed until October 14. |
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Leipzig/Leuna | The 384 BG bombed Merseburg. | |
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Luftwaffe fuel supplies were 35,000 tonnes in July. By July 21, Production was reduced to 120 daily tonnes, but was restored to 690 by the end of July. However, repairs were not as durable and shocks from near misses caused leaks (from August to October, monthly production was 10% or less of original rates, then reached 28% in November.) | |
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![]() Târgoviste Târgoviște is a city in the Dâmbovița county of Romania. It is situated on the right bank of the Ialomiţa River. , it had an estimated population of 89,000. One village, Priseaca, is administered by the city.-Name:... were bombed.http://www.milhist.net/usaaf/ploesti.html The Red Army entered Bucharest on August 30. |
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The 461st BG received a 2nd Distinguished Unit Citation for a July 1944 Ploieşti bombing. | |
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ULTRA intercepts indicated Luftwaffe ground crews were prohibited from leaving fuel in parked aircraft "to avoid losses" during bombing. | |
[Expand] | ![]() Sens Sens is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.Sens is a sub-prefecture of the department. It is crossed by the Yonne and the Vanne, which empties into the Yonne here.-History:... (26 B-24s) bombed. Fifteenth Air Force B-17s hit Le Pouzin (461st BG) and Le Pontet oil storage facilities. The 447 BG bombed the St Dennis "oil and supply dump". |
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Friedrichshafen | ![]() ZF Friedrichshafen ZF Friedrichshafen AG, also known as ZF Group, and commonly abbreviated to ZF, is a German public company headquartered in Friedrichshafen, in the south-west German region of Baden-Württemberg.... "Zahnradfabrik" (gearwheel factory) secondary target was also bombed. The chief tank factories were at Maybach Maybach Maybach-Motorenbau GmbH is a German luxury car manufacturer. It was founded in 1909 by Wilhelm Maybach and his son. The company was originally a subsidiary of Luftschiffbau Zeppelin GmbH and was itself known as Luftfahrzeug-Motorenbau GmbH until 1912.Today, the ultra-luxury car brand is owned by... , Nordbau (Frankfurt) Romer A Reference Card or "Romer" is a device for increasing the accuracy when reading a grid reference from a map. Made from transparent plastic, paper or other materials, they are also found on most baseplate compasses. Essentially, it is a specially marked-out ruler which matches the scale of the map... , and Zahnradfabrik, and nearly all tank engines were produced at either the Maybach Motorenbau at Freidrichshafen and Norddeutsche Motorenbau at Berlin. |
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![]() Vilvoorde Vilvoorde is a Belgian municipality in the Flemish province of Flemish Brabant. The municipality comprises the city of Vilvoorde proper with its two outlying quarters of Koningslo and Houtem and the small town of Peutie... oil installations/dumps. The Ghent, Langerbrugge (Shell) plant was in Belgium. |
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![]() Merkwiller-Pechelbronn Merkwiller-Pechelbronn is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.It is notable as the original home of oil sands mining.... |
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![]() Terneuzen Terneuzen is a city and municipality in the southwestern Netherlands, in the province of Zeeland, in the middle of Zeelandic Flanders. With over 55,000 inhabitants, it is the most populous municipality of Zeeland.-Population centres :... |
![]() Ghent Ghent is a city and a municipality located in the Flemish region of Belgium. It is the capital and biggest city of the East Flanders province. The city started as a settlement at the confluence of the Rivers Scheldt and Lys and in the Middle Ages became one of the largest and richest cities of... /Terneuzen oil installations/dumps in France. |
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Hemmingstedt Hemmingstedt Hemmingstedt is a German municipality in the district of Dithmarschen in the state of Schleswig-Holstein.-History:Hemmingstedt is the namesake of the Battle of Hemmingstedt, which took place south of the place in today's municipal area of Epenwöhrden... |
![]() Heide Heide is a town in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is the capital of the Kreis Dithmarschen. Population: 21,000.The German word Heide means "heath". In the 15th century four adjoining villages decided to build a church in the "middle of the heath". This remained the town's name to date... oil refinery was bombed. |
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![]() Ambès Ambès is a commune in the Gironde department in southwestern France.It is located at the point, the Bec d'Ambès , where the rivers Garonne and Dordogne meet to form the Gironde estuary.... |
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![]() Pauillac Pauillac is a commune in the Gironde department in Aquitaine in southwestern France.-Population:-Wine:The commune consists of only 3000 acres of vineyards in the Haut-Médoc between the villages of Saint-Julien to the south and Saint-Estèphe to the north, but is home to three of Bordeaux's five... |
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Hamburg-Harburg refineries | ![]() Royal Dutch Shell Royal Dutch Shell plc , commonly known as Shell, is a global oil and gas company headquartered in The Hague, Netherlands and with its registered office in London, United Kingdom. It is the fifth-largest company in the world according to a composite measure by Forbes magazine and one of the six... . |
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![]() Le Pontet Le Pontet is the name of the following communes in France:* Le Pontet, Savoie, in the Savoie department* Le Pontet, Vaucluse, in the Vaucluse department... |
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![]() Le Pouzin Le Pouzin is a commune in the Ardèche department in southern France.-Population:... |
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![]() Lyon Lyon , is a city in east-central France in the Rhône-Alpes region, situated between Paris and Marseille. Lyon is located at from Paris, from Marseille, from Geneva, from Turin, and from Barcelona. The residents of the city are called Lyonnais.... |
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Blechhammer North & South | ![]() |
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![]() History of Novi Sad This is history of Novi Sad.-Early history of Petrovaradin:Human settlement in the territory of present-day Novi Sad has been traced as far back as the Stone Age . This settlement was located on the right bank of the river Danube in the territory of present-day Petrovaradin.This region was... |
![]() Alibunar Alibunar is a town and municipality in South Banat District of Vojvodina, Serbia. Alibunar town has a population of 3,402, and Alibunar municipality 22,856.-Name:... Airfield and Novi Sad oil facilities in Yugoslavia. |
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![]() 357th Fighter Group The 357th Fighter Group was an air combat unit of the United States Army Air Forces during the Second World War. The 357th operated P-51 Mustang aircraft as part of the U.S. Eighth Air Force and its members were known unofficially as "The Yoxford Boys" after a village near their base... attacked an "oil refinery at Trzebina, Poland" and returned to Operation Frantic Operation Frantic -Airfields:In February 1944, the USAAF received access to six air bases in Ukraine, but it turned out only three were set up for the effort. In haste, the United States Strategic Air Forces in Europe established a headquarters detachment at Poltava Airfield, near Kiev in the Soviet Union in late... bases in the USSR. |
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Hanover/Dollberg Celtic circular wall of Otzenhausen The Celtic circular fort at Otzenhausen is one of the biggest fortifications the Celts ever constructed.It was built by Celts of the Treveri tribe, who lived in the region north of the fort. The fort is located on top of the Dollberg, a hill near Otzenhausen in Germany, about 695 m above sea level... |
The 398th BG bombed the Dollberg oil plant. Also known as Dollbergen, the village near Hanover had an oil refinery.http://www.exulanten.com/bombc.html | |
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![]() Slavonski Brod Slavonski Brod is a city in Croatia, with a population of 59,507 in 2011. The city was known as Marsonia in the Roman Empire, and as Brod na Savi 1244–1934. It is the sixth largest city in Croatia, after Zagreb, Split, Rijeka, Osijek and Zadar. Located in the region of Slavonia, it is the... |
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![]() Almásfüzito Almásfüzitő is a village in Komárom-Esztergom county, Hungary. During the Oil Campaign of World War II, the Almásfüzitő oil refinery was bombed by the United States Army Air Forces.... |
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![]() Schweinfurt-Regensburg mission The Schweinfurt–Regensburg mission was an air combat battle in World War II. A strategic bombing attack flown by B-17 Flying Fortresses of the U.S. Army Air Forces on August 17, 1943, it was conceived as an ambitious plan to cripple the German aircraft industry... at Bordeaux was bombed on August 24, 1943. |
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![]() La Pallice (harbour) La Pallice is the industrial harbour of the city of La Rochelle, France. It is a commercial harbour in deep water, named after the French philosopher La Pallice. The large submarine base built during World War II still stands there, although it is not being used... |
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Zeitz Zeitz Zeitz is a town in the Burgenlandkreis district, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It is situated on the river Weiße Elster, in the middle of the triangle of the federal states Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia and Saxony.-History:... |
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Magdeburg/Rothensee | ![]() Focke-Wulf Focke-Wulf Flugzeugbau AG was a German manufacturer of civil and military aircraft before and during World War II. Many of the company's successful fighter aircraft designs were slight modifications of the Focke-Wulf Fw 190.-History:... airplane factory on August 5, and the US Ninth Army captured Magdeburg on April 18, 1945. |
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Leipzig/Rositz Rositz Rositz is a municipality in the district Altenburger Land, in Thuringia, Germany. An RAF raid bombed the oil refinery in Rositz on February 14/15, 1945 as part of Operation Thunderclap.... http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1941/1941%20-%200252.html |
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![]() Dubová, Pezinok District Dubová is a village and municipality in western Slovakia in Pezinok District in the Bratislava region.-External links:*... |
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![]() IG Farben I.G. Farbenindustrie AG was a German chemical industry conglomerate. Its name is taken from Interessen-Gemeinschaft Farbenindustrie AG . The company was formed in 1925 from a number of major companies that had been working together closely since World War I... synthetic rubber Synthetic rubber Synthetic rubber is is any type of artificial elastomer, invariably a polymer. An elastomer is a material with the mechanical property that it can undergo much more elastic deformation under stress than most materials and still return to its previous size without permanent deformation... and oil plant near the Auschwitz III (Monowitz) forced labor camp that supplied slave labor: "It was the practice to brief bomber groups to steer clear of prisoner-of-war and concentration camps" (radar navigator-bombardier Milt Groban). Ultra intercepts reported impressive bombing results for oil targets: "for the first time, wehwirtshaflich (war economy) raids, which might deal a really fatal blow to Germany, had begun" (Speer). The town of Oświęcim Oswiecim Oświęcim is a town in the Lesser Poland province of southern Poland, situated west of Kraków, near the confluence of the rivers Vistula and Soła.- History :... , the IG Farben Buna-Werke (under construction in November 1943), and the three concentration camp locations Auschwitz I, Auschwitz II (Birkenau), & Auschwitz III (Monowitz) were 5 separate facilities in the same region. |
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![]() Czechowice-Dziedzice Czechowice-Dziedzice is a town in Bielsko County, Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland with 34,867 inhabitants . It lies on the northeastern edge of the historical region of Cieszyn Silesia... |
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![]() Vösendorf Vösendorf is a town in the district of Mödling in the Austrian state of Lower Austria.... ) |
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Dresden/Freital Freital Freital is the biggest town in the Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge district, in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It is situated on the small river Weißeritz, 8 km southwest of Dresden.- Geography :... |
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![]() Kolín Kolín is a town in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic some east from Prague, lying on the Elbe river.-History:Kolín was founded by king Přemysl Otakar II in the 13th century, first mentioned in 1261. Later on, 1437, a castle was founded here... |
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Dülmen Dülmen Dülmen is a municipality in the district of Coesfeld, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.-Geography:Dülmen is situated in the south part of the Münsterland area, between the Lippe river to the south, the Baumberge hills to the north and the Ems river to the east... |
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![]() Saint-Gobain Saint-Gobain S.A. is a French multinational corporation, founded in 1665 in Paris and headquartered on the outskirts of Paris at La Défense and in Courbevoie. Originally a mirror manufacturer, it now also produces a variety of construction and high-performance materials.The company has its head... , Fournival Fournival Fournival is a small village in northern France. It is designated municipally as a commune within the département of Oise.... /Bois-de-Mont, Compiègne Compiègne Compiègne is a city in northern France. It is designated municipally as a commune within the département of Oise.The city is located along the Oise River... /Clairoix Clairoix Clairoix is a village in northern France. It is designated municipally as a commune within the département of Oise.... . |
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![]() German occupation of Czechoslovakia German occupation of Czechoslovakia began with the Nazi annexation of Czechoslovakia's northern and western border regions, known collectively as the Sudetenland, under terms outlined by the Munich Agreement. Nazi leader Adolf Hitler's pretext for this effort was the alleged privations suffered by... oil refineries bombed included the Moravská Moravská Trebová Moravská Třebová is a town in the Svitavy District and lies in the Pardubice Region, Czech Republic. It has around 11,300 inhabitants.Moravská Třebová is located on the Třebůvka River in the landscape of the "Schönhengstgau".... –Ostrava Ostrava Ostrava is the third largest city in the Czech Republic and the second largest urban agglomeration after Prague. Located close to the Polish border, it is also the administrative center of the Moravian-Silesian Region and of the Municipality with Extended Competence. Ostrava was candidate for the... oil refineries A minor Moravská Ostrava crude oil refinery was at Prwoz. |
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After a lull in V-1 flying bomb V-1 flying bomb The V-1 flying bomb, also known as the Buzz Bomb or Doodlebug, was an early pulse-jet-powered predecessor of the cruise missile.... attacks, the Allied Combined Strategic Targets Committee (CSTC) switched the top bombing priority from Operation Crossbow Operation Crossbow Crossbow was the code name of the World War II campaign of Anglo-American "operations against all phases of the German long-range weapons programme—operations against research and development of the weapons, their manufacture, transportation and their launching sites, and against missiles in flight"... to oil targets. 39% of US bomb tonnage from Oct-Dec was on synthetic oil plants.http://books.google.com/books?id=_HkHU5RJJekC&pg=PA261 |
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![]() Organisation Todt The Todt Organisation, was a Third Reich civil and military engineering group in Germany named after its founder, Fritz Todt, an engineer and senior Nazi figure... |
After Speer completed the Effects of the Air War on September 6, the President of the Rustungskommando VI (5) ordered only 3 days or less of production be stored, and emergency preparation for the transfer of POL plants was initiated (e.g., identification of vital parts for removal). "On principle, plants are only to be crippled temporarily by removing various elements to safety, particularly the electrical ones." (Speer telegram, September 13). August "chemical plant" production was 10% of former capacity. At the beginning of September, 1944, the Luftwaffe minimum fuel allotment was decreased from 160,000 monthly tons to 30,000 due to shortages. | |
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Kassel Bombing of Kassel in World War II The Kassel World War II bombings were a set of Allied strategic bombing attacks which took place from February 1942 to March 1945. The fire of the most severe air raid burned for seven days, at least 10,000 people died, 150,000 inhabitants were bombed-out, and the vast majority of the city center... |
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Castrop-Rauxel Castrop-Rauxel -Geography:Castrop-Rauxel is between Dortmund to the east, Bochum , Herne , and to the north, Recklinghausen, Datteln and Waltrop.- Urban Area :The urban area of Castrop-Rauxel has an total expanse of... |
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Chemnitz Chemnitz Chemnitz is the third-largest city of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. Chemnitz is an independent city which is not part of any county and seat of the government region Direktionsbezirk Chemnitz. Located in the northern foothills of the Ore Mountains, it is a part of the Saxon triangle... |
![]() Operation Frantic -Airfields:In February 1944, the USAAF received access to six air bases in Ukraine, but it turned out only three were set up for the effort. In haste, the United States Strategic Air Forces in Europe established a headquarters detachment at Poltava Airfield, near Kiev in the Soviet Union in late... force of 75 B-17s bombed the Chemnitz oil refinery and, along with 64 P-51s, continued to the USSR. In 1945, Chemnitz was also bombed on February 14 and the 466th bombed Chemnitz on March 5. |
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Dortmund Dortmund Dortmund is a city in Germany. It is located in the Bundesland of North Rhine-Westphalia, in the Ruhr area. Its population of 585,045 makes it the 7th largest city in Germany and the 34th largest in the European Union.... |
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Fulda Fulda Fulda is a city in Hesse, Germany; it is located on the river Fulda and is the administrative seat of the Fulda district .- Early Middle Ages :... |
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Kamen Kamen Kamen is a town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, in the district Unna.-Geography:Kamen is situated at the east end of the Ruhr area, approx... |
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Magdeburg/Friedrichstadt Friedrichstadt Friedrichstadt is a town in the district of Nordfriesland, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is situated on the river Eider approx. 12 km south of Husum. It was founded in 1621 by Dutch settlers... |
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Stuttgart Stuttgart Stuttgart is the capital of the state of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. The sixth-largest city in Germany, Stuttgart has a population of 600,038 while the metropolitan area has a population of 5.3 million .... /Sindelfingen Sindelfingen Sindelfingen is a German town near Stuttgart at the headwaters of the Schwippe that is the site of a Mercedes-Benz assembly plant.-History:* 1155 First documented mention of Sindelfingen... |
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Hemmingstedt | ![]() Azon AZON was one of the world's first smart bombs, deployed by the Allies and contemporary with the German Fritz X.Officially designated VB-1 , it was invented by Major Henry J. Rand and Thomas J... mission to the oil refinery at Hemmingstedt; 5 hit the secondary target, ammunition dumps at Kropp Kropp Kropp is a municipality in the district of Schleswig-Flensburg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is situated approx. 13 km south of Schleswig.Kropp is the seat of the Amt Kropp-Stapelholm.... . Both Operation Aphrodite Operation Aphrodite Aphrodite and Anvil were the World War II code names of United States Army Air Forces and United States Navy operations to use B-17 and PB4Y bombers as precision-guided munitions against bunkers such as those of Operation Crossbow.... drones (B-17 30363, "Ruth L III", & B-17 39827) targeting the Hemmingstedt oil refinery missed due to weather. On this date 5000 planes flew over Germany. |
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"…the enemy always… after the resumption of work, …destroy[s] these [synthetic oil] installations again by air attack" (Speer). On July 20, Speer met with Ambassador Clodius of the Foreign Office regarding the "safeguarding of Rumanian oil." September "chemical plant" production was 5.5% of former capacity. | |
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![]() History of Bratislava This page gives an overview of the history of Bratislava – the capital of Slovakia and the country's largest city.-Prehistory:In the area where present-day Bratislava lies, three skeletons of the Pliopithecus vindobonensis were found in the borough Devínska Nová Ves in 1957, dating 25–15... |
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Bottrop Bottrop Bottrop is a city in west central Germany, on the Rhine-Herne Canal, in North Rhine-Westphalia. Located in the Ruhr industrial area, Bottrop adjoins Essen, Oberhausen, Gladbeck and Dorsten. The city had been a coal-mining and rail center and contains factories producing coal-tar derivatives,... -Welheim |
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Blechhammer South | The Tuskegee Airman provided escort.http://books.google.com/books?id=VyuedRwZre8C&pg=PA154&lpg=PA154 | |
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Magdeburg/Buckau Maschinenfabrik Christian Hagans Maschinenfabrik Christian Hagans was a German locomotive manufacturer founded on 1 July 1857 in Erfurt, Germany, by Christian Hagans.... |
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The 741st Bombardment Squadron 741st Missile Squadron The United States Air Force's 741st Missile Squadron is an intercontinental ballistic missile unit located at Minot AFB, North Dakota.-Mission:... flew over Vienna to hit an oil refinery, and the Lobau oil refinery was bombed. |
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Wesseling | ![]() Koblenz Koblenz is a German city situated on both banks of the Rhine at its confluence with the Moselle, where the Deutsches Eck and its monument are situated.As Koblenz was one of the military posts established by Drusus about 8 BC, the... oil facility. |
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Blechhammer South | Blechhammer South was bombed on the 12th and by the 301 BG on the 13th.http://www.gearthhacks.com/dlfile26368/301st-BG-(H),-Mission-355,-Blechhammer-Synthetic-Oil-Plant-South.htm | |
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Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Düsseldorf is the capital city of the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia and centre of the Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region.Düsseldorf is an important international business and financial centre and renowned for its fashion and trade fairs. Located centrally within the European Megalopolis, the... -Reisholz |
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Monheim am Rhein Monheim am Rhein Monheim am Rhein is a town on the right bank of the river Rhine in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Monheim belongs to the district of Mettmann - with the southern suburbs of Düsseldorf to the north, and the Bergisches Land to the south... |
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![]() Linz Linz is the third-largest city of Austria and capital of the state of Upper Austria . It is located in the north centre of Austria, approximately south of the Czech border, on both sides of the river Danube. The population of the city is , and that of the Greater Linz conurbation is about... |
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![]() Škoda Works Škoda Works was the largest industrial enterprise in Austro-Hungary and later in Czechoslovakia, one of its successor states. It was also one of the largest industrial conglomerates in Europe in the 20th century... in Pilsen were bombed. |
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Leverkusen Leverkusen Leverkusen is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany on the eastern bank of the Rhine. To the South, Leverkusen borders the city of Cologne and to the North is the state capital Düsseldorf.... |
![]() Synthetic rubber Synthetic rubber is is any type of artificial elastomer, invariably a polymer. An elastomer is a material with the mechanical property that it can undergo much more elastic deformation under stress than most materials and still return to its previous size without permanent deformation... plant at Leverkusen. Leverkusen was the location of a Bayer Bayer Bayer AG is a chemical and pharmaceutical company founded in Barmen , Germany in 1863. It is headquartered in Leverkusen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany and well known for its original brand of aspirin.-History:... (Standard Oil Standard Oil Standard Oil was a predominant American integrated oil producing, transporting, refining, and marketing company. Established in 1870 as a corporation in Ohio, it was the largest oil refiner in the world and operated as a major company trust and was one of the world's first and largest multinational... /IG Farben IG Farben I.G. Farbenindustrie AG was a German chemical industry conglomerate. Its name is taken from Interessen-Gemeinschaft Farbenindustrie AG . The company was formed in 1925 from a number of major companies that had been working together closely since World War I... ) plant.http://books.google.com/books?id=pqkqpAr6_s4C&pg=PA213 In 1943, targets at Leverkusen were attacked on August 22/23 (a complete failure)http://books.google.com/books?id=rVVeO4B985wC&pg=PA51 and by the RAF on November 19/20, and December 10/11 Battle of Berlin (air) The Battle of Berlin was a British bombing campaign on Berlin from November 1943 – March 1944. The campaign was not limited solely to Berlin. Other German cities were attacked to prevent concentration of defences in Berlin, and Bomber Command had other responsibilities and operations to conduct... . Up to 1941, there were 5 Nazi Germany Nazi Germany Nazi Germany , also known as the Third Reich , but officially called German Reich from 1933 to 1943 and Greater German Reich from 26 June 1943 onward, is the name commonly used to refer to the state of Germany from 1933 to 1945, when it was a totalitarian dictatorship ruled by... Buna plants that produced Buna N by the Lebedev Lebedev Lebedev , or Lebedeva is a common Russian family name derived from the word lebed — swan. The following notable people have this name:-Real people:*Alexander Lebedev , Russian businessman and politician... process. |
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Allied policy was changed to bomb oil targets even if reconnaissance was not available. After Eisenhower notified Marshall on October 23 that the bombing of oil targets was being successful, oil targets were retained in the highest priority, and the German rail system was made the second priority. | |
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Gelsenkirchen (Scholven/Buer) | ![]() Münster Münster is an independent city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located in the northern part of the state and is considered to be the cultural centre of the Westphalia region. It is also capital of the local government region Münsterland... and 1 hits Gronau Gronau, North Rhine-Westphalia Gronau is a city in the district of Borken, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located near the border with the Netherlands, approx. 10 km east of Enschede.- Notable persons :... . |
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Chemical plant production in October was 10% of former capacity and 28% (1633 tons/day) in November. | |
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After the British Air Staff requested on June 3 that RAF Bomber Command RAF Bomber Command RAF Bomber Command controlled the RAF's bomber forces from 1936 to 1968. During World War II the command destroyed a significant proportion of Nazi Germany's industries and many German cities, and in the 1960s stood at the peak of its postwar military power with the V bombers and a supplemental... attack Ruhr oil plants, and Portal unsuccessfully attempted on July 5, 1944, to "move Harris away from area bombing Area bombing directive The Area Bombing Directive was a directive from the wartime British Government's Air Ministry to the Royal Air Force which ordered RAF bombers to attack the German industrial workforce and the morale of the German populace through bombing German cities and their civilian inhabitants.- Background... to join the attacks on oil", the Air Staff ordered Harris to bomb oil targets. |
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Leipzig/Leuna | After 459 B-17s dispatched to bomb Leuna were recalled on October 30 due to weather, 700 US bombers escorted by 750 fighters attacked the Leuna synthetic oil plant. A record 700 Luftwaffe fighters countered and the new Me 262 shot down three bombers without loss. Leuna production was interrupted (but returned to 28% of capacity by November 20), and 6 more heavy attacks on Leuna through December were "largely ineffective because of adverse weather" | |
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Ludwigshafen | ![]() Battle of Berlin (air) The Battle of Berlin was a British bombing campaign on Berlin from November 1943 – March 1944. The campaign was not limited solely to Berlin. Other German cities were attacked to prevent concentration of defences in Berlin, and Bomber Command had other responsibilities and operations to conduct... . |
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Neuenkirchen Neuenkirchen, Schleswig-Holstein Neuenkirchen is a municipality in the district of Dithmarschen, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.... |
The 487 BG bombed the Neuenkirchen coking plant and the 452 BG bombed the "Benzalube Stoking Plant" at Neunkirchen on an Micro H H2X radar H2X radar was an American development of the British H2S radar, the first ground mapping radar to be used in combat. It was used by the USAAF during World War II as a navigation system for daylight overcast and nighttime operations... experimental mission. |
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![]() Strasshof an der Nordbahn Strasshof an der Nordbahn is a suburban town 25 km east of Vienna, Austria. The main attraction is the railroad museum . An historical locomotive built by LOFAG is displayed in the town.-History:... Austria mission), & December 18 (the marshalling yard on March 12). |
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Duisburg Duisburg - History :A legend recorded by Johannes Aventinus holds that Duisburg, was built by the eponymous Tuisto, mythical progenitor of Germans, ca. 2395 BC... |
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Wiesbaden Wiesbaden Wiesbaden is a city in southwest Germany and the capital of the federal state of Hesse. It has about 275,400 inhabitants, plus approximately 10,000 United States citizens... |
![]() Combat box The Combat box was a tactical formation used by heavy bombers of the U.S. Army Air Forces during World War II. The combat box was also referred to as a "staggered formation"... , drop your bombs" (Wing Commander). 9 B-17s also bombed a Wiesbaden target on November 13 (Mission 628). |
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A Speer memorandum identified that the oil and margarine plants in the Ruhr were on the verge of shutdown. The Vienna area had no fuel after November 15 (US intelligence report, February 1945). | |
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Blechhammer South | ![]() Opole Voivodeship - Administrative division :Opole Voivodeship is divided into 12 counties : 1 city county and 11 land counties. These are further divided into 71 gminas.The counties are listed in the following table .- Economy :... ], Germany", (25 miles from Opole Opole Opole is a city in southern Poland on the Oder River . It has a population of 125,992 and is the capital of the Upper Silesia, Opole Voivodeship and, also the seat of Opole County... ). Oppeln also had labor camps E17 (a cement factory), E419 and at Schalkendorf; Oderthal had labor camp E162; and Heydebreck had E711A.http://www.wartimememories.co.uk/pow/stalag8b.html |
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Hanover (Deurag-Nerag) | Bomb damage from the attack was repaired by December 23.http://orbat.com/site/sturmvogel/ussbsnat.html | |
Koblenz Koblenz Koblenz is a German city situated on both banks of the Rhine at its confluence with the Moselle, where the Deutsches Eck and its monument are situated.As Koblenz was one of the military posts established by Drusus about 8 BC, the... |
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Hanover (Deurag-Nerag) | The 491 BG earned a DUC for bombing an oil refinery at Misburg.http://libraryautomation.com/nymas/usaaf7.html | |
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Oberhausen (Osterfeld Osterfeld Osterfeld is a town in the Burgenlandkreis district, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It is situated southeast of Naumburg. It is part of the Verbandsgemeinde Wethautal.... ) |
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Darmstadt Darmstadt Darmstadt is a city in the Bundesland of Hesse in Germany, located in the southern part of the Rhine Main Area.The sandy soils in the Darmstadt area, ill-suited for agriculture in times before industrial fertilisation, prevented any larger settlement from developing, until the city became the seat... |
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The lead 741st BS 741st Missile Squadron The United States Air Force's 741st Missile Squadron is an intercontinental ballistic missile unit located at Minot AFB, North Dakota.-Mission:... pilot bypassed the Brüx refinery target: "I'm not sure to this day that he wasn't right in avoiding that almost suicidal bomb run." (741st pilot George McGovern George McGovern George Stanley McGovern is an historian, author, and former U.S. Representative, U.S. Senator, and the Democratic Party nominee in the 1972 presidential election.... ) |
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Unternehmen Bodenplatte for "capturing Allied fuel stocks" began with insufficient fuel. | |
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Odertal oil refinery | ![]() Vis (island) Vis is the most outerly lying larger Croatian island in the Adriatic Sea, and is part of the Central Dalmatian group of islands, with an area of 90.26 km² and a population of 3,617 . Of all the inhabited Croatian islands, it is the farthest from the coast... coast. |
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![]() Moravská Trebová Moravská Třebová is a town in the Svitavy District and lies in the Pardubice Region, Czech Republic. It has around 11,300 inhabitants.Moravská Třebová is located on the Třebůvka River in the landscape of the "Schönhengstgau".... -Ostrava oil refinery was bombed. |
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US bombers attacked the "Monowitz synthetic plant". | |
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Pölitz | 209 aircraft bombed the Pölitz synthetic-oil refinery. Parts of the plant were damaged and the power-station chimneys collapsed. | |
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"The most notable [advances] are the new [Type XXI] submarines German Type XXI submarine Type XXI U-boats, also known as "Elektroboote", were the first submarines designed to operate primarily submerged, rather than as surface ships that could submerge as a means to escape detection or launch an attack.-Description:... and [synthetic] fuels, rockets, and jet propulsion generally.…It is…production rather than invention, particularly of synthetic fuels, that is going to be Germany's main difficulty." (R. V. Jones R. v. Jones R. v. Jones, [1986] 2 S.C.R. 284 is an early leading Supreme Court of Canada decision on the freedom of religion under section 2 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and the right to security of person under section 7.-Background:... report to Winston Churchill Winston Churchill Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, was a predominantly Conservative British politician and statesman known for his leadership of the United Kingdom during the Second World War. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest wartime leaders of the century and served as Prime Minister twice... ) |
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![]() Wels Wels is the second largest city of the state of Upper Austria, located in the north of Austria, on the Traun River near Linz. It is not part of its surrounding Wels County , but a so-called Statutarstadt . However, Wels is the county seat of Wels-Land.- Geography :Wels is located in the... . |
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![]() Kralupy nad Vltavou Kralupy nad Vltavou is a city in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 18,000 inhabitants. The city lies on the Vltava River some north of Prague, the capital of both the Czech Republic and the Central Bohemian Region... |
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![]() Roudnice Roudnice is a village in Hradec Králové Region in Eastern Bohemia, the Czech Republic. It is a birthplace of František Xaver Matějka , father of famous Polish painter Jan Matejko. In addition, the Olympic water polo player Kurt Epstein grew up in Roudnice.... |
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1945 |
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Dortmund Dortmund Dortmund is a city in Germany. It is located in the Bundesland of North Rhine-Westphalia, in the Ruhr area. Its population of 585,045 makes it the 7th largest city in Germany and the 34th largest in the European Union.... coking plant |
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Ehmen Ehmen Ehmen is a village in Lower Saxony located outside of Wolfsburg, Germany with a population of approximately 4,285.... |
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"…the chimera of one air operation that will end the war…does not exist. …much of the Russian advance is due to the immobility conferred on the German ground forces by our attacks on oil." (Spaatz letter to Barney Giles Giles (surname) The surname Giles comes from the given name Giles, for which multiple origins have been suggested.People with the surname Giles include:-Real people:* Annabel Giles , Welsh model, panellist and novellist... ) |
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http://www.questiaschool.com/read/90208816?title=1945 | Castrop-Rauxel | ![]() |
http://www.questiaschool.com/read/90208816?title=1945 | Dortmund (Hansa) | ![]() Coker unit A coker or coker unit is an oil refinery processing unit that converts the residual oil from the vacuum distillation column or the atmospheric distillation column into low molecular weight hydrocarbon gases, naphtha, light and heavy gas oils, and petroleum coke... was bombed in Dortmund, which refined oils into higher grade fuels. A Gelsenkirchener Bergwerke oil plant was in Dortmund. |
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Hungarian petroleum deposits and the nearby refineries "are indispensable" after bombing of the German coal hydrogenation plants (Hitler). | |
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Hallendorf Salzgitter Salzgitter is an independent city in southeast Lower Saxony, Germany, located between Hildesheim and Braunschweig. Together with Wolfsburg and Braunschweig, Salzgitter is one of the seven Oberzentren of Lower Saxony... |
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Recklinghausen Recklinghausen Recklinghausen is the northernmost city in the Ruhr-Area and the capital of the Recklinghausen district. It borders the rural Münsterland and is characterized by large fields and farms in the north and industry in the south... |
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Dessau Dessau Dessau is a town in Germany on the junction of the rivers Mulde and Elbe, in the Bundesland of Saxony-Anhalt. Since 1 July 2007, it is part of the merged town Dessau-Roßlau. Population of Dessau proper: 77,973 .-Geography:... |
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Hamburg-Harburg | The USAAF bombed oil production at Harburg.http://www.questiaschool.com/read/90208816?title=1945 | |
Magdeburg/Rothensee | ![]() Battle of Berlin (air) The Battle of Berlin was a British bombing campaign on Berlin from November 1943 – March 1944. The campaign was not limited solely to Berlin. Other German cities were attacked to prevent concentration of defences in Berlin, and Bomber Command had other responsibilities and operations to conduct... . Magdeburg may also have been bombed on February 22.http://www.usaaf-noseart.co.uk/misslist-31238.htm |
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Aschaffenburg Aschaffenburg Aschaffenburg is a city in northwest Bavaria, Germany. The town of Aschaffenburg is not considered part of the district of Aschaffenburg, but is the administrative seat.Aschaffenburg is known as the Tor zum Spessart or "gate to the Spessart"... |
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Duisburg Duisburg - History :A legend recorded by Johannes Aventinus holds that Duisburg, was built by the eponymous Tuisto, mythical progenitor of Germans, ca. 2395 BC... |
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Gelsenchirchen (Consolidation) | The "CONSOLIDATED L/VT plant" at Gelsenkirchen was rendered inactive by an area attack. | |
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Dortmund | ![]() Kaiserstuhl The „Kaiserstuhl“ is a relatively low mountain range – a Mittelgebirge – with a maximal height of 556.6 m above sea level. It is of volcanic origin and located in the South West of Baden-Württemberg, Germany in the districts of Emmendingen and Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald... and Gneisenau coking plants at Dortmund. |
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Kassel | ![]() H2X radar H2X radar was an American development of the British H2S radar, the first ground mapping radar to be used in combat. It was used by the USAAF during World War II as a navigation system for daylight overcast and nighttime operations... . |
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Dortmund benzol plant | The "HANSA Benzol Plant" was bombed. | |
Duisburg | The "BRUCKHAUSEN Benzol Plant" was bombed. | |
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Bottrop | The "PROSPER Benzol Plant" was bombed. | |
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Oberhausen (Osterfeld Osterfeld Osterfeld is a town in the Burgenlandkreis district, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It is situated southeast of Naumburg. It is part of the Verbandsgemeinde Wethautal.... ) |
The Oberhausen Oberhausen Oberhausen is a city on the river Emscher in the Ruhr Area, Germany, located between Duisburg and Essen . The city hosts the International Short Film Festival Oberhausen and its Gasometer Oberhausen is an anchor point of the European Route of Industrial Heritage. It is also well known for the... "OSTERFELD Benzol Plant" was bombed. |
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Leipzig/Böhlen | The 447 BG bombed the Böhlen "oil refinery". | |
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![]() Pula Pula is the largest city in Istria County, Croatia, situated at the southern tip of the Istria peninsula, with a population of 62,080 .Like the rest of the region, it is known for its mild climate, smooth sea, and unspoiled nature. The city has a long tradition of winemaking, fishing,... |
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![]() Pula Pula is the largest city in Istria County, Croatia, situated at the southern tip of the Istria peninsula, with a population of 62,080 .Like the rest of the region, it is known for its mild climate, smooth sea, and unspoiled nature. The city has a long tradition of winemaking, fishing,... |
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![]() Serchio At 126 kilometres the Serchio is the third longest river in the Italian region of Tuscany, coming after the Arno and the Ombrone... river valley destroyed an oil dump North of Mestre. |
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Hanover (Deurag-Nerag) | Bomb damaged was repaired by February 26.http://orbat.com/site/sturmvogel/ussbsnat.html | |
Leipzig/Böhlen | ![]() Bombing of Dresden in World War II The Bombing of Dresden was a military bombing by the British Royal Air Force and the United States Army Air Force and as part of the Allied forces between 13 February and 15 February 1945 in the Second World War... , 360 Lancasters Avro Lancaster The Avro Lancaster is a British four-engined Second World War heavy bomber made initially by Avro for the Royal Air Force . It first saw active service in 1942, and together with the Handley Page Halifax it was one of the main heavy bombers of the RAF, the RCAF, and squadrons from other... and Halifaxes Handley Page Halifax The Handley Page Halifax was one of the British front-line, four-engined heavy bombers of the Royal Air Force during the Second World War. A contemporary of the famous Avro Lancaster, the Halifax remained in service until the end of the war, performing a variety of duties in addition to bombing... bombed the Braunkohle-Benzin synthetic-oil plant at Böhlen 60 miles (96.6 km) from Dresden. |
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[Expand] | ![]() Bombing of Dresden in World War II The Bombing of Dresden was a military bombing by the British Royal Air Force and the United States Army Air Force and as part of the Allied forces between 13 February and 15 February 1945 in the Second World War... , de Havilland Mosquito De Havilland Mosquito The de Havilland DH.98 Mosquito was a British multi-role combat aircraft that served during the Second World War and the postwar era. It was known affectionately as the "Mossie" to its crews and was also nicknamed "The Wooden Wonder"... s bombed Magdeburg (71), Bonn Bonn Bonn is the 19th largest city in Germany. Located in the Cologne/Bonn Region, about 25 kilometres south of Cologne on the river Rhine in the State of North Rhine-Westphalia, it was the capital of West Germany from 1949 to 1990 and the official seat of government of united Germany from 1990 to 1999.... (16), Misburg near Hannover (8), and Dortmund (6). |
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Nuremberg Nuremberg Nuremberg[p] is a city in the German state of Bavaria, in the administrative region of Middle Franconia. Situated on the Pegnitz river and the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal, it is located about north of Munich and is Franconia's largest city. The population is 505,664... /Würzburg Bombing of Würzburg in World War II The Bombing of Würzburg during World War II targeted railway and oil targets with strategic bombing attacks.The author Detlef Siebert wrote that "Some ... like Würzburg or Pforzheim were primarily selected because they were easy for the bombers to find and destroy... area |
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Cottbus Cottbus Cottbus is a city in Brandenburg, Germany, situated around southeast of Berlin, on the River Spree. As of , its population was .- History :... |
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Leipzig/Rositz | ![]() Operation Thunderclap In August 1944 plans were drawn for an operation code named Thunderclap but it was shelved and never implemented. The plan envisaged a massive attack on Berlin that would cause 220,000 casualties with 110,000 killed, many of them key German personnel, which would shatter German morale... : 224 Lancasters and 8 Mosquitos bombed the oil refinery in Rositz near Leipzig Leipzig Leipzig Leipzig has always been a trade city, situated during the time of the Holy Roman Empire at the intersection of the Via Regia and Via Imperii, two important trade routes. At one time, Leipzig was one of the major European centres of learning and culture in fields such as music and publishing... , causing damage to the southern part of the plant. |
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Salzbergen | 46 B-24s bombed the Salzbergen oil refinery. | |
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Düsseldorf-Reisholz Düsseldorf-Reisholz Reisholz is an urban borough of Düsseldorf. It is located in the south of the city, bordering Holthausen, Benrath, Hassels and the river Rhine.... |
![]() Düsseldorf-Reisholz Reisholz is an urban borough of Düsseldorf. It is located in the south of the city, bordering Holthausen, Benrath, Hassels and the river Rhine.... , halting all oil production. |
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Worms Worms, Germany Worms is a city in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, on the Rhine River. At the end of 2004, it had 85,829 inhabitants.Established by the Celts, who called it Borbetomagus, Worms today remains embattled with the cities Trier and Cologne over the title of "Oldest City in Germany." Worms is the only... |
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Oberhausen (Osterfeld) | ![]() Operation Clarion Operation Clarion was an Allied campaign of Strategic bombing during World War II which attacked 200 Nazi Germany communication network targets to open Operation Veritable/Grenade.... . |
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Hamburg-Harburg refineries | ![]() Albrecht -Surname:* Alex Albrecht, American television personality* Art Albrecht , former professional American football player* Bernard Albrecht, an alias of Bernard Sumner, English singer and guitarist* Carter Albrecht, American musician... oil refinery and 70 bombed the Harburg Harburg Harburg is a district in Lower Saxony, Germany. It takes its name from the town of Harburg upon Elbe, which used to be the capital of the district but is now part of Hamburg... oil refineries. 383 B-17s are sent to hit the Deschimag U-boat yards at Bremen (200) and the Bremen W rail bridge (134). The 92 BG bombed the Albrecht synthetic oil complex. |
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Kamen | ![]() Bergkamen Bergkamen is a town in the district of Unna, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is situated near the river Lippe, approx. north-east of Dortmund and south-west of Hamm.... , just north of Kamen" using Oboe and H2S markers. |
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Munich Munich Munich The city's motto is "" . Before 2006, it was "Weltstadt mit Herz" . Its native name, , is derived from the Old High German Munichen, meaning "by the monks' place". The city's name derives from the monks of the Benedictine order who founded the city; hence the monk depicted on the city's coat... |
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Kamen | ![]() No. 3 Group RAF Number 3 Group of the Royal Air Force was an RAF group first active in 1918, again in 1923-26, part of RAF Bomber Command from 1936 to 1967, and part of RAF Strike Command from 2000 until it disbanded on 1 April 2006.-The 1930s and World War II:... Lancasters carried out a G-H G-H (navigation) Gee-H, or sometimes G-H, was a radio navigation system developed by Britain during World War II to aid RAF Bomber Command. Its official name was AMES Type 100... attack on the synthetic-oil refinery at Kamen. |
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Neuberg Neuberg Neuberg may refer to:* Neuberg , a castle from 13th century in Podhradí, Czech Republic*Neuberg, Hesse, a municipality in the district Main-Kinzig-Kreis, Hesse, Germany*Neuberg an der Mürz, a municipality in Styria, Austria... |
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Dortmund benzol plant | ![]() GEE (navigation) Gee was the code name given to a radio navigation system used by the Royal Air Force during World War II.Different sources record the name as GEE or Gee. The naming supposedly comes from "Grid", so the lower case form is more correct, and is the form used in Drippy's publications. See Drippy 1946.... . |
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Gelsenkirchen (Nordstern) | ![]() |
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Frankfurt oil depot | ![]() |
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Total POL production was down 27% from the production prior to the January raids. Stocks of aviation fuel were down to 6,000 tonnes and in February, the Luftwaffe received only 400 tonnes: "anyone using [German] fuel for purposes other than the immediate conduct of operation will be considered a saboteur and court-martialed without mercy" (military order). | |
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![]() Tulln (district) Bezirk Tulln is a district of the state of Lower Austria in Austria.-Municipalities:Suburbs, hamlets and other subdivisions of a municipality are indicated in small characters.* Absdorf** Absberg* Atzenbrugg... marshalling yard. Vienna also had aircraft service/park facilities at Tulln and Aspern Aspern Aspern is part of Donaustadt, the 22nd district of Vienna.In 1904, the formerly independent village was incorporated into Vienna as part of the 21st district, Floridsdorf. Only in 1946 did it become part of the newly created 22nd district, Donaustadt. The area is known because of the Battle of... . |
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After the Fifteenth Air Force had dropped 8,370 tons of explosives on Budapest targets, Budapest was captured February 13, 1945 (the Red Army was within 10 miles on November 3, 1944). On March 1, Germany launched the last major German offensive of World War II (Operation Frühlingserwachen Operation Frühlingserwachen Operation Frühlingserwachen was the last major German offensive launched during World War II. The offensive was launched in Hungary on the Eastern Front... ) to retake Budapest and the Nagykanizsa oil fields south of Lake Balaton Lake Balaton Lake Balaton is a freshwater lake in the Transdanubian region of Hungary. It is the largest lake in Central Europe, and one of its foremost tourist destinations. As Hungary is landlocked , Lake Balaton is often affectionately called the "Hungarian Sea"... . |
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Speer ordered that Nitrogen plants were to be repaired before the hydrogenation plants. | |
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Dresden | ![]() |
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Leipzig/Rositz (Altenburg) | ![]() Altenburg Altenburg is a town in the German federal state of Thuringia, 45 km south of Leipzig. It is the capital of the Altenburger Land district.-Geography:... . An Altenburg target was also bombed on March 17.http://books.google.com/books?id=uAlz3oIZHM4C&pg=PA116 |
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Brunswick Bombing of Braunschweig in World War II During World War II Braunschweig was attacked by Allied aircraft in 42 bombing raids.The attack on the night of 14/15 October 1944 by No. 5 Group Royal Air Force marked the high point of the destruction of Henry the Lion's city in the Second World War... |
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Dates Calendar date A date in a calendar is a reference to a particular day represented within a calendar system. The calendar date allows the specific day to be identified. The number of days between two dates may be calculated. For example, "24 " is ten days after "14 " in the Gregorian calendar. The date of a... |
![]() Datteln Datteln is a town in the district of Recklinghausen, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is situated on a crossroads of four canals , which makes it the biggest canal junction in Europe, approx... –Emscher Emscher The Emscher is a relatively small river and tributary of the Rhine, flowing through the Ruhr area in North Rhine-Westphalia in western Germany. Its total length is 84km with an average discharge near the mouth into the lower Rhine of 16 m³/s .The Emscher has its source in Holzwickede, east of the... Lippe Lippe Lippe is a Kreis in the east of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Neighboring districts are Herford, Minden-Lübbecke, Höxter, Paderborn, Gütersloh, and district-free Bielefeld, which forms the region Ostwestfalen-Lippe.... " coking plant. |
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Hamburg-Harburg refineries | ![]() |
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Hemmingstedt | ![]() Deutsche Erdöl-Aktiengesellschaft RWE Dea AG is an international oil and gas company headquartered in Hamburg, Germany. It is a subsidiary of RWE. RWE Dea owns production facilities in Germany, the United Kingdom, Norway, Denmark, and Egypt, and also holds exploration licences in Algeria, Ireland, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco,... oil refinery at Hemmingstedt, near Heide Heide Heide is a town in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is the capital of the Kreis Dithmarschen. Population: 21,000.The German word Heide means "heath". In the 15th century four adjoining villages decided to build a church in the "middle of the heath". This remained the town's name to date... , with little success. |
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Bochum | ![]() |
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Bottrop (Mathias Stinnes) | ![]() |
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Dortmund | ![]() |
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Essen Bombing of Essen in World War II During World War II, the industrial town of Essen, was a target of Allied strategic bombing.The Krupp factory was an inmportant industrial target, Essen was a "primary target" designated for area bombing by the February 1942 British Area bombing directive.... |
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Hüls | ![]() Marl Marl or marlstone is a calcium carbonate or lime-rich mud or mudstone which contains variable amounts of clays and aragonite. Marl was originally an old term loosely applied to a variety of materials, most of which occur as loose, earthy deposits consisting chiefly of an intimate mixture of clay... -Hüls. |
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![]() Zagreb Zagreb is the capital and the largest city of the Republic of Croatia. It is in the northwest of the country, along the Sava river, at the southern slopes of the Medvednica mountain. Zagreb lies at an elevation of approximately above sea level. According to the last official census, Zagreb's city... |
![]() Zagreb Zagreb is the capital and the largest city of the Republic of Croatia. It is in the northwest of the country, along the Sava river, at the southern slopes of the Medvednica mountain. Zagreb lies at an elevation of approximately above sea level. According to the last official census, Zagreb's city... and Vrapče Vrapce Vrapče is a neighborhood of western Zagreb, the capital of Croatia. It is administratively part of the district Podsused—Vrapče. Vrapče consists of Donje Vrapče and Gornje Vrapče... was named Sveta Klava, then Astra. |
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Nienhagen | ![]() |
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Leipzig/Lützendorf | ![]() |
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Herne Herne, Germany Herne is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located in the Ruhr area directly between the cities of Bochum and Gelsenkirchen.- History :Like most other cities in the region Herne was a tiny village until the 19th century... |
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Prior to a raid targeting a Vienna oil refinery, the briefing officer told crews to avoid the St. Stephen's Cathedral, the Vienna State Opera Vienna State Opera The Vienna State Opera is an opera house – and opera company – with a history dating back to the mid-19th century. It is located in the centre of Vienna, Austria. It was originally called the Vienna Court Opera . In 1920, with the replacement of the Habsburg Monarchy by the First Austrian... , the Schönbrunn Palace Schönbrunn Palace Schönbrunn Palace is a former imperial 1,441-room Rococo summer residence in Vienna, Austria. One of the most important cultural monuments in the country, since the 1960s it has been one of the major tourist attractions in Vienna... and other historic buildings and schools. Due to weather, the alternate (Wiener Neustadt marshaling yards) was bombed. |
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Hattingen Hattingen Hattingen is a German town located in northern part of the Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis district, in North Rhine-Westphalia.-History:Hattingen is located on the south bank of the River Ruhr in the south of the Ruhr region. The town was first mentioned in 1396, when the Duke of Mark granted permission to build... |
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Hanover (Deurag-Nerag) | The bombing caused an "indefinite shutdown".http://orbat.com/site/sturmvogel/ussbsnat.html | |
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Dortmund | ![]() |
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Ludwigshafen | ![]() |
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Bochum | ![]() |
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1945-03-18 | Bochum | ![]() Langendreer Langendreer is the most populous district of the city of Bochum in the Ruhr area in Germany. Langendreer is between Dortmund, the largest city of Westphalia and Langendreer-Alter Bahnhof, another district of Bochum. Langendreeer includes Kaltehardt, a mainly residential area. Langendreer is in the... in Bochum. |
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Ruhland-Schwarzheide | ![]() Lauta Lauta is a town in the district of Bautzen, in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It is situated 10 km west of Hoyerswerda, and 10 km southeast of Senftenberg.... aluminum works to the North). |
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![]() the Soviet Vienna Offensive Vienna Offensive The Vienna Offensive was launched by the Soviet 3rd Ukrainian Front in order to capture Vienna, Austria. The offensive lasted from 2–13 April 1945... began on April 2, encircled Vienna on April 7, and the garrison surrendered on April 13. |
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Bochum | ![]() |
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Bücken Bücken Bücken is a municipality in the district of Nienburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany.-History:An Abbey was established here in Bücken in the year 882 by Rimbert, Archbishop of Bremen... |
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Ehmen | ![]() |
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Nuremberg/Würzburg area | ![]() |
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Hitzacker Hitzacker Hitzacker is a town in the Lüchow-Dannenberg district of Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated on the river Elbe, approx. 8 km north of Dannenberg, and 45 km east of Lüneburg. The 2007 population of Hitzacker was 4,982, and its postal code is 29456. The mayor is Karl Guhl... |
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Neuenheerse | ![]() |
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Zeitz | ![]() |
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Bremen-Farge Farge Farge is a small port on the Weser River in the City of Bremen. The bombing of Bremen in World War II attacked Farge targets, including the oil storage and the Valentin submarine pens.-Bremen-Farge concentration camp:... |
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Hamm | ![]() Ruhr Area The Ruhr, by German-speaking geographers and historians more accurately called Ruhr district or Ruhr region , is an urban area in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. With 4435 km² and a population of some 5.2 million , it is the largest urban agglomeration in Germany... . |
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Dedenhausen | ![]() |
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Nuremberg/Würzburg area | The 596 BS bombed the Ebrach Ebrach Ebrach is a community with market rights in the Upper Franconian district of Bamberg and the seat of the administrative community of Ebrach.-Etymology:... oil depot. Ebrach was north of Erlbach Erlbach Erlbach is a municipality in the district of Altötting in Bavaria in Germany.... between Würzburg and Nuremberg. |
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Ebenhausen Baar-Ebenhausen Baar-Ebenhausen is a municipality in the district of Pfaffenhofen in Bavaria in Germany.... |
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Hamburg-Harburg refineries | ![]() |
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Bad Berka Bad Berka Bad Berka is a German city, situated in the south of Weimar region in the state of Thuringia. With its almost 8.000 inhabitants Bad Berka is the second biggest city in Weimarer Land district . The river flowing through the city, which is embedded in new red sandstone, is called Ilm.Bad Berka is a... |
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Nuremberg/Würzburg area | ![]() Erlbach Erlbach is a municipality in the district of Altötting in Bavaria in Germany.... was south of Ebrach between Würzburg and Nuremberg. |
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Erfurt Erfurt Erfurt is the capital city of Thuringia and the main city nearest to the geographical centre of Germany, located 100 km SW of Leipzig, 150 km N of Nuremberg and 180 km SE of Hannover. Erfurt Airport can be reached by plane via Munich. It lies in the southern part of the Thuringian... |
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Gotha Gotha (town) Gotha is a town in Thuringia, within the central core of Germany. It is the capital of the district of Gotha.- History :The town has existed at least since the 8th century, when it was mentioned in a document signed by Charlemagne as Villa Gotaha . Its importance derives from having been chosen in... |
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Marienburg-Gdynia | ![]() Stalag XX-B Marienburg Stalag XXB or Stalag 20B Marienburg Danzig was a Nazi POW camp. Located near Marienburg, it was originally a hutted and tented camp with double boundary fence and had watchtowers. British, Poles and Serbs were held here in 1940. An administration block including a hospital was erected... was at Marienburg. |
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Nuremberg/Würzburg area | ![]() |
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Zeitz | ![]() |
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Buchen | ![]() |
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Hitzacker | ![]() |
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Leipzig/Rötha | ![]() VII Corps VII Corps, 7th Corps or Seventh Corps may refer to:* VII Corps * VII Corps * VII Corps * VII Corps , two separate formations of the Union during the American Civil War... on April 14. |
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Durben | ![]() |
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Leipzig/Lützendorf | ![]() |
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Munchenbernsdorf Münchenbernsdorf Münchenbernsdorf is a town in the district of Greiz, in Thuringia, Germany. It is situated approximately 16 km southwest of Gera.-Geography:... |
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![]() Po Valley The Po Valley, Po Plain, Plain of the Po, or Padan Plain is a major geographical feature of Italy. It extends approximately in an east-west direction, with an area of 46,000 km² including its Venetic extension not actually related to the Po River basin; it runs from the Western Alps to the... |
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Nienhagen Nienhagen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Nienhagen is a municipality in the Rostock district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.... oil refinery |
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Bad Berka | ![]() |
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Dedenhausen | ![]() |
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Neuberg | ![]() |
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Freiham Freiham Freiham is a district in the Munich borough of Aubing-Lochhausen-Langwied, in the west of Munich, Germany. The district is the location of a large development scheme devoted consisting primarily of housing estates as well as small commercial-use buildings.... |
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Strategic Bombing Directive No. 4 ended the strategic air war in Europe. On April 16, Spaatz notified Doolittle and Twining: "The advances of our ground forces have brought to a close the strategic air war waged by the United States Strategic Air Forces and the Royal Air Force Bomber Command.". | |
Neuburg Neuburg an der Donau Neuburg an der Donau, literally Neuburg on the Danube River, is a town which is the capital of the Neuburg-Schrobenhausen district in the state of Bavaria in Germany.-Divisions:The municipality has 16 divisions:-History:... |
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Annaburg Annaburg Annaburg is a small town in Wittenberg district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It was the seat of the former Verwaltungsgemeinschaft Annaburg-Prettin.- Constituent communities :Annaburg has two centres, one also called Annaburg, and the other Purzien.... |
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Deggendorf Deggendorf Deggendorf is a town in Bavaria, capital of the district Deggendorf.The earliest traces of settlement in the area are found near the Danube, about 8,000 years ago. Both Bronze Age and Celtic era archeological finds indicate continuous habitation through the years... |
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Schrobenhausen Schrobenhausen Schrobenhausen is a town in the Neuburg-Schrobenhausen district, in Bavaria, Germany. It is situated on the river Paar, approx. 25 km southwest of Ingolstadt, and 35 km northeast of Augsburg.... |
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![]() Tønsberg is a city and municipality in Vestfold county, southern Norway, located around north-east of Sandefjord. The administrative centre of the municipality is the city of Tønsberg.... |
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Germany's oil production was 5% that of the previous year: Jan - Feb - Mar - Apr 1945 tbd - tbd - tbd - By the end of the war, instead of using "200 liters of J-2 fuel taxiing for 5 minutes," Me 262 jet fighters Messerschmitt Me 262 The Messerschmitt Me 262 Schwalbe was the world's first operational jet-powered fighter aircraft. Design work started before World War II began, but engine problems prevented the aircraft from attaining operational status with the Luftwaffe until mid-1944... were towed by oxen to save fuel. "General Carl Spaatz had been insistent—and correct. The enemy would fight for oil, and the enemy would lose his fighters, his crews, and his fuel" (Herman S. Wolk, USAF historian, June 1974) |
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Harry S. Truman Harry S. Truman Harry S. Truman was the 33rd President of the United States . As President Franklin D. Roosevelt's third vice president and the 34th Vice President of the United States , he succeeded to the presidency on April 12, 1945, when President Roosevelt died less than three months after beginning his... signed Joint Chiefs of Staff Directive 1067, which prohibited German production of oil until superseded in July 1947. |
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