List of United States presidential inaugurations

The inauguration of the President of the United States occurs upon the commencement of a new term of a President of the United States

President of the United States

The President of the United States of America is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces....

.

The only inauguration

Inauguration

An inauguration is a formal ceremony to mark the beginning of a leader's term of office. An example is the ceremony in which the President of the United States officially takes the oath of office....

element mandated by the United States Constitution

United States Constitution

The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the United States of America. It is the framework for the organization of the United States government and for the relationship of the federal government with the states, citizens, and all people within the United States.The first three...

is that the President make an oath or affirmation before that person can "enter on the Execution" of the office of the presidency. However, over the years, various traditions have arisen that have expanded the inauguration from a simple oath-taking ceremony to a day-long event, including parades, speeches, and balls.

This day, now known as Inauguration Day, was on March 4 from 1793 until 1933. Since then, Inauguration Day has occurred on January 20 (the 1933 ratification

Ratification

Ratification is a principal's approval of an act of its agent where the agent lacked authority to legally bind the principal. The term applies to private contract law, international treaties, and constitutionals in federations such as the United States and Canada.- Private law :In contract law, the...

of the Twentieth Amendment

Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution

The Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution establishes the beginning and ending of the terms of the elected federal offices. It also deals with scenarios in which there is no President-elect...

changed the start date of the term).

From the presidency of Andrew Jackson

Andrew Jackson

Andrew Jackson was the seventh President of the United States . Based in frontier Tennessee, Jackson was a politician and army general who defeated the Creek Indians at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend , and the British at the Battle of New Orleans...

through Jimmy Carter

Jimmy Carter

James Earl "Jimmy" Carter, Jr. is an American politician who served as the 39th President of the United States and was the recipient of the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize, the only U.S. President to have received the Prize after leaving office...

, the primary Inauguration Day ceremony took place on the Capitol's East Portico

Portico

A portico is a porch leading to the entrance of a building, or extended as a colonnade, with a roof structure over a walkway, supported by columns or enclosed by walls...

. Since the 1981 inauguration of Ronald Reagan

Ronald Reagan

Ronald Wilson Reagan was the 40th President of the United States , the 33rd Governor of California and, prior to that, a radio, film and television actor....

, the ceremony has been held at the Capitol's West Front. The inaugurations of William Howard Taft

William Howard Taft

William Howard Taft was the 27th President of the United States and later the tenth Chief Justice of the United States...

in 1909 and Reagan in 1985 were moved indoors at the Capitol due to cold weather. The War of 1812

War of 1812

The War of 1812 was a military conflict fought between the forces of the United States of America and those of the British Empire. The Americans declared war in 1812 for several reasons, including trade restrictions because of Britain's ongoing war with France, impressment of American merchant...

and World War II

World War II

World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...

caused two inaugurations to be held at other locations in Washington, D.C..

Since Chief Justice Oliver Ellsworth

Oliver Ellsworth

Oliver Ellsworth was an American lawyer and politician, a revolutionary against British rule, a drafter of the United States Constitution, and the third Chief Justice of the United States. While at the Federal Convention, Ellsworth moved to strike the word National from the motion made by Edmund...

swore in President John Adams

John Adams

John Adams was an American lawyer, statesman, diplomat and political theorist. A leading champion of independence in 1776, he was the second President of the United States...

, no Chief Justice has missed an Inauguration Day. When Inauguration Day has fallen on a Sunday, the Chief Justice has administered the oath to the President either on inauguration day itself or on the preceding Saturday privately and the following Monday publicly.

Inaugural ceremonies

The inauguration for the first U.S. president, George Washington

George Washington

George Washington was the dominant military and political leader of the new United States of America from 1775 to 1799. He led the American victory over Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army from 1775 to 1783, and presided over the writing of...

, was held on April 30, 1789, at Federal Hall

Federal Hall

Federal Hall, built in 1700 as New York's City Hall, later served as the first capitol building of the United States of America under the Constitution, and was the site of George Washington's inauguration as the first President of the United States. It was also where the United States Bill of...

in New York City where he was sworn in by Robert Livingston, the Chancellor of the State of New York

New York Court of Chancery

The New York Court of Chancery was established during the colonial administration on August 28, 1701, the colonial governor acting as Chancellor. The New York State Constitution of 1777 continued the court but required a lawyer to be appointed Chancellor. It was the court with jurisdiction on cases...

. In 1801, Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson was the principal author of the United States Declaration of Independence and the Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom , the third President of the United States and founder of the University of Virginia...

became the first to be sworn in as president in Washington, D.C.

Washington, D.C.

Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, "the District", or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States. On July 16, 1790, the United States Congress approved the creation of a permanent national capital as permitted by the U.S. Constitution....

, which only officially became the federal capital on June 11, 1800. Inauguration day was originally on March 4, four months after election day, but this was changed to noon on January 20 by the Twentieth Amendment

Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution

in 1933.

The inaugural celebrations usually last ten days, from five days before the inauguration to five days after. However, in 1973, the celebrations marking Richard Nixon's second inauguration

Second inauguration of Richard Nixon

The second inauguration of Richard Nixon as the 37th President of the United States was held on January 20, 1973. The inauguration marked the commencement of the second term of Richard Nixon as President and the second term of Spiro Agnew as Vice President. Chief Justice Warren E...

were marred by the passing of former president Lyndon B. Johnson

Lyndon B. Johnson

Lyndon Baines Johnson , often referred to as LBJ, was the 36th President of the United States after his service as the 37th Vice President of the United States...

two days after the inauguration. The celebrations came to an end as Washington began preparations for the state funeral

State funerals in the United States

State funerals in the United States are public funerals held in the nation's capital, Washington, D.C. that are offered to a sitting or ex-President of the United States, a President-elect, as well as other people designated by the President...

for Johnson. Because of the construction work on the center steps of the East Front, Johnson's casket was taken up the Senate wing steps of the Capitol when taken into the rotunda to lie in state. When it was brought out, it came out through the House wing steps of the Capitol.

Inauguration Day is a Federal holiday

Federal holiday

In the United States, a federal holiday is a public holiday recognized by the United States federal government. Non-essential federal government offices are closed...

observed only by federal employees who work in the District of Columbia; Montgomery

Montgomery County, Maryland

Montgomery County is a county in the U.S. state of Maryland, situated just to the north of Washington, D.C., and southwest of the city of Baltimore. It is one of the most affluent counties in the United States, and has the highest percentage of residents over 25 years of age who hold post-graduate...

and Prince George's

Prince George's County, Maryland

Prince George's County is a county located in the U.S. state of Maryland, immediately north, east, and south of Washington, DC. As of 2010, it has a population of 863,420 and is the wealthiest African-American majority county in the nation....

Counties in Maryland; Arlington

Arlington County, Virginia

Arlington County is a county in the Commonwealth of Virginia. The land that became Arlington was originally donated by Virginia to the United States government to form part of the new federal capital district. On February 27, 1801, the United States Congress organized the area as a subdivision of...

and Fairfax

Fairfax County, Virginia

Fairfax County is a county in Virginia, in the United States. Per the 2010 Census, the population of the county is 1,081,726, making it the most populous jurisdiction in the Commonwealth of Virginia, with 13.5% of Virginia's population...

Counties in Virginia, and the cities of Alexandria

Alexandria, Virginia

Alexandria is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of 2009, the city had a total population of 139,966. Located along the Western bank of the Potomac River, Alexandria is approximately six miles south of downtown Washington, D.C.Like the rest of northern Virginia, as well as...

and Fairfax

Fairfax, Virginia

The City of Fairfax is an independent city forming an enclave within the confines of Fairfax County, in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. Although politically independent of the surrounding county, the City is nevertheless the county seat....

in Virginia, and who are regularly scheduled to perform non-overtime work on Inauguration Day. There is no in-lieu-of holiday for employees and students who are not regularly scheduled to work or attend school on Inauguration Day. The primary reason for the holiday is to relieve traffic congestion that occurs during this major event.

Organizers

Since 1901, all inaugural ceremonies at the United States Capitol

United States Capitol

The United States Capitol is the meeting place of the United States Congress, the legislature of the federal government of the United States. Located in Washington, D.C., it sits atop Capitol Hill at the eastern end of the National Mall...

have been organized by the Congressional Joint Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies

United States Congress Joint Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies

A Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies is a special committee formed every four years to manage presidential inaugurations.- Membership :...

.

The U.S. military

Military of the United States

The United States Armed Forces are the military forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Coast Guard.The United States has a strong tradition of civilian control of the military...

have participated in Inauguration Day ceremonies since George Washington

George Washington

, because the president is commander-in-chief

Commander-in-Chief

A commander-in-chief is the commander of a nation's military forces or significant element of those forces. In the latter case, the force element may be defined as those forces within a particular region or those forces which are associated by function. As a practical term it refers to the military...

of the armed forces. Since the first inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower was the 34th President of the United States, from 1953 until 1961. He was a five-star general in the United States Army...

in 1953, that participation has been coordinated by the Armed Forces Inaugural Committee (now called the Joint Task Force-Armed Forces Inaugural Committee

Joint Task Force-Armed Forces Inaugural Committee

The Armed Forces Inaugural Committee coordinates the United States Armed Forces participation in the ten-day period of U.S. Presidential Inauguration Day ceremonies. That traditionally includes musical military units, marching bands, color guards, ushers, firing details, and salute batteries...

).

The Presidential Inaugural Committee is the legal entity which raises and distributes funds for events other than the ceremony such as the balls and parade.

Locations

All but one of the inaugural ceremonies were held at the building housing the United States Congress

United States Congress

The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Congress meets in the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C....

. Washington

George Washington

gave his first address at Federal Hall

Federal Hall

in New York City

New York City

New York is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New York Metropolitan Area, one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world. New York exerts a significant impact upon global commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and...

and his second address in Congress Hall in Philadelphia. Adams

John Adams

John Adams was an American lawyer, statesman, diplomat and political theorist. A leading champion of independence in 1776, he was the second President of the United States...

also gave his in Congress Hall in Philadelphia. Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson

gave both of his addresses at the United States Capitol

United States Capitol

in Washington, D.C.

Washington, D.C.

and all addresses since then have been given there, except for Franklin D. Roosevelt

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Franklin Delano Roosevelt , also known by his initials, FDR, was the 32nd President of the United States and a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century, leading the United States during a time of worldwide economic crisis and world war...

's fourth address, which he gave at the White House

White House

The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the president of the United States. Located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C., the house was designed by Irish-born James Hoban, and built between 1792 and 1800 of white-painted Aquia sandstone in the Neoclassical...

. Depending on the weather, the ceremonial swearing-in is held outside or inside of the Capitol building.

Dates

Inaugural ceremonies have been held on five different calendar date

Calendar date

A date in a calendar is a reference to a particular day represented within a calendar system. The calendar date allows the specific day to be identified. The number of days between two dates may be calculated. For example, "24 " is ten days after "14 " in the Gregorian calendar. The date of a...

s in the year: April 30, March 4, March 5, January 20, January 21. Washington gave his first address on April 30, 1789 and his second one on March 4, 1793, which was the commencement date for presidential terms. This March 4 date was changed to January 20 by the Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Sunday exceptions

From the years 1793 to 1933, the addresses were given on March 4 with only four exceptions. Because March 4 fell on a Sunday in each of their respective inaugural years, Monroe

James Monroe

James Monroe was the fifth President of the United States . Monroe was the last president who was a Founding Father of the United States, and the last president from the Virginia dynasty and the Republican Generation...

, Taylor

Zachary Taylor

Zachary Taylor was the 12th President of the United States and an American military leader. Initially uninterested in politics, Taylor nonetheless ran as a Whig in the 1848 presidential election, defeating Lewis Cass...

, Hayes

Rutherford B. Hayes

Rutherford Birchard Hayes was the 19th President of the United States . As president, he oversaw the end of Reconstruction and the United States' entry into the Second Industrial Revolution...

and Wilson

Woodrow Wilson

Thomas Woodrow Wilson was the 28th President of the United States, from 1913 to 1921. A leader of the Progressive Movement, he served as President of Princeton University from 1902 to 1910, and then as the Governor of New Jersey from 1911 to 1913...

each gave an address on Monday, March 5. Since 1937, addresses have been given on January 20 with only two exceptions (other than following a premature end to the Presidential term). Presidents Eisenhower

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower was the 34th President of the United States, from 1953 until 1961. He was a five-star general in the United States Army...

and Reagan

Ronald Reagan

Ronald Wilson Reagan was the 40th President of the United States , the 33rd Governor of California and, prior to that, a radio, film and television actor....

each gave an address on Monday, January 21. The next inauguration day that will fall on a Sunday is January 20, 2013.

Attendees

In addition to the public, the attendees at the ceremony generally include Members of Congress, Supreme Court justices, high-ranking military officers, former presidents, living Medal of Honor recipients, and other dignitaries.

The outgoing president attends the inauguration, barring those cases where succession was due to his death. There have been four exceptions:

John Adams did not attend Jefferson's inauguration.
John Quincy Adams did not attend Jackson's inauguration.
Andrew Johnson did not attend Grant's inauguration.
Woodrow Wilson did not attend Harding's inauguration (but did ride to the Capitol with him).

Gerald Ford had no inauguration, but rather a swearing-in ceremony. Richard Nixon left Washington, D.C. before his resignation took effect and did not attend the ceremony.

Oaths of office

Since 1937, the vice president-elect takes the oath of office at the same ceremony as the president-elect; before then, the vice presidential oath was administered in the Senate. The Vice-President-elect takes the oath first. Unlike the president, the United States Constitution

United States Constitution

does not specify an oath of office

Oath of office

An oath of office is an oath or affirmation a person takes before undertaking the duties of an office, usually a position in government or within a religious body, although such oaths are sometimes required of officers of other organizations...

for the Vice President. Several variants of the oath have been used since 1789; the current form, which is also recited by Senators

United States Senate

The United States Senate is the upper house of the bicameral legislature of the United States, and together with the United States House of Representatives comprises the United States Congress. The composition and powers of the Senate are established in Article One of the U.S. Constitution. Each...

, Representatives

United States House of Representatives

The United States House of Representatives is one of the two Houses of the United States Congress, the bicameral legislature which also includes the Senate.The composition and powers of the House are established in Article One of the Constitution...

and other government officers, has been used since 1884:
Immediately after the vice-presidential oath, the United States Marine Band

United States Marine Band

The United States Marine Band is the premier band of the United States Marine Corps. Established by act of Congress on July 11, 1798, it is the oldest of the United States military bands and the oldest professional musical organization in the United States...

will perform four ruffles and flourishes
Ruffles and flourishes
Ruffles and flourishes are preceding fanfare for honors music .Ruffles are played on drums, and flourishes are played on bugles...

, followed by Hail, Columbia
Hail, Columbia
"Hail, Columbia" is an American patriotic song. It was considered, with several other songs, one of the unofficial national anthems of the United States until 1931, when "The Star-Spangled Banner" was officially named the national anthem...

.

At noon, the new presidential term begins. At about that time, the president-elect takes the oath of office, traditionally administered by the Chief Justice of the United States

Chief Justice of the United States

The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the United States federal court system and the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States. The Chief Justice is one of nine Supreme Court justices; the other eight are the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States...

, using the form mandated in Article II, Section 1 of the United States Constitution

United States Constitution

:
According to Washington Irving's biography of George Washington, in the first inauguration President Washington added the words "so help me God" after accepting the oath. This is confirmed by Donald R. Kennon, Chief Historian, United States Capitol Historical Society. However, the only contemporaneous source that fully reproduced Washington's oath completely lacks the religious codicil. The first newspaper report that actually described the exact words used in an oath of office, Chester Arthur's in 1881, repeated the "query-response" method where the words, "so help me God" were a personal prayer, not a part of the constitutional oath. The time of adoption of the current procedure, where both the Chief Justice and the President speak the oath, is unknown.

There is no requirement that any book, or in particular a book of sacred text, be used to administer the oath, and none is mentioned in the Constitution. With the use of the Bible being customary for oaths, at least in the 18th and 19th centuries, a Bible was generally used. Several Presidents were sworn in on the George Washington Inaugural Bible. On some occasions, the particular passage to which it was opened has been recorded, as below. Only one president, Franklin Pierce

Franklin Pierce

Franklin Pierce was the 14th President of the United States and is the only President from New Hampshire. Pierce was a Democrat and a "doughface" who served in the U.S. House of Representatives and the Senate. Pierce took part in the Mexican-American War and became a brigadier general in the Army...

, is definitely known to have affirmed

Affirmation in law

In law, an affirmation is a solemn declaration allowed to those who conscientiously object to taking an oath. An affirmation has exactly the same legal effect as an oath, but is usually taken to avoid the religious implications of an oath...

rather than sworn; there are conflicting reports concerning Herbert Hoover

Herbert Hoover

Herbert Clark Hoover was the 31st President of the United States . Hoover was originally a professional mining engineer and author. As the United States Secretary of Commerce in the 1920s under Presidents Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge, he promoted partnerships between government and business...

, but the use of a Bible is recorded and suggests that he swore in the usual fashion. Barack Obama

Barack Obama

Barack Hussein Obama II is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. Obama previously served as a United States Senator from Illinois, from January 2005 until he resigned following his victory in the 2008 presidential election.Born in...

used the Lincoln Bible

Lincoln Bible

The Lincoln Bible is the Bible used by US President Abraham Lincoln at his first presidential inauguration. This Bible, part of the collection of the Library of Congress, was also used by Barack Obama at his presidential inauguration in 2009....

for his swearing in.
The presidential oath has been administered by 15 Chief Justices, one Associate Justice

Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States

Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States are the members of the Supreme Court of the United States other than the Chief Justice of the United States...

, and two New York

New York

New York is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east...

state judges.

Immediately after the presidential oath, the United States Marine Band

United States Marine Band

will perform four ruffles and flourishes
Ruffles and flourishes
Ruffles and flourishes are preceding fanfare for honors music .Ruffles are played on drums, and flourishes are played on bugles...

, followed by Hail to the Chief
Hail to the Chief
"Hail to the Chief" is a march primarily associated with the President of the United States. Its playing accompanies the appearance of the President at many public appearances. For major official occasions, the United States Marine Band and other military ensembles generally are the performers, so...

, while simultaneously, a 21-gun salute

21-gun salute

Gun salutes are the firing of cannons or firearms as a military or naval honor.The custom stems from naval tradition, where a warship would fire its cannons harmlessly out to sea, until all ammunition was spent, to show that it was disarmed, signifying the lack of hostile intent...

is fired using artillery pieces

Artillery

Originally applied to any group of infantry primarily armed with projectile weapons, artillery has over time become limited in meaning to refer only to those engines of war that operate by projection of munitions far beyond the range of effect of personal weapons...

from the Presidential Guns Salute Battery, 3d United States Infantry Regiment "The Old Guard" located in Taft Park, north of the Capitol. The actual gun salute begins with the first ruffle and flourish, and 'run long' (i.e. the salute concludes after Hail to the Chief has ended).

Inaugural address

Newly sworn-in presidents usually give a speech

Speech

Speech is the human faculty of speaking.It may also refer to:* Public speaking, the process of speaking to a group of people* Manner of articulation, how the body parts involved in making speech are manipulated...

referred to as an inaugural address. Until William McKinley

William McKinley

William McKinley, Jr. was the 25th President of the United States . He is best known for winning fiercely fought elections, while supporting the gold standard and high tariffs; he succeeded in forging a Republican coalition that for the most part dominated national politics until the 1930s...

's first inaugural address in 1897, the president elect traditionally gave the address before taking the oath; McKinley requested the change so that he could reiterate the words of the oath at the close of his address. Four presidents gave no address: Tyler

John Tyler

John Tyler was the tenth President of the United States . A native of Virginia, Tyler served as a state legislator, governor, U.S. representative, and U.S. senator before being elected Vice President . He was the first to succeed to the office of President following the death of a predecessor...

, Fillmore

Millard Fillmore

Millard Fillmore was the 13th President of the United States and the last member of the Whig Party to hold the office of president...

, Andrew Johnson

Andrew Johnson

Andrew Johnson was the 17th President of the United States . As Vice-President of the United States in 1865, he succeeded Abraham Lincoln following the latter's assassination. Johnson then presided over the initial and contentious Reconstruction era of the United States following the American...

, and Arthur

Chester A. Arthur

Chester Alan Arthur was the 21st President of the United States . Becoming President after the assassination of President James A. Garfield, Arthur struggled to overcome suspicions of his beginnings as a politician from the New York City Republican machine, succeeding at that task by embracing...

. In each of these cases, the incoming President was succeeding

United States presidential line of succession

The United States presidential line of succession defines who may become or act as President of the United States upon the incapacity, death, resignation, or removal from office of a sitting president or a president-elect.- Current order :This is a list of the current presidential line of...

a President who had died in office, and was not elected as president in the next election. Gerald Ford

Gerald Ford

Gerald Rudolph "Jerry" Ford, Jr. was the 38th President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977, and the 40th Vice President of the United States serving from 1973 to 1974...

addressed the nation via broadcast after taking the oath, but he characterized his speech as "Not an inaugural address, not a fireside chat, not a campaign speech—just a little straight talk among friends." Fifty-four addresses have been given by thirty-seven presidents. George Washington

George Washington

's second address was the shortest (135 words), and William Henry Harrison

William Henry Harrison

William Henry Harrison was the ninth President of the United States , an American military officer and politician, and the first president to die in office. He was 68 years, 23 days old when elected, the oldest president elected until Ronald Reagan in 1980, and last President to be born before the...

delivered the longest (8,495 words).

Religious elements

Since 1937, the ceremony has incorporated two or more prayers. Musical works and poetry readings have been included on occasion.

Congressional luncheon

Since 1953, the president and vice president have been guests of honor at a luncheon held by the United States Congress

United States Congress

immediately following the inaugural ceremony. Other than at State of the Union address

State of the Union Address

The State of the Union is an annual address presented by the President of the United States to the United States Congress. The address not only reports on the condition of the nation but also allows the president to outline his legislative agenda and his national priorities.The practice arises...

es, the Red Mass

Red Mass

A Red Mass is a Mass celebrated annually in the Catholic Church for judges, attorneys, law school professors, students, and government officials...

, and state funeral

State funeral

A state funeral is a public funeral ceremony, observing the strict rules of protocol, held to honor heads of state or other important people of national significance. State funerals usually include much pomp and ceremony as well as religious overtones and distinctive elements of military tradition...

s, it is the only time the president, vice president, and both houses of Congress

United States Congress

congregate in the same location.

Parade

Since Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson

's second inaugural on March 4, 1805, it has become tradition for the president to parade down Pennsylvania Avenue

Pennsylvania Avenue

Pennsylvania Avenue is a street in Washington, D.C. that joins the White House and the United States Capitol. Called "America's Main Street", it is the location of official parades and processions, as well as protest marches...

from the Capitol to the White House

White House

. The only president not to parade down Pennsylvania Avenue was Ronald Reagan

Ronald Reagan

Ronald Wilson Reagan was the 40th President of the United States , the 33rd Governor of California and, prior to that, a radio, film and television actor....

in his second inauguration in 1985, due to freezing cold temperatures made dangerous by high winds. Reagan paraded down Pennsylvania Avenue during his first inauguration, in 1981, amidst the celebrations that broke out across the country because of news just minutes into his term that the 52 American hostages held in Iran

Iran hostage crisis

The Iran hostage crisis was a diplomatic crisis between Iran and the United States where 52 Americans were held hostage for 444 days from November 4, 1979 to January 20, 1981, after a group of Islamist students and militants took over the American Embassy in Tehran in support of the Iranian...

for the previous 444 days had been released. In 1977, Jimmy Carter

Jimmy Carter

walked from the Capitol to the White House, although for security reasons, subsequent presidents have only walked a part of the way.

Prayer service

A tradition of a national prayer service, usually the day after the inauguration, dates back to George Washington

George Washington

and since Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the prayer service has been held at the Washington National Cathedral

Washington National Cathedral

The Washington National Cathedral, officially named the Cathedral Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul, is a cathedral of the Episcopal Church located in Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States. Of neogothic design, it is the sixth-largest cathedral in the world, the second-largest in...

Security

The security for the inaugural celebrations is a complex matter, involving not only the Secret Service

United States Secret Service

The United States Secret Service is a United States federal law enforcement agency that is part of the United States Department of Homeland Security. The sworn members are divided among the Special Agents and the Uniformed Division. Until March 1, 2003, the Service was part of the United States...

, but other Federal law enforcement agencies, Immigration and Customs Enforcement-Office of Federal Protective Service (ICE-FPS), all five branches of the Armed Forces, the Capitol Police

United States Capitol Police

The United States Capitol Police is a federal police force charged with protecting the United States Congress within the District of Columbia and throughout the United States and its territories.-History:...

, and the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia

Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia

The Metropolitan Police Department, also known as the DC Police, DCPD, MPD, and MPDC is the municipal police force in Washington, D.C...

(MPDC). Federal law enforcement agencies also sometimes request assistance from various other state and local law enforcement agencies throughout the United States. One issue is the ability of protesters to engage in free speech while providing protection for the government officials at risk for assassination or bodily harm.

Presidential Medals

Beginning with George Washington, there has been a traditional association with Inauguration festivities and the production of a presidential medal. With the District of Columbia attracting thousands of attendees for inauguration, presidential medals were an inexpensive souvenir for the tourists to remember the occasion. However, the once-simple trinket turned into an official presidential election memento. In 1901, the first Inauguration Committee on Medals and Badges was established as part of the official Inauguration Committee for the re-election of President McKinley. The Committee saw official medals as a way to raise funding for the festivities. Gold medals were to be produced as gifts for the President, Vice President, and Committee Chair; Silver medals were to be created and distributed among Inauguration Committee members; and bronze medals would be for sale for public consumption. McKinley's medal was simple with his portrait on one side and writing on the other side.

Unlike his predecessor, when Theodore Roosevelt took his oath of office in 1905, he found the previous presidential medal unacceptable. As an art lover and admirer of the ancient Greek high-relief coins, Roosevelt wanted more than a simple medal—he wanted a work of art. To achieve this goal, the President hired Augustus Saint-Gaudens

Augustus Saint-Gaudens

Augustus Saint-Gaudens was the Irish-born American sculptor of the Beaux-Arts generation who most embodied the ideals of the "American Renaissance"...

, a famous American sculptor, to design and create his inauguration medal. Saint-Gaudens's obsession of perfection resulted in a forestalled release and the medals were distributed after the actual inauguration. However, President Roosevelt was very pleased with the result.

Saint-Gaudens' practice of creating a portrait sculpture of the newly elected president is still used today in presidential medal creation. After sitting for the sculptor, the clay sketch is turned into a life mask and plaster model. Finishing touches are added and an epoxy cast is created, which is used to produce the die cuts. The die cuts are then used to strike the President's portrait on each medal. The most recent Presidential Inauguration Medal released was for President Obama in 2009.

The Smithsonian Institute and The George Washington University hold the two most complete collections of presidential medals in the United States.

List of inaugural ceremonies

This is a list of the 56 planned inaugural ceremonies. For a list of the 72 instances when the oath of office has been taken, see Oath of office of the President of the United States.

Date	President	Location	Administered by	Document Sworn On	Inaugural Addresses
April 30, 1789	George Washington George Washington George Washington was the dominant military and political leader of the new United States of America from 1775 to 1799. He led the American victory over Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army from 1775 to 1783, and presided over the writing of...	Balcony of Federal Hall Federal Hall Federal Hall, built in 1700 as New York's City Hall, later served as the first capitol building of the United States of America under the Constitution, and was the site of George Washington's inauguration as the first President of the United States. It was also where the United States Bill of... New York New York City New York is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New York Metropolitan Area, one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world. New York exerts a significant impact upon global commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and... , New York New York New York is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east...	Robert Livingston Robert Livingston (1746-1813) Robert R Livingston was an American lawyer, politician, diplomat from New York, and a Founding Father of the United States. He was known as "The Chancellor," after the office he held for 25 years.... Chancellor of New York	Washington Bible opened at random to due to haste.	George Washington's First Inaugural Address
March 4, 1793	George Washington	Senate United States Senate The United States Senate is the upper house of the bicameral legislature of the United States, and together with the United States House of Representatives comprises the United States Congress. The composition and powers of the Senate are established in Article One of the U.S. Constitution. Each... Chamber Congress Hall Philadelphia Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Philadelphia is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the county seat of Philadelphia County, with which it is coterminous. The city is located in the Northeastern United States along the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers. It is the fifth-most-populous city in the United States,... , Pennsylvania Pennsylvania The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania is a U.S. state that is located in the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The state borders Delaware and Maryland to the south, West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, New York and Ontario, Canada, to the north, and New Jersey to...	William Cushing William Cushing William Cushing was an early Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court, from its inception to his death. He was the longest-serving of the Court's original members, sitting on the bench for 21 years... Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States are the members of the Supreme Court of the United States other than the Chief Justice of the United States...	Unknown	George Washington's Second Inaugural Address
March 4, 1797	John Adams John Adams John Adams was an American lawyer, statesman, diplomat and political theorist. A leading champion of independence in 1776, he was the second President of the United States...	House United States House of Representatives The United States House of Representatives is one of the two Houses of the United States Congress, the bicameral legislature which also includes the Senate.The composition and powers of the House are established in Article One of the Constitution... Chamber Congress Hall Philadelphia, Pennsylvania	Oliver Ellsworth Oliver Ellsworth Oliver Ellsworth was an American lawyer and politician, a revolutionary against British rule, a drafter of the United States Constitution, and the third Chief Justice of the United States. While at the Federal Convention, Ellsworth moved to strike the word National from the motion made by Edmund...	Unknown	John Adams' Inaugural Address
March 4, 1801	Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson was the principal author of the United States Declaration of Independence and the Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom , the third President of the United States and founder of the University of Virginia...	Senate Chamber, U.S. Capitol	John Marshall John Marshall John Marshall was the Chief Justice of the United States whose court opinions helped lay the basis for American constitutional law and made the Supreme Court of the United States a coequal branch of government along with the legislative and executive branches...	Unknown	Thomas Jefferson's First Inaugural Address
March 4, 1805	Thomas Jefferson	Senate Chamber, U.S. Capitol	John Marshall	Unknown	Thomas Jefferson's Second Inaugural Address
March 4, 1809	James Madison James Madison James Madison, Jr. was an American statesman and political theorist. He was the fourth President of the United States and is hailed as the “Father of the Constitution” for being the primary author of the United States Constitution and at first an opponent of, and then a key author of the United...	House United States House of Representatives The United States House of Representatives is one of the two Houses of the United States Congress, the bicameral legislature which also includes the Senate.The composition and powers of the House are established in Article One of the Constitution... Chamber, U.S. Capitol	John Marshall	Unknown	James Madison's First Inaugural Address
March 4, 1813	James Madison	House Chamber, U.S. Capitol	John Marshall	Unknown	James Madison's Second Inaugural Address
March 4, 1817	James Monroe James Monroe James Monroe was the fifth President of the United States . Monroe was the last president who was a Founding Father of the United States, and the last president from the Virginia dynasty and the Republican Generation...	In front of Old Brick Capitol (1st & A Sts., N.E.) now site of the Supreme Court Building United States Supreme Court building The Supreme Court Building is the seat of the Supreme Court of the United States. It is situated in Washington, D.C. at 1 First Street, NE, on the block immediately east of the United States Capitol. The building is under the jurisdiction of the Architect of the Capitol. On May 4, 1987, the Supreme...	John Marshall	Unknown	James Monroe's First Inaugural Address
March 5, 1821	James Monroe	House Chamber, U.S. Capitol	John Marshall	Unknown	James Monroe's Second Inaugural Address
March 4, 1825	John Q. Adams	House Chamber, U.S. Capitol	John Marshall	A book of US law	John Quincy Adams's Inaugural Address
March 4, 1829	Andrew Jackson Andrew Jackson Andrew Jackson was the seventh President of the United States . Based in frontier Tennessee, Jackson was a politician and army general who defeated the Creek Indians at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend , and the British at the Battle of New Orleans...	East Portico, U.S. Capitol	John Marshall	Unknown	Andrew Jackson's First Inaugural Address
March 4, 1833	Andrew Jackson	House Chamber, U.S. Capitol	John Marshall	Unknown	Andrew Jackson's Second Inaugural Address
March 4, 1837	Martin Van Buren Martin Van Buren Martin Van Buren was the eighth President of the United States . Before his presidency, he was the eighth Vice President and the tenth Secretary of State, under Andrew Jackson ....	East Portico, U.S. Capitol	Roger B. Taney Roger B. Taney Roger Brooke Taney was the fifth Chief Justice of the United States, holding that office from 1836 until his death in 1864. He was the first Roman Catholic to hold that office or sit on the Supreme Court of the United States. He was also the eleventh United States Attorney General. He is most...	Bible open to	Martin Van Buren's Inaugural Address
March 4, 1841	William H. Harrison	East Portico, U.S. Capitol	Roger B. Taney	Unknown	William Henry Harrison's Inaugural Address
March 4, 1845	James K. Polk James K. Polk James Knox Polk was the 11th President of the United States . Polk was born in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. He later lived in and represented Tennessee. A Democrat, Polk served as the 17th Speaker of the House of Representatives and the 12th Governor of Tennessee...	East Portico, U.S. Capitol	Roger B. Taney	Unknown	James K. Polk's Inaugural Address
March 5, 1849	Zachary Taylor Zachary Taylor Zachary Taylor was the 12th President of the United States and an American military leader. Initially uninterested in politics, Taylor nonetheless ran as a Whig in the 1848 presidential election, defeating Lewis Cass...	East Portico, U.S. Capitol	Roger B. Taney	Unknown	Zachary Taylor's Inaugural Address
March 4, 1853	Franklin Pierce Franklin Pierce Franklin Pierce was the 14th President of the United States and is the only President from New Hampshire. Pierce was a Democrat and a "doughface" who served in the U.S. House of Representatives and the Senate. Pierce took part in the Mexican-American War and became a brigadier general in the Army...	East Portico, U.S. Capitol	Roger B. Taney	Law book	Franklin Pierce's Inaugural Address
March 4, 1857	James Buchanan James Buchanan James Buchanan, Jr. was the 15th President of the United States . He is the only president from Pennsylvania, the only president who remained a lifelong bachelor and the last to be born in the 18th century....	East Portico, U.S. Capitol	Roger B. Taney	Unknown	James Buchanan's Inaugural Address
March 4, 1861	Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln was the 16th President of the United States, serving from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. He successfully led his country through a great constitutional, military and moral crisis – the American Civil War – preserving the Union, while ending slavery, and...	East Portico, U.S. Capitol	Roger B. Taney	Lincoln Bible Lincoln Bible The Lincoln Bible is the Bible used by US President Abraham Lincoln at his first presidential inauguration. This Bible, part of the collection of the Library of Congress, was also used by Barack Obama at his presidential inauguration in 2009.... opened at random	Abraham Lincoln's First Inaugural Address
March 4, 1865	Abraham Lincoln	East Portico, U.S. Capitol	Salmon P. Chase Salmon P. Chase Salmon Portland Chase was an American politician and jurist who served as U.S. Senator from Ohio and the 23rd Governor of Ohio; as U.S. Treasury Secretary under President Abraham Lincoln; and as the sixth Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court.Chase was one of the most prominent members...	Bible open to , ,	Abraham Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address
March 4, 1869	Ulysses S. Grant Ulysses S. Grant Ulysses S. Grant was the 18th President of the United States as well as military commander during the Civil War and post-war Reconstruction periods. Under Grant's command, the Union Army defeated the Confederate military and ended the Confederate States of America...	East Portico, U.S. Capitol	Salmon P. Chase	Unknown	Ulysses S. Grant's First Inaugural Address
March 4, 1873	Ulysses S. Grant	East Portico, U.S. Capitol	Salmon P. Chase	Bible open to	Ulysses S. Grant's Second Inaugural Address
March 5, 1877	Rutherford B. Hayes Rutherford B. Hayes Rutherford Birchard Hayes was the 19th President of the United States . As president, he oversaw the end of Reconstruction and the United States' entry into the Second Industrial Revolution...	East Portico, U.S. Capitol (publicly)	Morrison R. Waite	Bible open to	Rutherford B. Hayes's Inaugural Address
March 4, 1881	James A. Garfield	East Portico, U.S. Capitol	Morrison R. Waite	Bible open to	James A. Garfield's Inaugural Address
March 4, 1885	Grover Cleveland Grover Cleveland Stephen Grover Cleveland was the 22nd and 24th president of the United States. Cleveland is the only president to serve two non-consecutive terms and therefore is the only individual to be counted twice in the numbering of the presidents...	East Portico, U.S. Capitol	Morrison R. Waite	Bible opened at random by Chief Justice to	Grover Cleveland's First Inaugural Address
March 4, 1889	Benjamin Harrison Benjamin Harrison Benjamin Harrison was the 23rd President of the United States . Harrison, a grandson of President William Henry Harrison, was born in North Bend, Ohio, and moved to Indianapolis, Indiana at age 21, eventually becoming a prominent politician there...	East Portico, U.S. Capitol	Melville W. Fuller Melville Fuller Melville Weston Fuller was the eighth Chief Justice of the United States between 1888 and 1910.-Early life and education:...	Bible open to	Benjamin Harrison's Inaugural Address
March 4, 1893	Grover Cleveland	East Portico, U.S. Capitol	Melville W. Fuller	Bible open to	Grover Cleveland's Second Inaugural Address
March 4, 1897	William McKinley William McKinley William McKinley, Jr. was the 25th President of the United States . He is best known for winning fiercely fought elections, while supporting the gold standard and high tariffs; he succeeded in forging a Republican coalition that for the most part dominated national politics until the 1930s...	In front of Original Senate Wing U.S. Capitol	Melville W. Fuller	Bible open to	William McKinley's First Inaugural Address
March 4, 1901	William McKinley	East Portico, U.S. Capitol	Melville W. Fuller	Bible open to	William McKinley's Second Inaugural Address
March 4, 1905	Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt was the 26th President of the United States . He is noted for his exuberant personality, range of interests and achievements, and his leadership of the Progressive Movement, as well as his "cowboy" persona and robust masculinity...	East Portico, U.S. Capitol	Melville W. Fuller	Bible open to	Theodore Roosevelt's Inaugural Address
March 4, 1909	William H. Taft William Howard Taft William Howard Taft was the 27th President of the United States and later the tenth Chief Justice of the United States...	Senate Chamber, U.S. Capitol	Melville W. Fuller	Bible open to	William Howard Taft's Inaugural Address
March 4, 1913	Woodrow Wilson Woodrow Wilson Thomas Woodrow Wilson was the 28th President of the United States, from 1913 to 1921. A leader of the Progressive Movement, he served as President of Princeton University from 1902 to 1910, and then as the Governor of New Jersey from 1911 to 1913...	East Portico, U.S. Capitol	Edward D. White Edward Douglass White Edward Douglass White, Jr. , American politician and jurist, was a United States senator, Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court and the ninth Chief Justice of the United States. He was best known for formulating the Rule of Reason standard of antitrust law. He also sided with the...	Bible open to Psalm 119	Woodrow Wilsons First Inaugural Address
March 5, 1917	Woodrow Wilson	East Portico, U.S. Capitol (publicly)	Edward D. White	Bible open to Psalm 46	Woodrow Wilson's Second Inaugural Address
March 4, 1921	Warren G. Harding Warren G. Harding Warren Gamaliel Harding was the 29th President of the United States . A Republican from Ohio, Harding was an influential self-made newspaper publisher. He served in the Ohio Senate , as the 28th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio and as a U.S. Senator...	East Portico, U.S. Capitol	Edward D. White	Washington Bible open to Micah 6:8	Warren Harding's Inaugural Address
March 4, 1925	Calvin Coolidge Calvin Coolidge John Calvin Coolidge, Jr. was the 30th President of the United States . A Republican lawyer from Vermont, Coolidge worked his way up the ladder of Massachusetts state politics, eventually becoming governor of that state...	East Portico, U.S. Capitol	William H. Taft William Howard Taft William Howard Taft was the 27th President of the United States and later the tenth Chief Justice of the United States...	Bible open to John 1	Calvin Coolidge's Inaugural Address
March 4, 1929	Herbert C. Hoover Herbert Hoover Herbert Clark Hoover was the 31st President of the United States . Hoover was originally a professional mining engineer and author. As the United States Secretary of Commerce in the 1920s under Presidents Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge, he promoted partnerships between government and business...	East Portico, U.S. Capitol	William H. Taft	Bible open to	Herbert Hoover's Inaugural Address
March 4, 1933	Franklin D. Roosevelt Franklin D. Roosevelt Franklin Delano Roosevelt , also known by his initials, FDR, was the 32nd President of the United States and a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century, leading the United States during a time of worldwide economic crisis and world war...	East Portico, U.S. Capitol	Charles E. Hughes Charles Evans Hughes Charles Evans Hughes, Sr. was an American statesman, lawyer and Republican politician from New York. He served as the 36th Governor of New York , Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States , United States Secretary of State , a judge on the Court of International Justice , and...	Bible open to	Franklin Roosevelt's First Inaugural Address
January 20, 1937	Franklin D. Roosevelt	East Portico, U.S. Capitol	Charles E. Hughes	Bible open to I Corinthians 13	Franklin Roosevelt's Second Inaugural Address
January 20, 1941	Franklin D. Roosevelt	East Portico, U.S. Capitol	Charles E. Hughes	Bible open to I Corinthians 13	Franklin Roosevelt's Third Inaugural Address
January 20, 1945	Franklin D. Roosevelt	South Portico, White House	Harlan F. Stone Harlan Fiske Stone Harlan Fiske Stone was an American lawyer and jurist. A native of New Hampshire, he served as the dean of Columbia Law School, his alma mater, in the early 20th century. As a member of the Republican Party, he was appointed as the 52nd Attorney General of the United States before becoming an...	Bible open to I Corinthians 13	Franklin Roosevelt's Fourth Inaugural Address
January 20, 1949	Harry S. Truman Harry S. Truman Harry S. Truman was the 33rd President of the United States . As President Franklin D. Roosevelt's third vice president and the 34th Vice President of the United States , he succeeded to the presidency on April 12, 1945, when President Roosevelt died less than three months after beginning his...	East Portico, U.S. Capitol First inauguration to be televised	Frederick M. Vinson Fred M. Vinson Frederick Moore Vinson served the United States in all three branches of government and was the most prominent member of the Vinson political family. In the legislative branch, he was an elected member of the United States House of Representatives from Louisa, Kentucky, for twelve years...	Bible open to Exodus 20:3-17 and Matthew 5:3-11	Harry S. Truman's Inaugural Address
January 20, 1953	Dwight D. Eisenhower Dwight D. Eisenhower Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower was the 34th President of the United States, from 1953 until 1961. He was a five-star general in the United States Army...	East Portico, U.S. Capitol	Frederick M. Vinson	Washington Bible open to Psalm 127:1 and a West Point Bible open to II Chronicles 7:14	Dwight Eisenhower's First Inaugural Address
January 21, 1957	Dwight D. Eisenhower	East Portico, U.S. Capitol (publicly)	Earl Warren Earl Warren Earl Warren was the 14th Chief Justice of the United States.He is known for the sweeping decisions of the Warren Court, which ended school segregation and transformed many areas of American law, especially regarding the rights of the accused, ending public-school-sponsored prayer, and requiring...	West Point Bible open to Psalm 33:12	Dwight Eisenhower's Second Inaugural Address
January 20, 1961	John F. Kennedy John F. Kennedy John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy , often referred to by his initials JFK, was the 35th President of the United States, serving from 1961 until his assassination in 1963....	East Portico, U.S. Capitol	Earl Warren	Closed family Bible	John F. Kennedy's Inaugural Address
January 20, 1965	Lyndon B. Johnson Lyndon B. Johnson Lyndon Baines Johnson , often referred to as LBJ, was the 36th President of the United States after his service as the 37th Vice President of the United States...	East Portico, U.S. Capitol	Earl Warren	Closed family Bible	Lyndon Johnson's Inaugural Address
January 20, 1969	Richard M. Nixon	East Portico, U.S. Capitol	Earl Warren	Bible open to	Richard Nixon's First Inaugural Address
January 20, 1973	Richard M. Nixon	East Portico, U.S. Capitol	Warren E. Burger	Bible open to Isaiah 2:4	Richard Nixon's Second Inaugural Address
January 20, 1977	Jimmy Carter Jimmy Carter James Earl "Jimmy" Carter, Jr. is an American politician who served as the 39th President of the United States and was the recipient of the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize, the only U.S. President to have received the Prize after leaving office...	East Portico, U.S. Capitol	Warren E. Burger	Bible open to	Jimmy Carter's Inaugural Address
January 20, 1981	Ronald Reagan Ronald Reagan Ronald Wilson Reagan was the 40th President of the United States , the 33rd Governor of California and, prior to that, a radio, film and television actor....	West Front, U.S. Capitol	Warren E. Burger	Bible open to II Chronicles 7:14	Ronald Reagan's First Inaugural Address
January 21, 1985	Ronald Reagan	Rotunda, U.S. Capitol (public)	Warren E. Burger	Bible open to II Chronicles 7:14	Ronald Reagan's Second Inaugural Address
January 20, 1989	George H. W. Bush George H. W. Bush George Herbert Walker Bush is an American politician who served as the 41st President of the United States . He had previously served as the 43rd Vice President of the United States , a congressman, an ambassador, and Director of Central Intelligence.Bush was born in Milton, Massachusetts, to...	West Front, U.S. Capitol	William Rehnquist William Rehnquist William Hubbs Rehnquist was an American lawyer, jurist, and political figure who served as an Associate Justice on the Supreme Court of the United States and later as the 16th Chief Justice of the United States...	Washington Bible opened at random in the center and a family Bible on top opened to Matthew 5	George H. W. Bush's Inaugural Address
January 20, 1993	Bill Clinton Bill Clinton William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Inaugurated at age 46, he was the third-youngest president. He took office at the end of the Cold War, and was the first president of the baby boomer generation...	West Front, U.S. Capitol	William Rehnquist	Bible open to	Bill Clinton's First Inaugural Address
January 20, 1997	Bill Clinton	West Front, U.S. Capitol	William Rehnquist	Bible open to	Bill Clinton's Second Inaugural Address
January 20, 2001	George W. Bush George W. Bush George Walker Bush is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the United States, from 2001 to 2009. Before that, he was the 46th Governor of Texas, having served from 1995 to 2000....	West Front, U.S. Capitol	William Rehnquist	Closed family Bible	George W. Bush's First Inaugural Address
January 20, 2005	George W. Bush	West Front, U.S. Capitol	William Rehnquist	Open family bible; same one used in 1989 and 2001	George W. Bush's Second Inaugural Address
January 20, 2009	Barack Obama Barack Obama Barack Hussein Obama II is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. Obama previously served as a United States Senator from Illinois, from January 2005 until he resigned following his victory in the 2008 presidential election.Born in...	West Front, U.S. Capitol	John G. Roberts	Closed Lincoln Bible Lincoln Bible The Lincoln Bible is the Bible used by US President Abraham Lincoln at his first presidential inauguration. This Bible, part of the collection of the Library of Congress, was also used by Barack Obama at his presidential inauguration in 2009....	Barack Obama's Inaugural Address
ZZZDate	ZZZPresident	ZZZLocation	ZZZAdministered by	Document Sworn On	Inaugural Addresses (Texts from Wikisource)

External links

senate.gov chronology
Full texts of all U.S. Inaugural Addresses at Bartleby.com
Inaugural Speeches, 23 videos (access only in the US)
Presidential Oaths of Office (Library of Congress
Library of Congress
The Library of Congress is the research library of the United States Congress, de facto national library of the United States, and the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States. Located in three buildings in Washington, D.C., it is the largest library in the world by shelf space and...

)
Bibles and Scripture Passages Used by Presidents in Taking the Oath of Office, Library of Congress
Inauguration videos from Franklin D. Roosevelt - George W. Bush at YouTube
YouTube
YouTube is a video-sharing website, created by three former PayPal employees in February 2005, on which users can upload, view and share videos....

from CSPAN
Federal Hall, NYC - Site of the first inauguration in 1789
Inaugural Celebrations at the Nation's Capital, Special Collections Research Center, Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library, The George Washington University. Includes inauguration photographs and history.

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.

Inaugural ceremonies

Organizers

Locations

Dates

Sunday exceptions

Attendees

Oaths of office

Inaugural address

Religious elements

Congressional luncheon

Parade

Prayer service

Security

Presidential Medals

List of inaugural ceremonies

See also

External links