This is a List of human blood components and their concentrations.

Blood

Blood

Blood is a specialized bodily fluid in animals that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells....

 has many constituents and these will vary depending on factors such as age, state of health, diet and other details. Conventionally, a range of two standard deviation

Standard deviation

Standard deviation is a widely used measure of variability or diversity used in statistics and probability theory. It shows how much variation or "dispersion" there is from the average...

s from the mean for each component is considered normal.

Compound	Comments	In whole blood (g/cm³)	In plasma or serum (g/cm³)
Water Water Water is a chemical substance with the chemical formula H2O. A water molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds. Water is a liquid at ambient conditions, but it often co-exists on Earth with its solid state, ice, and gaseous state . Water also exists in a...	Solvent	0.81-0.86	0.93-0.95
Acetoacetate	Produced in liver	8-40	4-43
Acetone Acetone Acetone is the organic compound with the formula 2CO, a colorless, mobile, flammable liquid, the simplest example of the ketones.Acetone is miscible with water and serves as an important solvent in its own right, typically as the solvent of choice for cleaning purposes in the laboratory...	product of bodyfat breakdown	-	3-20
Acetylcholine Acetylcholine The chemical compound acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter in both the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system in many organisms including humans...	Neurotransmitter Neurotransmitter Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemicals that transmit signals from a neuron to a target cell across a synapse. Neurotransmitters are packaged into synaptic vesicles clustered beneath the membrane on the presynaptic side of a synapse, and are released into the synaptic cleft, where they bind to...  of the parasympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system The parasympathetic nervous system is one of the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system . The ANS is responsible for regulation of internal organs and glands, which occurs unconsciously...	-	6.6-8.2
Adenosine triphosphate Adenosine triphosphate Adenosine-5'-triphosphate is a multifunctional nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme. It is often called the "molecular unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer. ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism...	Energy storage	-	-
"	total	3.1-5.7	-
"	phosphorus	5-10	-
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone	Stimulates the adrenal cortex	-	2.5-12
"	@ 6AM, mean	-	5.5
"	@ 6AM, maximum	-	12
"	@ 6PM, mean	-	3.5
"	@ 6PM, maximum	-	<7.5
Alanine Alanine Alanine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula CH3CHCOOH. The L-isomer is one of the 20 amino acids encoded by the genetic code. Its codons are GCU, GCC, GCA, and GCG. It is classified as a nonpolar amino acid...	Amino acid	2.7-5.5	2.4-7.6
Albumin Serum albumin Serum albumin, often referred to simply as albumin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ALB gene.Serum albumin is the most abundant plasma protein in mammals. Albumin is essential for maintaining the osmotic pressure needed for proper distribution of body fluids between intravascular...	Blood plasma protein	-	3.5-5.2
Aluminum	-	1-40	1-88
Aldosterone Aldosterone Aldosterone is a hormone that increases the reabsorption of sodium ions and water and the release of potassium in the collecting ducts and distal convoluted tubule of the kidneys' functional unit, the nephron. This increases blood volume and, therefore, increases blood pressure. Drugs that...	Regulates electrolyte balance	-	-
"	supine	-	3-10
"	standing, male	-	6-22
"	standing, female	-	5-30
Amino acids	Protein building blocks	-	-
"	total	3.8-5.3	-
"	nitrogen	4.6-6.8	3.0-5.5
alpha-Aminobutyric acid Alpha-Aminobutyric acid α-Aminobutyric acid is an isomer of the amino acid aminobutyric acid with chemical formula C4H9NO2. There is also gamma-aminobutyric acid and beta-aminobutyric acid....	-	1-2	1-2
d-Aminolevulinic acid D-Aminolevulinic acid δ-Aminolevulinic acid is the first compound in the porphyrin synthesis pathway, the pathway that leads to heme in mammals and chlorophyll in plants....	-	-	1.5-2.3
Ammonia nitrogen	-	1-2	1.0-4.9
cAMP Cyclic adenosine monophosphate Cyclic adenosine monophosphate is a second messenger important in many biological processes...	Intracellular signal transduction molecule	-	-
"	male	-	5.6-10.9
"	female	-	3.6-8.9
Androstenedione Androstenedione Androstenedione is a 19-carbon steroid hormone produced in the adrenal glands and the gonads as an intermediate step in the biochemical pathway that produces the androgen testosterone and the estrogens estrone and estradiol.-Synthesis:Androstenedione is the common precursor of male and female sex...	Steroid hormone Steroid hormone A steroid hormone is a steroid that acts as a hormone. Steroid hormones can be grouped into five groups by the receptors to which they bind: glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens, estrogens, and progestogens...		-
"	male >18 yrs	-	2-30
"	female >18 yrs	-	8-30
Androsterone Androsterone Androsterone is a steroid hormone with weak androgenic activity. It is made in the liver from the metabolism of testosterone. Its beta-isomer is Epiandrosterone.-History:...	Steroid hormone	-	1.5
Angiotensin I	Angiotensin II precursor	-	1.1-8.8
Angiotensin II	Vasoconstrictor	-	1.2-3.6
Alpha 1-antitrypsin Alpha 1-antitrypsin Alpha 1-Antitrypsin or α1-antitrypsin is a protease inhibitor belonging to the serpin superfamily. It is generally known as serum trypsin inhibitor. Alpha 1-antitrypsin is also referred to as alpha-1 proteinase inhibitor because it inhibits a wide variety of proteases...	Serine protease inhibitor	-	7.8-20
Arginine Arginine Arginine is an α-amino acid. The L-form is one of the 20 most common natural amino acids. At the level of molecular genetics, in the structure of the messenger ribonucleic acid mRNA, CGU, CGC, CGA, CGG, AGA, and AGG, are the triplets of nucleotide bases or codons that codify for arginine during...	Amino acid	6-17	1.3-3.6
Arsenic Arsenic Arsenic is a chemical element with the symbol As, atomic number 33 and relative atomic mass 74.92. Arsenic occurs in many minerals, usually in conjunction with sulfur and metals, and also as a pure elemental crystal. It was first documented by Albertus Magnus in 1250.Arsenic is a metalloid...	-	-	-
"	normal range	2-62	-
"	chronic poisoning	100-500	-
"	acute poisoning	600-9300	-
Ascorbic acid Ascorbic acid Ascorbic acid is a naturally occurring organic compound with antioxidant properties. It is a white solid, but impure samples can appear yellowish. It dissolves well in water to give mildly acidic solutions. Ascorbic acid is one form of vitamin C. The name is derived from a- and scorbutus , the...  (Vitamin C)	Important vitamin	1-15	6-20
Aspartic acid Aspartic acid Aspartic acid is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HOOCCHCH2COOH. The carboxylate anion, salt, or ester of aspartic acid is known as aspartate. The L-isomer of aspartate is one of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the building blocks of proteins...	Amino acid	-	0-3
Aspartic acid Aspartic acid Aspartic acid is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HOOCCHCH2COOH. The carboxylate anion, salt, or ester of aspartic acid is known as aspartate. The L-isomer of aspartate is one of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the building blocks of proteins...  (in WBCs)	-	2.5-4.0	9-12
Bicarbonate Bicarbonate In inorganic chemistry, bicarbonate is an intermediate form in the deprotonation of carbonic acid...	Buffer in blood	-	5-5.7 × 10-4
Bile Bile Bile or gall is a bitter-tasting, dark green to yellowish brown fluid, produced by the liver of most vertebrates, that aids the process of digestion of lipids in the small intestine. In many species, bile is stored in the gallbladder and upon eating is discharged into the duodenum...  acids	Digestive function, bilirubin excretion	2-30 × 10-6	3-30 × 10-6
Bilirubin Bilirubin Bilirubin is the yellow breakdown product of normal heme catabolism. Heme is found in hemoglobin, a principal component of red blood cells. Bilirubin is excreted in bile and urine, and elevated levels may indicate certain diseases...	Hemoglobin metabolite	2-14 × 10-6	1-10 × 10-6
Biotin Biotin Biotin, also known as Vitamin H or Coenzyme R, is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin discovered by Bateman in 1916. It is composed of a ureido ring fused with a tetrahydrothiophene ring. A valeric acid substituent is attached to one of the carbon atoms of the tetrahydrothiophene ring...  (Vitamin H)	Gluconeogenesis Gluconeogenesis Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids.... ,metabolize leucine,fatty acid synthesis	7-17 × 10-9	9-16 × 10-9
Blood Urea Nitrogen Blood urea nitrogen The blood urea nitrogen test is a measure of the amount of nitrogen in the blood in the form of urea, and a measurement of renal function. Urea is a by- product from metabolism of proteins by the liver and is removed from the blood by the kidneys.-Physiology:The liver produces urea in the urea...  (BUN)	-	-	8-23 × 10-5
Bradykinin Bradykinin Bradykinin is a peptide that causes blood vessels to dilate , and therefore causes blood pressure to lower. A class of drugs called ACE inhibitors, which are used to lower blood pressure, increase bradykinin further lowering blood pressure...	-	-	7 × 10-11
Bromide Bromide A bromide is a chemical compound containing bromide ion, that is bromine atom with effective charge of −1. The class name can include ionic compounds such as caesium bromide or covalent compounds such as sulfur dibromide.-Natural occurrence:...	-	-	7-10 × 10-9
Cadmium Cadmium Cadmium is a chemical element with the symbol Cd and atomic number 48. This soft, bluish-white metal is chemically similar to the two other stable metals in group 12, zinc and mercury. Similar to zinc, it prefers oxidation state +2 in most of its compounds and similar to mercury it shows a low...	-	-	-
"	normal	1-5 × 10-9	-
"	toxic	0.1-3 × 10-6	-
Calciferol (vitamin D2)	Maintain calcium and phosphorus levels	-	1.7-4.1 × 10-8
Calcitonin Calcitonin Calcitonin is a 32-amino acid linear polypeptide hormone that is producedin humans primarily by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid, and in many other animals in the ultimobranchial body. It acts to reduce blood calcium , opposing the effects of parathyroid hormone . Calcitonin has been found...  (CT)	Hormone	-	<1.0 × 10-10
Calcium Calcium Calcium is the chemical element with the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. It has an atomic mass of 40.078 amu. Calcium is a soft gray alkaline earth metal, and is the fifth-most-abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust...	Bones, Ca2+	-	-
"	ionized	4.48-4.92 × 10-5	4.25-5.25 × 10-5
"	total	-	8.4-11.5 × 10-5
Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is a naturally occurring chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalently bonded to a single carbon atom...	Respiratory gas	-	-
"	arterial	8.8-10.8 × 10-4	3.0-7.9 × 10-5
"	venous	9.8-11.8 × 10-4	3.3-8.3 × 10-5
Carboxyhemoglobin Carboxyhemoglobin Carboxyhemoglobin is a stable complex of carbon monoxide and hemoglobin that forms in red blood cells when carbon monoxide is inhaled or produced in normal metabolism. Large quantities of it hinder delivery of oxygen to the body... (as HbCO)	-	-	-
"	nonsmokers	0.5-1.5% total Hb	-
"	smokers, 1-2 packs/day	4-5% total Hb	-
"	smokers, 2 packs/day	8-9% total Hb	-
"	toxic	>20% total Hb	-
"	lethal	>50% total Hb	-
Carcinoembryonic antigen Carcinoembryonic antigen Carcinoembryonic antigen is a glycoprotein involved in cell adhesion. It is normally produced during fetal development, but the production of CEA stops before birth. Therefore, it is not usually present in the blood of healthy adults, although levels are raised in heavy smokers...	-	-	<2.5 × 10-9
beta-Carotene Carotene The term carotene is used for several related unsaturated hydrocarbon substances having the formula C40Hx, which are synthesized by plants but cannot be made by animals. Carotene is an orange photosynthetic pigment important for photosynthesis. Carotenes are all coloured to the human eye...	Vitamin A dimer	-	3-25 × 10-7
Carotenoid Carotenoid Carotenoids are tetraterpenoid organic pigments that are naturally occurring in the chloroplasts and chromoplasts of plants and some other photosynthetic organisms like algae, some bacteria, and some types of fungus. Carotenoids can be synthesized fats and other basic organic metabolic building... s	Antioxidant	2.4-23.1 × 10-7	-
Cephalin	-	3-11.5 × 10-4	0-1 × 10-4
Ceruloplasmin Ceruloplasmin Ceruloplasmin is a ferroxidase enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CP gene.Ceruloplasmin is the major copper-carrying protein in the blood, and in addition plays a role in iron metabolism. It was first described in 1948...	-	-	1.5-6 × 10-4
Chloride Chloride The chloride ion is formed when the element chlorine, a halogen, picks up one electron to form an anion Cl−. The salts of hydrochloric acid HCl contain chloride ions and can also be called chlorides. The chloride ion, and its salts such as sodium chloride, are very soluble in water... , as NaCl	-	4.5-5 × 10-3	3.5-3.8 × 10-3
Cholecalciferol Cholecalciferol Cholecalciferol is a form of vitamin D, also called vitamin D3 or calciol.It is structurally similar to steroids such as testosterone, cholesterol, and cortisol .-Forms:Vitamin D3 has several forms:...  (Vitamin D Vitamin D Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble secosteroids. In humans, vitamin D is unique both because it functions as a prohormone and because the body can synthesize it when sun exposure is adequate .... 3)	-	-	-
"	1, 25-dihydroxy	-	2.5-4.5 × 10-11
"	24,25-dihydroxy	-	1.5 × 10-9
"	25-hydroxy	-	1.4-8 × 10-8
Cholecystokinin Cholecystokinin Cholecystokinin is a peptide hormone of the gastrointestinal system responsible for stimulating the digestion of fat and protein...  (pancreozymin)	Stimulates fat and protein digestion	-	6.04 × 10-11
Cholesterol Cholesterol Cholesterol is a complex isoprenoid. Specifically, it is a waxy steroid of fat that is produced in the liver or intestines. It is used to produce hormones and cell membranes and is transported in the blood plasma of all mammals. It is an essential structural component of mammalian cell membranes...	Steroid lipid	-	-
"	LDLC	-	0.5-2.0 × 10-3
"	HDLC	-	2.9-9.0 × 10-4
"	total	1.15-2.25 × 10-3	1.2-2 × 10-3
Choline Choline Choline is a water-soluble essential nutrient. It is usually grouped within the B-complex vitamins. Choline generally refers to the various quaternary ammonium salts containing the N,N,N-trimethylethanolammonium cation.... , total	-	1.1-3.1 × 10-4	3.6-3.5 × 10-4
Chorionic gonadotropin	Progesterone Progesterone Progesterone also known as P4 is a C-21 steroid hormone involved in the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy and embryogenesis of humans and other species...  secretion during pregnancy	-	-
"	Menstrual	-	0-3 × 10-11
"	Pregnancy, 1st trimester	-	5-3300 × 10-10
"	Pregnancy, 2nd trimester	-	20-1000 × 10-10
"	Pregnancy, 3rd trimester	-	20-50 × 10-10
"	Menopausal	-	3-30 × 10-11
Citric acid Citric acid Citric acid is a weak organic acid. It is a natural preservative/conservative and is also used to add an acidic, or sour, taste to foods and soft drinks...	-	1.3-2.5 × 10-5	1.6-3.2 × 10-5
Citrulline Citrulline The organic compound citrulline is an α-amino acid. Its name is derived from citrullus, the Latin word for watermelon, from which it was first isolated in 1930.It has the idealized formula H2NCNH3CHCO2H...	-	-	2-10 × 10-6
Coagulation Coagulation Coagulation is a complex process by which blood forms clots. It is an important part of hemostasis, the cessation of blood loss from a damaged vessel, wherein a damaged blood vessel wall is covered by a platelet and fibrin-containing clot to stop bleeding and begin repair of the damaged vessel...  Factors	-	-	-
"	Fibrinogen Fibrinogen Fibrinogen is a soluble plasma glycoprotein, synthesised by the liver, that is converted by thrombin into fibrin during blood coagulation. This is achieved through processes in the coagulation cascade that activate the zymogen prothrombin to the serine protease thrombin, which is responsible for...	1.2-1.6 × 10-3	2-4 × 10-3
"	Prothrombin	-	1 × 10-4
"	Tissue thromboplastin Thromboplastin Thromboplastin is a plasma protein aiding blood coagulation through conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.Although sometimes used as a synonym for tissue factor, this is a misconception. Historically, thromboplastin was a lab reagent, usually derived from placental sources, used to assay...	-	1 × 10-6
"	Proaccelerin	-	5-12 × 10-6
"	Proconvertin	-	1 × 10-6
"	Antihemophilic factor	-	1 × 10-7
"	Christmas factor	-	4 × 10-6
"	Stuart factor	-	5 × 10-6
"	Plasma thrmb. anteced.	-	4 × 10-6
"	Hageman factor	-	2.9 × 10-5
"	Fibrin stabilizing factor	-	1 × 10-5
"	Fibrin split products	-	<1 × 10-5
"	Fletcher factor	-	5 × 10-5
"	Fitzgerald factor	-	7 × 10-5
"	von Willebrand factor Von Willebrand factor von Willebrand factor is a blood glycoprotein involved in hemostasis. It is deficient or defective in von Willebrand disease and is involved in a large number of other diseases, including thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, Heyde's syndrome, and possibly hemolytic-uremic syndrome...	-	7 × 10-6
Cobalamin (Vitamin B12)	Needed for nerve cells, red blood cells, and to make DNA	6-14 × 10-10	1-10 × 10-10
Cocarboxylase	-	-	7-9 × 10-8
Complement system Complement system The complement system helps or “complements” the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens from an organism. It is part of the immune system called the innate immune system that is not adaptable and does not change over the course of an individual's lifetime...	-	-	-
"	C1q	-	5.8-7.2 × 10-5
"	C1r	-	2.5-3.8 × 10-5
"	C1s (C1 esterase)	-	2.5-3.8 × 10-5
"	C2	-	2.2-3.4 × 10-5
"	C3( b1C-globulin)	-	8-15.5 × 10-4
"	factor B (C3 proactivator)	-	2-4.5 × 10-4
"	C4 (b1E-globulin)	-	1.3-3.7 × 10-4
"	C4 binding protein	-	1.8-3.2 × 10-4
"	C5 (b1F-globulin)	-	5.1-7.7 × 10-5
"	C6	-	4.8-6.4 × 10-5
"	C7	-	4.9-7 × 10-5
"	C8	-	4.3-6.3 × 10-5
"	C9	-	4.7-6.9 × 10-5
"	Properdin Properdin Properdin or factor P is a globulin protein found in the blood serum of more complex animals. In the complement system, an innate-immunity series of proenzymes dissolved in the circulation, it is also called "Factor P".-Function:...	-	2.4-3.2 × 10-5
Compound S Cortodoxone Cortodoxone, also known as cortexolone or 11-deoxycortisol, is a steroid that can be oxygenated to cortisol . It was first synthesized by Tadeusz Reichstein....	-	-	1-3 × 10-9
Copper Copper Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu and atomic number 29. It is a ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. Pure copper is soft and malleable; an exposed surface has a reddish-orange tarnish...	-	9-15 × 10-7	-
"	male	-	7-14 × 10-7
"	female	-	8-15.5 × 10-7
Corticosteroid Corticosteroid Corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex. Corticosteroids are involved in a wide range of physiologic systems such as stress response, immune response and regulation of inflammation, carbohydrate metabolism, protein catabolism, blood electrolyte... s	Steroid hormones	-	1-4 × 10-6
Corticosterone Corticosterone Corticosterone is a 21-carbon steroid hormone of the corticosteroid type produced in the cortex of the adrenal glands.-Roles:In many species, including amphibians, reptiles, rodents and birds, corticosterone is a main glucocorticoid, involved in regulation of fuel, immune reactions, and stress...	-	-	4-20 × 10-9
Cortisol Cortisol Cortisol is a steroid hormone, more specifically a glucocorticoid, produced by the adrenal gland. It is released in response to stress and a low level of blood glucocorticoids. Its primary functions are to increase blood sugar through gluconeogenesis; suppress the immune system; and aid in fat,...	Inhibits CRH secretion	-	3-23 × 10-8
"	8 AM	-	6-23 × 10-8
"	4 PM	-	3-15 × 10-8
"	10 PM	-	~50% of 8 AM value
C-peptide C-peptide C-peptide is a protein that is produced in the body along with insulin. First preproinsulin is secreted with an A-chain, C-peptide, a B-chain, and a signal sequence. The signal sequence is cut off, leaving proinsulin...	-	-	-
"	fasting	-	0.5-2.0 × 10-9
"	maximum	-	4 × 10-9
C-reactive protein C-reactive protein C-reactive protein is a protein found in the blood, the levels of which rise in response to inflammation...	Plasma protein	-	6.8-820 × 10-8
Creatine Creatine Creatine is a nitrogenous organic acid that occurs naturally in vertebrates and helps to supply energy to all cells in the body, primarily muscle. This is achieved by increasing the formation of Adenosine triphosphate...	Assists muscle cell energy supply	-	-
"	male	-	1.7-5.0 × 10-6
"	female	-	3.5-9.3 × 10-6
Creatinine Creatinine Creatinine is a break-down product of creatine phosphate in muscle, and is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body...	-	-	-
"	male	-	0.8-1.5 × 10-5
"	female	-	0.7-1.2 × 10-5
Cyanide Cyanide A cyanide is a chemical compound that contains the cyano group, -C≡N, which consists of a carbon atom triple-bonded to a nitrogen atom. Cyanides most commonly refer to salts of the anion CN−. Most cyanides are highly toxic....	-	-	-
"	nonsmokers	-	4 × 10-9
"	smokers	-	6 × 10-9
"	nitroprusside therapy	-	10-60 × 10-9
"	toxic	-	>100 × 10-9
"	lethal	-	>1000 × 10-9
Cysteine Cysteine Cysteine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCHCH2SH. It is a non-essential amino acid, which means that it is biosynthesized in humans. Its codons are UGU and UGC. The side chain on cysteine is thiol, which is polar and thus cysteine is usually classified as a hydrophilic amino acid...	Amino acid	6-12 × 10-6	1.8-5 × 10-5
Dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone 5-Dehydroepiandrosterone is a 19-carbon endogenous steroid hormone. It is the major secretory steroidal product of the adrenal glands and is also produced by the gonads and the brain. DHEA is the most abundant circulating steroid in humans.... (DHEA)	Steroid hormone	-	-
"	aged 1-4 yrs	-	0.2-0.4 × 10-9
"	aged 4-8 yrs	-	0.1-1.9 × 10-9
"	aged 8-10 yrs	-	0.2-2.9 × 10-9
"	aged 10-12 yrs	-	0.5-9.2 × 10-9
"	aged 12-14 yrs	-	0.9-20 × 10-9
"	aged 14-16 yrs	-	2.5-20 × 10-9
"	male	-	0.8-10 × 10-9
"	female, premenopausal	-	2.0-15 × 10-9
DHEA sulfate DHEA sulfate Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate or DHEA sulfate is a metabolite of dehydroepiandrosterone produced by the addition of a sulfate group, catalyzed by the sulfotransferase enzymes SULT1A1 and SULT1E1, which also produce estrone sulfate from estrone...	male	-	1.99-3.34 × 10-6
DHEA sulfate	female	-	-
"	newborn	-	1.67-3.64 × 10-6
"	pre-pubertal children	-	1.0-6.0 × 10-7
"	premenopausal	-	8.2-33.8 × 10-7
"	pregnancy	-	2.3-11.7 × 10-7
"	postmenopausal	-	1.1-6.1 × 10-7
11-Deoxycortisol	-	-	1-7 × 10-8
Dihydrotestosterone Dihydrotestosterone Dihydrotestosterone is an androgen or male sex hormone. The enzyme 5α-reductase synthesises DHT in the prostate, testes, hair follicles, and adrenal glands...  (DHT)	-	-	-
"	male	-	3-8 × 10-9
"	female	-	1-10 × 10-10
Diphosphoglycerate (phosphate)	-	8-16 × 10-5	-
DNA DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms . The DNA segments that carry this genetic information are called genes, but other DNA sequences have structural purposes, or are involved in...	The molecule of heredity	-	0-1.6 × 10-5
Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter present in a wide variety of animals, including both vertebrates and invertebrates. In the brain, this substituted phenethylamine functions as a neurotransmitter, activating the five known types of dopamine receptors—D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5—and their...	Neurotransmitter	-	<1.36 × 10-10
Enzyme Enzyme Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions. In enzymatic reactions, the molecules at the beginning of the process, called substrates, are converted into different molecules, called products. Almost all chemical reactions in a biological cell need enzymes in order to occur at rates... s, total	-	-	<6 × 10-5
Epidermal growth factor Epidermal growth factor Epidermal growth factor or EGF is a growth factor that plays an important role in the regulation of cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation by binding to its receptor EGFR...  (EGF)	-	-	<1 × 10-11
Epinephrine Epinephrine Epinephrine is a hormone and a neurotransmitter. It increases heart rate, constricts blood vessels, dilates air passages and participates in the fight-or-flight response of the sympathetic nervous system. In chemical terms, adrenaline is one of a group of monoamines called the catecholamines...	Neurotransmitter Neurotransmitter Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemicals that transmit signals from a neuron to a target cell across a synapse. Neurotransmitters are packaged into synaptic vesicles clustered beneath the membrane on the presynaptic side of a synapse, and are released into the synaptic cleft, where they bind to...  of the sympathetic nervous system Sympathetic nervous system The sympathetic nervous system is one of the three parts of the autonomic nervous system, along with the enteric and parasympathetic systems. Its general action is to mobilize the body's nervous system fight-or-flight response...	-	-
"	after 15 min rest	-	3.1-9.5 × 10-11
"	when emitted	3.8 × 10-9	2-2.5 × 10-9
Ergothioneine Ergothioneine Ergothioneine is a naturally occurring amino acid and is a thiourea derivative of histidine, containing a sulfur atom in the imidazole ring. This compound is made in rather few organisms, notably Actinobacteria and filamentous fungi. Ergothioneine was discovered in 1909 and named after the ergot...	-	1-20 × 10-5	-
Erythrocytes (#/cm³)	-	-	-
"	adult male, avg. (range)	5.2 (4.6-6.2) × 109
"	adult female, avg. (range)	4.6 (4.2-5.4) × 109
"	children, varies with age	4.5-5.1 × 109
"	reticulocytes	25-75 × 106
Erythropoietin Erythropoietin Erythropoietin, or its alternatives erythropoetin or erthropoyetin or EPO, is a glycoprotein hormone that controls erythropoiesis, or red blood cell production...	-	-	-
"	adult, normal	-	0.5-2.5 × 10-10
"	pregnant	-	2.7-6.2 × 10-10
"	hypoxia or anemia	-	0.8-8.0 × 10-8
Estradiol Estradiol Estradiol is a sex hormone. Estradiol is abbreviated E2 as it has 2 hydroxyl groups in its molecular structure. Estrone has 1 and estriol has 3 . Estradiol is about 10 times as potent as estrone and about 80 times as potent as estriol in its estrogenic effect...  (E2)	-	-	-
"	male	-	8-36 × 10-12
"	female, follicular(days 1-10)	-	1-9 × 10-11
"	female, mean	-	5 × 10-11
"	female, pre-fertile (days 10-12)	-	10-15 × 10-11
"	female, fertile (days 12-14)	-	35-60 × 10-11
"	female, luteal (days 15-28)	-	20-40 × 10-11
"	female, pregnancy	-	3-70 × 10-7
"	female, postmenopausal	-	1-3 × 10-11
Estriol Estriol Estriol is one of the three main estrogens produced by the human body.-Synthesis:Estriol is only produced in significant amounts during pregnancy as it is made by the placenta from 16-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone sulfate , an androgen steroid made in the fetal liver and adrenal glands.The human...  (E3)	-	-	-
"	nonpregnant	-	<2 × 10-9
"	pregnancy, weeks 22-30	-	3-5 × 10-9
"	pregnancy, weeks 32-37	-	6-11 × 10-9
"	pregnancy, weeks 38-41	-	25-170 × 10-9
Estrogen Estrogen Estrogens , oestrogens , or œstrogens, are a group of compounds named for their importance in the estrous cycle of humans and other animals. They are the primary female sex hormones. Natural estrogens are steroid hormones, while some synthetic ones are non-steroidal...	-	-	-
"	male	-	4-11.5 × 10-11
"	female, prepubertal	-	<4 × 10-11
"	female, 1-10 days	-	6.1-39.4 × 10-11
"	female, 11-20 days	-	12.2-43.7 × 10-11
"	female, 21-30 days	-	15.6-35 × 10-11
"	female, postmenopausal	-	<4 × 10-11
Estrone Estrone Estrone is an estrogenic hormone secreted by the ovary as well as adipose tissue.Estrone is one of several natural estrogens, which also include estriol and estradiol...  (E1)	-	-	-
"	male	-	2.9-17 × 10-11
"	female, follicular	-	2-15 × 10-11
"	female, 1-10 days of cycle	-	4.3-18 × 10-11
"	female, 11-20 days of cycle	-	7.5-19.6 × 10-11
"	female, 20-29 days of cycle	-	13.1-20.1 × 10-11
"	pregnancy, weeks 22-30	-	3-5 × 10-9
"	pregnancy, weeks 32-37	-	5-6 × 10-9
"	pregnancy, weeks 38-41	-	7-10 × 10-9
Ethanol Ethanol Ethanol, also called ethyl alcohol, pure alcohol, grain alcohol, or drinking alcohol, is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid. It is a psychoactive drug and one of the oldest recreational drugs. Best known as the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, it is also used in thermometers, as a...	-	-	-
"	social high	-	0.5 × 10-3
"	reduced coordination	-	0.8 × 10-3
"	depression of CNS	-	>1 × 10-3
"	confusion, falling down	-	2.0 × 10-3
"	loss of consciousness	-	3.0 × 10-3
"	coma, death	-	>4 × 10-3
Fat Fat Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and generally insoluble in water. Chemically, fats are triglycerides, triesters of glycerol and any of several fatty acids. Fats may be either solid or liquid at room temperature, depending on their structure... , neutral	see Triglycerides	-	-
Fatty acid Fatty acid In chemistry, especially biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with a long unbranched aliphatic tail , which is either saturated or unsaturated. Most naturally occurring fatty acids have a chain of an even number of carbon atoms, from 4 to 28. Fatty acids are usually derived from... s, nonesterified (free)		-	8-25 × 10-5
Fatty acids, esterified	-	2.5-3.9 × 10-3	7-20 × 10-5
Fatty acids, total	-	-	1.9-4.5 × 10-3
Ferritin Ferritin Ferritin is a ubiquitous intracellular protein that stores iron and releases it in a controlled fashion. The amount of ferritin stored reflects the amount of iron stored. The protein is produced by almost all living organisms, including bacteria, algae and higher plants, and animals...		-
"	male	-	1.5-30 × 10-8
"	female	-	0.9-18 × 10-8
alpha-1-Fetoprotein Alpha-fetoprotein Alpha-fetoprotein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AFP gene....	-	-	0-2 × 10-8
Flavine adenine dinucleotide	-	-	8-12 × 10-8
Fluoride Fluoride Fluoride is the anion F−, the reduced form of fluorine when as an ion and when bonded to another element. Both organofluorine compounds and inorganic fluorine containing compounds are called fluorides. Fluoride, like other halides, is a monovalent ion . Its compounds often have properties that are...	-	1-4.5 × 10-7	1-4.5 × 10-7
Folate	-	-	2.2-17.3 × 10-9
"	in erythrocyte	-	1.67-7.07 × 10-7
Folic acid Folic acid Folic acid and folate , as well as pteroyl-L-glutamic acid, pteroyl-L-glutamate, and pteroylmonoglutamic acid are forms of the water-soluble vitamin B9...		2.3-5.2 × 10-8	1.6-2 × 10-8
Fructose Fructose Fructose, or fruit sugar, is a simple monosaccharide found in many plants. It is one of the three dietary monosaccharides, along with glucose and galactose, that are absorbed directly into the bloodstream during digestion. Fructose was discovered by French chemist Augustin-Pierre Dubrunfaut in 1847...		0-5 × 10-5	7-8 × 10-5
Furosemide glucuronide		-	1-400 × 10-6
Galactose Galactose Galactose , sometimes abbreviated Gal, is a type of sugar that is less sweet than glucose. It is a C-4 epimer of glucose....  (children)		-	<2 × 10-4
Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)		-	<1.25-4.0 × 10-10
Gastrin Gastrin In humans, gastrin is a peptide hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid by the parietal cells of the stomach and aids in gastric motility. It is released by G cells in the antrum of the stomach, duodenum, and the pancreas...		-
"	mean	-	7 × 10-11
"	maximum	-	<20 × 10-11
Globulin Globulin Globulin is one of the three types of serum proteins, the others being albumin and fibrinogen. Some globulins are produced in the liver, while others are made by the immune system. The term globulin encompasses a heterogeneous group of proteins with typical high molecular weight, and both...	-	-	total 2.2-4 × 10-2
alpha-1-Globulin		-	1-4 × 10-3
alpha-2-Globulin		-	4-10 × 10-3
beta globulin		-	5-12 × 10-3
gamma globulin Gamma globulin Gamma globulins are a class of globulins, identified by their position after serum protein electrophoresis. The most significant gamma globulins are immunoglobulins , more commonly known as antibodies, although some Igs are not gamma globulins, and some gamma globulins are not Igs.-Use as medical...		-	6-17 × 10-3
Glucagon Glucagon Glucagon, a hormone secreted by the pancreas, raises blood glucose levels. Its effect is opposite that of insulin, which lowers blood glucose levels. The pancreas releases glucagon when blood sugar levels fall too low. Glucagon causes the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose, which is...		-
"	range	-	5-15 × 10-11
"	mean	-	7.1-7.9 × 10-11
Glucosamine Glucosamine Glucosamine is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids. Glucosamine is part of the structure of the polysaccharides chitosan and chitin, which compose the exoskeletons of crustaceans and other arthropods, cell walls in fungi and...	-	-	-
"	fetus	4-6 × 10-4	4.2-5.5 × 10-4
"	child	5-7 × 10-4	5.2-6.9 × 10-4
"	adult	6-8 × 10-4	6.1-8.2 × 10-4
"	aged	7-9 × 10-4	7.0-8.9 × 10-4
Glucose Glucose Glucose is a simple sugar and an important carbohydrate in biology. Cells use it as the primary source of energy and a metabolic intermediate...		-
"	newborn	2-3 × 10-4	-
"	adult	6.5-9.5 × 10-4	7-10.5 × 10-4
"	diabetic	14-120 × 10-4	-
Glucuronic acid Glucuronic acid Glucuronic acid is a carboxylic acid. Its structure is similar to that of glucose. However, glucuronic acid's sixth carbon is oxidized to a carboxylic acid...		4.1-9.3 × 10-5	8-11 × 10-6
Glutamic acid Glutamic acid Glutamic acid is one of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids, and its codons are GAA and GAG. It is a non-essential amino acid. The carboxylate anions and salts of glutamic acid are known as glutamates...		-	2-28 × 10-6
Glutamine Glutamine Glutamine is one of the 20 amino acids encoded by the standard genetic code. It is not recognized as an essential amino acid but may become conditionally essential in certain situations, including intensive athletic training or certain gastrointestinal disorders...		-	4.6-10.6 × 10-5
Glutathione Glutathione Glutathione is a tripeptide that contains an unusual peptide linkage between the amine group of cysteine and the carboxyl group of the glutamate side-chain... , reduced		2.5-4.1 × 10-4	0
Glycerol Glycerol Glycerol is a simple polyol compound. It is a colorless, odorless, viscous liquid that is widely used in pharmaceutical formulations. Glycerol has three hydroxyl groups that are responsible for its solubility in water and its hygroscopic nature. The glycerol backbone is central to all lipids... , free		-	2.9-17.2 × 10-6
Glycine Glycine Glycine is an organic compound with the formula NH2CH2COOH. Having a hydrogen substituent as its 'side chain', glycine is the smallest of the 20 amino acids commonly found in proteins. Its codons are GGU, GGC, GGA, GGG cf. the genetic code.Glycine is a colourless, sweet-tasting crystalline solid...		1.7-2.3 × 10-5	8-54 × 10-6
Glycogen Glycogen Glycogen is a molecule that serves as the secondary long-term energy storage in animal and fungal cells, with the primary energy stores being held in adipose tissue...		1.2-16.2 × 10-5	0
Glycoprotein Glycoprotein Glycoproteins are proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains covalently attached to polypeptide side-chains. The carbohydrate is attached to the protein in a cotranslational or posttranslational modification. This process is known as glycosylation. In proteins that have segments extending... , acid		-	4-15 × 10-4
cGMP Cyclic guanosine monophosphate Cyclic guanosine monophosphate is a cyclic nucleotide derived from guanosine triphosphate . cGMP acts as a second messenger much like cyclic AMP...		-	0.6-4.4 × 10-9
Gonadotropic releasing hormone		-	1-80 × 10-12
Guanidine Guanidine Guanidine is a crystalline compound of strong alkalinity formed by the oxidation of guanine. It is used in the manufacture of plastics and explosives. It is found in urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. The molecule was first synthesized in 1861 by the oxidative degradation of an...		1.8-2.3 × 10-6	-
Haptoglobin Haptoglobin Haptoglobin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HP gene. In blood plasma, haptoglobin binds free hemoglobin released from erythrocytes with high affinity and thereby inhibits its oxidative activity. The haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex will then be removed by the reticuloendothelial system...		-	3-22 × 10-4
Hemoglobin Hemoglobin Hemoglobin is the iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in the red blood cells of all vertebrates, with the exception of the fish family Channichthyidae, as well as the tissues of some invertebrates...		1.2-1.75 × 10-1	1-4 × 10-5
"	newborn	1.65-1.95 × 10-1	-
"	children, varies with age	1.12-1.65 × 10-1	-
"	adult, male	1.4-1.8 × 10-1	-
"	adult, female	1.2-1.6 × 10-1	-
"	inside erythrocyte	~3.3 × 10-1	-
"	per red blood cell	27-32 picograms	-
Hexosephosphate P		1.4-5 × 10-5	0-2 × 10-6
Histamine Histamine Histamine is an organic nitrogen compound involved in local immune responses as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter. Histamine triggers the inflammatory response. As part of an immune response to foreign pathogens, histamine is produced by...		6.7-8.6 × 10-8	-
Histidine Histidine Histidine Histidine, an essential amino acid, has a positively charged imidazole functional group. It is one of the 22 proteinogenic amino acids. Its codons are CAU and CAC. Histidine was first isolated by German physician Albrecht Kossel in 1896. Histidine is an essential amino acid in humans...		9-17 × 10-6	1.1-3.8 × 10-5
Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen is the chemical element with atomic number 1. It is represented by the symbol H. With an average atomic weight of , hydrogen is the lightest and most abundant chemical element, constituting roughly 75% of the Universe's chemical elemental mass. Stars in the main sequence are mainly...  ion(pH 7.4)		4 × 10-11	-
beta-Hydroxybutyric acid		1-6 × 10-6	1-9 × 10-6
17-Hydroxycorticosteroids		4-10 × 10-8	-
17-Hydroxyprogesterone 17-Hydroxyprogesterone 17-Hydroxyprogesterone is a C-21 steroid hormone produced during the synthesis of glucocorticoids and sex steroids.As a hormone, 17OHP also interacts with the progesterone receptor.-Production:...	-	-	-
"	male	-	20-250 × 10-11
"	female, follicular	-	20-80 × 10-11
"	female, luteal	-	80-300 × 10-11
"	female, postmenopausal	-	4-50 × 10-11
"	female, child	-	20-140 × 10-11
Antibodies Antibody An antibody, also known as an immunoglobulin, is a large Y-shaped protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses. The antibody recognizes a unique part of the foreign target, termed an antigen...	-	-	-
"	Immunoglobulin A Immunoglobulin A Immunoglobulin A is an antibody that plays a critical role in mucosal immunity. More IgA is produced in mucosal linings than all other types of antibody combined; between three and five grams are secreted into the intestinal lumen each day....  (IgA)	-	5-39 × 10-4
"	Immunoglobulin D Immunoglobulin D Immunoglobulin D is an antibody isotype that makes up about 1% of proteins in the plasma membranes of immature B-lymphocytes where it is usually coexpressed with another cell surface antibody called IgM. IgD is also produced in a secreted form that is found in very small amounts in blood serum...  (IgD)	-	0.5-8.0 × 10-5
"	Immunoglobulin G Immunoglobulin G Immunoglobulin G are antibody molecules. Each IgG is composed of four peptide chains — two heavy chains γ and two light chains. Each IgG has two antigen binding sites. Other immunoglobulins may be described in terms of polymers with the IgG structure considered the monomer.IgG constitutes 75%...  (IgG)	-	5.0-19 × 10-3
"	Immunoglobulin M Immunoglobulin M Immunoglobulin M, or IgM for short, is a basic antibody that is produced by B cells. It is the primary antibody against A and B antigens on red blood cells. IgM is by far the physically largest antibody in the human circulatory system...  (IgM)	-	3.0-30 × 10-4
"	Immunoglobulin E Immunoglobulin E Immunoglobulin E is a class of antibody that has been found only in mammals. IgE is a monomeric antibody with 4 Ig-like domains...  (IgE)	-	<5 × 10-7
Indican Indican Indican is a colourless organic compound, soluble in water, naturally occurring in Indigofera plants. It is a precursor of indigo dye.-Chemical reactions:Common and significant reactions involving indican are as follows:...	-	-	8-50 × 10-7
Inositol Inositol Inositol or cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol is a chemical compound with formula 6126 or 6, a sixfold alcohol of cyclohexane. It exists in nine possible stereoisomers, of which the most prominent form, widely occurring in nature, is cis-1,2,3,5-trans-4,6-cyclohexanehexol, or myo-inositol...	-	-	3-7 × 10-6
Insulin Insulin Insulin is a hormone central to regulating carbohydrate and fat metabolism in the body. Insulin causes cells in the liver, muscle, and fat tissue to take up glucose from the blood, storing it as glycogen in the liver and muscle....	-	-	2.0-8.4 × 10-10
Insulin-like growth factor Insulin-like growth factor The insulin-like growth factors are proteins with high sequence similarity to insulin. IGFs are part of a complex system that cells use to communicate with their physiologic environment...	-	-	9.9-50 × 10-8
Iodine Iodine Iodine is a chemical element with the symbol I and atomic number 53. The name is pronounced , , or . The name is from the , meaning violet or purple, due to the color of elemental iodine vapor.... , total	-	2.4-3.2 × 10-8	4.5-14.5 × 10-8
Iron Iron Iron is a chemical element with the symbol Fe and atomic number 26. It is a metal in the first transition series. It is the most common element forming the planet Earth as a whole, forming much of Earth's outer and inner core. It is the fourth most common element in the Earth's crust... , adult	-	4-6 × 10-4	6-18 × 10-7
Isoleucine Isoleucine Isoleucine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCHCHCH2CH3. It is an essential amino acid, which means that humans cannot synthesize it, so it must be ingested. Its codons are AUU, AUC and AUA....	-	9-15 × 10-6	1.2-4.2 × 10-5
Ketone bodies Ketone bodies Ketone bodies are three water-soluble compounds that are produced as by-products when fatty acids are broken down for energy in the liver and kidney. They are used as a source of energy in the heart and brain. In the brain, they are a vital source of energy during fasting...	-	2.3-10 × 10-6	1.5-30 × 10-6
alpha-Ketonic acids, adult	-	1-30 × 10-6	-
L-Lactate Lactic acid Lactic acid, also known as milk acid, is a chemical compound that plays a role in various biochemical processes and was first isolated in 1780 by the Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele. Lactic acid is a carboxylic acid with the chemical formula C3H6O3...	-	-	-
"	arterial	<11.3 × 10-5	4.5-14.4 × 10-5
"	venous	8.1-15.3 × 10-5	4.5-19.8 × 10-5
Lead Lead Lead is a main-group element in the carbon group with the symbol Pb and atomic number 82. Lead is a soft, malleable poor metal. It is also counted as one of the heavy metals. Metallic lead has a bluish-white color after being freshly cut, but it soon tarnishes to a dull grayish color when exposed...	-	-	-
"	normal	1-5 × 10-7	1-7.8 × 10-8
"	toxic	>6-10 × 10-7	-
Lecithin Lecithin Lecithin is a generic term to designate any group of yellow-brownish fatty substances occurring in animal and plant tissues, and in egg yolk, composed of phosphoric acid, choline, fatty acids, glycerol, glycolipids, triglycerides, and phospholipids .The word lecithin was originally coined in 1847 by...	-	1.1-1.2 × 10-3	1-2.25 × 10-3
Leptin Leptin Leptin is a 16 kDa protein hormone that plays a key role in regulating energy intake and energy expenditure, including appetite and metabolism. It is one of the most important adipose derived hormones...	-	1.2 × 10-8	-
Leucine Leucine Leucine is a branched-chain α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCHCH2CH2. Leucine is classified as a hydrophobic amino acid due to its aliphatic isobutyl side chain. It is encoded by six codons and is a major component of the subunits in ferritin, astacin and other 'buffer' proteins...	-	1.4-2 × 10-5	1.2-5.2 × 10-5
Leukocytes (#/cm³) Total:	-	-	-
"	total, birth	9.0-30.0 × 106	-
"	total, pediatric	4.5-15.5 × 106	-
"	total, adult, range	4.3-11.0 × 106	-
"	total, adult, median	7.0 × 106	-
"	Neutrophil granulocyte Neutrophil granulocyte Neutrophil granulocytes are the most abundant type of white blood cells in mammals and form an essential part of the innate immune system. They are generally referred to as either neutrophils or polymorphonuclear neutrophils , and are subdivided into segmented neutrophils and banded neutrophils... s, birth	6.0-26.0 × 106	-
"	Neutrophils, pediatric	1.5-8.5 × 106	-
"	Neutrophils, adult, range	1.83-7.25 × 106	-
"	Neutrophils, adult, median	3.65 × 106	-
"	Eosinophil granulocyte Eosinophil granulocyte Eosinophil granulocytes, usually called eosinophils or eosinophiles , are white blood cells that are one of the immune system components responsible for combating multicellular parasites and certain infections in vertebrates. Along with mast cells, they also control mechanisms associated with... s birth	0.4 × 106	-
"	Eosinophils, pediatric	0.2-0.3 × 106	-
"	Eosinophils, adult, range	0.05-0.7 × 106	-
"	Eosinophils, adult, median	0.15 × 106	-
"	Basophil granulocyte Basophil granulocyte Basophil granulocytes, sometimes referred to as basophils, are the least common of the granulocytes, representing about 0.01% to 0.3% of circulating white blood cells.... s, adult, range	0.015-0.15 × 106	-
"	Basophils, adult, median	0.03 × 106	-
"	Lymphocyte Lymphocyte A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell in the vertebrate immune system.Under the microscope, lymphocytes can be divided into large lymphocytes and small lymphocytes. Large granular lymphocytes include natural killer cells... s, birth	2-11 × 106	-
"	Lymphocyte, pediatric	1.5-8.0 × 106	-
"	Lymphocyte, adult, range	1.5-4.0 × 106	-
"	Lymphocyte, adult, median	2.5 × 106	-
"	Monocyte Monocyte Monocytes are a type of white blood cell and are part of the innate immune system of vertebrates including all mammals , birds, reptiles, and fish. Monocytes play multiple roles in immune function... s, birth, range	0.4-3.1 × 106	-
"	Monocytes, birth, median	1.05 × 106	-
"	Monocytes, pediatric	0.4 × 106	-
"	Monocytes, adult, range	0.21-1.05 × 106	-
"	Monocytes, adult, median	0.43 × 106	-
"	Phagocyte Phagocyte Phagocytes are the white blood cells that protect the body by ingesting harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells. Their name comes from the Greek phagein, "to eat" or "devour", and "-cyte", the suffix in biology denoting "cell", from the Greek kutos, "hollow vessel". They are... s, birth, range	6-26 × 106	-
"	Phagocytes, birth, median	11 × 106	-
"	Phagocytes, pediatric, range	1.5-8.5 × 106	-
"	Phagocytes, pediatric, median	4.1 × 106	-
"	Phagocytes, adult, range	3.5-9.2 × 106	-
"	Phagocytes, CD4 cell count	0.5-1.5 × 106	-
Lipase Lipase A lipase is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation or cleavage of fats . Lipases are a subclass of the esterases.Lipases perform essential roles in the digestion, transport and processing of dietary lipids in most, if not all, living organisms...  P	-	1.2-1.4 × 10-4	-
Lipid Lipid Lipids constitute a broad group of naturally occurring molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins , monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, phospholipids, and others... s, total	-	4.45-6.1 × 10-3	4-8.5 × 10-3
Lipoprotein Lipoprotein A lipoprotein is a biochemical assembly that contains both proteins and lipids water-bound to the proteins. Many enzymes, transporters, structural proteins, antigens, adhesins, and toxins are lipoproteins...  (Sr 12-20)	-	-	1-10 × 10-4
Lithium Lithium Lithium is a soft, silver-white metal that belongs to the alkali metal group of chemical elements. It is represented by the symbol Li, and it has the atomic number 3. Under standard conditions it is the lightest metal and the least dense solid element. Like all alkali metals, lithium is highly...	-	1.5-2.5 × 10-8	-
Lysine Lysine Lysine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCH4NH2. It is an essential amino acid, which means that the human body cannot synthesize it. Its codons are AAA and AAG....	-	1.3-3 × 10-5	2-5.8 × 10-5
Lysozyme Lysozyme Lysozyme, also known as muramidase or N-acetylmuramide glycanhydrolase, are glycoside hydrolases, enzymes that damage bacterial cell walls by catalyzing hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in a peptidoglycan and between...  (muramidase)	-	-	1-15 × 10-6
alpha 2-macroglobulin Alpha 2-macroglobulin alpha-2-Macroglobulin, also known as α2-macroglobulin and abbreviated as α2M and A2M, is a large plasma protein found in the blood. It is produced by the liver, and is a major component of the alpha-2 band in protein electrophoresis....	-	-	-
"	pediatric	-	2-7 × 10-3
"	male, adult	-	0.9-4.0 × 10-3
"	female, adult	-	1.2-5.4 × 10-3
Magnesium Magnesium Magnesium is a chemical element with the symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and common oxidation number +2. It is an alkaline earth metal and the eighth most abundant element in the Earth's crust and ninth in the known universe as a whole...	-	3.2-5.5 × 10-5	1.8-3.6 × 10-5
Malic acid Malic acid Malic acid is an organic compound with the formula HO2CCH2CHOHCO2H. It is a dicarboxylic acid which is made by all living organisms, contributes to the pleasantly sour taste of fruits, and is used as a food additive. Malic acid has two stereoisomeric forms , though only the L-isomer exists...	-	4.6 × 10-6	1-9 × 10-6
Manganese Manganese Manganese is a chemical element, designated by the symbol Mn. It has the atomic number 25. It is found as a free element in nature , and in many minerals...	-	0-2.5 × 10-7	0-1.9 × 10-7
Melatonin Melatonin Melatonin , also known chemically as N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine, is a naturally occurring compound found in animals, plants, and microbes...	-	-	-
"	Day	-	1.35-1.45 × 10-11
"	Night	-	6.07-7.13 × 10-11
Mercury Mercury (element) Mercury is a chemical element with the symbol Hg and atomic number 80. It is also known as quicksilver or hydrargyrum...	-	-	-
"	normal	<1 × 10-8	-
"	chronic	>20 × 10-8	-
Methemoglobin	-	4-6 × 10-4	-
Methionine Methionine Methionine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCHCH2CH2SCH3. This essential amino acid is classified as nonpolar. This amino-acid is coded by the codon AUG, also known as the initiation codon, since it indicates mRNA's coding region where translation into protein...	-	4-6 × 10-6	1-15 × 10-6
Methyl guanidine	-	2-3 × 10-6	-
beta-2-microglobulin	-	-	8-24 × 10-7
MIP-1a	-	-	2.3 × 10-11
MIP-1b	-	-	9 × 10-11
Mucopolysaccharides	-	-	1.75-2.25 × 10-3
Mucoprotein Mucoprotein A mucoprotein is a glycoprotein composed primarily of mucopolysaccharides. It can be found in the synovial fluid of the knees.... s	-	-	8.65-9.6 × 10-4
Nerve growth factor Nerve growth factor Nerve growth factor is a small secreted protein that is important for the growth, maintenance, and survival of certain target neurons . It also functions as a signaling molecule. It is perhaps the prototypical growth factor, in that it is one of the first to be described...  (NGF)	-	-	6-10 × 10-9
Niacin Niacin "Niacin" redirects here. For the neo-fusion band, see Niacin .Niacin is an organic compound with the formula and, depending on the definition used, one of the forty to eighty essential human nutrients.Niacin is one of five vitamins associated with a pandemic deficiency disease: niacin deficiency...	-	5-8 × 10-6	2-15 × 10-7
Nitrogen Nitrogen Nitrogen is a chemical element that has the symbol N, atomic number of 7 and atomic mass 14.00674 u. Elemental nitrogen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, and mostly inert diatomic gas at standard conditions, constituting 78.08% by volume of Earth's atmosphere...	-	-	-
"	respiratory gas	8.2 × 10-6	9.7 × 10-6
"	total, nonrespiratory	3-3.7 × 10-2	-
Norepinephrine Norepinephrine Norepinephrine is the US name for noradrenaline , a catecholamine with multiple roles including as a hormone and a neurotransmitter...	Neurotransmitter Neurotransmitter Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemicals that transmit signals from a neuron to a target cell across a synapse. Neurotransmitters are packaged into synaptic vesicles clustered beneath the membrane on the presynaptic side of a synapse, and are released into the synaptic cleft, where they bind to...  of the sympathetic nervous system Sympathetic nervous system The sympathetic nervous system is one of the three parts of the autonomic nervous system, along with the enteric and parasympathetic systems. Its general action is to mobilize the body's nervous system fight-or-flight response...	-	-
"	after 15 min rest	-	2.15-4.75 × 10-10
"	when emitted	8.1 × 10-9	8.5 × 10-9
Nucleotide Nucleotide Nucleotides are molecules that, when joined together, make up the structural units of RNA and DNA. In addition, nucleotides participate in cellular signaling , and are incorporated into important cofactors of enzymatic reactions... , total	-	3.1-5.2 × 10-4	-
Ornithine Ornithine Ornithine is an amino acid that plays a role in the urea cycle.-Role in urea cycle:L-Ornithine is one of the products of the action of the enzyme arginase on L-arginine, creating urea. Therefore, ornithine is a central part of the urea cycle, which allows for the disposal of excess nitrogen....	-	-	4-14 × 10-6
Oxalate Oxalate Oxalate , is the dianion with formula C2O42− also written 22−. Either name is often used for derivatives, such as disodium oxalate, 2C2O42−, or an ester of oxalic acid Oxalate (IUPAC: ethanedioate), is the dianion with formula C2O42− also written (COO)22−. Either...	-	-	1-2.4 × 10-6
Oxygen Oxygen Oxygen is the element with atomic number 8 and represented by the symbol O. Its name derives from the Greek roots ὀξύς and -γενής , because at the time of naming, it was mistakenly thought that all acids required oxygen in their composition...  (respiratory gas)	-	-	-
"	arterial	2.4-3.2 × 10-4	3.9 × 10-6
"	venous	1.6-2.3 × 10-4	1.6 × 10-6
Oxytocin Oxytocin Oxytocin is a mammalian hormone that acts primarily as a neuromodulator in the brain.Oxytocin is best known for its roles in sexual reproduction, in particular during and after childbirth...	-	-	-
"	male	-	2 × 10-12
"	female, nonlactating	-	2 × 10-12
"	female, pregnant 33-40 wks	-	32-48 × 10-12
Pancreatic polypeptide Pancreatic polypeptide Pancreatic polypeptide is a polypeptide secreted by PP cells in the endocrine pancreas predominantly in the head of the pancreas. It consists of 36 amino acids and has molecular weight about 4200 Da....	-	-	5-20 × 10-11
Pantothenic acid Pantothenic acid Pantothenic acid, also called pantothenate or vitamin B5 , is a water-soluble vitamin. For many animals, pantothenic acid is an essential nutrient. Animals require pantothenic acid to synthesize coenzyme-A , as well as to synthesize and metabolize proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.Pantothenic acid...  (vitamin B5)	-	1.5-4.5 × 10-7	6-35 × 10-8
Para-aminobenzoic acid	-	3-4 × 10-8	-
Parathyroid hormone Parathyroid hormone Parathyroid hormone , parathormone or parathyrin, is secreted by the chief cells of the parathyroid glands as a polypeptide containing 84 amino acids...  (PTH)	-	-	2-4 × 10-10
Pentose Pentose A pentose is a monosaccharide with five carbon atoms. Pentoses are organized into two groups. Aldopentoses have an aldehyde functional group at position 1... , phosphorated	-	-	2-2.3 × 10-5
Phenol Phenol Phenol, also known as carbolic acid, phenic acid, is an organic compound with the chemical formula C6H5OH. It is a white crystalline solid. The molecule consists of a phenyl , bonded to a hydroxyl group. It is produced on a large scale as a precursor to many materials and useful compounds... , free	-	7-10 × 10-7	-
Phenylalanine Phenylalanine Phenylalanine is an α-amino acid with the formula C6H5CH2CHCOOH. This essential amino acid is classified as nonpolar because of the hydrophobic nature of the benzyl side chain. L-Phenylalanine is an electrically neutral amino acid, one of the twenty common amino acids used to biochemically form...	-	8-12 × 10-6	1.1-4 × 10-5
Phospholipid Phospholipid Phospholipids are a class of lipids that are a major component of all cell membranes as they can form lipid bilayers. Most phospholipids contain a diglyceride, a phosphate group, and a simple organic molecule such as choline; one exception to this rule is sphingomyelin, which is derived from...	-	2.25-2.85 × 10-3	5-12 × 10-5
Phosphatase Phosphatase A phosphatase is an enzyme that removes a phosphate group from its substrate by hydrolysing phosphoric acid monoesters into a phosphate ion and a molecule with a free hydroxyl group . This action is directly opposite to that of phosphorylases and kinases, which attach phosphate groups to their... , acid, prostatic	-	-	<3 × 10-9
Phosphorus Phosphorus Phosphorus is the chemical element that has the symbol P and atomic number 15. A multivalent nonmetal of the nitrogen group, phosphorus as a mineral is almost always present in its maximally oxidized state, as inorganic phosphate rocks...	-	-	-
"	inorganic, adult	2-3.9 × 10-5	2.3-4.5 × 10-5
"	inorganic, children	-	4.0-7.0 × 10-5
"	total	3.5-4.3 × 10-4	1-1.5 × 10-4
Phytanic acid Phytanic acid Phytanic acid is a branched chain fatty acid that humans can obtain through the consumption of dairy products, ruminant animal fats, and certain fish. Western diets are estimated to provide 50-100 mg of phytanic acid per day...	-	-	<3 × 10-6
Platelets (#/cm³):	-	-	-
"	range	1.4-4.4 × 108	-
"	median	2.5 × 108	-
Platelet-derived growth factor Platelet-derived growth factor In molecular biology, platelet-derived growth factor is one of the numerous growth factors, or proteins that regulate cell growth and division. In particular, it plays a significant role in blood vessel formation , the growth of blood vessels from already-existing blood vessel tissue. Uncontrolled...	-	-	5.0 × 10-8
Polysaccharide Polysaccharide Polysaccharides are long carbohydrate molecules, of repeated monomer units joined together by glycosidic bonds. They range in structure from linear to highly branched. Polysaccharides are often quite heterogeneous, containing slight modifications of the repeating unit. Depending on the structure,... s, total	-	-	7.3-13.1 × 10-4
Potassium Potassium Potassium is the chemical element with the symbol K and atomic number 19. Elemental potassium is a soft silvery-white alkali metal that oxidizes rapidly in air and is very reactive with water, generating sufficient heat to ignite the hydrogen emitted in the reaction.Potassium and sodium are...	-	1.6-2.4 × 10-3	1.4-2.2 × 10-4
Pregnenolone Pregnenolone Pregnenolone is a steroid hormone involved in the steroidogenesis of progesterone, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens, and estrogens. As such it is a prohormone. Pregnenolone sulfate is a GABAA antagonist and increases neurogenesis in the hippocampus.-Chemistry:Like other steroids,...	-	-	3-20 × 10-10
Progesterone (male)	-	-	12-20 × 10-11
Progesterone Progesterone Progesterone also known as P4 is a C-21 steroid hormone involved in the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy and embryogenesis of humans and other species...  (female)	-	-	-
"	follicular	-	0.4-0.9 × 10-9
"	midluteal	-	7.7-12.1 × 10-9
"	pregnancy, weeks 16-18	-	30-66 × 10-9
"	pregnancy, weeks 28-30	-	70-126 × 10-9
"	pregnancy, weeks 38-40	-	131-227 × 10-9
Proinsulin Proinsulin Proinsulin is the prohormone precursor to insulin made in the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans, specialized regions of the pancreas. In humans, proinsulin is encoded by the INS gene.- Synthesis and post-translational modification :...	-	-	-
"	fasting	-	0.5-5 × 10-10
"	mean	-	1.42-1.70 × 10-10
Prolactin Prolactin Prolactin also known as luteotropic hormone is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PRL gene.Prolactin is a peptide hormone discovered by Henry Friesen...  (male) <20 × 10-9	-	-	-
"	while awake	-	1-7 × 10-9
"	during sleep	-	9-20 × 10-9
Prolactin Prolactin Prolactin also known as luteotropic hormone is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PRL gene.Prolactin is a peptide hormone discovered by Henry Friesen...  (female)	-	-	-
"	follicular	-	<23 × 10-9
"	luteal	-	5-40 × 10-9
Proline Proline Proline is an α-amino acid, one of the twenty DNA-encoded amino acids. Its codons are CCU, CCC, CCA, and CCG. It is not an essential amino acid, which means that the human body can synthesize it. It is unique among the 20 protein-forming amino acids in that the α-amino group is secondary...	-	-	1.2-5.7 × 10-5
Prostaglandin Prostaglandin A prostaglandin is any member of a group of lipid compounds that are derived enzymatically from fatty acids and have important functions in the animal body. Every prostaglandin contains 20 carbon atoms, including a 5-carbon ring.... s	-	-	-
"	PGE	-	3.55-4.15 × 10-10
"	PGF	-	1.26-1.56 × 10-10
"	15-keto-PGF2a	-	5 × 10-10
"	15-keto-PGE2	-	<5 × 10-11
Protein Protein Proteins are biochemical compounds consisting of one or more polypeptides typically folded into a globular or fibrous form, facilitating a biological function. A polypeptide is a single linear polymer chain of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of... , total	-	1.9-2.1 × 10-1	6.0-8.3 × 10-2
Protoporphyrin	-	2.7-6.1 × 10-7	-
Prostate specific antigen Prostate specific antigen Prostate-specific antigen also known as gamma-seminoprotein or kallikrein-3 is a glycoprotein that in humans is encoded by the KLK3 gene. KLK3 is a member of the kallikrein-related peptidase family that are secreted by the epithelial cells of the prostate gland...	-	0-5 × 10-9	-
Pseudoglobulin I	-	-	8-19 × 10-3
Pseudoglobulin II	-	-	2-8 × 10-3
Purine Purine A purine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound, consisting of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Purines, including substituted purines and their tautomers, are the most widely distributed kind of nitrogen-containing heterocycle in nature.... , total	-	9.5-11.5 × 10-5	-
Pyrimidine nucleotides	-	2.6-4.6 × 10-5	2-12 × 10-7
Pyridoxine Pyridoxine Pyridoxine is one of the compounds that can be called vitamin B6, along with pyridoxal and pyridoxamine. It differs from pyridoxamine by the substituent at the '4' position. It is often used as 'pyridoxine hydrochloride'.-Chemistry:...  (Vitamin B6)	-	-	3.6-90 × 10-9
Pyruvic acid Pyruvic acid Pyruvic acid is an organic acid, a ketone, as well as the simplest of the alpha-keto acids. The carboxylate ion of pyruvic acid, CH3COCOO−, is known as pyruvate, and is a key intersection in several metabolic pathways....	-	3-10 × 10-6	3-12 × 10-6
RANTES RANTES Chemokine ligand 5 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CCL5 gene. It is also known as RANTES .- Function :...	-	-	7 × 10-11
Relaxin Relaxin Relaxin is a protein hormone first described in 1926 by Frederick Hisaw.The relaxin-like peptide family belongs in the insulin superfamily and consists of 7 peptides of high structural but low sequence similarity; relaxin-1 , 2 and 3 , and the insulin-like peptides, INSL3, INSL4, INSL5 and INSL6...	-	-	-
"	day <100 preparturition	-	<2 × 10-9
"	day 100 to 2 days preceding	-	5-40 × 10-9
"	day preceding parturition	-	100-200 × 10-9
"	day following parturition	-	<2 × 10-9
Retinol Retinol Retinol is one of the animal forms of vitamin A. It is a diterpenoid and an alcohol. It is convertible to other forms of vitamin A, and the retinyl ester derivative of the alcohol serves as the storage form of the vitamin in animals....  (Vitamin A)	-	-	1-8 × 10-7
Riboflavin Riboflavin Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2 or additive E101, is an easily absorbed micronutrient with a key role in maintaining health in humans and animals. It is the central component of the cofactors FAD and FMN, and is therefore required by all flavoproteins. As such, vitamin B2 is required for a...  (Vitamin B2)	-	1.5-6 × 10-7	2.6-3.7 × 10-8
RNA RNA Ribonucleic acid , or RNA, is one of the three major macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life....	-	5-8 × 10-4	4-6 × 10-5
Secretin Secretin Secretin is a hormone that controls the secretions into the duodenum, and also separately, water homeostasis throughout the body. It is produced in the S cells of the duodenum in the crypts of Lieberkühn...	-	-	2.9-4.5 × 10-11
Serine Serine Serine is an amino acid with the formula HO2CCHCH2OH. It is one of the proteinogenic amino acids. By virtue of the hydroxyl group, serine is classified as a polar amino acid.-Occurrence and biosynthesis:...	-	-	3-20 × 10-6
Serotonin Serotonin Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine is a monoamine neurotransmitter. Biochemically derived from tryptophan, serotonin is primarily found in the gastrointestinal tract, platelets, and in the central nervous system of animals including humans...  (5-hydroxytryptamine)	-	1.55-1.81 × 10-7	0.8-2.1 × 10-7
Silicon Silicon Silicon is a chemical element with the symbol Si and atomic number 14. A tetravalent metalloid, it is less reactive than its chemical analog carbon, the nonmetal directly above it in the periodic table, but more reactive than germanium, the metalloid directly below it in the table...	-	1.4-2.95 × 10-6	2.2-5.7 × 10-6
Sodium Sodium Sodium is a chemical element with the symbol Na and atomic number 11. It is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal and is a member of the alkali metals; its only stable isotope is 23Na. It is an abundant element that exists in numerous minerals, most commonly as sodium chloride...	-	-	3.1-3.4 × 10-3
Solids, total	-	2-2.5 × 10-1	8-9 × 10-2
Somatotropin (growth hormone Growth hormone Growth hormone is a peptide hormone that stimulates growth, cell reproduction and regeneration in humans and other animals. Growth hormone is a 191-amino acid, single-chain polypeptide that is synthesized, stored, and secreted by the somatotroph cells within the lateral wings of the anterior... )	-	-	4-140 × 10-10
Sphingomyelin Sphingomyelin Sphingomyelin is a type of sphingolipid found in animal cell membranes, especially in the membranous myelin sheath that surrounds some nerve cell axons. It usually consists of phosphorylcholine and ceramide...	-	1.5-1.85 × 10-3	1-4 × 10-4
Succinic acid Succinic acid Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid. Succinate plays a biochemical role in the citric acid cycle. The name derives from Latin succinum, meaning amber, from which the acid may be obtained....	-	-	5 × 10-6
Sugar, total	-	7-11 × 10-4	-
Sulfate Sulfate In inorganic chemistry, a sulfate is a salt of sulfuric acid.-Chemical properties:... s, inorganic	-	-	8-12 × 10-6
Sulfur Sulfur Sulfur or sulphur is the chemical element with atomic number 16. In the periodic table it is represented by the symbol S. It is an abundant, multivalent non-metal. Under normal conditions, sulfur atoms form cyclic octatomic molecules with chemical formula S8. Elemental sulfur is a bright yellow... , total	-	3.8-5 × 10-2	3.1-3.8 × 10-2
Taurine	-	-	3-21 × 10-6
Testosterone Testosterone Testosterone is a steroid hormone from the androgen group and is found in mammals, reptiles, birds, and other vertebrates. In mammals, testosterone is primarily secreted in the testes of males and the ovaries of females, although small amounts are also secreted by the adrenal glands...  (male)	-	-	-
"	free	-	5.6-10.2 × 10-11
"	total	-	275-875 × 10-11
Testosterone (female)	-	-	-
"	free	-	0.24-0.38 × 10-11
"	total	-	23-75 × 10-11
"	pregnant	-	38-190 × 10-11
Thiamine Thiamine Thiamine or thiamin or vitamin B1 , named as the "thio-vitamine" is a water-soluble vitamin of the B complex. First named aneurin for the detrimental neurological effects if not present in the diet, it was eventually assigned the generic descriptor name vitamin B1. Its phosphate derivatives are...  (Vitamin B1)	-	3-10 × 10-8	1-9 × 10-8
Thiocyanate Thiocyanate Thiocyanate is the anion [SCN]−. It is the conjugate base of thiocyanic acid. Common derivatives include the colourless salts potassium thiocyanate and sodium thiocyanate. Organic compounds containing the functional group SCN are also called thiocyanates...	-	5-14 × 10-6	-
"	nonsmoker	-	1-4 × 10-6
"	smoker	-	3-12 × 10-6
Threonine Threonine Threonine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCHCHCH3. Its codons are ACU, ACA, ACC, and ACG. This essential amino acid is classified as polar...	-	1.3-2 × 10-5	0.9-3.2 × 10-5
Thyroglobulin Thyroglobulin Thyroglobulin is a 660 kDa, dimeric protein produced by and used entirely within the thyroid gland. In earlier literature, Tg was referred to as colloid....  (Tg)	-	-	<5 × 10-8
Thyroid hormone Thyroid hormone The thyroid hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine , are tyrosine-based hormones produced by the thyroid gland primarily responsible for regulation of metabolism. An important component in the synthesis of thyroid hormones is iodine. The major form of thyroid hormone in the blood is thyroxine ,... s	-	-	4-8 × 10-8
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone Thyrotropin-releasing hormone Thyrotropin-releasing hormone , also called thyrotropin-releasing factor , thyroliberin or protirelin, is a tropic tripeptide hormone that stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone and prolactin by the anterior pituitary...	-	-	5-60 × 10-12
Thyroxine Thyroxine Thyroxine, or 3,5,3',5'-tetraiodothyronine , a form of thyroid hormones, is the major hormone secreted by the follicular cells of the thyroid gland.-Synthesis and regulation:...  (FT4)	-	-	-
"	free	-	8-24 × 10-12
"	total	-	4-12 × 10-8
Thyroxine-binding prealbumin	-	-	2.8-3.5 × 10-4
Thyroxine-binding globulin Thyroxine-binding globulin Thyroxine-binding globulin binds thyroid hormone in circulation. It is one of three proteins responsible for carrying the thyroid hormones thyroxine and 3,5,3’-triiodothyronine in the bloodstream. Of these three proteins, TBG has the highest affinity for T4 and T3, but is present in the lowest...	-	-	1.0-3.4 × 10-7
Tin Tin Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn and atomic number 50. It is a main group metal in group 14 of the periodic table. Tin shows chemical similarity to both neighboring group 14 elements, germanium and lead and has two possible oxidation states, +2 and the slightly more stable +4...	-	0-4 × 10-7	0-1 × 10-7
alpha-Tocopherol Tocopherol Tocopherols are a class of chemical compounds of which many have vitamin E activity. It is a series of organic compounds consisting of various methylated phenols...  (Vitamin E)	-	-	5-20 × 10-6
Transcortin Transcortin Transcortin, also corticosteroid-binding globulin or CBG, is officially called serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade A , member 6.It is an alpha-globulin.-Binding:...	-	-	-
"	male	-	1.5-2 × 10-5
"	female	-	1.6-2.5 × 10-5
Transferrin Transferrin Transferrins are iron-binding blood plasma glycoproteins that control the level of free iron in biological fluids. In humans, it is encoded by the TF gene.Transferrin is a glycoprotein that binds iron very tightly but reversibly...	-	-	-
"	newborn	-	1.3-2.75 × 10-3
"	adult	-	2.2-4 × 10-3
"	age >60 yrs	-	1.8-3.8 × 10-3
Triglyceride Triglyceride A triglyceride is an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids. There are many triglycerides, depending on the oil source, some are highly unsaturated, some less so.... s	-	8.5-23.5 × 10-4	2.5-30 × 10-4
Triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine, C15H12I3NO4, also known as T3, is a thyroid hormone. It affects almost every physiological process in the body, including growth and development, metabolism, body temperature, and heart rate....	-	-	-
"	free	-	2.3-6.6 × 10-12
"	total (T3)	-	0.75-2.50 × 10-9
Tryptophan Tryptophan Tryptophan is one of the 20 standard amino acids, as well as an essential amino acid in the human diet. It is encoded in the standard genetic code as the codon UGG...	-	5-10 × 10-6	9-30 × 10-6
Tyrosine Tyrosine Tyrosine or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine, is one of the 22 amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize proteins. Its codons are UAC and UAU. It is a non-essential amino acid with a polar side group...	-	8-14 × 10-6	4-25 × 10-6
Urea Urea Urea or carbamide is an organic compound with the chemical formula CO2. The molecule has two —NH2 groups joined by a carbonyl functional group....	-	2-4 × 10-4	2.8-4 × 10-4
Uric acid Uric acid Uric acid is a heterocyclic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen with the formula C5H4N4O3. It forms ions and salts known as urates and acid urates such as ammonium acid urate. Uric acid is created when the body breaks down purine nucleotides. High blood concentrations of uric acid...	-	6-49 × 10-6	2-7 × 10-5
"	child	-	3.5-7.2 × 10-5
"	adult, male	-	2.6-6.0 × 10-5
"	adult, female	2.0-5.5 × 10-5
Valine Valine Valine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCHCH2. L-Valine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids. Its codons are GUU, GUC, GUA, and GUG. This essential amino acid is classified as nonpolar...	-	2-2.9 × 10-5	1.7-4.2 × 10-5
Vasointestinal peptide (VIP)	-	-	6-16 × 10-12
Vasopressin Vasopressin Arginine vasopressin , also known as vasopressin, argipressin or antidiuretic hormone , is a neurohypophysial hormone found in most mammals, including humans. Vasopressin is a peptide hormone that controls the reabsorption of molecules in the tubules of the kidneys by affecting the tissue's...	-	-	-
"	hydrated	-	4.5 × 10-13
"	dehydrated	-	3.7 × 10-12
Zinc Zinc Zinc , or spelter , is a metallic chemical element; it has the symbol Zn and atomic number 30. It is the first element in group 12 of the periodic table. Zinc is, in some respects, chemically similar to magnesium, because its ion is of similar size and its only common oxidation state is +2...	-	5-13 × 10-6	7-15 × 10-7

In blood bank

Blood bank

A blood bank is a cache or bank of blood or blood components, gathered as a result of blood donation, stored and preserved for later use in blood transfusion. The term "blood bank" typically refers to a division of a hospital laboratory where the storage of blood product occurs and where proper...

ing, the fractions of Whole Blood used for transfusion are also called components.