Lipase
Encyclopedia
A lipase is an enzyme
that catalyzes the formation or cleavage (hydrolysis
) of fats (lipid
s). Lipases are a subclass of the esterase
s.
Lipases perform essential roles in the digestion
, transport and processing of dietary lipids (e.g. triglycerides, fat
s, oil
s) in most, if not all, living organism
s. Genes
encoding lipases are even present in certain virus
es.
backbone of lipid substrate (A1, A2 or A3)(small intestine). For example, human pancreatic lipase (HPL), which is the main enzyme that breaks down dietary fat
s in the human
digestive system, converts triglyceride
substrates found in ingested oils to monoglyceride
s and two fatty acid
s.
Several other types of lipase activities exist in nature, such as phospholipase
s and sphingomyelinases, however these are usually treated separately from "conventional" lipases.
Some lipases are expressed secreted by pathogenic organisms during the infection
. In particular, Candida albicans
has a large number of different lipases, possibly reflecting broad lipolytic activity, which may contribute to the persistence and virulence of C. albicans in human tissue.
ally distinct lipase enzymes are found in nature, and represent several types of protein folds
and catalytic mechanisms, most are built on an alpha/beta hydrolase fold
(see image) and employ a chymotrypsin
-like hydrolysis mechanism involving a serine
nucleophile
, an acid
residue (usually aspartic acid
), and a histidine
.
triglycerides to cell signaling
and inflammation
. Thus, some lipase activities are confined to specific compartments within cell
s while others work in extracellular spaces.
. Humans also have several other related enzymes, including hepatic lipase
(HL), endothelial lipase
, and lipoprotein lipase
. Not all of these lipases function in the gut (see table).
Other lipases include , , , , , , , , , and .
There also are a diverse array of phospholipase
s, but these are not always classified with the other lipases.
serve important roles in human practices as ancient as yogurt and cheese fermentation. However, lipases are also being exploited as cheap and versatile catalysts to degrade lipids in more modern applications. For instance, a biotechnology
company has brought recombinant lipase enzymes to market for use in applications such as baking, laundry detergents and even as biocatalysts in alternative energy
strategies to convert vegetable oil into fuel.
Enzyme
Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions. In enzymatic reactions, the molecules at the beginning of the process, called substrates, are converted into different molecules, called products. Almost all chemical reactions in a biological cell need enzymes in order to occur at rates...
that catalyzes the formation or cleavage (hydrolysis
Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction during which molecules of water are split into hydrogen cations and hydroxide anions in the process of a chemical mechanism. It is the type of reaction that is used to break down certain polymers, especially those made by condensation polymerization...
) of fats (lipid
Lipid
Lipids constitute a broad group of naturally occurring molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins , monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, phospholipids, and others...
s). Lipases are a subclass of the esterase
Esterase
An esterase is a hydrolase enzyme that splits esters into an acid and an alcohol in a chemical reaction with water called hydrolysis.A wide range of different esterases exist that differ in their substrate specificity, their protein structure, and their biological function.- EC classification/list...
s.
Lipases perform essential roles in the digestion
Digestion
Digestion is the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into smaller components that are more easily absorbed into a blood stream, for instance. Digestion is a form of catabolism: a breakdown of large food molecules to smaller ones....
, transport and processing of dietary lipids (e.g. triglycerides, fat
Fat
Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and generally insoluble in water. Chemically, fats are triglycerides, triesters of glycerol and any of several fatty acids. Fats may be either solid or liquid at room temperature, depending on their structure...
s, oil
Oil
An oil is any substance that is liquid at ambient temperatures and does not mix with water but may mix with other oils and organic solvents. This general definition includes vegetable oils, volatile essential oils, petrochemical oils, and synthetic oils....
s) in most, if not all, living organism
Organism
In biology, an organism is any contiguous living system . In at least some form, all organisms are capable of response to stimuli, reproduction, growth and development, and maintenance of homoeostasis as a stable whole.An organism may either be unicellular or, as in the case of humans, comprise...
s. Genes
Gênes
Gênes is the name of a département of the First French Empire in present Italy, named after the city of Genoa. It was formed in 1805, when Napoleon Bonaparte occupied the Republic of Genoa. Its capital was Genoa, and it was divided in the arrondissements of Genoa, Bobbio, Novi Ligure, Tortona and...
encoding lipases are even present in certain virus
Virus
A virus is a small infectious agent that can replicate only inside the living cells of organisms. Viruses infect all types of organisms, from animals and plants to bacteria and archaea...
es.
Function
Most lipases act at a specific position on the glycerolGlycerol
Glycerol is a simple polyol compound. It is a colorless, odorless, viscous liquid that is widely used in pharmaceutical formulations. Glycerol has three hydroxyl groups that are responsible for its solubility in water and its hygroscopic nature. The glycerol backbone is central to all lipids...
backbone of lipid substrate (A1, A2 or A3)(small intestine). For example, human pancreatic lipase (HPL), which is the main enzyme that breaks down dietary fat
Fat
Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and generally insoluble in water. Chemically, fats are triglycerides, triesters of glycerol and any of several fatty acids. Fats may be either solid or liquid at room temperature, depending on their structure...
s in the human
Human
Humans are the only living species in the Homo genus...
digestive system, converts triglyceride
Triglyceride
A triglyceride is an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids. There are many triglycerides, depending on the oil source, some are highly unsaturated, some less so....
substrates found in ingested oils to monoglyceride
Monoglyceride
A monoglyceride, more correctly known as a monoacylglycerol, is a glyceride consisting of one fatty acid chain covalently bonded to a glycerol molecule through an ester linkage....
s and two fatty acid
Fatty acid
In chemistry, especially biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with a long unbranched aliphatic tail , which is either saturated or unsaturated. Most naturally occurring fatty acids have a chain of an even number of carbon atoms, from 4 to 28. Fatty acids are usually derived from...
s.
Several other types of lipase activities exist in nature, such as phospholipase
Phospholipase
A phospholipase is an enzyme that hydrolyzes phospholipids into fatty acids and other lipophilic substances. There are four major classes, termed A, B, C and D, distinguished by the type of reaction which they catalyze:*Phospholipase A...
s and sphingomyelinases, however these are usually treated separately from "conventional" lipases.
Some lipases are expressed secreted by pathogenic organisms during the infection
Infection
An infection is the colonization of a host organism by parasite species. Infecting parasites seek to use the host's resources to reproduce, often resulting in disease...
. In particular, Candida albicans
Candida albicans
Candida albicans is a diploid fungus that grows both as yeast and filamentous cells and a causal agent of opportunistic oral and genital infections in humans. Systemic fungal infections including those by C...
has a large number of different lipases, possibly reflecting broad lipolytic activity, which may contribute to the persistence and virulence of C. albicans in human tissue.
Structure and catalytic mechanism
Although a diverse array of geneticGenetics
Genetics , a discipline of biology, is the science of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms....
ally distinct lipase enzymes are found in nature, and represent several types of protein folds
Protein folding
Protein folding is the process by which a protein structure assumes its functional shape or conformation. It is the physical process by which a polypeptide folds into its characteristic and functional three-dimensional structure from random coil....
and catalytic mechanisms, most are built on an alpha/beta hydrolase fold
Alpha/beta hydrolase fold
In molecular biology, the alpha/beta hydrolase fold is common to a number of hydrolytic enzymes of widely differing phylogenetic origin and catalytic function. The core of each enzyme is an alpha/beta-sheet , containing 8 strands connected byhelices...
(see image) and employ a chymotrypsin
Chymotrypsin
Chymotrypsin is a digestive enzyme that can perform proteolysis. Chymotrypsin preferentially cleaves peptide amide bonds where the carboxyl side of the amide bond is a tyrosine, tryptophan, or phenylalanine. These amino acids contain an aromatic ring in their sidechain that fits into a...
-like hydrolysis mechanism involving a serine
Serine
Serine is an amino acid with the formula HO2CCHCH2OH. It is one of the proteinogenic amino acids. By virtue of the hydroxyl group, serine is classified as a polar amino acid.-Occurrence and biosynthesis:...
nucleophile
Nucleophile
A nucleophile is a species that donates an electron-pair to an electrophile to form a chemical bond in a reaction. All molecules or ions with a free pair of electrons can act as nucleophiles. Because nucleophiles donate electrons, they are by definition Lewis bases.Nucleophilic describes the...
, an acid
Acid
An acid is a substance which reacts with a base. Commonly, acids can be identified as tasting sour, reacting with metals such as calcium, and bases like sodium carbonate. Aqueous acids have a pH of less than 7, where an acid of lower pH is typically stronger, and turn blue litmus paper red...
residue (usually aspartic acid
Aspartic acid
Aspartic acid is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HOOCCHCH2COOH. The carboxylate anion, salt, or ester of aspartic acid is known as aspartate. The L-isomer of aspartate is one of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the building blocks of proteins...
), and a histidine
Histidine
Histidine Histidine, an essential amino acid, has a positively charged imidazole functional group. It is one of the 22 proteinogenic amino acids. Its codons are CAU and CAC. Histidine was first isolated by German physician Albrecht Kossel in 1896. Histidine is an essential amino acid in humans...
.
Physiological distribution
Lipases are involved in diverse biological processes ranging from routine metabolism of dietaryDiet (nutrition)
In nutrition, diet is the sum of food consumed by a person or other organism. Dietary habits are the habitual decisions an individual or culture makes when choosing what foods to eat. With the word diet, it is often implied the use of specific intake of nutrition for health or weight-management...
triglycerides to cell signaling
Cell signaling
Cell signaling is part of a complex system of communication that governs basic cellular activities and coordinates cell actions. The ability of cells to perceive and correctly respond to their microenvironment is the basis of development, tissue repair, and immunity as well as normal tissue...
and inflammation
Inflammation
Inflammation is part of the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. Inflammation is a protective attempt by the organism to remove the injurious stimuli and to initiate the healing process...
. Thus, some lipase activities are confined to specific compartments within cell
Cell (biology)
The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all known living organisms. It is the smallest unit of life that is classified as a living thing, and is often called the building block of life. The Alberts text discusses how the "cellular building blocks" move to shape developing embryos....
s while others work in extracellular spaces.
- In the example of lysosomal lipaseLysosomal lipaseLysosomal lipase is a form of lipase which functions intracellularly, in the lysosomes.-Clinical significance:A deficiency associated with Lysosomal Acid Lipase Deficiency, Wolman disease, and Cholesteryl Ester Storage Disease....
, the enzyme is confined within an organelleOrganelleIn cell biology, an organelle is a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function, and is usually separately enclosed within its own lipid bilayer....
called the lysosomeLysosomethumb|350px|Schematic of typical animal cell, showing subcellular components. [[Organelle]]s: [[nucleoli]] [[cell nucleus|nucleus]] [[ribosomes]] [[vesicle |vesicle]] rough [[endoplasmic reticulum]]...
.
- Other lipase enzymes, such as pancreatic lipases, are secreted into extracellularExtracellularIn cell biology, molecular biology and related fields, the word extracellular means "outside the cell". This space is usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid...
spaces where they serve to process dietary lipids into more simple forms that can be more easily absorbed and transported throughout the body.
- Fungi and bacteria may secrete lipases to facilitate nutrient absorption from the external medium (or in examples of pathogenic microbes, to promote invasion of a new host).
- Certain wasp and bee venoms contain phospholipasePhospholipaseA phospholipase is an enzyme that hydrolyzes phospholipids into fatty acids and other lipophilic substances. There are four major classes, termed A, B, C and D, distinguished by the type of reaction which they catalyze:*Phospholipase A...
s that enhance the "biological payload" of injury and inflammation delivered by a sting.
- As biological membraneBiological membraneA biological membrane or biomembrane is an enclosing or separatingmembrane that acts as a selective barrier, within or around a cell. It consists of a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins that may constitute close to 50% of membrane content...
s are integral to living cells and are largely composed of phospholipidPhospholipidPhospholipids are a class of lipids that are a major component of all cell membranes as they can form lipid bilayers. Most phospholipids contain a diglyceride, a phosphate group, and a simple organic molecule such as choline; one exception to this rule is sphingomyelin, which is derived from...
s, lipases play important roles in cell biologyCell biologyCell biology is a scientific discipline that studies cells – their physiological properties, their structure, the organelles they contain, interactions with their environment, their life cycle, division and death. This is done both on a microscopic and molecular level...
.
- Malassezia globosa, a fungus that is thought to be the cause of human dandruffDandruffDandruff is the shedding of dead skin cells from the scalp . Dandruff is sometimes caused by frequent exposure to extreme heat and cold. As it is normal for skin cells to die and flake off, a small amount of flaking is normal and common; about 487,000 cells/cm2 get released normally after...
, uses lipase to break down sebum into oleic acidOleic acidOleic acid is a monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid found in various animal and vegetable fats. It has the formula CH37CH=CH7COOH. It is an odorless, colourless oil, although commercial samples may be yellowish. The trans isomer of oleic acid is called elaidic acid...
and increase skin cell production, causing dandruff.
Human lipases
The main lipases of the human digestive system are human pancreatic lipase (HPL) and pancreatic lipase related protein 2 (PLRP2), which are secreted by the pancreasPancreas
The pancreas is a gland organ in the digestive and endocrine system of vertebrates. It is both an endocrine gland producing several important hormones, including insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin, as well as a digestive organ, secreting pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes that assist...
. Humans also have several other related enzymes, including hepatic lipase
Hepatic lipase
Hepatic lipase is a form of lipase. It is expressed in the liver and adrenal glands.One of the principal functions of hepatic lipase is to convert IDL to LDL.-Clinical significance:...
(HL), endothelial lipase
Endothelial lipase
Endothelial lipase is a form of lipase secreted by the endothelial cells.It was first characterized in 1999....
, and lipoprotein lipase
Lipoprotein lipase
Lipoprotein lipase is a member of the lipase gene family, which includes pancreatic lipase, hepatic lipase, and endothelial lipase. It is a water soluble enzyme that hydrolyzes triglycerides in lipoproteins, such as those found in chylomicrons and very low-density lipoproteins , into two free...
. Not all of these lipases function in the gut (see table).
| Name | Gene | Location | Description | Disorder >- | bile salt dependent lipase Bile salt dependent lipase Bile salt-dependent lipase , also known as carboxyl ester lipase is an enzyme produced by the adult pancreas and aids in the digestion of fats. Bile salt-stimulated lipase is an equivalent enzyme found within breast milk. BSDL has been found in the pancreatic secretions of all species in which it... |
? | pancreas Pancreas The pancreas is a gland organ in the digestive and endocrine system of vertebrates. It is both an endocrine gland producing several important hormones, including insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin, as well as a digestive organ, secreting pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes that assist... , breast milk Breast milk Breast milk, more specifically human milk, is the milk produced by the breasts of a human female for her infant offspring... |
aids in the digestion of fats | >- | digestive juice | In order to exhibit optimal enzyme Enzyme Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions. In enzymatic reactions, the molecules at the beginning of the process, called substrates, are converted into different molecules, called products. Almost all chemical reactions in a biological cell need enzymes in order to occur at rates... activity in the gut lumen, HPL requires another protein, colipase Colipase Colipase is a protein co-enzyme required for optimal enzyme activity of pancreatic lipase. It is secreted by the pancreas in an inactive form, procolipase, which is activated in the intestinal lumen by trypsin... , which is also secreted by the pancreas. |
>- | interior space of organelle Organelle In cell biology, an organelle is a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function, and is usually separately enclosed within its own lipid bilayer.... : lysosome Lysosome thumb|350px|Schematic of typical animal cell, showing subcellular components. [[Organelle]]s: [[nucleoli]] [[cell nucleus|nucleus]] [[ribosomes]] [[vesicle |vesicle]] rough [[endoplasmic reticulum]]... |
Also referred to as lysosomal acid lipase (LAL or LIPA) or acid cholesteryl ester hydrolase | Cholesteryl ester storage disease Cholesteryl ester storage disease Cholesteryl Ester Storage Disease is the late onset phenotype for Lysosomal Acid Lipase Deficiency, a Lysosomal storage disease, which also has an early onset phenotype known as Wolman disease that primarily affects infants. CESD can present in childhood but often goes unrecognized until... (CESD) and Wolman disease Wolman disease Wolman Disease Wolman Disease Wolman Disease (also known as Wolman’s Disease, early onset LAL Deficiency, and Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency is a rare genetic disorder caused by a deficiency of an enzyme known as lysosomal acid lipase (LAL or LIPA). This enzyme is necessary to break down certain... are both caused by mutations in the gene encoding lysosomal lipase. >- | hepatic lipase Hepatic lipase Hepatic lipase is a form of lipase. It is expressed in the liver and adrenal glands.One of the principal functions of hepatic lipase is to convert IDL to LDL.-Clinical significance:... |
endothelium Endothelium The endothelium is the thin layer of cells that lines the interior surface of blood vessels, forming an interface between circulating blood in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall. These cells are called endothelial cells. Endothelial cells line the entire circulatory system, from the heart... |
Hepatic lipase acts on the remaining lipid Lipid Lipids constitute a broad group of naturally occurring molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins , monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, phospholipids, and others... s carried on lipoproteins in the blood to regenerate LDL (low density lipoprotein Low density lipoprotein Low-density lipoprotein is one of the five major groups of lipoproteins, which in order of size, largest to smallest, are chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, and HDL, that enable transport of cholesterol within the water-based bloodstream... ). |
>- | or "LIPD" | endothelium Endothelium The endothelium is the thin layer of cells that lines the interior surface of blood vessels, forming an interface between circulating blood in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall. These cells are called endothelial cells. Endothelial cells line the entire circulatory system, from the heart... |
Lipoprotein lipase Lipoprotein lipase Lipoprotein lipase is a member of the lipase gene family, which includes pancreatic lipase, hepatic lipase, and endothelial lipase. It is a water soluble enzyme that hydrolyzes triglycerides in lipoproteins, such as those found in chylomicrons and very low-density lipoproteins , into two free... functions in the blood Blood Blood is a specialized bodily fluid in animals that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells.... to act on triacylglycerides carried on VLDL (very low density lipoprotein Lipoprotein A lipoprotein is a biochemical assembly that contains both proteins and lipids water-bound to the proteins. Many enzymes, transporters, structural proteins, antigens, adhesins, and toxins are lipoproteins... ) so that cells can take up the freed fatty acid Fatty acid In chemistry, especially biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with a long unbranched aliphatic tail , which is either saturated or unsaturated. Most naturally occurring fatty acids have a chain of an even number of carbon atoms, from 4 to 28. Fatty acids are usually derived from... s. |
Lipoprotein lipase deficiency Lipoprotein lipase deficiency Lipoprotein lipase deficiency is caused by a mutation in the gene which codes lipoprotein lipase.... is caused by mutation Mutation In molecular biology and genetics, mutations are changes in a genomic sequence: the DNA sequence of a cell's genome or the DNA or RNA sequence of a virus. They can be defined as sudden and spontaneous changes in the cell. Mutations are caused by radiation, viruses, transposons and mutagenic... s in the gene Gene A gene is a molecular unit of heredity of a living organism. It is a name given to some stretches of DNA and RNA that code for a type of protein or for an RNA chain that has a function in the organism. Living beings depend on genes, as they specify all proteins and functional RNA chains... encoding lipoprotein lipase Lipoprotein lipase Lipoprotein lipase is a member of the lipase gene family, which includes pancreatic lipase, hepatic lipase, and endothelial lipase. It is a water soluble enzyme that hydrolyzes triglycerides in lipoproteins, such as those found in chylomicrons and very low-density lipoproteins , into two free... . >- | hormone-sensitive lipase Hormone-sensitive lipase Hormone-sensitive lipase also previously known as cholesteryl ester hydrolase is an enzyme that, in humans, is encoded by the LIPE gene.... |
intracellular Intracellular Not to be confused with intercellular, meaning "between cells".In cell biology, molecular biology and related fields, the word intracellular means "inside the cell".It is used in contrast to extracellular... |
- | >- | digestive juice | Functions in the infant at a near-neutral pH to aid in the digestion of lipids | >- | endothelium Endothelium The endothelium is the thin layer of cells that lines the interior surface of blood vessels, forming an interface between circulating blood in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall. These cells are called endothelial cells. Endothelial cells line the entire circulatory system, from the heart... |
- | >- | or "PLRP2" - | digestive juice | - | >- | or "PLRP1" | digestive juice | Pancreatic lipase related protein 1 is very similar to PLRP2 and HPL by amino acid sequence (all three genes probably arose via gene duplication Gene duplication Gene duplication is any duplication of a region of DNA that contains a gene; it may occur as an error in homologous recombination, a retrotransposition event, or duplication of an entire chromosome.The second copy of the gene is often free from selective pressure — that is, mutations of it have no... of a single ancestral pancreatic lipase gene). However, PLRP1 is devoid of detectable lipase activity and its function remains unknown, even though it is conserved in other mammal Mammal Mammals are members of a class of air-breathing vertebrate animals characterised by the possession of endothermy, hair, three middle ear bones, and mammary glands functional in mothers with young... s. |
>- | lingual lipase Lingual lipase Lingual lipase is a member of a family of digestive enzymes called lipases, EC 3.1.1.3, that use the catalytic triad of Aspartate , Histidine , and Serine to hydrolyze long-chain triglycerides into partial glycerides and free fatty acids. The enzyme catalyzes the first reaction in the digestion of... |
? | digestive juice | - | - |
Other lipases include , , , , , , , , , and .
There also are a diverse array of phospholipase
Phospholipase
A phospholipase is an enzyme that hydrolyzes phospholipids into fatty acids and other lipophilic substances. There are four major classes, termed A, B, C and D, distinguished by the type of reaction which they catalyze:*Phospholipase A...
s, but these are not always classified with the other lipases.
Industrial uses
Lipases from fungi and bacteriaBacteria
Bacteria are a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a wide range of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals...
serve important roles in human practices as ancient as yogurt and cheese fermentation. However, lipases are also being exploited as cheap and versatile catalysts to degrade lipids in more modern applications. For instance, a biotechnology
Biotechnology
Biotechnology is a field of applied biology that involves the use of living organisms and bioprocesses in engineering, technology, medicine and other fields requiring bioproducts. Biotechnology also utilizes these products for manufacturing purpose...
company has brought recombinant lipase enzymes to market for use in applications such as baking, laundry detergents and even as biocatalysts in alternative energy
Alternative energy
Alternative energy is an umbrella term that refers to any source of usable energy intended to replace fuel sources without the undesired consequences of the replaced fuels....
strategies to convert vegetable oil into fuel.
See also
- Triglyceride lipaseTriglyceride lipaseTriglyceride lipases are lipases that hydrolyse ester linkages of triglycerides. These lipases are widely distributed in animals, plants and prokaryotes. This family was also called class 3 lipases as they are only distantly related to other lipase families....
- Phospholipase A
- Phospholipase CPhospholipase CPhosphoinositide phospholipase C is a family of eukaryotic intracellular enzymes that play an important role in signal transduction processes. In general, this enzyme is denoted as Phospholipase C, although three other families of phospholipase C enzymes have been identified in bacteria and in...
- Alpha toxin
- Peripheral membrane proteinPeripheral membrane proteinPeripheral membrane proteins are proteins that adhere only temporarily to the biological membrane with which they are associated. These molecules attach to integral membrane proteins, or penetrate the peripheral regions of the lipid bilayer. The regulatory protein subunits of many ion channels and...
s - Lysosomal acid lipase deficiencyLysosomal Acid Lipase DeficiencyLysosomal Acid Lipase Deficiency happens when the body does not produce enough active LAL enzyme. Under normal conditions, the body produces an enzyme called lysosomal acid lipase . This enzyme plays an important role in breaking down fatty material in the body...
External links
- Selective Inhibitors of Monoacylglycerol Lipase as a Treatment for Neurological Disorders 2004-637 - Phospholipases A2 - Outer membrane phospholipase A - Cytosolic phospholipase A2 and patatin - Bacterial and mammalian phospolipases C - α-toxin (a bacterial phospholipase C)