Circumboreal Region
Encyclopedia
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Eurasia
Eurasia is a continent or supercontinent comprising the traditional continents of Europe and Asia ; covering about 52,990,000 km2 or about 10.6% of the Earth's surface located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres...
and North America
North America
North America is a continent wholly within the Northern Hemisphere and almost wholly within the Western Hemisphere. It is also considered a northern subcontinent of the Americas...
, as delineated by such geobotanists as Josias Braun-Blanquet
Josias Braun-Blanquet
Josias Braun-Blanquet was an influential phytosociologist and botanist. Braun-Blanquet was born in Chur, Switzerland and died in Montpellier, France.-Phytosociology:...
and Armen Takhtajan
Armen Takhtajan
Armen Leonovich Takhtajan or Takhtajian , was a Soviet-Armenian botanist, one of the most important figures in 20th century plant evolution and systematics and biogeography. His other interests included morphology of flowering plants, paleobotany, and the flora of the Caucasus...
.
It is the largest floristic region in the world by area, comprising most of Canada
Canada
Canada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean...
, Alaska
Alaska
Alaska is the largest state in the United States by area. It is situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent, with Canada to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, with Russia further west across the Bering Strait...
, Europe
Europe
Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...
, Caucasus
Caucasus
The Caucasus, also Caucas or Caucasia , is a geopolitical region at the border of Europe and Asia, and situated between the Black and the Caspian sea...
and Russia
Russia
Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
, as well as North Anatolia
Anatolia
Anatolia is a geographic and historical term denoting the westernmost protrusion of Asia, comprising the majority of the Republic of Turkey...
(as the southernmost part of the region) and parts of northern New England
New England
New England is a region in the northeastern corner of the United States consisting of the six states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut...
, Michigan
Michigan
Michigan is a U.S. state located in the Great Lakes Region of the United States of America. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, meaning "large water" or "large lake"....
, and Minnesota
Minnesota
Minnesota is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States. The twelfth largest state of the U.S., it is the twenty-first most populous, with 5.3 million residents. Minnesota was carved out of the eastern half of the Minnesota Territory and admitted to the Union as the thirty-second state...
. Northern portions of the region include polar desert, taiga and tundra biomes. Many geobotanists divide the Eurasian and North American areas into two distinct regions. The continents, however, share much of their boreal flora (e.g. Betula nana, Alnus viridis, Vaccinium vitis-idaea
Vaccinium vitis-idaea
Vaccinium vitis-idaea is a short evergreen shrub in the heath family that bears edible sour fruit, native to boreal forest and Arctic tundra throughout the Northern Hemisphere from Eurasia to North America. In the past it was seldom cultivated, but fruit was commonly collected in the wild. ...
, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, with names for this species including Kinnikinnick and Pinemat manzanita, one of several related species referred to as Bearberry...
). The flora was severely impoverished during glaciations in the Pleistocene
Pleistocene
The Pleistocene is the epoch from 2,588,000 to 11,700 years BP that spans the world's recent period of repeated glaciations. The name pleistocene is derived from the Greek and ....
. The region is bordered by Eastern Asiatic
Eastern Asiatic Region
The Eastern Asiatic Region is the richest floristic region within the Holarctic Kingdom and situated in temperate East Asia...
, North American Atlantic
North American Atlantic Region
North American Atlantic Region is a floristic region within the Holarctic Kingdom identified by Armen Takhtajan and Robert F. Thorne, spanning from the Atlantic and Gulf coasts to the Great Plains and comprising a major part of the United States and southeastern portions of Canada...
, Rocky Mountain
Rocky Mountain Region
The Rocky Mountain Floristic Region, also known as the Rocky Mountain Floristic Province, is a floristic region within the Holarctic Kingdom in western North America delineated by Armen Takhtajan and Robert F...
, Mediterranean and Irano-Turanian Regions.
There are no biological families
Family (biology)
In biological classification, family is* a taxonomic rank. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, genus, and species, with family fitting between order and genus. As for the other well-known ranks, there is the option of an immediately lower rank, indicated by the...
endemic to this region, but it has endemic genera
Genus
In biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia...
(e.g. Lunaria
Lunaria
Lunaria is a genus of flowering plants in the family Brassicaceae, native to central and southern Europe. It includes two species, Perennial honesty and Annual honesty. They are widely grown as ornamental plants in gardens, and have become naturalised in many temperate areas away from their native...
, Borodinia, Gorodkovia, Redowskia, Soldanella
Soldanella
The genus Soldanella, commonly known in English as snowbell, includes about 15 species in the flowering plant family Primulaceae, native to European mountains, from the Pyrenees, the Apennines, the Alps, the Carpathians and the Balkans...
, Physospermum, Astrantia
Astrantia
Astrantia is a genus of herbaceous plants in the family Apiaceae, endemic to Central, Eastern and Southern Europe and the Caucasus.The Genus name comes from the Greek word for star in reference to the star-like quality of the flower heads. There are 8 or 9 species, which have aromatic roots,...
, Thorella, Pulmonaria, Erinus
Erinus
Erinus is a genus of plants in the family Plantaginaceae . Some members of the genus have been cultivated as ornamental plants , particularly Erinus alpinus for which a number of different cultivars are available.-Species:...
, Ramonda
Ramonda (plant)
Ramonda is a plant genus in the family Gesneriaceae with nearly actinomorphic flowers....
, Haberlea, Jankaea, Stratiotes
Stratiotes
Stratiotes is a genus of submerged aquatic plant commonly known as water soldiers. A characteristic of the genus is the habit of the plants rising to the surface at flowering time.-Description:...
, Telekia
Telekia
Telekia is a genus of flowering plant, of the family Asteraceae. These species are found in the European Alps....
) and a lot of endemic species
Species
In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. While in many cases this definition is adequate, more precise or differing measures are...
, especially in the mountains.
Floristic provinces
It is subdivided into a number of floristic provinces. Their delineation is debatable. According to a version of Takhtajan's classification, these are the Arctic, Atlantic European, Central European, Illyrian, Euxinian, Caucasian, Eastern European, Northern European, West Siberian, Altai-Sayan, Central Siberian, Transbaikalian, Northeastern Siberian, Okhotsk-Kamtchatkan and Canadian Provinces.- Arctic Province (GreenlandGreenlandGreenland is an autonomous country within the Kingdom of Denmark, located between the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Though physiographically a part of the continent of North America, Greenland has been politically and culturally associated with Europe for...
, IcelandIcelandIceland , described as the Republic of Iceland, is a Nordic and European island country in the North Atlantic Ocean, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Iceland also refers to the main island of the country, which contains almost all the population and almost all the land area. The country has a population...
, northern treeless parts of NorwayNorwayNorway , officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic unitary constitutional monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jan Mayen, and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard and Bouvet Island. Norway has a total area of and a population of about 4.9 million...
, FinlandFinlandFinland , officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden in the west, Norway in the north and Russia in the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.Around 5.4 million people reside...
, RussiaRussiaRussia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
, AlaskaAlaskaAlaska is the largest state in the United States by area. It is situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent, with Canada to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, with Russia further west across the Bering Strait...
and CanadaCanadaCanada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean...
, all the ArcticArctic OceanThe Arctic Ocean, located in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Arctic north polar region, is the smallest and shallowest of the world's five major oceanic divisions...
Islands), with one endemic genus (DiapensiaDiapensiaDiapensia lapponica is a plant in the family Diapensiaceae, the only circumpolar species in the genus Diapensia, the others being mainly in the Himalayas. It is a circumboreal arctic-alpine species which grows on exposed rocky ridges that are kept free from snow by high winds .It is a small...
) and more than a hundred endemic species (e.g. Ranunculus sabinei, Papaver polare, Salix arctica, Colpodium vahlianum, Сolpodium wrightii, Puccinellia angustata) - Atlantic European Province (IrelandIrelandIreland is an island to the northwest of continental Europe. It is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island on Earth...
, United KingdomUnited KingdomThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
, AndorraAndorraAndorra , officially the Principality of Andorra , also called the Principality of the Valleys of Andorra, , is a small landlocked country in southwestern Europe, located in the eastern Pyrenees mountains and bordered by Spain and France. It is the sixth smallest nation in Europe having an area of...
, parts of PortugalPortugalPortugal , officially the Portuguese Republic is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the...
, SpainSpainSpain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
, FranceFranceThe French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
, BelgiumBelgiumBelgium , officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, and those of several other major international organisations such as NATO.Belgium is also a member of, or affiliated to, many...
, NetherlandsNetherlandsThe Netherlands is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with several islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders...
, GermanyGermanyGermany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
, DenmarkDenmarkDenmark is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. The countries of Denmark and Greenland, as well as the Faroe Islands, constitute the Kingdom of Denmark . It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark...
and Norway), with two endemic genera (Petrocoptis and Thorella), few dozens of endemic species (e.g. Corydalis claviculata, Ulex europaeus, Genista anglicaGenista anglicaGenista anglica is a shrubby flowering plant of the family Fabaceae....
, Deschampsia setacea) - Central European Province (AustriaAustriaAustria , officially the Republic of Austria , is a landlocked country of roughly 8.4 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the...
, SwitzerlandSwitzerlandSwitzerland name of one of the Swiss cantons. ; ; ; or ), in its full name the Swiss Confederation , is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe,Or Central Europe depending on the definition....
, LuxembourgLuxembourgLuxembourg , officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg , is a landlocked country in western Europe, bordered by Belgium, France, and Germany. It has two principal regions: the Oesling in the North as part of the Ardennes massif, and the Gutland in the south...
, PolandPolandPoland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
, Czech RepublicCzech RepublicThe Czech Republic is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country is bordered by Poland to the northeast, Slovakia to the east, Austria to the south, and Germany to the west and northwest....
, SlovakiaSlovakiaThe Slovak Republic is a landlocked state in Central Europe. It has a population of over five million and an area of about . Slovakia is bordered by the Czech Republic and Austria to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east and Hungary to the south...
, HungaryHungaryHungary , officially the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is situated in the Carpathian Basin and is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine and Romania to the east, Serbia and Croatia to the south, Slovenia to the southwest and Austria to the west. The...
, parts of CroatiaCroatiaCroatia , officially the Republic of Croatia , is a unitary democratic parliamentary republic in Europe at the crossroads of the Mitteleuropa, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean. Its capital and largest city is Zagreb. The country is divided into 20 counties and the city of Zagreb. Croatia covers ...
, SloveniaSloveniaSlovenia , officially the Republic of Slovenia , is a country in Central and Southeastern Europe touching the Alps and bordering the Mediterranean. Slovenia borders Italy to the west, Croatia to the south and east, Hungary to the northeast, and Austria to the north, and also has a small portion of...
, ItalyItalyItaly , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...
, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Norway, SwedenSwedenSweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund....
, Finland, Russia, EstoniaEstoniaEstonia , officially the Republic of Estonia , is a state in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia , and to the east by Lake Peipsi and the Russian Federation . Across the Baltic Sea lies...
, LatviaLatviaLatvia , officially the Republic of Latvia , is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by Estonia , to the south by Lithuania , to the east by the Russian Federation , to the southeast by Belarus and shares maritime borders to the west with Sweden...
, LithuaniaLithuaniaLithuania , officially the Republic of Lithuania is a country in Northern Europe, the biggest of the three Baltic states. It is situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, whereby to the west lie Sweden and Denmark...
, BelarusBelarusBelarus , officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered clockwise by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Its capital is Minsk; other major cities include Brest, Grodno , Gomel ,...
, UkraineUkraineUkraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after Russia...
, MoldovaMoldovaMoldova , officially the Republic of Moldova is a landlocked state in Eastern Europe, located between Romania to the West and Ukraine to the North, East and South. It declared itself an independent state with the same boundaries as the preceding Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1991, as part...
, RomaniaRomaniaRomania is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea...
), with several endemic genera (e.g. Rhizobotrya, HacquetiaHacquetiaHacquetia is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish that lived from the early to middle Eocene....
, Hladnikia, BerardiaBerardiaBerardia is a genus of flowering plants in the daisy family....
) and 10-15% endemic species (e.g. Aconitum paniculatum, Dianthus alpinusDianthus alpinusDianthus alpinus is a species belonging to the Caryophyllaceae family....
, Rhododendron hirsutumRhododendron hirsutumHairy Alpenrose or Rhododendron hirsutum is one of the species of rhododendron native to the mountains of Europe. It occurs in the eastern and central Alps, in the Tatra and the Balkans. It grows on carbonate-rich soils....
, Soldanella carpatica, Rosa abietina, Saxifraga muscoides, Trifolium saxatile, Chaerophyllum villarsii, Heracleum carpaticum, Syringa josikaeaSyringa josikaeaSyringa josikaea is a species of Lilac, native to central and eastern Europe, in the Carpathian Mountains in Hungary, Romania, and western Ukraine....
, Valeriana tripteris, Campanula zoysiiCampanula zoysiiCampanula zoysii is a flower in the genus Campanula .-Range and habitat:...
, Campanula carpatica, Pulmonaria filarzkyana, Leontopodium alpinum, Narcissus poeticus, Narcissus angustifolius, Gymnadenia albida, Carex carvula, Calamagrostis villosa) - Illyrian Province (Bosnia and HerzegovinaBosnia and HerzegovinaBosnia and Herzegovina , sometimes called Bosnia-Herzegovina or simply Bosnia, is a country in Southern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula. Bordered by Croatia to the north, west and south, Serbia to the east, and Montenegro to the southeast, Bosnia and Herzegovina is almost landlocked, except for the...
, SerbiaSerbiaSerbia , officially the Republic of Serbia , is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe, covering the southern part of the Carpathian basin and the central part of the Balkans...
, KosovoKosovoKosovo is a region in southeastern Europe. Part of the Ottoman Empire for more than five centuries, later the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija within Serbia...
, Republic of MacedoniaRepublic of MacedoniaMacedonia , officially the Republic of Macedonia , is a country located in the central Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe. It is one of the successor states of the former Yugoslavia, from which it declared independence in 1991...
, parts of Slovenia, Croatia, MontenegroMontenegroMontenegro Montenegrin: Crna Gora Црна Гора , meaning "Black Mountain") is a country located in Southeastern Europe. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea to the south-west and is bordered by Croatia to the west, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the northwest, Serbia to the northeast and Albania to the...
, AlbaniaAlbaniaAlbania , officially known as the Republic of Albania , is a country in Southeastern Europe, in the Balkans region. It is bordered by Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, the Republic of Macedonia to the east and Greece to the south and southeast. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea...
, BulgariaBulgariaBulgaria , officially the Republic of Bulgaria , is a parliamentary democracy within a unitary constitutional republic in Southeast Europe. The country borders Romania to the north, Serbia and Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, as well as the Black Sea to the east...
, GreeceGreeceGreece , officially the Hellenic Republic , and historically Hellas or the Republic of Greece in English, is a country in southeastern Europe....
and TurkeyTurkeyTurkey , known officially as the Republic of Turkey , is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe...
) with several endemic genera (e.g. Haberlea and Jankaea) and many endemic species (e.g. Ramonda nathaliae, Ramonda serbicaRamonda serbicaRamonda serbica, commonly known as Serbian phoenix flower, is a species in the Gesneriaceae family. It is one of the few European representatives of this family, found in Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Macedonia and Serbia.- References :...
, Picea omorika, Pinus heldreichii, Pinus peuce, Rheum rhaponticum, Aesculus hippocastanum, Forsythia europaea, Lathraea rhodopea, Wulfenia baldacci, Solenanthus scardicus, Amphoricarpus neumayeri, Narthecium scardicum, Dioscorea balcanica) - Euxinian Province (parts of Bulgaria, Turkey, GeorgiaGeorgia (country)Georgia is a sovereign state in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded to the west by the Black Sea, to the north by Russia, to the southwest by Turkey, to the south by Armenia, and to the southeast by Azerbaijan. The capital of...
and Russia around the Black SeaBlack SeaThe Black Sea is bounded by Europe, Anatolia and the Caucasus and is ultimately connected to the Atlantic Ocean via the Mediterranean and the Aegean seas and various straits. The Bosphorus strait connects it to the Sea of Marmara, and the strait of the Dardanelles connects that sea to the Aegean...
), with two endemic genera (Chymsidia and Megacaryon) and many endemic species (e.g. Abies nordmanniana, Epimedium pubigerum, Quercus pontica, Quercus hartwissiana, Веtula medwedewii, Вetula megrelica, Corylus colchicaCorylus colchicaCorylus colchica is species of hazelnut. It can tolerate more frost than many others of its genus. It produces small edible nuts in September. It is not commercially grown for food because the nuts are small in size. The nut's shell is oval and the nut is round...
, Сorylus pontica, Paeonia wittmannianaPaeonia wittmannianaPaeonia wittmanniana, also known as Wittmann's peony, is a perennial peony native to the southern Transcaucasian region, and is closely related to Paeonia mlokosewitschii.Paeonia wittmanniana is up to 1.5 m tall...
, Hypericum bupleuroides, Hypericum xylosteifolium, Rhododendron ungernii, Rhododendron smirnovii, Epigaea gaultherioides, Primula megaseifolia, Cyclamen adsharicum, Andrachne colchica, Trapa colchica, Staphylea colchicaStaphylea colchicaStaphylea colchica is an ornamental shrub in the Staphyleaceae family, which is native to western Georgia. Its name is derived from the western Georgian kingdom of Colchis....
, Hedera colchicaHedera colchicaHedera colchica is a species of Ivy which is native to Near and Middle East. Its common name is the persian Ivy. It is an evergreen climbing plant, growing to 30 m high where suitable surfaces are available, and also growing as ground cover where there are no vertical surfaces...
, Astrantia pontica, Heracleum mantegazzianum, Seseli rupicola, Rhamnus imeretinus, Osmanthus decorus, Trachystemon orientalis, Rhamphicarpa medwedewii, Gentiana paradoxa, Scabiosa olgae, Campanula mirabilis, Сampanula lactiflora, Inula magnifica, Lilium ponticum, Ruscus colchicus, Dioscorea caucasica, Campanula mirabilis), some endemic species and genera shared with the Caucasian Province (see below). - Caucasian Province (parts of Russia, Georgia, ArmeniaArmeniaArmenia , officially the Republic of Armenia , is a landlocked mountainous country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia...
and AzerbaijanAzerbaijanAzerbaijan , officially the Republic of Azerbaijan is the largest country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia to the west, and Iran to...
), with five endemic genera (Pseudovesicaria, Symphyoloma, Pseudobetckea, Trigonocaryum and Cladochaeta) and many endemic species (e.g. Betula raddeanaBetula raddeanaBetula raddeana is a species of plant in the Betulaceae family. It is found in Georgia and Russia. It is threatened by habitat loss.-References:* Firsov, G.A. 1998. .* -Downloaded on 20 August 2007....
, Papaver oreophilum, Corydalis pallidiflora, Сorydalis emanuelii, Cerastium kasbek, Сerastium argenteum, Сerastium multiflorum, Minuartia inamoena, Silena lacera, Gypsophila acutifolia, Dianthus fragrans, Sobolevskia caucasica, Draba bryoides, Draba elisabethae, Draba supranivalis, Draba molissima, Draba ossetica, Primula bayernii, Saxifraga subverticillata, Sedum stevenianum, Geranium renardii, Oxytropis owerinii, Genliana grossheimii, Gentinana septemfida var. lagodechiana, Gentiana marcowiczii, Veronica caucasica, Campanula andina, Centaurea amblyolepis, Lilium monadelphumLilium monadelphumLilium monadelphum is a bulbous plant native from eastern Turkey to the Caucasus mountains in Russia.-Description:Lilium monadelphum grows from 0.5 to 2 metres tall. The flowers are reflexed or turks-cap shaped, in yellow spotted purple colors....
, Galanthus latifolius, Ornithogalum magnum, Colchicum laetumColchicum laetumColchicum laetum is no longer considered to be a true species. The only cultivated variety of C. laetum, known as 'Pink Star' is highly floriferous, but likely a selection of Colchicum byzantinum and not a separate species....
, Asphodoline tenuior, Gagea helenae, Calamagrostis caucasica), many endemic species and genera shared with the Euxinian Province (e.g. AgasyllisAgasyllisAgasyllis caucasica is a species of flowering plants of the Apiaceae family and the only species of genus Agasyllis. It is endemic to the Caucasus....
, Sredinskya, Rhododendron caucasicum, Vaccinium arctostaphylos, Daphne pontica, Paris incompleta). - Eastern European Province (parts of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova and Romania) wthout endemic genera, with some endemic species (e.g. Anemone uralensis, Papaver maeoticum, Dianthus eugeniae, Dianthus krylovianus, Dianthus volgicus, Diplotaxis cretacea, Sisymbrium wolgense, Syrenia talievii, Pyrus rossica, Hedysarum cretaceum, Нedysarum ucrainicum, Erodium beketowii, Linaria cretacea, Linaria macroura, Scrophularia cretacea)
- Northern European Province (parts of Finland, Sweden, Norway and Russia), without endemic genera, with but few endemic species (e.g. Corispermum algidum, Castilleja schrenkii)
- West Siberian Province (parts of Russia and KazakhstanKazakhstanKazakhstan , officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country in Central Asia and Eastern Europe. Ranked as the ninth largest country in the world, it is also the world's largest landlocked country; its territory of is greater than Western Europe...
), without endemic genera, with few endemic species - Altai-Sayan Province (Parts of Russia and MongoliaMongoliaMongolia is a landlocked country in East and Central Asia. It is bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south, east and west. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its western-most point is only from Kazakhstan's eastern tip. Ulan Bator, the capital and largest...
), with one endemic genus (Microstigma) and many endemic species (e.g. Callianthemum sajanense, Eranthis sibirica, Aquilegia borodinii, Delphinium mirabile, Delphinium inconspicuum, Aconitum krylovii, Aconitum altaicum, Anemone baicalensisAnemone baicalensisAnemone baicalensis is a species of flowering plant in the genus Anemone. It is native to forests, scrub, and grassy places at 500-3100 m. altitude in Siberia, Mongolia, northern China, and North Korea in Northeast Asia.- References :...
, Ranunculus sajanensis, Gymnospermium altaicum, Betula kelleriana, Stellaria martjanovii, Stellaria imbricata, Stellaria irrigua, Silene turgida, Aphragmus involucratus, Erysimum inense, Euphorbia alpina, Euphorbia altaica, Euphorbia tshuiensis, Rhodiola algida, Sedum populifolium, Chrysosplenium filipes, Caragana altaica, Vicia lilacina, Lathyrus frolovii, Lathyrus krylovii, Linum violascens, Scrophularia altaica, Schizonepeta annua, Valeriana petrophila, Brachanthemum baranovii, Echinops humilis, Saussurea serratuloides, Saussurea sajanensis, Allium pumilum, Carex tatjanae, species of AstragalusAstragalusAstragalus is a large genus of about 3,000 species of herbs and small shrubs, belonging to the legume family Fabaceae, subfamily Faboideae. The genus is native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere...
and OxytropisOxytropisOxytropis is a genus of plants in the legume family. It is one of two genera of plants known as locoweeds, and are notorious for being toxic to grazing animals. The other locoweed genus is the closely related Astragalus. There are about 300 species native to Eurasia and North America. Several...
) - Central Siberian Province (parts of Russia) without endemic genera, with but few endemic species
- Transbaikalian Province (Parts of Russia and Mongolia) without endemic genera, with some endemic species (e.g. Aconitum montibaicalensis, Draba baicalensis, Saxifraga algisii, Potentilla adenotricha, Astragalus trigonocarpus, Oxytropis heterotricha, Mertensia serrulata)
- Northeastern Siberian Province (parts of Russia), with one endemic genus (Gorodkovia) and many endemic species (e.g. Corydalis gorodkovii, Androsace gorodkovii, Saxifraga anadyrensis, Potentilla anadyrensis, Potentilla tollii, Helictotrichon krylovii, Poa lanatiflora).
- Okhotsk-Kamchatkan Province (parts of Russia), with one endemic genus (Redowskia) and many endemic species (e.g. Abies gracilis, Picea kamtschatkensis, Delphinium ochotense, Aconitum ajanense, Aconitum ochotense, Corydalis redowskii, Stellaria peduncularis, Arenaria redowskii, Lychnis ajanensis, Sorbus kamtschatcensis, Oxytropis ajanensis, Oxytropis tilingii, Sambucus kamtschatica).
- Canadian Province (St. Pierre and Miquelon, parts of Canada and the United StatesUnited StatesThe United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
)
See also
- Flora of AzerbaijanFlora of AzerbaijanFlora of Azerbaijan or Vegetation of Azerbaijan refers to the plants, trees, flowers which can be found in Azerbaijan.Azerbaijan has a very rich flora, more than 4,500 species of higher plants have been registed in the country. Due the unique climate in Azerbaijan, the flora is much richer in the...
- Flora of CanadaFlora of CanadaThe flora of Canada is quite diverse, due to the wide range of ecoregions and environmental conditions present in Canada. From the warm, temperate broadleaf forests of southern[Ontario to the frigi Arctic plains of the Northern Canada, from the wet temperate rainforests of the west coast to the...
- Flora of the Faroe IslandsFlora of the Faroe IslandsThe natural vegetation of the Faroe Islands consists of over 400 different plant species. Most of the lowland area is grassland and some is heather mainly Calluna vulgaris. The Faroese nature is characterized by the lack of trees, and resembles that of Connemara and Dingle in Ireland.Woody plants:...
- Flora of LithuaniaFlora of LithuaniaThe Flora of Lithuania is estimated to comprise about 10,600 species. About 1,350 of these are vascular plants; about 335 are bryophytes; and about 2,000 are algae. Lichens are represented by about 500 species, and fungi by about 6,400 species. About 550 of these species are considered extinct or...
- Flora of MacedoniaFlora of MacedoniaThe flora of the Republic of Macedonia is represented with around 210 families, 920 genera, and around 3,700 plant species. The most abundant group are the flowering plants with around 3,200 species, which is followed by mosses and ferns ....
- Flora of RomaniaFlora of RomaniaAll the genera and species of plants found in Romania are presented in "The Flora of Romania Illustrated determinator of vascular plants" vol I Romanian Academy Publishing House, 1977.-Division Pteridophyta: KingdomDivisionClassFamilyGenus...
- Flora of SvalbardFlora of SvalbardThere are 164 vascular plant species on the Norwegian Arctic archipelago of Svalbard. This figure does not include algae, mosses, and lichens, which are non-vascular plants. For an island so far north, 164 species constitutes an astonishing variety of plant life. Because of the harsh climate and...
- List of the vascular plants of Britain and Ireland
- List of the vascular plants of the Karelian Isthmus