Alexander Henry Haliday
Encyclopedia
Alexander Henry Haliday, also known as Enrico Alessandro Haliday and Alexis Heinrich Haliday sometimes Halliday (1806–1870), was an Irish
entomologist. He is primarily known for his work on Hymenoptera
, Diptera
and Thysanoptera, but Haliday worked on all insect
orders and on many aspects of entomology.
Haliday was born in Holywood
, County Down
, Ireland
. A boyhood friend of Robert Templeton
, he divided his time between Ireland and Lucca
, now part of Italy
, where he was a co-founder with Camillo Rondani
and Adolfo Targioni Tozzetti
of the Italian Entomological Society
. He was a Member of the Royal Irish Academy
and the Belfast Natural History Society
, a Member of the Microscopical Society of London
a Member of the Galileiana Academy of Arts and Science
and a Fellow
of the (now Royal) Entomological Society of London
.
With Hermann Loew
(1807–1879), Alexander Haliday was among the greatest dipterists of the 19th century and one of the most renowned British
entomologists of the day. His achievements were in four main fields: description , higher taxonomy
, synonymy
and biology
. He erected
many major taxa including the order Thysanoptera and the families Mymaridae and Ichneumonidae
. Most of Haliday's correspondence with British and continental entomologists is in the library of the Royal Entomological Society, other parts are in the Hope Department Library at the Oxford University Museum of Natural History
.
Haliday died in Lucca
in 1870.
, a small seaside town in County Down
, Ireland on 21 November 1806, the eldest child of Dr. William Haliday http://www.ums.ac.uk/soc/esler_1.pdf, one of Belfast’s best known physicians, and Marion Webster.
The Haliday family, were Protestant, though not religious, and clearly well-placed, holding 3228 acres (13.1 km²) of farmland in County Antrim
valued at £3,054.00 in 1820.
The family also owned properties in Holywood and in Dublin and had a cloth merchant business and shipping interests. His cousin Charles Haliday
(1789–1866) was an Irish historian and antiquary and Haliday's brother, William Robert , was sometime a Lieutenant-General in the 36th Regiment of Foot quartered at Windsor
. Aside from a collection of parrot
s from Australia
, Malacca
and Malabar
, collected in the 1840s, William Haliday, whose name on the army register is spelled Halliday, is not known as a naturalist. Haliday's sister was named Hortense. She was interested in botany
. Little is known of Hortense except that she suffered from tuberculosis
as did the rest of the family. She is charmingly enshrined in Curtis' folio 4569 of British Entomology - being illustrations and descriptions of the genera of insects found in Great Britain and Ireland May 1, 1836
The Haliday family had relatives in Lucca
, Italy-the Pisani
's. – “I have been a long time about writing to you but the return of my sister and some other relatives from Italy who had not been home for many years has filled our house and occupied my thoughts mostly ie my cousin Mme Pisani, her husband and three nieces with myself" he wrote. The Pisani's were a prominent Lucca family and Haliday a frequent visitor to "Campagna bella e chiamate di Tuscanys a Firenze, a Lucca, a Pisa ed al Cinque Terre che la campagna della Toscana allunga dall'aria croccante e libera del Apennines ad alcune delle linee costiere più belle dell'Italia." The frequent presence of the Pisani family led to, according to Camillo Rondani
"Alessandro's" learning Italian "al suo ginocchio delle madri, come un nativo" as a child.
(though they were to see nothing of each other after 1833) began their education at the Belfast Academical Institution
. Opened in 1814, the school had strong leanings towards natural history
. Haliday, aged twelve, studied Classics
first, then two years later took up Arithmetic
and then two years after that Mathematics
. Both boys were taught drawing by an Italian master whose talents evidently lay in teaching as much as skill. Both boys became skilled illustrators. The natural history lessons from George Crawford Hyndman
, were not a part of the curriculum but formal. Hyndman was an avid insect collector and one of the founding members of the Belfast Natural History Society
which had a Museum and Library. He made much use of The naturalist's pocket-book by George Graves
a text deployed by both Haliday and Templeton. Haliday left the Belfast Academical Institution, and the family home in nearby Holywood at fifteen, for Dublin where he entered Trinity College in 1822, graduating in 1827. He was awarded a gold medal in classics. After graduating and aged twenty Haliday went to Paris
in late 1827 staying for most of a year.
and John Curtis
at Darent
, Southgate
and other parts of Southern England.And with one or both of these lifelong friends, who shared his passion for picturesque scenery, he made collecting excursions to the Western Isles, Skye
the Isle of Bute
and other parts of Scotland
(1834), South and West Ireland
(1835) the Lake district
(1836) and North Wales
(1837).Correspondence between the three reveals close personal as well as entomological ties.
I have some idea of publishing the whole in 8 vol with a couple of plates, if I can secure myself from being a loan by it and Mr. Walker has kindly undertaken the Diptera so that we shall I trust make an interesting volume out of it. I hope your brother will arive safe from abroad and that he may surprise you with a pretty collection of Hymenops, and if you have any duplicates I shall be most thankful for them. I often wish you were my neighbour that I might have the pleasure of looking over with you some of the wonders that delight me so much from the tropical climates, as well as to look over new works and have the benefit of your opinion on many subjects, you may therefore guess how disappointed I am to learn that you have no prospect of visiting London at present. Curtis to Haliday 13 February 1833
I ought to be very grateful for the trouble you have taken to illustrate my monograph and in accepting your services I hold myself to be under great obligation to you. I am much pleased with your plate – it illustrates all the most remarkable forms of Platygaster and I agree with you that typical species and those which recede furthest from them make the most useful figures …. I will have your plate engraved very shortly for I wish to publish the Platygaster before the end of July. FW to AHH letter May 20, 1835
and more than occasionally visited Lucca, staying with the Pisani's. Aside from its modern, metropolitan pleasures, Dublin had competing attractions for Haliday: the Dublin Society housing the Leske Collection
, the Marsh
Library and that of Trinity College
, the Linnaean Garden (a garden presenting the 24 classes of Carl Linnaeus' and now part of the National Botanic Gardens), the Opera
and the Theatre Royal
.
Between the years of 1841 and 1848 Haliday seems to have spent most, if not all of his time away from Ireland, mainly in the Pisani family home in Lucca. In these years Europe was riven by conflict culminating in the Revolutions of 1848
. In 1842 he was appointed High Sheriff of Antrim
and he lived briefly at Carnmoney
. Prior to this the Irish Potato Famine
beginning in 1845 took as many as one million lives from hunger and disease by 1849.
at the University of Dublin
.In these years also he edited parts of the Natural History Review
, gave lectures at meetings of the Dublin University Zoological Association
(Trinity College) and curated the insect collections at the same University. Here he renewed his interest in geology (Haliday, as did most educated people, had a well read copy of Charles Lyell
's 3 volume book, Principles of Geology, in published between 1830 and 1833). He became a member of the Dublin University Geological Society
on its foundation,not only attending meetings but the reading papers of geologists unable to attend in person. Presumably his language skills were also useful. A manuscript in the Royal Irish Academy
proves that Haliday gave a series of talks on fossil insects to the Dublin geologists illustrating this with specimens some from his own and the Universities collections.
In these years he made regular visits to London, usually staying with Henry Tibbats Stainton
. The visits coincided with the more important meetings of the Entomological Society of London. Visits to the continent included two trips to Switzerland
staying near Monte Rosa
with entomological friends.
collection. Changes of address in Lucca became the rule in March, Casa Pelosi, May, Monte Bonelli and in 1863 Villa Buia and Casa Massoni. Then following a trip to Sicily he moved into Villa Pisani, with his cousin Mme. Pisani and her family (husband and three nieces). Visits to see entomologists and expeditions became much more frequent. He collected insects over much of northern Italy in these years.
, Liguria
, Lombardy
, Piedmont
, Aosta Valley and in Tuscany
although he made two trips to Sicily. Various trips to Switzerland, France and Bavaria followed and in 1865, with Edward Perceval Wright
, he made an entomological expedition to Portugal. In May and June 1868 he toured Sicily also with Wright.
The second tour of Sicily with Wright in 1870 was his last. He died in Lucca.
Some of his collection localities included Emilia-Romagna
, Comacchio
and Tuscany
.
, the Microscopical Society of London
the Entomological Society of London, the Linnean Society of London
, the Dublin University Zoological Association
, the Dublin University Geological Society
the Stettin Entomological Society
and La Società Entomologica Italiana
or,in English, the Italian Entomological Society, of which he was a cofounder a Member of the Entomological Society of Stettin and a Member of the Galileiana Academy of Arts and Science
.
. Occasional literary references point to the novel and, naturally the classics and we know of family visits especially with Madame Pisani (of whom he appears to have been extraordinarily fond) "to view the paintings" He was, presumably, culturally no different to any other highly educated European gentleman.Invitations are to be found among the papers in the Royal Irish Academy- to M. Gounod's "Sappho", first performed in Paris in 1851, Verdi's "Rigoletto" Il Trovatore", "La Traviata and Les Vespres Siciliennes", Schumann
's "Manfred"; Donizetti's "Lucia di Lammermoor" and Berlioz' " The Infant Christ".Such advanced musical tastes and opportunities usually come early in life and by were presumably instilled in Hortense and Henry by the Pisani's rather than by Haliday's provincial and decidedly dour family.It is worth noting, but no more, that Giacomo Puccini
, the Italian opera composer,was born in Lucca, Halidays other hometownin 1859.Business,or rather lack of it did not occupy Haliday.There is no reference in his will to other than minor amounts. He died without leaving property or significant sums of money money.As to personality,there is much humour in Haliday's writing all of it good natured and he was very tolerant of others failings though not always. Modesty was not a virtue; Haliday was by no mean self-effacing. Far from it -
The quote, which, in full is, in English, "Hunting the wolf and whelps upon the mountain for which the Pisans cannot see Lucca" is from Dante
's Inferno Canto 23. No matter what the context Haliday simply could not resist showing his literary and other prowess whenever the opputunity presented itself. Religion did not especially interest him, though he was a regular attender at the Protestant church in Lucca, the author of a curious anonymous work Sunday school rhymes and other metrical pieces by a teacher possibly written by Hortense and he was an opponent of Transcendentalism
. His political views were less progressive, at least in respect of the American Civil War
and the Risorgimento. Despite, the disordered nature of much of Haliday's life and suggestions that he suffered from nervous dyspepsia but this is belied by much of his writing and by and large he was in robust health.
joined Haliday in London for a study of the Linnean collection later to be published in the Stettin Ent. Zeit for 1851 (Volume 12 131-145)under the German title Wissenschaftliche Mittheilungen Sendschreiben von Alexis H. Haliday an C. A. Dohrn über die Dipteren der in London befindlichen Linnéischen Sammlung Aus dem Englischen uberstez von Anna Dohrn but also. Über die Dipteren der in London befindlichen Linnéischen Sammlung http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wissenschaftliche_Mittheilungen_Sendschreiben_von_Alexis_H._Haliday_an_C._A._Dohrn_%C3%BCber_die_Dipteren_der_in_London_befindlichen_Linn%C3%A9ischen_Sammlung_Aus_dem_Englischen_uberstez_von_Anna_Dohrn.Dohrn, with his daughter Anna was staying with Henry Tibbats Stainton
in Lewisham at the time. It was she, on a later visit to London who translated the account. Though Dohrn
appears as author, he simply communicated the paper.In many bibliographies the paper is attributed to Haliday alone. This is the only known early account of the Diptera collection of Carl von Linné, examined 64 years after its acquisition by the Linnean Society.
Charles Valentine Riley
1883
In 1837 the results of Haliday's work on the Hymenoptera collected by the naturalists on two ships, H.M.S. 'Adventure' and H.M.S. 'Beagle' which had over three years explored the coasts of South America were published by Haliday as Descriptions etc., of the insects collected by Captain P.P. King , R.N., F.R.S. in the survey of the straits of Magellan. Descriptions etc. of the hymenoptera in the Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 7: 316-331. This came about through John Curtis.
As a consequence when the Beagle
docked at Falmouth on a stormy night in 1836 the Diptera and Hymenoptera were progressively dispatched ( between 1837 and 1839), to Haliday in Dublin by Francis Walker who was to describe most of the "Chalcidites" and some of the Diptera. Although Haliday himself published nothing on these his notes and comments were published by Walker.
The Darwin insects retained by Haliday are in the National Museum of Ireland
, they, and the circumstances are detailed by Smith.
which Haliday largely ignored also, although maintaining lists and collections. In Lepidoptera he lacked the essential continental literature. In Ireland also the microscopic Hymenoptera and Diptera are more readily collected, especially in the North, and the macrofauna diversity is very limited by geography so that Ireland the Hymenoptera and Diptera offer more scope for taxonomic study especially of higher taxa.
. Whole specimens were mounted on card using gum, the card being transfixed by an entomological pin of German manufacture.
Since the descriptions were necessarily based on more than one specimen they may sometimes be ambiguous (based on more than one species).Collecting and general methodology followed the instructions given by George Samouelle
in The entomologist's useful compendium; or, An introduction to the knowledge of British insects, comprising the best means of obtaining and preserving them, and a description of the apparatus generally used and Abel Ingpen
's manual Instructions for collecting, rearing, and preserving British & foreign insects : also for collecting and preserving crustacea and shells.On collecting trips he used a Coddington lens
.
of such gifts was evidently Francis Walker, the London entomologist with whom Haliday had a career-long association. The Walker insects are, in the main, Hymenoptera and Diptera but insects of most other orders occur in it especially Coleoptera and Thysanoptera. The next largest is gift is from John Curtis. Other collectors represented are James Charles Dale (British, Coleoptera); Jean Antoine Dours (Europe, Hymenoptera and important since Dours own collection was burned in a fire in the U.S.A.) ; Arnold Förster or Foerster (Europe, Hymenoptera); Hermann Loew (Europe, Diptera); Fernandino Maria Piccioli (Italy, Apidae, Tenthredinidae and Homoptera); G.T.Rudd (British, general); William Wilson Saunders (Corfu and Albania, Aculeata); JamesFrancis Stephens (British, general) and Thomas Vernon Wollaston (British, general). There is in addition a considerable material taken by Charles Darwin on the Beagle Voyage.
.
Families of Hymenoptera include Mymaridae, Platygastridae
, Scelionidae
, Trichogrammatidae
and along with Francis Walker, the families Agaonidae, Encyrtidae
, Eupelmidae
, Eurytomidae
and Torymidae
.
Subfamilies include Pireninae, Spalangiinae, Bethylinae :fr:Bethylinae, Agriotypinae
.He also erected the family Japygidae
.
Unranked taxa (circumscriptional name
s)include Terebrantia (bis lectum)
Source Publications
Source Obituaries
Ireland
Ireland is an island to the northwest of continental Europe. It is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island on Earth...
entomologist. He is primarily known for his work on Hymenoptera
Hymenoptera
Hymenoptera is one of the largest orders of insects, comprising the sawflies, wasps, bees and ants. There are over 130,000 recognized species, with many more remaining to be described. The name refers to the heavy wings of the insects, and is derived from the Ancient Greek ὑμήν : membrane and...
, Diptera
Diptera
Diptera , or true flies, is the order of insects possessing only a single pair of wings on the mesothorax; the metathorax bears a pair of drumstick like structures called the halteres, the remnants of the hind wings. It is a large order, containing an estimated 240,000 species, although under half...
and Thysanoptera, but Haliday worked on all insect
Insect
Insects are a class of living creatures within the arthropods that have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body , three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes, and two antennae...
orders and on many aspects of entomology.
Haliday was born in Holywood
Holywood
Holywood is a town in County Down, Northern Ireland. It lies on the shore of Belfast Lough, between Belfast and Bangor. Holywood Exchange and Belfast City Airport are nearby. The town hosts an annual jazz and blues festival.-Name:...
, County Down
County Down
-Cities:*Belfast *Newry -Large towns:*Dundonald*Newtownards*Bangor-Medium towns:...
, Ireland
Ireland
Ireland is an island to the northwest of continental Europe. It is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island on Earth...
. A boyhood friend of Robert Templeton
Robert Templeton
Robert Templeton was a Naturalist, artist, and entomologist, and was born at Cranmore House, Belfast, Ireland.-Life and work:...
, he divided his time between Ireland and Lucca
Lucca
Lucca is a city and comune in Tuscany, central Italy, situated on the river Serchio in a fertile plainnear the Tyrrhenian Sea. It is the capital city of the Province of Lucca...
, now part of Italy
Italy
Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...
, where he was a co-founder with Camillo Rondani
Camillo Róndani
Camillo Róndani was an Italian entomologist noted for his studies of Diptera.-Early years:When Camillo Róndani was born in Parma the city was part of the French Empire Napoleon having crowned himself King of Italy...
and Adolfo Targioni Tozzetti
Adolfo Targioni Tozzetti
Adolfo Targioni Tozzetti was an Italian entomologist who specialised in Homoptera. He was Professor of Botany and Zoology in Florence, associated with Museo di Storia Naturale di Firenze where his collection remains today at La Specola...
of the Italian Entomological Society
La Società Entomologica Italiana
La Società Entomologica Italiana, the Italian Entomological Society, is Italy’s foremost society devoted to the study of insects. The society is famous for promoting applied entomology and many of its past members have saved millions from deadly diseases such as malaria.The society was founded on...
. He was a Member of the Royal Irish Academy
Royal Irish Academy
The Royal Irish Academy , based in Dublin, is an all-Ireland, independent, academic body that promotes study and excellence in the sciences, humanities and social sciences. It is one of Ireland's premier learned societies and cultural institutions and currently has around 420 Members, elected in...
and the Belfast Natural History Society
Belfast Natural History Society
The Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society was founded in 1821 to promote the scientific study of animals, plants, fossils, rocks and minerals....
, a Member of the Microscopical Society of London
Royal Microscopical Society
The Royal Microscopical Society is an international scientific society for the promotion of microscopy. RMS draws members from all over the world and is dedicated to advancing science, developing careers and supporting wider understanding of science and microscopy through its Science and Society...
a Member of the Galileiana Academy of Arts and Science
Galileiana Academy of Arts and Science
The Galileiana Academy of Arts and Science is an Italian academy of arts and sciences and cultural center in the city of Padua in Italy. It was originally founded as the Academy of the Ricovrati in Padua in 1599, under the initiative of a Venitian nobleman, Federico Cornaro...
and a Fellow
Fellow
A fellow in the broadest sense is someone who is an equal or a comrade. The term fellow is also used to describe a person, particularly by those in the upper social classes. It is most often used in an academic context: a fellow is often part of an elite group of learned people who are awarded...
of the (now Royal) Entomological Society of London
Royal Entomological Society of London
The Royal Entomological Society of London is devoted to insect study. It has a major national and international role in disseminating information about insects and improving communication between entomologists....
.
With Hermann Loew
Hermann Loew
Friedrich Hermann Loew was a German entomologist who specialised in the study of Diptera, an order of insects including flies, mosquitoes, gnats and midges...
(1807–1879), Alexander Haliday was among the greatest dipterists of the 19th century and one of the most renowned British
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
entomologists of the day. His achievements were in four main fields: description , higher taxonomy
Taxonomy
Taxonomy is the science of identifying and naming species, and arranging them into a classification. The field of taxonomy, sometimes referred to as "biological taxonomy", revolves around the description and use of taxonomic units, known as taxa...
, synonymy
Synonym (taxonomy)
In scientific nomenclature, a synonym is a scientific name that is or was used for a taxon of organisms that also goes by a different scientific name. For example, Linnaeus was the first to give a scientific name to the Norway spruce, which he called Pinus abies...
and biology
Biology
Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy. Biology is a vast subject containing many subdivisions, topics, and disciplines...
. He erected
Author citation (zoology)
In zoological nomenclature, author citation refers to listing the person who first makes a scientific name of a taxon available. This is done in a scientific publication while fulfilling the formal requirements under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, hereinafter termed "the Code"...
many major taxa including the order Thysanoptera and the families Mymaridae and Ichneumonidae
Ichneumonidae
Ichneumonidae is a family within the insect order Hymenoptera. Insects in this family are commonly called ichneumon wasps. Less exact terms are ichneumon flies , or scorpion wasps due to the extreme lengthening and curving of the abdomen...
. Most of Haliday's correspondence with British and continental entomologists is in the library of the Royal Entomological Society, other parts are in the Hope Department Library at the Oxford University Museum of Natural History
Oxford University Museum of Natural History
The Oxford University Museum of Natural History, sometimes known simply as the Oxford University Museum, is a museum displaying many of the University of Oxford's natural history specimens, located on Parks Road in Oxford, England. It also contains a lecture theatre which is used by the...
.
Haliday died in Lucca
Lucca
Lucca is a city and comune in Tuscany, central Italy, situated on the river Serchio in a fertile plainnear the Tyrrhenian Sea. It is the capital city of the Province of Lucca...
in 1870.
Family
Alexander Henry Haliday was born at Clifden, HolywoodHolywood
Holywood is a town in County Down, Northern Ireland. It lies on the shore of Belfast Lough, between Belfast and Bangor. Holywood Exchange and Belfast City Airport are nearby. The town hosts an annual jazz and blues festival.-Name:...
, a small seaside town in County Down
County Down
-Cities:*Belfast *Newry -Large towns:*Dundonald*Newtownards*Bangor-Medium towns:...
, Ireland on 21 November 1806, the eldest child of Dr. William Haliday http://www.ums.ac.uk/soc/esler_1.pdf, one of Belfast’s best known physicians, and Marion Webster.
The Haliday family, were Protestant, though not religious, and clearly well-placed, holding 3228 acres (13.1 km²) of farmland in County Antrim
County Antrim
County Antrim is one of six counties that form Northern Ireland, situated in the north-east of the island of Ireland. Adjoined to the north-east shore of Lough Neagh, the county covers an area of 2,844 km², with a population of approximately 616,000...
valued at £3,054.00 in 1820.
The family also owned properties in Holywood and in Dublin and had a cloth merchant business and shipping interests. His cousin Charles Haliday
Charles Haliday
Charles Haliday was an Irish historian and antiquary who made significant contributions to the study of the history of Dublin, being particularly interested in the Scandinavian antiquities of the city. He was born in Carrick-on-Suir in County Tipperary in 1789...
(1789–1866) was an Irish historian and antiquary and Haliday's brother, William Robert , was sometime a Lieutenant-General in the 36th Regiment of Foot quartered at Windsor
Windsor, Berkshire
Windsor is an affluent suburban town and unparished area in the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead in Berkshire, England. It is widely known as the site of Windsor Castle, one of the official residences of the British Royal Family....
. Aside from a collection of parrot
Parrot
Parrots, also known as psittacines , are birds of the roughly 372 species in 86 genera that make up the order Psittaciformes, found in most tropical and subtropical regions. The order is subdivided into three families: the Psittacidae , the Cacatuidae and the Strigopidae...
s from Australia
Australia
Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area...
, Malacca
Malacca
Malacca , dubbed The Historic State or Negeri Bersejarah among locals) is the third smallest Malaysian state, after Perlis and Penang. It is located in the southern region of the Malay Peninsula, on the Straits of Malacca. It borders Negeri Sembilan to the north and the state of Johor to the south...
and Malabar
Malabar District
Malabar District was an administrative district of Madras Presidency in British India and independent India's Madras State. The British district included the present-day districts of Kannur, Kozhikode, Wayanad, Malappuram, Palakkad , and Chavakad Taluk of Thrissur District in the northern part of...
, collected in the 1840s, William Haliday, whose name on the army register is spelled Halliday, is not known as a naturalist. Haliday's sister was named Hortense. She was interested in botany
Botany
Botany, plant science, or plant biology is a branch of biology that involves the scientific study of plant life. Traditionally, botany also included the study of fungi, algae and viruses...
. Little is known of Hortense except that she suffered from tuberculosis
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis, MTB, or TB is a common, and in many cases lethal, infectious disease caused by various strains of mycobacteria, usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis usually attacks the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body...
as did the rest of the family. She is charmingly enshrined in Curtis' folio 4569 of British Entomology - being illustrations and descriptions of the genera of insects found in Great Britain and Ireland May 1, 1836
The Haliday family had relatives in Lucca
Lucca
Lucca is a city and comune in Tuscany, central Italy, situated on the river Serchio in a fertile plainnear the Tyrrhenian Sea. It is the capital city of the Province of Lucca...
, Italy-the Pisani
Pisani family
The Pisani family is an ancient Venetian patrician family, originating from Pisa, which played an important role in the historic, political and economic events of the Venetian Republic during the period between the 12th and the beginning of the 18th Century....
's. – “I have been a long time about writing to you but the return of my sister and some other relatives from Italy who had not been home for many years has filled our house and occupied my thoughts mostly ie my cousin Mme Pisani, her husband and three nieces with myself" he wrote. The Pisani's were a prominent Lucca family and Haliday a frequent visitor to "Campagna bella e chiamate di Tuscanys a Firenze, a Lucca, a Pisa ed al Cinque Terre che la campagna della Toscana allunga dall'aria croccante e libera del Apennines ad alcune delle linee costiere più belle dell'Italia." The frequent presence of the Pisani family led to, according to Camillo Rondani
Camillo Róndani
Camillo Róndani was an Italian entomologist noted for his studies of Diptera.-Early years:When Camillo Róndani was born in Parma the city was part of the French Empire Napoleon having crowned himself King of Italy...
"Alessandro's" learning Italian "al suo ginocchio delle madri, come un nativo" as a child.
Education
Haliday and his life-long friend Robert TempletonRobert Templeton
Robert Templeton was a Naturalist, artist, and entomologist, and was born at Cranmore House, Belfast, Ireland.-Life and work:...
(though they were to see nothing of each other after 1833) began their education at the Belfast Academical Institution
Royal Belfast Academical Institution
The Royal Belfast Academical Institution, is a Grammar School in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Locally referred to as Inst, the school educates boys from ages 11–18...
. Opened in 1814, the school had strong leanings towards natural history
Natural history
Natural history is the scientific research of plants or animals, leaning more towards observational rather than experimental methods of study, and encompasses more research published in magazines than in academic journals. Grouped among the natural sciences, natural history is the systematic study...
. Haliday, aged twelve, studied Classics
Classics
Classics is the branch of the Humanities comprising the languages, literature, philosophy, history, art, archaeology and other culture of the ancient Mediterranean world ; especially Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome during Classical Antiquity Classics (sometimes encompassing Classical Studies or...
first, then two years later took up Arithmetic
Arithmetic
Arithmetic or arithmetics is the oldest and most elementary branch of mathematics, used by almost everyone, for tasks ranging from simple day-to-day counting to advanced science and business calculations. It involves the study of quantity, especially as the result of combining numbers...
and then two years after that Mathematics
Mathematics
Mathematics is the study of quantity, space, structure, and change. Mathematicians seek out patterns and formulate new conjectures. Mathematicians resolve the truth or falsity of conjectures by mathematical proofs, which are arguments sufficient to convince other mathematicians of their validity...
. Both boys were taught drawing by an Italian master whose talents evidently lay in teaching as much as skill. Both boys became skilled illustrators. The natural history lessons from George Crawford Hyndman
George Crawford Hyndman
George Crawford Hyndman was an Irish auctioneer and amateur biologistHyndman from Belfast was mainly interested in marine zoology and marine botany...
, were not a part of the curriculum but formal. Hyndman was an avid insect collector and one of the founding members of the Belfast Natural History Society
Belfast Natural History Society
The Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society was founded in 1821 to promote the scientific study of animals, plants, fossils, rocks and minerals....
which had a Museum and Library. He made much use of The naturalist's pocket-book by George Graves
George Graves
George Graves was the author of a comprehensive instruction guidebook for beginners in natural history at a time when there was a growing interest in collecting animal, plant and geological specimens.-The naturalist's pocket-book:...
a text deployed by both Haliday and Templeton. Haliday left the Belfast Academical Institution, and the family home in nearby Holywood at fifteen, for Dublin where he entered Trinity College in 1822, graduating in 1827. He was awarded a gold medal in classics. After graduating and aged twenty Haliday went to Paris
Paris
Paris is the capital and largest city in France, situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region...
in late 1827 staying for most of a year.
A trio of entomologists
In the years from 1832 to 1840 Haliday collected insects in many parts of England, most often with Francis WalkerFrancis Walker (entomologist)
Francis Walker was an English entomologist. He was one of the most prolific authors in entomology, and stirred controversy during his later life as his publications resulted in a huge number of junior synonyms....
and John Curtis
John Curtis (entomologist)
John Curtis was an English entomologist and illustrator.-Biography:Curtis was born in Norwich and learned his engraving skills in the workshop of his father, Charles Morgan Curtis...
at Darent
River Darent
The River Darent or River Darenth is a Kentish tributary of the River Thames in England. Its name is believed to be from a Celtic word meaning 'river where oak-trees grow'...
, Southgate
Southgate, London
Southgate is an area of north London, England, primarily within the London Borough of Enfield, although parts of its western fringes lie within the London Borough of Barnet. It is located around north of Charing Cross. The name is derived from being the south gate to Enfield Chase...
and other parts of Southern England.And with one or both of these lifelong friends, who shared his passion for picturesque scenery, he made collecting excursions to the Western Isles, Skye
Skye
Skye or the Isle of Skye is the largest and most northerly island in the Inner Hebrides of Scotland. The island's peninsulas radiate out from a mountainous centre dominated by the Cuillin hills...
the Isle of Bute
Isle of Bute
Bute is an island in the Firth of Clyde in Scotland. Formerly part of the county of Buteshire, it now constitutes part of the council area of Argyll and Bute. Its resident population was 7,228 in April 2001.-Geography:...
and other parts of Scotland
Scotland
Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the...
(1834), South and West Ireland
Ireland
Ireland is an island to the northwest of continental Europe. It is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island on Earth...
(1835) the Lake district
Lake District
The Lake District, also commonly known as The Lakes or Lakeland, is a mountainous region in North West England. A popular holiday destination, it is famous not only for its lakes and its mountains but also for its associations with the early 19th century poetry and writings of William Wordsworth...
(1836) and North Wales
North Wales
North Wales is the northernmost unofficial region of Wales. It is bordered to the south by the counties of Ceredigion and Powys in Mid Wales and to the east by the counties of Shropshire in the West Midlands and Cheshire in North West England...
(1837).Correspondence between the three reveals close personal as well as entomological ties.
I have some idea of publishing the whole in 8 vol with a couple of plates, if I can secure myself from being a loan by it and Mr. Walker has kindly undertaken the Diptera so that we shall I trust make an interesting volume out of it. I hope your brother will arive safe from abroad and that he may surprise you with a pretty collection of Hymenops, and if you have any duplicates I shall be most thankful for them. I often wish you were my neighbour that I might have the pleasure of looking over with you some of the wonders that delight me so much from the tropical climates, as well as to look over new works and have the benefit of your opinion on many subjects, you may therefore guess how disappointed I am to learn that you have no prospect of visiting London at present. Curtis to Haliday 13 February 1833
I ought to be very grateful for the trouble you have taken to illustrate my monograph and in accepting your services I hold myself to be under great obligation to you. I am much pleased with your plate – it illustrates all the most remarkable forms of Platygaster and I agree with you that typical species and those which recede furthest from them make the most useful figures …. I will have your plate engraved very shortly for I wish to publish the Platygaster before the end of July. FW to AHH letter May 20, 1835
Metropolitan Dublin
Haliday in the years 1825-1840 spent most of his time in Dublin from 1833 living at No. 3, North Cumberland Street (in later years his Dublin address was No. 8, Harcourt Street). He returned frequently to Clifden, however and also spent much time in LondonLondon
London is the capital city of :England and the :United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its...
and more than occasionally visited Lucca, staying with the Pisani's. Aside from its modern, metropolitan pleasures, Dublin had competing attractions for Haliday: the Dublin Society housing the Leske Collection
Nathaniel Gottfried Leske
Nathanael Gottfried Leske was a German natural scientist and geologist.After his studies at Bergakademie of Freiberg in Saxony and the Franckeschen Stiftungen in Halle, Leske became a special professor of natural history at the University of Leipzig in 1775.From 1777-1786 he taught economics at...
, the Marsh
Narcissus Marsh
Narcissus Marsh was an English clergyman who was successively Church of Ireland Bishop of Ferns and Leighlin, Archbishop of Cashel, Archbishop of Dublin and Archbishop of Armagh....
Library and that of Trinity College
Trinity College, Dublin
Trinity College, Dublin , formally known as the College of the Holy and Undivided Trinity of Queen Elizabeth near Dublin, was founded in 1592 by letters patent from Queen Elizabeth I as the "mother of a university", Extracts from Letters Patent of Elizabeth I, 1592: "...we...found and...
, the Linnaean Garden (a garden presenting the 24 classes of Carl Linnaeus' and now part of the National Botanic Gardens), the Opera
Opera
Opera is an art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text and musical score, usually in a theatrical setting. Opera incorporates many of the elements of spoken theatre, such as acting, scenery, and costumes and sometimes includes dance...
and the Theatre Royal
Theatre Royal, Dublin
At one stage in the history of the theatre in Britain and Ireland, the designation Theatre Royal or Royal Theatre was an indication that the theatre was granted a Royal Patent without which theatrical performances were illegal...
.
Times of strife
Revolutions of 1848
The European Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Spring of Nations, Springtime of the Peoples or the Year of Revolution, were a series of political upheavals throughout Europe in 1848. It was the first Europe-wide collapse of traditional authority, but within a year reactionary...
. In 1842 he was appointed High Sheriff of Antrim
High Sheriff of Antrim
The High Sheriff of Antrim is the Sovereign's judicial representative in County Antrim. Initially an office for lifetime, assigned by the Sovereign, the High Sheriff became annually appointed from the Provisions of Oxford in 1258...
and he lived briefly at Carnmoney
Carnmoney
Carnmoney is the name of a townland and electoral ward in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. Carnmoney is within the urban area called Newtownabbey and the wider Newtownabbey Borough. It lies 7 miles from Belfast city centre....
. Prior to this the Irish Potato Famine
Irish Potato Famine (1845–1849)
In Ireland, the Great Famine was a period of mass starvation, disease and emigration between 1845 and 1852. It is also known, mostly outside Ireland, as the Irish Potato Famine...
beginning in 1845 took as many as one million lives from hunger and disease by 1849.
More settled times
In the 1850s Haliday, once more resident in Dublin, where from 1854-1860 he was employed as a lecturer in Invertebrate ZoologyInvertebrate
An invertebrate is an animal without a backbone. The group includes 97% of all animal species – all animals except those in the chordate subphylum Vertebrata .Invertebrates form a paraphyletic group...
at the University of Dublin
Trinity College, Dublin
Trinity College, Dublin , formally known as the College of the Holy and Undivided Trinity of Queen Elizabeth near Dublin, was founded in 1592 by letters patent from Queen Elizabeth I as the "mother of a university", Extracts from Letters Patent of Elizabeth I, 1592: "...we...found and...
.In these years also he edited parts of the Natural History Review
Natural History Review
The Natural History Review was a short-lived, quarterly journal devoted to natural history. It was published in Dublin and London between 1854 and 1865....
, gave lectures at meetings of the Dublin University Zoological Association
Dublin University Zoological Association
The Dublin University Zoological Association was founded in 1853 to promote zoological studies in Ireland. Dublin University is now Trinity College, Dublin.It commenced proceedings in the Natural History Review in 1854.-Notable members:*Robert Ball...
(Trinity College) and curated the insect collections at the same University. Here he renewed his interest in geology (Haliday, as did most educated people, had a well read copy of Charles Lyell
Charles Lyell
Sir Charles Lyell, 1st Baronet, Kt FRS was a British lawyer and the foremost geologist of his day. He is best known as the author of Principles of Geology, which popularised James Hutton's concepts of uniformitarianism – the idea that the earth was shaped by slow-moving forces still in operation...
's 3 volume book, Principles of Geology, in published between 1830 and 1833). He became a member of the Dublin University Geological Society
Royal Geological Society of Ireland
The Royal Geological Society of Ireland traces its origin to the founding in 1831 in Dublin of the Geological Society of Dublin, under the leadership of William Buckland and Adam Sedgwick....
on its foundation,not only attending meetings but the reading papers of geologists unable to attend in person. Presumably his language skills were also useful. A manuscript in the Royal Irish Academy
Royal Irish Academy
The Royal Irish Academy , based in Dublin, is an all-Ireland, independent, academic body that promotes study and excellence in the sciences, humanities and social sciences. It is one of Ireland's premier learned societies and cultural institutions and currently has around 420 Members, elected in...
proves that Haliday gave a series of talks on fossil insects to the Dublin geologists illustrating this with specimens some from his own and the Universities collections.
In these years he made regular visits to London, usually staying with Henry Tibbats Stainton
Henry Tibbats Stainton
Henry Tibbats Stainton was an English entomologist.He was educated at King's College London.He was the author of Manual of British Butterflies and Moths and with the German entomologist Philipp Christoph Zeller, a Swiss, Heinrich Frey and another Englishman, John William Douglas of The Natural...
. The visits coincided with the more important meetings of the Entomological Society of London. Visits to the continent included two trips to Switzerland
Switzerland
Switzerland name of one of the Swiss cantons. ; ; ; or ), in its full name the Swiss Confederation , is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe,Or Central Europe depending on the definition....
staying near Monte Rosa
Monte Rosa
The Monte Rosa Massif is a mountain massif located in the eastern part of the Pennine Alps. It is located between Switzerland and Italy...
with entomological friends.
Italy
In 1862 (February) Haliday took up residence in Villa San Cordeo in Lucca,staying in Paris en route to study the important Johann Wilhelm MeigenJohann Wilhelm Meigen
Johann Wilhelm Meigen was a German entomologist famous for his pioneering work on Diptera.-Early years:Meigen was born in Solingen, the fifth of eight children of Johann Clemens Meigen and Sibylla Margaretha Bick. His parents, though not poor, were not wealthy either. The ran a small shop in...
collection. Changes of address in Lucca became the rule in March, Casa Pelosi, May, Monte Bonelli and in 1863 Villa Buia and Casa Massoni. Then following a trip to Sicily he moved into Villa Pisani, with his cousin Mme. Pisani and her family (husband and three nieces). Visits to see entomologists and expeditions became much more frequent. He collected insects over much of northern Italy in these years.
Travels in Italy
From 1862 until his death Haliday travelled widely in Italy, mainly in the North - Emilia-RomagnaEmilia-Romagna
Emilia–Romagna is an administrative region of Northern Italy comprising the two historic regions of Emilia and Romagna. The capital is Bologna; it has an area of and about 4.4 million inhabitants....
, Liguria
Liguria
Liguria is a coastal region of north-western Italy, the third smallest of the Italian regions. Its capital is Genoa. It is a popular region with tourists for its beautiful beaches, picturesque little towns, and good food.-Geography:...
, Lombardy
Lombardy
Lombardy is one of the 20 regions of Italy. The capital is Milan. One-sixth of Italy's population lives in Lombardy and about one fifth of Italy's GDP is produced in this region, making it the most populous and richest region in the country and one of the richest in the whole of Europe...
, Piedmont
Piedmont
Piedmont is one of the 20 regions of Italy. It has an area of 25,402 square kilometres and a population of about 4.4 million. The capital of Piedmont is Turin. The main local language is Piedmontese. Occitan is also spoken by a minority in the Occitan Valleys situated in the Provinces of...
, Aosta Valley and in Tuscany
Tuscany
Tuscany is a region in Italy. It has an area of about 23,000 square kilometres and a population of about 3.75 million inhabitants. The regional capital is Florence ....
although he made two trips to Sicily. Various trips to Switzerland, France and Bavaria followed and in 1865, with Edward Perceval Wright
Edward Perceval Wright
Edward Percival Wright was an Irish ophthalmic surgeon, botanist and zoologist.-Family, education and career:He was the eldest son of barrister, Edward Wright and Charlott Wright. Edward was educated by a private tutor, and was taught natural history by George James Allman. From 1852 he studied at...
, he made an entomological expedition to Portugal. In May and June 1868 he toured Sicily also with Wright.
The second tour of Sicily with Wright in 1870 was his last. He died in Lucca.
Some of his collection localities included Emilia-Romagna
Emilia-Romagna
Emilia–Romagna is an administrative region of Northern Italy comprising the two historic regions of Emilia and Romagna. The capital is Bologna; it has an area of and about 4.4 million inhabitants....
, Comacchio
Comacchio
Comacchio is a town and comune of Emilia Romagna, Italy, in the province of Ferrara, 48 km from the provincial capital Ferrara.-Geography:...
and Tuscany
Tuscany
Tuscany is a region in Italy. It has an area of about 23,000 square kilometres and a population of about 3.75 million inhabitants. The regional capital is Florence ....
.
Societies
Haliday was a Member of the Royal Irish AcademyRoyal Irish Academy
The Royal Irish Academy , based in Dublin, is an all-Ireland, independent, academic body that promotes study and excellence in the sciences, humanities and social sciences. It is one of Ireland's premier learned societies and cultural institutions and currently has around 420 Members, elected in...
, the Microscopical Society of London
Royal Microscopical Society
The Royal Microscopical Society is an international scientific society for the promotion of microscopy. RMS draws members from all over the world and is dedicated to advancing science, developing careers and supporting wider understanding of science and microscopy through its Science and Society...
the Entomological Society of London, the Linnean Society of London
Linnean Society of London
The Linnean Society of London is the world's premier society for the study and dissemination of taxonomy and natural history. It publishes a zoological journal, as well as botanical and biological journals...
, the Dublin University Zoological Association
Dublin University Zoological Association
The Dublin University Zoological Association was founded in 1853 to promote zoological studies in Ireland. Dublin University is now Trinity College, Dublin.It commenced proceedings in the Natural History Review in 1854.-Notable members:*Robert Ball...
, the Dublin University Geological Society
Royal Geological Society of Ireland
The Royal Geological Society of Ireland traces its origin to the founding in 1831 in Dublin of the Geological Society of Dublin, under the leadership of William Buckland and Adam Sedgwick....
the Stettin Entomological Society
Stettin Entomological Society
The Entomological Society of Stettin or Stettin Entomological Society, based in Stettin , was one of the leading entomological societies of the 19th century. Most German entomologists were members, as were many from England, Sweden, Italy, France, and Spain...
and La Società Entomologica Italiana
La Società Entomologica Italiana
La Società Entomologica Italiana, the Italian Entomological Society, is Italy’s foremost society devoted to the study of insects. The society is famous for promoting applied entomology and many of its past members have saved millions from deadly diseases such as malaria.The society was founded on...
or,in English, the Italian Entomological Society, of which he was a cofounder a Member of the Entomological Society of Stettin and a Member of the Galileiana Academy of Arts and Science
Galileiana Academy of Arts and Science
The Galileiana Academy of Arts and Science is an Italian academy of arts and sciences and cultural center in the city of Padua in Italy. It was originally founded as the Academy of the Ricovrati in Padua in 1599, under the initiative of a Venitian nobleman, Federico Cornaro...
.
Haliday the man
A cultured man Haliday was quite at home at the opera and was an avid concert and theatre-goer in both Dublin and Lucca and, occasionally RomeRome
Rome is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated city and comune, with over 2.7 million residents in . The city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, on the Tiber River within the Lazio region of Italy.Rome's history spans two and a half...
. Occasional literary references point to the novel and, naturally the classics and we know of family visits especially with Madame Pisani (of whom he appears to have been extraordinarily fond) "to view the paintings" He was, presumably, culturally no different to any other highly educated European gentleman.Invitations are to be found among the papers in the Royal Irish Academy- to M. Gounod's "Sappho", first performed in Paris in 1851, Verdi's "Rigoletto" Il Trovatore", "La Traviata and Les Vespres Siciliennes", Schumann
Robert Schumann
Robert Schumann, sometimes known as Robert Alexander Schumann, was a German composer, aesthete and influential music critic. He is regarded as one of the greatest and most representative composers of the Romantic era....
's "Manfred"; Donizetti's "Lucia di Lammermoor" and Berlioz' " The Infant Christ".Such advanced musical tastes and opportunities usually come early in life and by were presumably instilled in Hortense and Henry by the Pisani's rather than by Haliday's provincial and decidedly dour family.It is worth noting, but no more, that Giacomo Puccini
Giacomo Puccini
Giacomo Antonio Domenico Michele Secondo Maria Puccini was an Italian composer whose operas, including La bohème, Tosca, Madama Butterfly, and Turandot, are among the most frequently performed in the standard repertoire...
, the Italian opera composer,was born in Lucca, Halidays other hometownin 1859.Business,or rather lack of it did not occupy Haliday.There is no reference in his will to other than minor amounts. He died without leaving property or significant sums of money money.As to personality,there is much humour in Haliday's writing all of it good natured and he was very tolerant of others failings though not always. Modesty was not a virtue; Haliday was by no mean self-effacing. Far from it -
The quote, which, in full is, in English, "Hunting the wolf and whelps upon the mountain for which the Pisans cannot see Lucca" is from Dante
DANTE
Delivery of Advanced Network Technology to Europe is a not-for-profit organisation that plans, builds and operates the international networks that interconnect the various national research and education networks in Europe and surrounding regions...
's Inferno Canto 23. No matter what the context Haliday simply could not resist showing his literary and other prowess whenever the opputunity presented itself. Religion did not especially interest him, though he was a regular attender at the Protestant church in Lucca, the author of a curious anonymous work Sunday school rhymes and other metrical pieces by a teacher possibly written by Hortense and he was an opponent of Transcendentalism
Transcendentalism
Transcendentalism is a philosophical movement that developed in the 1830s and 1840s in the New England region of the United States as a protest against the general state of culture and society, and in particular, the state of intellectualism at Harvard University and the doctrine of the Unitarian...
. His political views were less progressive, at least in respect of the American Civil War
American Civil War
The American Civil War was a civil war fought in the United States of America. In response to the election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States, 11 southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America ; the other 25...
and the Risorgimento. Despite, the disordered nature of much of Haliday's life and suggestions that he suffered from nervous dyspepsia but this is belied by much of his writing and by and large he was in robust health.
Major achievements
- Contributions to the species concept by the designation of type specimens which would be suitably housed. This was suggested in a letter to the Entomological MagazineEntomological MagazineThe Entomological Magazine is a publication devoted to entomology.The Entomological Magazine was published between September 1832 and October 1838 by the Society of Entomologists of London...
in 1833 and the idea was approved by the editor, Francis Walker. - Contributions to the concept of synonymy.
- Establishing rules for systematics and nomenclature, Haliday's refined analysis of the history of names and the natural groupings the names identified was a model of perfection and the rules Haliday suggested were taken up by all important continental and most British authors.
- Haliday's description of the genus Orphnephila (Diptera: Thaumalaeidae)and the accompanying plate set a new standard of descriptive taxonomy far in advance of anything of its time.
- Halidays Essay on the classification of parasitic Hymenoptera is a seminal work of higher taxonomy.He was one of the pioneers of the group. Others were Johann Ludwig Christian Gravenhorst, Arnold Förster (also Förster) and Nees von Essenbeck. The higher classification of the ichneumons is unstable but many of Halidays higher taxa have survived.
- Haliday was a specialist, working full-time on DipteraDipteraDiptera , or true flies, is the order of insects possessing only a single pair of wings on the mesothorax; the metathorax bears a pair of drumstick like structures called the halteres, the remnants of the hind wings. It is a large order, containing an estimated 240,000 species, although under half...
in the families SphaeroceridaeSphaeroceridaeSphaeroceridae are a family of true flies in the order Diptera, often called small dung flies, lesser dung flies or lesser corpse flies due to their saprophagous habits. They belong to the typical fly suborder Brachycera as can be seen by their short antennae, and more precisely they are members of...
and DolichopodidaeDolichopodidaeDolichopodidae, the long-legged flies, make up a large family of true flies with more than 7,000 described species in about 230 genera distributed worldwide. The genus Dolichopus is the most speciose, with some 600 species. They are generally small flies with large, prominent eyes and a metallic...
and on the HymenopteraHymenopteraHymenoptera is one of the largest orders of insects, comprising the sawflies, wasps, bees and ants. There are over 130,000 recognized species, with many more remaining to be described. The name refers to the heavy wings of the insects, and is derived from the Ancient Greek ὑμήν : membrane and...
and Thysanoptera (excepting the arena of synonymy)
Important works
The following are the more important works of Haliday- 1832 The characters of two new dipterous genera with indications of some generic subdivisions and several species of Dolichopodidae. Zoological Journal 5: 350-368. 1 pl.
- 1833 with Francis Walker. Monographia ChalciditumMonographia ChalciditumMonographia Chalciditum by Francis Walker, published in two volumes in 1839, was a founding work of entomology, introducing new genera of chalcidoid Hymenoptera later to be ranked as families. The work is a compilation of descriptions published in the Entomological Magazine...
. London, 1833–1842, Much of this work was collaborative with Haliday A.H who was the sole author of the sectional diagnoses. - 1833-1838 An essay on the classification of the parasitic Hymenoptera of Britain which correspond with the Ichneumones minuti of Linnaeus. Entomological Magazine 1: 259-276; 333-350; 48-491; 2: 93-106; 225-259; 4: 92-106; 203-221; 5:209-248.
- 1836 British species of the dipterous tribe Sphaeroceridae. Entomological Magazine 3: 315-336.
- 1836 An epitome of the British genera in the order Thysanoptera with indications of a few of the species. Entomological Magazine 3: 439-451.
- 1837 with John Curtis, James Charles DaleJames Charles DaleJames Charles Dale was a wealthy English naturalist who devoted almost all of his adult life to entomology.James Dale was the son of wealthy landowners. He received his education at Cambridge University receiving his MA in 1818...
, Francis WalkerFrancis Walker (entomologist)Francis Walker was an English entomologist. He was one of the most prolific authors in entomology, and stirred controversy during his later life as his publications resulted in a huge number of junior synonyms....
, Second edition of A guide to the arrangement of British insectsA guide to the arrangement of British insectsA guide to the arrangement of British insects is a seminal work of entomology. A monumental piece of work with over 10,000 insect names it was intended for the author's own use, but pressure for publication grew until it appeared in 1829. Uniquely for its time, all insect orders were included...
being a catalogue of all the named species hitherto discovered in Great Britain and Ireland - 1839 Hymenoptera Britannica : Oxyura et Alysia. London, Balliére Fasc. 1: 15, Fasc. 2: 28 et 4.
- 1839 Hymenopterorum Synopsis and Methodum Fallenii ut plurimum accommodata (Belfast) 8 4pg. s.titulo.
- 1851-6 in Francis Walker Insecta Britannica DipteraInsecta Britannica DipteraInsecta Britannica Diptera is a seminal work of entomology by Francis Walker. The most important part of the work was written jointly with Alexander Henry Haliday...
3 vols. London Characters and synoptical tables of the order (vol.I: 1-9 of the Empidae (Vol.I:85-88) of the Syrphidae (Vol.I: 234-237) chapters on the Dolichopodidae (Vol.I: 144-221),on the Borborides (Vol.II: 171-184), on the Hydromyzides (Vol.II: 247-269)also the corrigenda and addenda (Vol.III: xi-xvi) and contributions to the J.O. Westwood plates. - 1851 with Dohrn, C.A. Wissenschaftliche Mittheilungen Sendschreiben von Alexis H. Haliday an C. A. Dohrn über die Dipteren der in London befindlichen Linnéischen Sammlung Aus dem Englischen uberstez von Anna Dohrn and also (index) Haliday, A.H. Über die Dipteren der in London befindlichen Linnéischen Sammlung Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 12: 131-145.http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wissenschaftliche_Mittheilungen_Sendschreiben_von_Alexis_H._Haliday_an_C._A._Dohrn_%C3%BCber_die_Dipteren_der_in_London_befindlichen_Linn%C3%A9ischen_Sammlung_Aus_dem_Englischen_uberstez_von_Anna_Dohrn
- 1857 Review Zoonomische briefe : allgemeine darstellung der Thierischen Organisation Von Dr. Hermann Burmeister, Professor der Zoologie zu Halle. Ersler und Zweiter Theil 8 vo. Otto Wigand: Leipzig 1856. Natural History Review (Proc.) 4: 69-77.
Haliday and the Linnean Collection
In the winter of 1847-8 Carl August DohrnCarl August Dohrn
Carl August Dohrn was a German entomologist.-Biography:Born at Stettin Carl August was the son of Heinrich Dohrn, who was a wine and spice merchant, and had made the family fortune by trading in sugar...
joined Haliday in London for a study of the Linnean collection later to be published in the Stettin Ent. Zeit for 1851 (Volume 12 131-145)under the German title Wissenschaftliche Mittheilungen Sendschreiben von Alexis H. Haliday an C. A. Dohrn über die Dipteren der in London befindlichen Linnéischen Sammlung Aus dem Englischen uberstez von Anna Dohrn but also. Über die Dipteren der in London befindlichen Linnéischen Sammlung http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wissenschaftliche_Mittheilungen_Sendschreiben_von_Alexis_H._Haliday_an_C._A._Dohrn_%C3%BCber_die_Dipteren_der_in_London_befindlichen_Linn%C3%A9ischen_Sammlung_Aus_dem_Englischen_uberstez_von_Anna_Dohrn.Dohrn, with his daughter Anna was staying with Henry Tibbats Stainton
Henry Tibbats Stainton
Henry Tibbats Stainton was an English entomologist.He was educated at King's College London.He was the author of Manual of British Butterflies and Moths and with the German entomologist Philipp Christoph Zeller, a Swiss, Heinrich Frey and another Englishman, John William Douglas of The Natural...
in Lewisham at the time. It was she, on a later visit to London who translated the account. Though Dohrn
Carl August Dohrn
Carl August Dohrn was a German entomologist.-Biography:Born at Stettin Carl August was the son of Heinrich Dohrn, who was a wine and spice merchant, and had made the family fortune by trading in sugar...
appears as author, he simply communicated the paper.In many bibliographies the paper is attributed to Haliday alone. This is the only known early account of the Diptera collection of Carl von Linné, examined 64 years after its acquisition by the Linnean Society.
Haliday and Darwin
"No branch of natural science has more fully felt the beneficial impulse and stimulus of Darwin's labors than entomology"Charles Valentine Riley
Charles Valentine Riley
Charles Valentine Riley was a British-born American entomologist and artist.-Early Life:The son of a Church of England minister, Charles Valentine Riley was born on 19 September, 1843 in London’s Chelsea district. When he was around eleven his parents, the Rev. Charles and Mary Riley, chose to...
1883
In 1837 the results of Haliday's work on the Hymenoptera collected by the naturalists on two ships, H.M.S. 'Adventure' and H.M.S. 'Beagle' which had over three years explored the coasts of South America were published by Haliday as Descriptions etc., of the insects collected by Captain P.P. King , R.N., F.R.S. in the survey of the straits of Magellan. Descriptions etc. of the hymenoptera in the Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 7: 316-331. This came about through John Curtis.
As a consequence when the Beagle
The Voyage of the Beagle
The Voyage of the Beagle is a title commonly given to the book written by Charles Darwin and published in 1839 as his Journal and Remarks, bringing him considerable fame and respect...
docked at Falmouth on a stormy night in 1836 the Diptera and Hymenoptera were progressively dispatched ( between 1837 and 1839), to Haliday in Dublin by Francis Walker who was to describe most of the "Chalcidites" and some of the Diptera. Although Haliday himself published nothing on these his notes and comments were published by Walker.
The Darwin insects retained by Haliday are in the National Museum of Ireland
National Museum of Ireland
The National Museum of Ireland is the national museum in Ireland. It has three branches in Dublin and one in County Mayo, with a strong emphasis on Irish art, culture and natural history.-Archaeology:...
, they, and the circumstances are detailed by Smith.
Coleoptera and Lepidoptera
The standard works on the Coleoptera of the northern parts of Europe were in Haliday's time in mostly in French, Latin, and German and these were indispensable for monographic study. Haliday possessed copies of Gyllenhal's Insecta Suecica : Coleoptera sive Eleuterata (1808–27) , Erichson's Die Kafer der Mark Brandenburg 1837 and later works by Schaum, Kraatz, von Kiesenwetter, Redtenbacher, Fairmaire and Laboulbene.He had a comprehensive collection of Coleoptera and sought authoritatively named specimens from English and continental authorities. However he wrote very little on this group. The British Isles literature for this popular group was very confused by problems of synonymy recalled as The Fifth Labour of Heracles since the largely unacademic entomologists elsewhere in the British Isles lacked language skills. This problem also arose in LepidopteraLepidoptera
Lepidoptera is a large order of insects that includes moths and butterflies . It is one of the most widespread and widely recognizable insect orders in the world, encompassing moths and the three superfamilies of butterflies, skipper butterflies, and moth-butterflies...
which Haliday largely ignored also, although maintaining lists and collections. In Lepidoptera he lacked the essential continental literature. In Ireland also the microscopic Hymenoptera and Diptera are more readily collected, especially in the North, and the macrofauna diversity is very limited by geography so that Ireland the Hymenoptera and Diptera offer more scope for taxonomic study especially of higher taxa.
Technique
Haliday worked mainly with very small insects. Study of the tiny parts required dissection, glass slide mounting and a very high quality microscope. The equipment was obtained from the London microscopist Andrew PritchardAndrew Pritchard
Andrew Pritchard was an English naturalist and natural history dealer who made significant improvements to microscopy and studied microscopic organisms. His belief that God and nature were one led him to the Unitarians, a religious movement to which he and his family devoted much energy...
. Whole specimens were mounted on card using gum, the card being transfixed by an entomological pin of German manufacture.
Since the descriptions were necessarily based on more than one specimen they may sometimes be ambiguous (based on more than one species).Collecting and general methodology followed the instructions given by George Samouelle
George Samouelle
George Samouelle was a curator in the British Museum of "no real scientific aptitude".Originally employed as a bookseller for Longman & Co., Samouelle joined the Natural History Museum at the same time as William Elford Leach. Leach appears to have aided Samouelle greatly, with Bate & Westwood...
in The entomologist's useful compendium; or, An introduction to the knowledge of British insects, comprising the best means of obtaining and preserving them, and a description of the apparatus generally used and Abel Ingpen
Abel Ingpen
Abel Ingpen was an English entomologist who specialised in Lepidoptera.He is best known as the author of Instructions for collecting, rearing, and preserving British & foreign insects : also for collecting and preserving crustacea and shells...
's manual Instructions for collecting, rearing, and preserving British & foreign insects : also for collecting and preserving crustacea and shells.On collecting trips he used a Coddington lens
Coddington magnifier
A Coddington magnifier is a magnifying glass consisting of a single very thick lens with a central deep groove diaphragm at the equator, thus limiting the rays to those close to the axis, which again minimizes spherical aberration. This allows for greater magnification than a conventional...
.
Collection
Haliday's collection comprising 78 boxes was presented by Trinity of Ireland College to the Museum of Science and Art (now the National Museum of Ireland) in 1882, twelve years after Haliday's death. The dating of the parts of the collection is confusing but the bulk was put together before 1860. Although the collection was damaged, and substantial portions lost, by removal to Italy and by insect attack, it remains a very large insect collection. The bulk of the material collected by Haliday himself is in the orders Hymenoptera and Diptera. In the Hymenoptera where the material is in its original state it is laid out in numbered blocks of systematised taxa, usually disparate groups (representing species) disposed below the appropriate generic name. Most of Haliday’s own material is from Ireland but there are also many Haliday specimens from England, Scotland, Italy and Sicily. In addition to the specialist collections of Hymenoptera and Diptera there is Haliday’s own general collection (mainly Coleoptera) and a large material gifted by other entomologists. The largest single sourceof such gifts was evidently Francis Walker, the London entomologist with whom Haliday had a career-long association. The Walker insects are, in the main, Hymenoptera and Diptera but insects of most other orders occur in it especially Coleoptera and Thysanoptera. The next largest is gift is from John Curtis. Other collectors represented are James Charles Dale (British, Coleoptera); Jean Antoine Dours (Europe, Hymenoptera and important since Dours own collection was burned in a fire in the U.S.A.) ; Arnold Förster or Foerster (Europe, Hymenoptera); Hermann Loew (Europe, Diptera); Fernandino Maria Piccioli (Italy, Apidae, Tenthredinidae and Homoptera); G.T.Rudd (British, general); William Wilson Saunders (Corfu and Albania, Aculeata); JamesFrancis Stephens (British, general) and Thomas Vernon Wollaston (British, general). There is in addition a considerable material taken by Charles Darwin on the Beagle Voyage.
Contacts
Haliday was a very influential figure in entomology as his contacts and correspondence show http://www.gowerpub.com/default.aspx?page=637&calctitle=1&pageSubject=834&pagecount=2&title_id=2586&edition_id=4131. They included:- Robert Mac LachlanRobert Mac LachlanRobert McLachlan was an English entomologist, born on April 10 , 1837 in Ongar , Essex. He died on May 23 , 1904 in Lewisham , close to London. He was the son of Hugh Mc Lachlan. He was educated in Ilford and inherited sufficient money to enable him to devote himself enitirely to the study...
(1837–1904) Forest Hill, Lewisham London EnglandEnglandEngland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental... - Ignaz Rudolph SchinerIgnaz Rudolph SchinerIgnaz Rudolf Schiner was an Austrian entomologist who specialised in Diptera.Schiner was born in Fronsburg , Horn in 1813 and died in Vienna on 6 July 1873. He was a ministerial secretary in ViennaHis most significant publications are...
(1813–1873) AustriaAustriaAustria , officially the Republic of Austria , is a landlocked country of roughly 8.4 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the...
DipteraDipteraDiptera , or true flies, is the order of insects possessing only a single pair of wings on the mesothorax; the metathorax bears a pair of drumstick like structures called the halteres, the remnants of the hind wings. It is a large order, containing an estimated 240,000 species, although under half...
(species recognition) - Hermann LoewHermann LoewFriedrich Hermann Loew was a German entomologist who specialised in the study of Diptera, an order of insects including flies, mosquitoes, gnats and midges...
(1807–1879) GermanyGermanyGermany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
Diptera species recognition, description, higher taxonomy - Francis WalkerFrancis Walker (entomologist)Francis Walker was an English entomologist. He was one of the most prolific authors in entomology, and stirred controversy during his later life as his publications resulted in a huge number of junior synonyms....
(1809–1874) England - Achille CostaAchille CostaAchille Costa was an Italian entomologist appointed director of the Zoological Museum of Naples. He founded the entomological collections in Naples and described many new species....
Museum director, Naples - John CurtisJohn Curtis (entomologist)John Curtis was an English entomologist and illustrator.-Biography:Curtis was born in Norwich and learned his engraving skills in the workshop of his father, Charles Morgan Curtis...
(1791–1862) England - Carl August DohrnCarl August DohrnCarl August Dohrn was a German entomologist.-Biography:Born at Stettin Carl August was the son of Heinrich Dohrn, who was a wine and spice merchant, and had made the family fortune by trading in sugar...
(1806–1892) Germany - James Charles DaleJames Charles DaleJames Charles Dale was a wealthy English naturalist who devoted almost all of his adult life to entomology.James Dale was the son of wealthy landowners. He received his education at Cambridge University receiving his MA in 1818...
(1792–1872) England - John Obadiah WestwoodJohn Obadiah WestwoodJohn Obadiah Westwood was an English entomologist and archaeologist also noted for his artistic talents.Born in Sheffield, he studied to be a lawyer but abandoned that for his scientific interests....
(1804–1893) England - Camillo RondaniCamillo RóndaniCamillo Róndani was an Italian entomologist noted for his studies of Diptera.-Early years:When Camillo Róndani was born in Parma the city was part of the French Empire Napoleon having crowned himself King of Italy...
(1807–1879) ItalyItalyItaly , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...
Diptera - Henry Tibbats StaintonHenry Tibbats StaintonHenry Tibbats Stainton was an English entomologist.He was educated at King's College London.He was the author of Manual of British Butterflies and Moths and with the German entomologist Philipp Christoph Zeller, a Swiss, Heinrich Frey and another Englishman, John William Douglas of The Natural...
(1822–1892) Mountsfield, LewishamLewishamLewisham is a district in South London, England, located in the London Borough of Lewisham. It is situated south-east of Charing Cross. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London.-History:...
, England. MicrolepidopteraMicrolepidopteraMicrolepidoptera is an artificial grouping of moth families, commonly known as the 'smaller moths' . These generally have a wingspan of under 20 mm, and are thus harder to identify by external phenotypic markings than macrolepidoptera...
species recognition, description, higher taxonomy - Frédéric Jules SichelFrédéric Jules SichelFrédéric Jules Sichel was a French physician and entomologist.Sichel was born Frankfurt am Main.After his initial studies he went to live in Paris in 1829 where he opened the first ophthalmic clinic in 1832 and is credited with bringing modern ophthalmology to France from Austria and Germany...
ParisParisParis is the capital and largest city in France, situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region...
Hymenoptera - Giorgio JanGiorgio JanGiorgio Jan was an Italian taxonomist, zoologist, botanist, herpetologist, and writer. He is also known as Georg Jan or Georges Jan....
Milan - Philipp Christoph ZellerPhilipp Christoph ZellerPhilipp Christoph Zeller was a German entomologist.Zeller was born at Steinheim Württemberg, two miles from Marbach, the birthplace of Schiller. The family moved to Frankfurt where Philip went to the gymnasium where natural history was not taught. Instead, helped by Alois Metzner, he taught...
(1808–1883) A teacher in Germany with special interest in the microlepidoptera. - John William DouglasJohn William DouglasJohn William Douglas was an English entomologist, chiefly interested in microlepidopteraJohn William Douglas was born 1814 in Putney. He became interested in insects whilst working at Kew Gardens and published many papers and books on entomology...
(1814–1905) England Microlepidoptera species recognition, description, higher taxonomy - Rasmus Carl StaegerRasmus Carl StaegerRasmus Carl Staeger was a Danish entomologist.Staeger was born and died in Copenhagen, over the course of his life serving as a judge, financial advisor to the Danish government, and entomologist, focusing on Diptera...
(1800–1875) DenmarkDenmarkDenmark is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. The countries of Denmark and Greenland, as well as the Faroe Islands, constitute the Kingdom of Denmark . It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark...
Diptera - Thomas Vernon WollastonThomas Vernon WollastonThomas Vernon Wollaston was a prominent English entomologist and malacologist, becoming especially known for his studies of Coleoptera inhabiting several North Atlantic archipelagoes. He was well-placed socially. His religious beliefs effectively prevented him from supporting Darwin's theories...
(1822–1878) England Diptera - Heinrich FreyHeinrich FreyHeinrich Frey was a German-born Swiss entomologist who studied Lepidoptera. He was born in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, and died in Zurich, Switzerland.-Biography:...
(1822–1890) SwitzerlandSwitzerlandSwitzerland name of one of the Swiss cantons. ; ; ; or ), in its full name the Swiss Confederation , is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe,Or Central Europe depending on the definition.... - Adolfo Targioni TozzettiAdolfo Targioni TozzettiAdolfo Targioni Tozzetti was an Italian entomologist who specialised in Homoptera. He was Professor of Botany and Zoology in Florence, associated with Museo di Storia Naturale di Firenze where his collection remains today at La Specola...
(1823–1902) Italy - Thomas Ansell MarshallThomas Ansell MarshallThomas Ansell Marshall was an English reverend and entomologist, mainly interested in Hymenoptera.-Works:*1870 Ichneumonidium Brittanicorum Catalogus. London...
(1827–1903) The College Milford Haven later Barnstaple Devon England HymenopteraHymenopteraHymenoptera is one of the largest orders of insects, comprising the sawflies, wasps, bees and ants. There are over 130,000 recognized species, with many more remaining to be described. The name refers to the heavy wings of the insects, and is derived from the Ancient Greek ὑμήν : membrane and...
. - Arnold FörsterArnold FörsterArnold Förster was a German entomologist, who worked mainly on Coleoptera and Hymenoptera.-Life:Arnold Förster, who was born on 20 January 1810 in Aachen, Germany, where he died on 12 August 1884. He was Oberlehrer , or upper teacher, in Aachen for his entire adult life. He worked ceaselessly on...
(1810–1884) Aachen Germany IchneumonidaeIchneumonidaeIchneumonidae is a family within the insect order Hymenoptera. Insects in this family are commonly called ichneumon wasps. Less exact terms are ichneumon flies , or scorpion wasps due to the extreme lengthening and curving of the abdomen... - Pietro StefanelliPietro StefanelliPietro Stefanelli was an Italian Professor of Entomology. mainly interested in Lepidoptera and Odonata.He was a founding member of the Italian Entomological Society...
(1834–1919) Italy. - Fernandino Maria PiccioliFernandino Maria PiccioliFerdinando Maria Piccioli was an Italian entomologist. He specialised in Hymenoptera and Coleoptera.Born at San Felice, Piccioli was an “Assistant” at the Stazione di Entomologia Agraria in Florence...
(1821–1900) Italy - Edmond de Sélys LongchampsEdmond de Sélys LongchampsBaron Michel Edmond de Sélys Longchamps was a Belgian liberal politician and scientist.Selys-Longchamps was regarded as the world's greatest authority on dragonflies and damselflies. His wealth and influence enabled him to amass one of the finest collections of neuropteroid insects and to describe...
(1813–1900) BelgiumBelgiumBelgium , officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, and those of several other major international organisations such as NATO.Belgium is also a member of, or affiliated to, many...
OdonataOdonataOdonata is an order of insects, encompassing dragonflies and damselflies . The word dragonfly is also sometimes used to refer to all Odonata, but the back-formation odonate is a more correct English name for the group as a whole... - Maximilian SpinolaMaximilian Spinola-Background:Spinola was born in Pézenas, Hérault, France. The family of Spinola was of very long standing and had great wealth and power in Genoa. Maximilian Spinola was a descendant of the famous Spanish General Ambrogio Spinola, marqués de los Balbases and much of his wealth derived from land...
(1780–1857) Italy All orders but especially Diptera, Coleoptera. - Johann Angelo FerrariJohann Angelo FerrariJohann Angelo Ferrari Johann Angelo Ferrari Johann Angelo Ferrari (1806-18 May 1876, Vienna was an Austrian entomologist born in Italy who specialised in Coleoptera especially ScolytidaeHe is not to be confused with Pietro Mansueto Ferrari also a entomologist....
(1806–1876) Italy - Friedrich KippFriedrich KippFriedrich Kipp was a German physician and entomologist.-References:Anonym 1869: [Kipp, F.] Vereinsbl. westph.rhein. Ver. Bienenzucht und Seidenbau 20:17-18....
(1814–1869) London,England - Andrew MurrayAndrew Murray (botanist)Andrew Dickson Murray FRSE FLS was a Scottish lawyer, botanist, zoologist and entomologist. Murray studied insects which caused crop damage, specialising in the Coleoptera...
(1812–1878) ScotlandScotlandScotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the... - Edward Newman (1801–1876) Peckham, London, England Lepidoptera
- G.T. Rudd of 4 Kelpel Street, Russel Square London.
- William Wilson SaundersWilliam Wilson SaundersWilliam Wilson Saunders was a British insurance broker, entomologist and botanist.Saunders was an underwriter at Lloyd's of London...
(1809–1879) Margate, England. - Hermann Rudolph SchaumHermann Rudolph SchaumHermann Rudolph Schaum was a professor in Berlin and an entomologist. He specialised in Coleoptera....
Germany Coleoptera - Frederick Smith (1805-1879 (British Museum?) England.
- Odorado PirazzoliOdorado PirazzoliOdorado Pirazzoli Was an Italian army Major, engineer and entomologist. He was born in and, excepting his army career, lived in Imola. Pirazzoli was a coleopterist. His collection is in Museo civico 'G. Scarabelli', Imola.-References:...
Imola, Italy Coleoptera - Johann Heinrich KaltenbachJohann Heinrich KaltenbachJohann Heinrich Kaltenbach , was a German naturalist, and entomologist mainly interested in pest species. He was a teacher in Aachen.- Important Works :...
(1807–1876) Germany - Carl Herman Conrad BurmeisterHermann BurmeisterKarl Hermann Konrad Burmeister was a German zoologist, entomologist, and herpetologist.Burmeister was born in Stralsund and became a professor of Zoology at the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg from 1837 to 1861...
(1807–1892) Germany EssigEssigEssig is surname of: , German footballer* Edward Oliver Essig , American entomologist , German dramatist , German painter and graphic artist , German literary scholar- See also :* Essig is also a quarter of Swisttal, see Swisttal-Essig* Essig, Minnesota, an unincorporated community... - August Emil HolmgrenAugust Emil HolmgrenAugust Emil Holmgren was a Swedish entomologist mainly interested in the Hymenoptera, especially Ichneumonidae.He was professor in the Forstakademie in StockholmHolmgren was the author of:...
(1829–1888) OstergotlandÖstergötlandÖstergötland, English exonym: East Gothland, is one of the traditional provinces of Sweden in the south of Sweden. It borders Småland, Västergötland, Närke, Södermanland, and the Baltic Sea. In older English literature, one might also encounter the Latinized version, Ostrogothia...
Ichneumonidae - George Robert CrotchGeorge Robert CrotchGeorge Robert Crotch was a British entomologist.Born in Cambridge, England 1842 Crotch became interested in insects, especially Coleoptera, while an undergraduate at Cambridge University. He worked at the University Library, Cambridge...
(1842–1874) England Coleoptera - Carl Gustav Alexander BrischkeCarl Gustav Alexander BrischkeCarl Gustav Alexander Brischke was a German entomologist who worked on Diptera and Hymenoptera, mainly the Ichneumonidae and Braconidae.Briscke was from Danzig, West Prussia....
(1814–1897) Danzig Ichneumonidae - Ernst Gustav KraatzErnst Gustav KraatzErnst Gustav Kraatz was a German entomologist.Kraatz was born in Berlin on 13 March, 1831 and died in the same city where he was a Professor at the University of Berlin. He was mainly interested in Coleoptera...
Coleoptera - Jacques-Marie-Frangile BigotJacques-Marie-Frangile BigotJacques Marie Frangile Bigot was a French naturalist and entomologist most noted for his studies of Diptera. Born in Paris, where he lived all his life, though he had a small house in Quincy-sous-Sénart, Essonne.He became a member of the Entomological Society of France in 1844. His first paper...
,(In French) - Émile BlanchardÉmile BlanchardCharles Émile Blanchard was a French zoologist and entomologist.Blanchard was born in Paris. His father was an artist and naturalist and Émile began natural history very early in life. When he was 14 years old, Jean Victoire Audouin , allowed him access to the laboratory of the Muséum national...
- Emil von BrückEmil von BrückEmil vom Brück was a German dealer and entomologist mainly interested in Coleoptera.Brück led an extensive correspondence with the coleopterists of his time,especially Ernst Gustav Kraatz, Lucas von Heyden, Ernest August Hellmuth von Kiesenwetter and Alexander Henry Haliday...
Lucca and Crefeld) - Jean Baptiste Lucien BuquetJean Baptiste Lucien BuquetJean Baptiste Lucien Buquet was a French entomologist and insect dealer mainly interested in Coleoptera.He described many new genera and species....
- Achille DeyrolleAchille DeyrolleAchille Deyrolle was a French entomologist mainly interested in Coleoptera.Born in Lille Deyrolle eventually settled in Brussels where he worked with his father in the City Museum. He went on a scientific mission to Brazil...
Paris - Jean Antoine DoursJean Antoine DoursJean Antoine Dours was a French entomologist specialising in Hymenoptera.-Works:*Monographie iconographique du genre Anthophora, Lat.,Mémoires de la Societé Linnéene de Nord de la France , 2 1870 .*Hymenopteres nouveaux du bassin. mediterraneen. Rev. Mag. Zool. 23, p. 293 -...
AmiensAmiensAmiens is a city and commune in northern France, north of Paris and south-west of Lille. It is the capital of the Somme department in Picardy... - Alexei Pavlovich FedchenkoAlexei Pavlovich FedchenkoAlexei Pavlovich Fedchenko was a Russian naturalist and explorer well known for his travels in central Asia....
SalernoSalernoSalerno is a city and comune in Campania and is the capital of the province of the same name. It is located on the Gulf of Salerno on the Tyrrhenian Sea....
, MoscowMoscowMoscow is the capital, the most populous city, and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural, scientific, religious, financial, educational, and transportation centre of Russia and the continent...
, OrenburgOrenburgOrenburg is a city on the Ural River and the administrative center of Orenburg Oblast, Russia. It lies southeast of Moscow, very close to the border with Kazakhstan. Population: 546,987 ; 549,361 ; Highest point: 154.4 m...
, Samerkand botanist - Arnold FörsterArnold FörsterArnold Förster was a German entomologist, who worked mainly on Coleoptera and Hymenoptera.-Life:Arnold Förster, who was born on 20 January 1810 in Aachen, Germany, where he died on 12 August 1884. He was Oberlehrer , or upper teacher, in Aachen for his entire adult life. He worked ceaselessly on...
- Georg Ritter von FrauenfeldGeorg Ritter von FrauenfeldGeorg Ritter von Frauenfeld was an Austrian naturalist and one of the leading scientists on board the Austrian frigate Novara during its round-the-world voyage...
Vienna then, then Berlin - Francois Jean-Paul GervaisPaul GervaisFor the Canadian parliamentarian see Paul Mullins GervaisPaul Gervais full name François Louis Paul Gervaise was a French palaeontologist and entomologist.-Biography:...
Monpellier - F. Giraud for Joseph-Étienne GiraudJoseph-Étienne GiraudJoseph-Étienne Giraud was a French doctor and entomologist specializing in Hymenoptera with an additional interest in Coleoptera.Giraud practised medicine in Vienna and Paris...
Paris (In French) - Hermann August HagenHermann August HagenHermann August Hagen was a German entomologist who specialised in Neuroptera and Odonata. In 1845 he began to collaborate with Edmond de Sélys Longchamps .-Biography:...
Konigsberg, 10 December 1862 - Johann Friedrich JaennickeJohann Friedrich JaennickeJohann Friedrich Jaennicke was a German "Regierungsrat" and entomologist mainly interested in Diptera.-Works:...
FrankfurtFrankfurtFrankfurt am Main , commonly known simply as Frankfurt, is the largest city in the German state of Hesse and the fifth-largest city in Germany, with a 2010 population of 688,249. The urban area had an estimated population of 2,300,000 in 2010...
(In English) - Charles Georges JavetCharles Georges JavetCharles Georges Javet was a Swiss-born French insect dealer and entomologist. He specialised in Coleoptera....
Paris - Ernest August Hellmuth von KiesenwetterErnest August Hellmuth von KiesenwetterErnst August Hellmuth von Kiesenwetter Ernst August Hellmuth von Kiesenwetter Ernst August Hellmuth von Kiesenwetter (5 November 1820 Dresden-18 March 1880 in Dresden was a German entomologist who specialised in beetles, or Coleoptera....
Bautreu - Leopold Anton KirchnerLeopold Anton KirchnerLeopold Anton Kirchner , sometimes Kirschnerm, was an Austrian physician and entomologist.Kirschner’s medical practice was in Kaplice. He specialised in Hymenoptera and Diptera ....
Kaplitz - Hippolyte LucasHippolyte LucasPierre-Hippolyte Lucas was a French entomologist.Lucas was an assistant-naturalist at the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle. From 1839 to 1842 he studied fauna as part of the scientific Commission on the exploration of Algeria.His brother was Prosper Lucas.-Works:*Histoire naturelle des...
Jardin des Plantes, Paris - Gustav MayrGustav MayrGustav L. Mayr was an Austrian entomologist and professor in Budapest and Vienna. He specialised in Hymenoptera.- Works :* Formicidae [der Novara-Expedition]. Vienna 1865....
- Étienne MulsantÉtienne MulsantMartial Étienne Mulsant was a French entomologist and ornithologist.Initially employed in commerce, Mulsant wrote writes Lettres à Julie sur l'entomologie, suivies d'une description méthodique de la plus grande partie des insectes de France, ornées de planches… Martial Étienne Mulsant (March 2,...
Lyons - Henri Milne-EdwardsHenri Milne-EdwardsHenri Milne-Edwards was an eminent French zoologist.Henri Milne-Edwards was the 27th child of William Edwards, an English planter and militia colonel in Jamaica and Elisabeth Vaux, a French. He was born in Bruges, Belgium, where his parents had retired. At that time, Bruges was a part of the...
Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris - Karl Robert Osten-SackenKarl Robert Osten-SackenBaron Karl-Robert von Osten-Sacken was a Russian diplomat and entomologist. He served as the Russian consul general in New York during the American Civil War, living in the United States from 1856 to 1877....
New York, 9 January 1869 - Oktavij Ivanovitsch Burmeister Radoszkowski Vienna via Michel Radoszkowski
- Hermann ReinhardHermann ReinhardHermann Reinhard was a German physician and entomologist. He specialised in Hymenoptera ....
BautzenBautzenBautzen is a hill-top town in eastern Saxony, Germany, and administrative centre of the eponymous district. It is located on the Spree River. As of 2008, its population is 41,161...
and DresdenDresdenDresden is the capital city of the Free State of Saxony in Germany. It is situated in a valley on the River Elbe, near the Czech border. The Dresden conurbation is part of the Saxon Triangle metropolitan area....
1860–1869 - Dr. Renard, Moscow
- Otho Ruthe enclosures for Johann Friedrich RutheJohann Friedrich RutheJohann Friedrich Ruthe Ruthé or von Ruthe was a German teacher and entomologist who specialised in Hymenoptera and Diptera.-Works:...
- Henri de SaussureHenri de SaussureHenri Louis Frédéric de Saussure , was a Swiss mineralogist and entomologist specialising in studies of Hymenoptera and Orthoptera. He also was a prolific taxonomist....
GenevaGenevaGeneva In the national languages of Switzerland the city is known as Genf , Ginevra and Genevra is the second-most-populous city in Switzerland and is the most populous city of Romandie, the French-speaking part of Switzerland... - Michel Edmond de Selys-Longchamps Liege
- Sylvain Auguste de MarseulSylvain Auguste de MarseulSylvain Auguste de Marseul . was a French Abbot and entomologist. He taught in the Petit séminaire de Paris from 1833 to 1836. In 1842, founded a college at Laval , then from 1850 to 1853, he taught in Paris. In 1854, he left his college for America where he remained eight months and discovered...
- Giovanni PasseriniGiovanni PasseriniGiovanni Passerini was an Italian botanist and entomologist , born on June 16, 1816 or 1819 in Pieve di Guastalla. He died on April 17 , 1893 in Parma ....
- Peter Fredrik WahlbergPeter Fredrik WahlbergPeter Fredrik Wahlberg was a Swedish entomologist and professor at the University College of Stockholm....
- Samuel Constantinus Snellen van VollenhovenSamuel Constantinus Snellen van VollenhovenSamuel Constantinus Snellen van Vollenhoven was a Dutch entomologist. He was curator of the entomological collections of the Natural History Museum, Leiden from 1854 to 1873, when he retired due to health problems...
- Vittore GhilianiVittore GhilianiVittore Ghiliani , was an Italian entomologistFrom 1832 until his death he worked as an Assistant in the Zoological Museum of Turin where he was responsible for the Hymenoptera and Coleoptera collections of Maximilian Spinola and the Ferdinando Breme collection of Coleoptera and Diptera.Vittore...
- Victor Antoine SignoretVictor Antoine SignoretVictor Antoine Signoret was a French pharmacologist, physician and entomologist .In 1845 Signoret gained his doctorate in pharmacology at the University of Paris. His thesis was entitled De l'Arsenic considéré sous ses divers points de vue...
- Félicien Henry Caignart de SaulcyFélicien Henry Caignart de SaulcyFélicien Henry Caignart de Saulcy was a French entomologist specialising in Coleoptera. He was especially interested in the beetle fauna of caves. His collection of Scydmaenidae Trechinae, Bathysciinae, Liodidae, Staphylinidae, Pselaphidae und Catopidae is in the Muséum national d'histoire...
- RobertRobert BallRobert Ball may refer to:*Robert Ball , Irish naturalist*Robert James Ball , Canadian politician*Robert M. Ball , American Social Security official*Robert Stawell Ball , Irish astronomer...
and Mary BallMary BallMary Ball was an Irish naturalist and entomologist most noted for her studies of Odonata and for her discovery of the curious phenomenon of stridulation in aquatic bugs.... - Edwin BrownEdwin Brown (naturalist)Edwin Brown Was an English naturalist and entomologist.Edwin Brown was manager of the Burton, Uttoxeter and Ashbourne Union Bank in Burton on Trent. He had a private museum of geological,zoological and botanical specimens and a library of taxonomic works.Brown was a Member of the Entomological...
Taxa erected by Haliday
Superfamilies of Hymenoptera include ProctotrupoideaProctotrupoidea
The Hymenopteran superfamily Proctotrupoidea is a somewhat confusing assemblage of taxa, with new families being added with surprising frequency, and very little to unify them all into a single natural group...
.
Families of Hymenoptera include Mymaridae, Platygastridae
Platygastridae
The Hymenopteran family Platygastridae is a large group of exclusively parasitoid wasps, mostly very small , black, and shining, with elbowed antennae that have an 8-segmented flagellum...
, Scelionidae
Scelionidae
The Hymenopteran family Scelionidae is a very large cosmopolitan group of exclusively parasitoid wasps, mostly small , often black, often highly sculptured, with elbowed antennae that have an 9- or 10-segmented flagellum...
, Trichogrammatidae
Trichogrammatidae
The family Trichogrammatidae are tiny wasps in the Chalcidoidea that include some of the smallest of all insects, with most species having adults less than 1 mm in length. There are over 840 species in ca. 80 genera worldwide. Trichogrammatids parasitize the eggs of many different orders of insects...
and along with Francis Walker, the families Agaonidae, Encyrtidae
Encyrtidae
Encyrtidae is a large family of parasitic wasps, with some 3710 described species in some 455 genera . The larvae of the majority are primary parasitoids on Hemiptera, though other hosts are attacked, and details of the life history can be variable Encyrtidae is a large family of parasitic wasps,...
, Eupelmidae
Eupelmidae
Eupelmidae is a family of parasitic wasps in the superfamily Chalcidoidea. The group is apparently polyphyletic, though the different subfamilies may each be monophyletic, and may be elevated to family status in the near future. As presently defined, there are over 905 described species in 45 genera...
, Eurytomidae
Eurytomidae
Eurytomidae is a family within the superfamily Chalcidoidea. The group is apparently polyphyletic, though the different subfamilies may each be monophyletic, and may be elevated to family status in the near future...
and Torymidae
Torymidae
Torymidae is a family of wasps that consists of attractive metallic species with enlarged hind legs, and generally with a long ovipositor. Many are parasitoids on gall-forming insects, and some are phytophagous species, sometimes usurping the galls formed by other insects. There are over 960...
.
Subfamilies include Pireninae, Spalangiinae, Bethylinae :fr:Bethylinae, Agriotypinae
Agriotypinae
Agriotypinae is a Palaearctic subfamily of the parasitic wasp family Ichneumonidae.There is only one genus .The known species are aquatic idiobiont ectoparasitoids of Trichoptera pupae....
.He also erected the family Japygidae
Japygidae
The japygids are a taxon of hexapods, of the order Diplura. In this family the paired cerci at the end of the abdomen are pincer-like and are used to catch their tiny prey...
.
Unranked taxa (circumscriptional name
Circumscriptional name
Circumscriptional names are taxon names used above family-group level that are not ruled by ICZN and are defined by the particular set of members included, not the number of species....
s)include Terebrantia (bis lectum)
Publications listing Haliday type specimens
- Achterberg, C. van 1997. Revision of the Haliday collection of Braconidae (Hymenoptera). Zool. Verh. Leiden 314:1-115, figs 1-33 ISBN 90-73239-57-5.Naturalis full text.
- Fitton, M.G. 1976 The Western Palaearctic Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) of British authors.Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) 32:303-373. Lists type material.
- Ismay John W, Chandler, P.J O'Connor, J.P., and Nash R., 2001 Additions to the Irish List of Chloropidae, with notes on the A.H. Haliday collection Dipterist's Digest 8: 53-64.Lists type material.
- Kim, K.C. and Coo, E.F. 1966. A comparative external morphology of adult Sphaeroceridae (Diptera). Misc. pub. ent. Soc. America 5(2): 78-100.Lists type material.
- Nash, R, Chandler, P.J , O'Connor, J.P., 2001 The Irish Species of Lesser Dung Flies (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae) including a list of type specimens in the Haliday collection National Museum of Ireland and in La Specola, Florence, Italy and six species new to Ireland Bull. Ir. Biogeog. Soc. 25 180-210. Lists type material.
- O’Connor, J.P., Nash,R. and Achterberg, C.van, 1999 A catalogue of the Irish Braconidae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea) Occasional Publication of the Irish Biogeographical Society No.4 123 p. 7 figs., 4 plates ISBN 9780955080616 Complete synonymic catalogue. Lists type material.
- O’Connor, J.P, Nash, R and Boucek, Z., 2000 A catalogue of the Irish Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) Occasional Publication Irish Biogeographic Society 6 135 pp 19 plates, 12 figures ISBN 0951151452 Complete synonymic catalogue. Lists type material.
- O'Connor, J.P, Nash, R., D.G. Notton. D.G and Fergusson, N. D. M., 2004 A catalogue of the Irish Platygastroidea and Proctotrupoidea Bull. Ir. Biogeog. Soc 110pp. ISBN 0-9511514-6-0. Complete synonymic catalogue. Lists type material.
- O'Connor, J.P, Nash,R. and Fitton, M.G., 2008 A Catalogue of the Irish Ichneumonidae Ir. Biogeog. Soc 310pp.ISBN 978-0-9550806-1-6. Complete synonymic catalogue Lists type material.
- Courcy Williams, M de and O’Connor, J.P., 1989 The Ephydridae (Diptera) relating to species descriptions by A.H. Haliday (1806–1870) in the National Museum of Ireland, with notes on the collection.Proc.R.Ir.Acad.89 (B):59-69
- Graham, M.W.R.de V., 1982 The Haliday collection of Mymaridae (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) with taxonomic notes on some material in other collections Proc.R.Ir.Acad.82 (B):190-243.
- Thompson, F.C. and Mathis, W. N 1980 Haliday's generic names of Diptera first published in Curtis' A. Guide to…British Insects (1837).Journal of the. Washington. Academy70:80-89.
- Lindner, E. (Ed.) 1939 - 1976. Die Fliegen der paläarktischen Region Stuttgart, Schweizerbart. Various volumes.
- Notton, D. G. and O’Connor, J. P., 2004 Type specimens of Diapriinae in the Haliday Collection at the Natural History Museum, Dublin - National Museum of Ireland (Hym., Diapriidae). Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 140: 215-218.
- Vlug, H. J., 1985 The types of Platygastridae (Hymenoptera, Scelionoidea) described by Haliday and Walker and preserved in the National Museum of Ireland and the British Museum (Natural History). 2. Keys to species, redescriptions, synonymy. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 127: 179-224.
- Vlug, H. J. and Graham, M. W. R. de V., 1984 The types of Platygastridae (Hymenoptera, Scelionoidea) described by Haliday and Walker and preserved in the National Museum of Ireland and the British Museum (Natural History). 1. Designation of lectotypes. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 127: 115- 135.
Sources
Institutions (manuscripts, letters)- Entomologische Bibliotek, Eberswald -Finow, DDR (now Germany)
- Royal Entomological Society of LondonRoyal Entomological Society of LondonThe Royal Entomological Society of London is devoted to insect study. It has a major national and international role in disseminating information about insects and improving communication between entomologists....
, England ( by far the biggest repository of Haliday papers so far known although these are only letters to Haliday.) - Royal Irish AcademyRoyal Irish AcademyThe Royal Irish Academy , based in Dublin, is an all-Ireland, independent, academic body that promotes study and excellence in the sciences, humanities and social sciences. It is one of Ireland's premier learned societies and cultural institutions and currently has around 420 Members, elected in...
- Hope Department of Entomology Oxford University Museum
- Naturhistorisches MuseumNaturhistorisches MuseumThe Naturhistorisches Museum Wien or NHMW is a large museum located in Vienna, Austria.The collections displayed cover , and the museum has a website providing an overview as a video virtual tour....
, Vienna. - Muséum national d'histoire naturelleMuséum national d'histoire naturelleThe Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle is the National Museum of Natural History in Paris, France.- History :The museum was formally founded on 10 June 1793, during the French Revolution...
, Paris - Humboldt MuseumHumboldt MuseumThe Museum für Naturkunde, officially the ' or Naturkundemuseum , occasionally known as the Humboldt Museum, is a natural history museum in Berlin, Germany. Usually the museum's name is abbreviated MFN...
, Berlin - Natural History MuseumNatural History MuseumThe Natural History Museum is one of three large museums on Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, England . Its main frontage is on Cromwell Road...
, London - Natural History Museum, Leiden, Leiden
- Turin Natural History MuseumTurin Museum of Natural HistoryThe Turin Museum of Natural History was established in 1978 to house the natural history collections of the University of Turin and other collections of naturali history, originated from specific research campaigns and donations...
- La SpecolaLa SpecolaMuseum of Zoology and Natural History, best known as La Specola, is a museum in Florence, central Italy, located next to the Pitti Palace. The name "Specola" means observatory, a reference to the astronomical observatory founded there in 1790...
, Firenze (Florence). Italy
Source Publications
- Nash, R, and O'Connor, J.P. 1982 Notes on the entomological collection of A. H. Haliday (1806–1870) in the National Museum of Ireland with a recommendation for type designations. Proc.R.Ir.Acad. 82(B):169-174, 4 plates
- Nash, R. 1983 A brief summary of the development of entomology in Ireland during the years 1790-1870. Irish Naturalists' Journal 21: 145-150
- Anon.,1902. Irish Naturalist 11:197-199.
- Osten Sacken. C.R., 1903. Record of my life work in entomology. vii + 240pp. (pp. 51–62 portrait). Cambridge, Massachusetts.
- Graham, M.W.R. de V. 1985 (29 Jul 1985), On some Rondani types of Chalcidoidea (Hym.) in the Haliday collection, Dublin. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 121:159-162
- Howard, L.O., 1930. Smithsonian miscellaneous Collections 84: 217, 231, portrait.
- Neave. A., 1933. A Centennial history of the entomological Society of London. (p. 134). London.
- National Museum [Of Ireland] Bulletin 3: 27-28, portrait. Dublin.
- Graham, M.W.R. de V. 1985 (29 Jul 1985), On some Rondani types of Chalcidoidea (Hym.) in the Haliday collection, Dublin. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 121:159-162
Source Obituaries
- 1870 Anon. Entomologist's Monthly MagazineEntomologist's Monthly MagazineThe Entomologist's Monthly Magazine is a British entomological journal, first published in 1864. The journal publishes original papers and notes on all orders of insects and terrestrial arthropods from any part of the world, specialising in groups other than Lepidoptera.Although its name would...
7:91. - 1870 Anon. Abeille 7: lxxv-lxxvi.
- 1870 Anon. American Journal of Science 50:294.
- 1870 Anon. Nature, London 2: 240.
- 1870 Kraatz. G. Berliner Entomologisches Zeitschrift 14:x.
- 1871 Anon. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 1870-71: lxxxvii-lxxxviii.
See also
- Victorian Age
- The French Lieutenant's WomanThe French Lieutenant's WomanThe French Lieutenant’s Woman , by John Fowles, is a period novel inspired by the 1823 novel Ourika, by Claire de Duras, which Fowles translated into English in 1977...
a revealing, rich in detail, fictional account of the life and social mores of a Victorian naturalist.
External links
- EOL Encyclopedia of LifeEncyclopedia of LifeThe Encyclopedia of Life is a free, online collaborative encyclopedia intended to document all of the 1.9 million living species known to science. It is compiled from existing databases and from contributions by experts and non-experts throughout the world...
Taxa described by Alexander Henry Haliday.Complete.Sometimes has very detailed links to older literature. - Systema Dipterorum Nomenclator Full list of Diptera taxa described by Alexander Henry Haliday
- NomenclatorZoologicus Full list of Haliday genera via search
- Index Animalium Full list of Haliday taxa via search
- Wikipecies Information on taxa described by Alexander Henry Haliday (via the taxon or publication).Less comprehensive than EOL and Systema Dipterorum Nomenclator
- Life of Haliday
- Royal Entomological Society
- Universal Chalcidoid Database pdfs of Haliday's publications on Chalcidoids.
- Smithsonian Institution Archive J.O. Westwood letters and manuscripts