Hermann Loew
Encyclopedia
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
entomologist who specialised in the study of Diptera
Diptera
Diptera , or true flies, is the order of insects possessing only a single pair of wings on the mesothorax; the metathorax bears a pair of drumstick like structures called the halteres, the remnants of the hind wings. It is a large order, containing an estimated 240,000 species, although under half...
, an order of insects including flies
Fly
True flies are insects of the order Diptera . They possess a pair of wings on the mesothorax and a pair of halteres, derived from the hind wings, on the metathorax...
, mosquito
Mosquito
Mosquitoes are members of a family of nematocerid flies: the Culicidae . The word Mosquito is from the Spanish and Portuguese for little fly...
es, gnat
Gnat
A gnat is any of many species of tiny flying insects in the Dipterid suborder Nematocera, especially those in the families Mycetophilidae, Anisopodidae and Sciaridae.In British English the term applies particularly to Nematocerans of the family Culicidae...
s and midge
Midge (insect)
Midges comprise many kinds of very small two-winged flies found world-wide. The term does not encapsulate a well-defined taxonomic group, but includes animals in several families of Nematoceran Diptera. While some midges are vectors for disease, many others play useful roles as prey items for...
s. He described many world species and was the first specialist to work on the Diptera of the United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
.
Early years
Hermann Loew was born in Weissenfels, SaxonySaxony
The Free State of Saxony is a landlocked state of Germany, contingent with Brandenburg, Saxony Anhalt, Thuringia, Bavaria, the Czech Republic and Poland. It is the tenth-largest German state in area, with of Germany's sixteen states....
a short distance south of Halle
Halle, Saxony-Anhalt
Halle is the largest city in the German state of Saxony-Anhalt. It is also called Halle an der Saale in order to distinguish it from the town of Halle in North Rhine-Westphalia...
(Germany
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
). The Loew family, though not wealthy, was well-placed. Loew's father was a functionary for the Department of Justice of the Duchy of Saxony
Saxony
The Free State of Saxony is a landlocked state of Germany, contingent with Brandenburg, Saxony Anhalt, Thuringia, Bavaria, the Czech Republic and Poland. It is the tenth-largest German state in area, with of Germany's sixteen states....
who later became a Geheimer Regierungsrath of Prussia
Prussia
Prussia was a German kingdom and historic state originating out of the Duchy of Prussia and the Margraviate of Brandenburg. For centuries, the House of Hohenzollern ruled Prussia, successfully expanding its size by way of an unusually well-organized and effective army. Prussia shaped the history...
. Between 1817 and 1829 Loew attended first the Convent school of Rossleben, then the University of Halle-Wittenberg
University of Halle-Wittenberg
The Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg , also referred to as MLU, is a public, research-oriented university in the cities of Halle and Wittenberg within Saxony-Anhalt, Germany...
, graduating in mathematics
Mathematics
Mathematics is the study of quantity, space, structure, and change. Mathematicians seek out patterns and formulate new conjectures. Mathematicians resolve the truth or falsity of conjectures by mathematical proofs, which are arguments sufficient to convince other mathematicians of their validity...
, philology
Philology
Philology is the study of language in written historical sources; it is a combination of literary studies, history and linguistics.Classical philology is the philology of Greek and Classical Latin...
and natural history
Natural history
Natural history is the scientific research of plants or animals, leaning more towards observational rather than experimental methods of study, and encompasses more research published in magazines than in academic journals. Grouped among the natural sciences, natural history is the systematic study...
.
Teacher, tutor and husband
Recognizing his abilities as a mathematician, the university, on his graduation, appointed him as a lecturer in the same subjects. In 1830 he went to BerlinBerlin
Berlin is the capital city of Germany and is one of the 16 states of Germany. With a population of 3.45 million people, Berlin is Germany's largest city. It is the second most populous city proper and the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union...
and gave lessons in different higher grade schools including the Kadetten-Schule military school . Here he was private tutor to Prince Biron heir to the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia is the name of a duchy in the Baltic region that existed from 1562 to 1569 as a vassal state of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and from 1569...
and the young Friedrich Wilhelm Ernst Albrecht von Graefe
Albrecht von Gräfe
Friedrich Wilhelm Ernst Albrecht von Graefe was a pioneering German ophthalmologist. Graefe was born in Finkenheerd, Brandenburg, the son of Karl Ferdinand von Graefe...
(1828–1870) later one of the most famous oculists of all times. In 1834 Loew was appointed superior teacher (Oberlehrer) at the Friedrich-Wilhelm-Gymnasium
Gymnasium (school)
A gymnasium is a type of school providing secondary education in some parts of Europe, comparable to English grammar schools or sixth form colleges and U.S. college preparatory high schools. The word γυμνάσιον was used in Ancient Greece, meaning a locality for both physical and intellectual...
in Posen, known today as St. John Cantius High School in Poznań, Poland
Poland
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
where he taught mathematics and natural history. In the same year he married the daughter of senior preacher Ehricht, a favourite sermoniser. Several of Loew's pupils at Posen became scientific celebrities, the most notable being the philosopher Kuno Fischer
Kuno Fischer
Kuno Fischer, born Ernst Kuno Berthold Fischer, was a German philosopher, a historian of philosophy and a critic.-Biography:After studying philosophy at Leipzig and Halle,...
(1824–1907) and the mathematicians Leo Konigsberge (1837–1921) and Lazarus Immanuel Fuchs (1835–1902). That they became such, gifted though they were, must have been due to Loew's extraordinary abilities and his popularity with students.
The Far East
In 1841-2 Loew accompanied Heinrich KiepertHeinrich Kiepert
Heinrich Kiepert , German geographer, was born at Berlin as the son of a wealthy businessman.Already in his youth he traveled with his parents and had a particular interest in the geographic circumstances, which he carefully sketched...
(1818–1899), a celebrated geographer
Geographer
A geographer is a scholar whose area of study is geography, the study of Earth's natural environment and human society.Although geographers are historically known as people who make maps, map making is actually the field of study of cartography, a subset of geography...
, and August Schoenborn to the Near East. The results of this trip were later partly communicated to Hermann Carl Conrad Burmeister
Hermann Burmeister
Karl Hermann Konrad Burmeister was a German zoologist, entomologist, and herpetologist.Burmeister was born in Stralsund and became a professor of Zoology at the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg from 1837 to 1861...
(1807–1892), and to Alexander von Humboldt
Alexander von Humboldt
Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander Freiherr von Humboldt was a German naturalist and explorer, and the younger brother of the Prussian minister, philosopher and linguist Wilhelm von Humboldt...
(1769–1859), but the remainder (the greatest part), were used in Loew's own later publications. August Schoenborn, philologist and geographer
Geographer
A geographer is a scholar whose area of study is geography, the study of Earth's natural environment and human society.Although geographers are historically known as people who make maps, map making is actually the field of study of cartography, a subset of geography...
, was also a professor at the Friedrich-Wilhelm-Gymnasium in Posen, and author of Latin
Latin
Latin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. It, along with most European languages, is a descendant of the ancient Proto-Indo-European language. Although it is considered a dead language, a number of scholars and members of the Christian clergy speak it fluently, and...
school books. He eventually became Loew's brother-in-law. Humboldt was of course the author of the chattily readable "Kosmos", an account of the visible universe, and the most celebrated German naturalist explorer of his day. Many other countries were visited en route including Turkey
Turkey
Turkey , known officially as the Republic of Turkey , is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe...
and Asia Minor
Asia Minor
Asia Minor is a geographical location at the westernmost protrusion of Asia, also called Anatolia, and corresponds to the western two thirds of the Asian part of Turkey...
.
Politics
In 1848 Loew was elected to the German Parliament in Frankfurt am Main. Elected to the first German Parliament when 40 years old, Loew resisted the separatist longings of the Poles from his outpost (Posen) near the frontier of PolandPoland
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
. He belonged to Heinrich von Gagern
Heinrich von Gagern
Heinrich Wilhelm August Freiherr von Gagern was a statesman who argued for the unification of Germany.The third son of Hans Christoph Ernst, Baron von Gagern, a liberal statesman from Hesse, Heinrich von Gagern was born at Bayreuth, educated at the military academy at Munich, and, as an officer in...
's Imperial Party, a grouping which fostered Liberalism in Germany
Liberalism in Germany
This article aims to give an historical overview of liberalism in Germany. The liberal parties dealt with in the timeline below are, largely, those which received sufficient support at one time or another to have been represented in parliament. Not all parties so included, however, necessarily...
and pursued a policy of fusion for the German states.
Tragedy, Disappointment and a return to teaching
Disillusioned by failure to realise German unity and distressed by the death of his 21 year-old daughter from the plagueBubonic plague
Plague is a deadly infectious disease that is caused by the enterobacteria Yersinia pestis, named after the French-Swiss bacteriologist Alexandre Yersin. Primarily carried by rodents and spread to humans via fleas, the disease is notorious throughout history, due to the unrivaled scale of death...
, in 1850, Loew left politics. In 1850 he was appointed director of the royal Realschule
Realschule
The Realschule is a type of secondary school in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein. It has also existed in Croatia , Denmark , Sweden , Hungary and in the Russian Empire .-History:The Realschule was an outgrowth of the rationalism and empiricism of the seventeenth and...
Mesritz
Miedzyrzecz
Międzyrzecz is a town in western Poland with 18,584 inhabitants . The capital of Międzyrzecz County, it was part of the Gorzów Wielkopolski Voivodeship from 1975–1998. Since the Local Government Reorganization Act of 1998, Międzyrzecz has been situated in the Lubusz Voivodeship...
(a Realschule is a school emphasizing technical and scientific studies). Due to the efforts of Loew, the Mesritz Realschule was later to became a gymnasium (a more classical sort of school, though still scientific). While at Mesritz Loew gave up politics so as not to be in conflict with the educational department, and resisted offers of a seat in the Prussian Landtag (Federal state parliament) for the district of Mesritz-Bomst.
Bad health
Severe health problems between 1851 and 1854 forced retirement. In 1868 he received a pensionPension
In general, a pension is an arrangement to provide people with an income when they are no longer earning a regular income from employment. Pensions should not be confused with severance pay; the former is paid in regular installments, while the latter is paid in one lump sum.The terms retirement...
and took up the study of Diptera full-time after moving to Guben
Guben
Guben is a town on the Lusatian Neisse river in the state of Brandenburg, Germany. Located in the Spree-Neiße district, Guben has a population of 20,049...
, Prussia
Prussia
Prussia was a German kingdom and historic state originating out of the Duchy of Prussia and the Margraviate of Brandenburg. For centuries, the House of Hohenzollern ruled Prussia, successfully expanding its size by way of an unusually well-organized and effective army. Prussia shaped the history...
. Here he worked incessantly on Diptera.
In 1870 he was elected city-counsellor and vice-president of the city council in Guben and held a seat in the legislature in Berlin for the Sorau-Guben district between 1873 and 1876.
Last years
The imminent end of Loew was signalled on a summer holiday in Blankenburg in ThuringiaThuringia
The Free State of Thuringia is a state of Germany, located in the central part of the country.It has an area of and 2.29 million inhabitants, making it the sixth smallest by area and the fifth smallest by population of Germany's sixteen states....
when he had a paralytic stroke after which he sought treatment in the Diaconissen-Haus in Halle, Saxony, and died, on April 21, 1879. Only three of his seven children survived him. His obituary in the Vassisches Zeitung described him as a "distinguished pedagogue, naturalist pioneer of German Unity".
Loew's character
A Lutheran protestant, Loew's motto was "Gott Helfe"- God helps or God may help. Loew was an obsessive worker. Something of his nature can be judged from his refusing to eat warm food to pay off the loans incurred during his education, and from his extraordinary calligraphyCalligraphy
Calligraphy is a type of visual art. It is often called the art of fancy lettering . A contemporary definition of calligraphic practice is "the art of giving form to signs in an expressive, harmonious and skillful manner"...
, with its machine-like precision. There is never any difficulty with reading a Loew label, characteristically justified to the side margins. Loew shared such personality traits with the neurotically-obsessive fellow entomologist Alexander Henry Haliday
Alexander Henry Haliday
Alexander Henry Haliday, also known as Enrico Alessandro Haliday and Alexis Heinrich Haliday sometimes Halliday , was an Irish entomologist. He is primarily known for his work on Hymenoptera, Diptera and Thysanoptera, but Haliday worked on all insect orders and on many aspects of entomology.Haliday...
.
Work
Hermann Loew was undoubtedly the dominant dipterist from the 1840s and the following three decades. Although predominantly a describer- delineating the taxonomically useful characters of more than 4,000 species mainly from the Palaearctic and North AmericaNorth America
North America is a continent wholly within the Northern Hemisphere and almost wholly within the Western Hemisphere. It is also considered a northern subcontinent of the Americas...
, but also from the Afrotropics and the Far East
Far East
The Far East is an English term mostly describing East Asia and Southeast Asia, with South Asia sometimes also included for economic and cultural reasons.The term came into use in European geopolitical discourse in the 19th century,...
- Loew made important contributions to higher taxonomy
Taxonomy
Taxonomy is the science of identifying and naming species, and arranging them into a classification. The field of taxonomy, sometimes referred to as "biological taxonomy", revolves around the description and use of taxonomic units, known as taxa...
.
Hermann Loew is best known with regard to Diptera paleontology for his work with Baltic amber inclusions. He was the first investigator to seriously interest himself in the Diptera of amber and his 1850 work on the amber Diptera from the Baltic region was the major foundation for all future study on amber Diptera.
Loew's collections
Loew's personal Baltic amber collection is in the Natural History MuseumNatural History Museum
The Natural History Museum is one of three large museums on Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, England . Its main frontage is on Cromwell Road...
, London
London
London is the capital city of :England and the :United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its...
. Types
Biological type
In biology, a type is one particular specimen of an organism to which the scientific name of that organism is formally attached...
of fossil species based on material in the Klebs Collection are now in Göttingen. Fossil types based on specimens from the Berendt collection are in the Paläontologisches Museum, (Humboldt-Universitat
Humboldt Museum
The Museum für Naturkunde, officially the ' or Naturkundemuseum , occasionally known as the Humboldt Museum, is a natural history museum in Berlin, Germany. Usually the museum's name is abbreviated MFN...
), Berlin. Types of recent Diptera are in the Museum für Naturkunde, (Humboldt-Universitat
Humboldt Museum
The Museum für Naturkunde, officially the ' or Naturkundemuseum , occasionally known as the Humboldt Museum, is a natural history museum in Berlin, Germany. Usually the museum's name is abbreviated MFN...
), Berlin, except for the North American species, which are in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Cambridge, Massachusetts
Cambridge is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States, in the Greater Boston area. It was named in honor of the University of Cambridge in England, an important center of the Puritan theology embraced by the town's founders. Cambridge is home to two of the world's most prominent...
, the South African material, which is in the University of Halle, Zoological Museum, and the Alaskan species, which are in the Zoological Museum in Helsingfors. Other Loew specimens, including types, are in the Natural History Museum in Stockholm and in the Natural History Museum, London (Lepidoptera from Turkey
Turkey
Turkey , known officially as the Republic of Turkey , is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe...
). Small numbers of specimens are in the Natural History Museum in Dublin, Ireland
Ireland
Ireland is an island to the northwest of continental Europe. It is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island on Earth...
and in the Hope Department of Entomology, University of Oxford.
Insects named for Loew
- Trichosoma loewii Zeller, 1846 (Lepidoptera) (now Ocnogyna loewii)
- Albulina loewii (Zeller, 1847) - Large Jewel Blue (Lepidoptera)
- Scymnus loewii Mulsant, 1850 - Loew's Ladybird (Coleoptera) http://www.coccinellidae.cl/scymnusloewii.php
- Aleuropteryx loewii Klapálek, 1894 (NeuropteraNeuropteraThe insect order Neuroptera, or net-winged insects, includes the lacewings, mantidflies, antlions, and their relatives. The order contains some 6,010 species...
) - Acrotelus loewii Reuter, 1885 (HeteropteraHeteropteraHeteroptera is a group of about 40,000 species of insects in the Hemiptera. Sometimes called "true bugs", that name more commonly refers to Hemiptera as a whole, and "typical bugs" might be used as a more unequivocal alternative since among the Hemiptera the heteropterans are most consistently and...
, MiridaeMiridaeThe large and diverse insect family Miridae contains the plant bugs, leaf bugs, and grass bugs, and may also be known as capsid bugs. It is the largest family of true bugs belonging to the suborder Heteroptera, with over 10,000 known species and new ones constantly being described...
) - renamed to Acrotelus caspicus - Damioseca loewii Carvalho
- Phytomyza loewii Hendel, 1923 (AgromyzidaeAgromyzidaeThe family Agromyzidae is commonly referred to as the leaf-miner flies, for the feeding habit of larvae, most of which are leaf miners on various plants....
) - Meromacrus loewii (Williston, 1892) (Syrphidae)
- Trapezostigma loewii (Kaup, 1866) (OdonataOdonataOdonata is an order of insects, encompassing dragonflies and damselflies . The word dragonfly is also sometimes used to refer to all Odonata, but the back-formation odonate is a more correct English name for the group as a whole...
, LibellulidaeLibellulidaeThe skimmers or perchers and their relatives form the Libellulidae, the largest dragonfly family in the world. It is sometimes considered to contain the Corduliidae as the subfamily Corduliinae and the Macromiidae as the subfamily Macromiinae. Even if these are excluded , there still remains a...
) - Common Glider Dragonfly http://web.archive.org/web/20091027103049/http://geocities.com/brisbane_dragons/CommonGlider.htm - Pterophorus loewii (Zeller, 1847) (now Steoptilia zophodactylus) (Lepidoptera, Pterophoridae)
- Plejus loewii - Loew's Blue Plejus (LepidopteraLepidopteraLepidoptera is a large order of insects that includes moths and butterflies . It is one of the most widespread and widely recognizable insect orders in the world, encompassing moths and the three superfamilies of butterflies, skipper butterflies, and moth-butterflies...
) - Argyra loewii Kowarz, 1879 (DolichopodidaeDolichopodidaeDolichopodidae, the long-legged flies, make up a large family of true flies with more than 7,000 described species in about 230 genera distributed worldwide. The genus Dolichopus is the most speciose, with some 600 species. They are generally small flies with large, prominent eyes and a metallic...
) - Ocnaea loewi Cole, 1919 (AcroceridaeAcroceridaeAcroceridae is a small family of odd looking flies most closely related to Nemestrinidae. There are about 520 species in 50 genera. They are characterized by a humpbacked appearance and a small head, sometimes with a long proboscis for nectar. As such, acrocerids are commonly known as small-headed...
) - Campiglossa loewiana (Hendel,1927) [=Paroxyna loewiana] (TephritidaeTephritidaeTephritidae is one of two fly families referred to as "fruit flies", the other family being Drosophilidae. Tephritidae does not include the biological model organisms of the genus Drosophila , which is often called the "common fruit fly". There are nearly 5,000 described species of tephritid...
) - Loewiella Williston (AsilidaeAsilidaeInsects in the Diptera family Asilidae are commonly called robber flies. The family Asilidae contains about 7,100 described species worldwide....
) - Loewia Egger, 1856 (TachinidaeTachinidaeTachinidae is a large and rather variable family of true flies within the insect order Diptera, with more than 8,200 known species and many more to be discovered. There are over 1300 species in North America. Insects in this family are commonly called tachina flies or simply tachinids...
) - Muscina angustifrons, 1858 (Muscidae)
Works
These papers and monographs from 1861-1865 give some indication of Loew's scope- 1861 Diptera aliquot in insula Cuba collecta. Wiener Entomologische Monatschrift. 5: 33-43. (February)
- Loew, H. 1861b. Neue Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Dipteren. Achter Beitrag [part]. Programm K. Realschule Meseritz 1861: 1-60.
(The continuation of this paper appeared in Programm K. Realschule Meseritz Programm K. Realschule Meseritz 1862: 61-100. A separate publication, published by Mittler and Sohn, Berlin, 1861, contains the entire "Achter Beitrag" [Achter. Beitrag K. Realschule zu Meseritz Programma.), p. 1-100. ] - 1861. Blaesoxipha grylloctona, nov. genus et species. Wien. Entomol. Monatschr. 5: 384-87. 1861 [Wien. Ent. Monatschr. V]
- 1861 Monographie der Sepsiden (Dipt. ). Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 40 : 1-110.
- 1861 Über die Dipterenfauna des Bernsteins Amtl. Ber. Vers. Dtsch. Naturf. 35 (1860):88-98
- 1861 Die europaischen Arten der Gattung Stenopogon Wien. Entomol. Monatschr. 5:8-13
- 1861 Ueber die bisher in Schlesien aufgefundenen Arten der Gattung Chlorops Macq. ., Berliner. Entomol. Z. 15: 1-96.
- 1862. Monographs of the Diptera of North America. Part I. Smithson. Misc. Collect. 6(1)[= No. 141], xxiv + 221 p. (April)
- 1862 Diptera Americae septentrionalis indigena. In parts Centuria secunda. Berliner. Entomol. Z. 6: 185-232.
- 1862. Ueber einige bei Varna gefangene Dipteren. Wien. Entomol. Monatschr. 6: 161-75.
- 1862. Die europischen Bohrfliegen (Trypetidae). W. Junk, Wien [= Vienna]. 128 p. [Preface dated 24 June. ]
- 1862. Ueber die europischen Helomyzidae und die in Schlesien vorkommenden Arten derselben. Z. Entomol. 13: 1-80.
- 1862. in Peters: Naturwissenschaftliche Reise nah Mossambique in 1842. Part 5, Insekten und Myriapoden [Diptera pp. 1–34, 1 coloured plate.]
- 1863. Diptera Americae septentrionalis indigena. Centuria tertia. Berlin. Entomol. Ztsch. , Z. 7: 1-55.
- 1863 Diptera Americae septentrionalis indigena. Centuria quarta. Berl. Entomol. Z. 7: 275-326.
- 1863 Enumeratio dipterorum quae C. Tollin ex Africa meridionali Wien. Entomol. Monatschr. 7:9-16.
- 1864. Monographs of Diptera of North America. Part II. Smithson. Misc. Collect. 6, xi + 360 p. [Dolichopodidae. Smithsonian Miscellaneous collections 171. Wash. :Smithsonian Inst. 1-359,]
- 1864b. Gitona formosa, eine neue deutsche Art. Wien. Entomol. Monatschr. 8: 366-68. [I-XI, pl. 3-7].
- 1864. Diptera Americae septentrionalis indigena. Vol. 1. [Centuria 1-5. ] A. W. Schadii, Berolini [= Berlin]. 266 p. - a one-volume reissue of the first five centuries published in Berl. Entomol. Z. .
- 1864 On the Diptera or two-winged insects of the amber-fauna Amer. J. Sci. (2) 37:305-324.
- 1864 In Schiner Catalogus systematicus dipterorum Europae.
- 1865 Ueber einige bei Kutais in Imeritien gefangene Dipteren Berliner.
Longer list of works see the references in Sabrosky's Family Group Names in Diptera and also the German version of this page.
External links
- Systema Dipterorum Provides complete Friedrich Hermann Loew Diptera Bibliography
- Systema Dipterorum Provides complete list of genera and species described by Friedrich Hermann Loew
- BHL Digitised works by Hermann Loew at Biodiversity Heritage LibraryBiodiversity Heritage LibraryThe Biodiversity Heritage Library is a project for the digitization of literature on biodiversity. It was founded in 2005 and was initially formed by ten United States and British libraries....