Gothenburg Cathedral
Encyclopedia
The Gothenburg Cathedral is a cathedral
in Gothenburg
, Sweden
. The cathedral is the seat of the bishop in the Church of Sweden
diocese of Gothenburg.
had stood on the property for no more than about 12 years. It had been one of the first buildings in the city and the first church in the current Gothenburg, which is the third city founded at the mouth of the Göta River
and the second to have been named Gothenburg.
When a new church was to be built on the site, King Gustavus Adolphus
decreed in 1627 a tax, the proceeds of which would be used for church construction. The initial demand was for a barrel (just over 125 litres) of wheat, oats
, barley
or rye
from each church-owned property (kyrkohemman) in Västergötland
for a three-year period. In a letter to Gothenburg's town council (13 December 1629) the impost
was continued for a further three years.
By 1633, the stave church
had been torn down to make way for the new church building, although its separate tower remained in use as a guard tower
.
Church construction was led by master mason Lars Nilsson. The foundation stone for the new church was laid by Gothenburg's justitiepresident (judge) Nils Börjesson Drakenberg, on 19 June 1626,
and in 1633 the new main building was complete. During the construction period and for some time subsequently, the church was called stora kyrkan (the "great church").
On August 10–11 of the same year, superintendent
Andreas Prytz consecrated the church with the two sermons Om kyrkors rätta bruk ("The right use of churches") and Om kyrkors invigning ("The consecration of churches"). The inauguration has been commemorated with an annual cathedral sermon on August 10.
The old tower remained for nine more years and a new tower replaced it the following year (January 1643).
Wityh the demolition of the old tower, the "stave church" period was finally over.
No contemporary documents relating to the installation of the church bell
s have been found. The bells are mentioned retrospectively by Eric Cederbourg (1739):
The first tower clock mechanism, made by clockmaker
Per Larsson in 1648, was replaced in 1670 by another one made by Jacob Hertingk of Stralsund
.
The church was built of granite faced with Dutch bricks and was adorned with 18 iron-trimmed Palladian windows
placed between buttressing supports, and an ornate arched entry door with iron fittings. The building was 48.1 meters long, 20.2 meters wide and 26.5 meters high at the pediment
roof, built without a transept
. The tower wall was 27.6 feet high, not counting the tower spire
. The church roof was clad with oak
en shingle
s and topped with copper plates, at the eastern end of the roof hip was a weather vane
in the form of a large copper-gilded sun, which in 1700 had been so weakened that it was replaced with a wooden cap.
From 1625 to 1634 the construction cost increased to 8,387 Swedish riksdaler
. The church is referred to in the accounting records as the stora kyrkan (the "great church"), as mentioned previously. The rectory
had been completed as early as 1624. The church was not designated as a "cathedral" (domkyrke) until the 1680s.
s — eight located on each side of the nave
and the 17th in the choir. They had a square
socle
, each side 2 ell
s (1.2 metres) wide.
After the church's first pulpit
was replaced in the late 1670s, the former cathedral pulpit was transferred in 1682 to the then newly built Kungälvs Church. The original pulpit was of the German-Dutch type, and its intarsia
and other carving work suggests that it had been crafted either in Lübeck
or by some North Germans residing in Gothenburg. Perhaps it had already been completed by the time of the church inauguration. The sculptor
Marcus Jaeger the Elder carved the new pulpit with historical images in alabaster
and ebony
in 1674. He also made the baptismal font and executed numerous carvings on the lecterns and pews.
The cathedral spire was demolished in 1700 when it was replaced by a new one.
The cathedral also included a throne (a royal pew), which was placed over grave No. 19, situated to the south of the nave between the first two pillars from the chancel. It was completed in the 1680s by Marcus Jaeger, who was paid 960 silver riksdaler
for the work. In 1869 the tailor Torsten Gunnarsson upholstered the throne in red velvet
, likely in honour of Charles XI
's visit to Gothenburg on September 10 of that year. Four years later John Hammer undertook, for 400 silver riksdaler, to paint the king's throne in white alabaster and gold.
The first organ
, likely a positive organ
with only 4 to 6 stop
s, had been installed by 1648. In 1661 organ builder Hans Horn completed a new pipe organ.
Around the year 1700, additional work was completed on the church organ. Marcus Jaeger was hired in 1697 to produce four Corinthian
pillars beneath the organ to raise it to a greater height, probably in the west part of the nave, near the tower wall. The organ was repaired several times — in 1696 by Christian Rüdiger, in 1699 by John George Ambthor and in 1707 by Elias Wittig. Both Rüdiger and Ambthor were German organ master
s, while Wittig was a journeyman
.
and had been at first named "Gustavi church" after Gustavus Adolphus
. It was also known as Svenska kyrkan (the "Swedish church"), to distinguish it from Gothenburg's German- and Dutch-language Christinenkirche, known familiarly as Tyska kyrkan (the "German church"). By the change from the superintendent
cy title to a bishop
ric and the establishment of a cathedral chapter
in 1665, it was elevated to the status of cathedral.
was located at the foot of Kvarnberget, west of Kronhuset — once an armoury and now used as a historical museum and concert site — on the corner of the present Torggatan, then called Kyrkogårdsgränden and Sillgatan (now Postgatan). With the marshy area around the cathedral having been filled with sand by 1645, it was used instead of the church as a burial ground. The square — known by 1846 as Domkyrkoplatsen ("Cathedral Plaza") and by 1883 as Domkyrkoplanen ("Cathedral Close") 1883 — had since 1644 been demarcated by a wall with arched gates to the north and south.
and 211 nearby residential buildings in the area of the cathedral burned down. As the walls of the church still remained, it was possible to restore the building relatively quickly. Barely a month after the fire, as mandated by City Manager
(politieborgmästare) Hans von Gerdes (1637–1723), the architect Paul Ludvig Leyonsparre presented three options for rebuilding the church, the third of which was recommended by County Governor
(landshövding") Nils Posse.
On 25 May 1722, only 13 months after the fire, the cathedral reopened, having the same dimensions as the old cathedral, but with a tower capital instead of the former spire.
The roof proved to be so leaky that County Governor
Axel Gyllenkrok
complained in October 1724 of rain and snow infiltration. In December 1725, therefore, the city engineer was instructed to draw up proposals for a new copper roof covering, and work began in June 1726.
The tower, however, took another ten years to complete, and city engineer Johan Eberhard Carlberg — an uncle of Carl Wilhelm Carlberg, the architect of the current cathedral — designed a temporary belfry for the churchyard. It could not be put into service until 1726, because the bell had to be cast in a foundry, but it was in use for six years, until 1732, when the new tower was finally brought into service.
The new tower was designed by the builder of the German Christinenkirche tower, the naval master builder Nicolaus Müller.
The new Swedish church's tower closely resembled that of the German church and, judging by city pictures of that time, even had a similar cap. The tower was octagonal, and its top was 26.7 metres above the tower wall. The largest of the three church bell
s weighed 1,700 kg, while the other two weighed 1,020 kg. each. They had been cast in 1726 by Erik Näsman, who had moved from Jönköping
to Stockholm
and who cast a bell for Skara Cathedral
the following year.
The ceiling came into place during the years 1734 through 1739. The south-side lectern
was finished in 1739. The church floor was finally completed in April 1740 with 1,400 tiles of Öland
limestone
, 2 Swedish ells (59.4 cm) square and 2.25 Swedish inches (5.57 cm) thick.
In October 1731 Carlberg received approval for his architectural drawing
of a (provisional) pulpit. An organ
was built in 1733–1734 by the organ builder Johan Niclas Cahman. A contract signed January 11, 1733 specified that the organ was to be completed "in a good and perfect state, equal to the organ works now to be found in Uppsala
." The organ cost 8,500 silver riksdaler, and was equipped with 32 stops and 5 bellows.
In January 1750 superintendent
Carl Hårleman
proposed a sculpted altarpiece
to portray Christ
, a cross and two kneeling angel
s. The cost of the artwork was donated by pharmacist
Franz Martin Luth (1679–1763). The contract was let on 1 March 1751, the altar
was completed on 1 February 1754, and the inauguration took place 1 December 1754
. This altar is still used as the altar of the cathedral.
In 1769 a charnel house
(benhus) was built on the northwestern part of the cathedral block, on the corner of Kyrkogatan and Västra Hamngatan, with space for forty coffins. To avoid a bad smell in the church, the mayor and council (magistrat ) of Gothenburg decided that all corpses buried during the six warmer months from April 1 to October 1 would first be stored in the benhus.
In the same year as the charnel house was added, the churchyard wall was also finished. It was a 469-ell
s (approximately 279 metres) wall around Domkyrkoplanen, with a granite
footing
; the wall itself was of brick
and covered by large blocks of chiselled Öland limestone. Set into the walls were five spacious gates, built of hard-fired clinker brick
and covered with sheet lead
. The materials from three of these gates were moved after the 1802 fire in 1802 to the new cemetery at the poorhouse meadow in the Stampen
ward (primärområde) of Gothenburg.
In 1775 French sculptor Pierre Hubert Larchevesque (1721–1778) sculpted a cathedral monument to Colin Campbell
(1686–1757), the co-founder of the Swedish East India Company
.
, which opened May 11, 1804 and was originally intended only for the congregations of the cathedral and of the Christinenkirche. Materials from the demolished cathedral walls and three iron gates were sold at auction
and the proceeds used to a new cemetery enclosure at Stampen.
This time the church building was so severely damaged that the walls could not be reused. A new church was then built, starting in 1804. The old church's grounds could be reused to the extent that coinciding with the old (transverse did not exist previously, for example). stone from the old church was used for private buildings, among other things, teaches the "Ingelmanska house" at the East Harbor Road to be built by them. The church was consecrated by the bishop
Johan Wingård on Holy Trinity day on 21 May 1815.
The new cathedral was designed by architect Carl Wilhelm Carlberg, and until 1808, when the walls of the church reached full height, slutgodkändes and enshrined
drawings of the Royal. Maj: t. Carlberg died on 14 April 1814 and construction was completed followed by his disciple, Major Justus Frederick Weinberg. It is said that Weinberg did not attend the inauguration for fear that the church's thin, flat arches would collapse. In the early 20th century reinforced the structure. The Church was not ready at the opening this time either, because the tower was missing yet. The entire cathedral was completely finished until twelve years later, while the tower was ready to be inaugurated ten years later, in 1825. Male afford a second inauguration on 9 September 1827, then tornhuvens copper
clothing was in place.
During the same time, 1807, Dean Hall
was built in the corner of Cross Street 22 and Vallgatan 28 after wall-builder Gottlieb Lindner's drawings.
After the 1802 fire, the old cemetery was converted into an open square, Kyrkotorget, and 1822 was declared the whole area around the church, and west to Western Hamnkanalen (which joined in the middle of the current Western Port Road, and was filled in 1903–1905) with cobblestone and the name was changed in 1846 toDomkyrkoplatsen. In 1851 were planted throughout the site around the church and then surrounded with iron fencing
around 1860. The name was later to beDomkyrkoplanen, which was fixed in 1883. The Church exterior was after completion, basically the one we see today. The major change made is that the terminal walls of the tower's lateral extensions was demolished in 1832 and replaced by an iron railing. The cathedral's assessed value in 1889 was 500,000 Swedish kronor
.
It is estimated that approximately 20,000 people have been buried in the church area, while 3,000 people are buried inside the church during the years 1635–1802. On the chancel's east side is a plaque which recalls this with the following text:
The Cathedral was the first church in Sweden to be fitted with central heating
. The installation took place in 1852 under the leadership of the English civil engineer
Hadon's management. The following year, 1853, gas lighting
was installed for illumination.
The church was insured in 1857 inFire, Skandia Insurance Company with a value of 500 000 Riksdaler riksmynt.
The church tower began to lean precariously to the southwest in the early 20th century, and the church and domkyrkoplanen shut down for an extended period of work on basic reinforcement going on. High Mass was held in which the German Church and evensong, and weekly church services were held in Landala
chapel.
In 1904 conducted a comprehensive restoration
. The church then received new flooring, new windows and doors, new benches and new thermal management system. Episcopal priest and pews were removed, along with organ lighter wings, and was directed up the stands. For a complete repainting was also, along with gilding of pulpit and altar group, and the whole was thus a light and uplifting atmosphere color of the white t and gold. Three chandelier
s in bridge and Renaissance
, compose by the same architect who carried out the restoration, Axel Lindegren, hung from the ceiling. Finally rebuilt organ
s of the Director Eskil Lunden.
The cathedral was restored again 1954–1957, which include the drive down the 313 concrete piles into the bedrock to stabilize the building. The church was subsequently to be erected on the vast marshy most of the city". Years 1983–1985 was another Renovation
ar.
By going lift a piece and then take a staircase of 151 steps, it was until the late 1990s to visit the cathedral tower and one of its eight small balcony
er. The fee in 1997 was $ 20 for an adult and $ 10 for a child.
style, and had greater dimensions than the previous two. It is 59.4 meters long and 38 meters wide - including the new transept, which did not previously exist, while cattle
t and nave
he has the width of 22.86 meters. Furthermore, the nave interior height 14.25 metres and 52.85 meters in the tower's height.
A clear example of classical style cathedral is the big head Portal
one in the West. It is framed by four Doric
column
s (ancient Greek columns), which receives a pediment
party. They were carved in Gothenburg by Scottish
sand
by Aberdeen
. Also pilaster
s s of the cathedral walls are of the Doric order. Also tower cap is adorned with classical Doric frontonpartier and portals.
The outer walls are entirely walled in yellow T so-called Dutch t clay
, which means that the bricks are smaller than usual. In addition, the walls of an outer clothing in the form of ornaments, such as classical blank rings, lists and friezes made of Flensburg
ssten.
These ornaments are another example of the classical style, such as the highlighted cornice (frieze) towers over the hood, as well as the toothed bar under roof and friezes around the building.
and Empire style.
Klassisicmen visible example of the Ionic
a pilasters in the cattle
wall. These are built of red marble
with gold leaf on top. Although the stands in the Church CROSS-ARMED s of the transept and organ loft in the west are examples of classicism, as all lighter in transverse and in the west lies the sixteen independent Tuscan wood column
s.
Emipstilen is represented in the combination of white and gold leaf in many of the interior fittings, the glazed episcopal bench that is used today to chat to visitors and clergy, the wall clock and the stands. Another example is the pulpit (see image at right) designed by architect and Professor n Axel Magnus Fahlcrantz.
Angelic figures on the altar represents instead a more Baroque
emphasized style, because they belong to the ancient altar set from the 18th century. They are sculpted 1752 by Jacques Adrien Masreliez, led by the famous Carl Hårleman
and could be salvaged from the fire.
Cathedral interior provides a bright and easily impressed by the white paint and gold leaf. The church does not completely weapons pictures on the walls because of the devastating fire 1802nd Weapon Pictures characterize otherwise churches foundation for Golden Age
and before that.
The old white part gold-plated
a grandfather clock in the Cathedral is from the 18th century and thus was saved from the fire 1802nd It was moved during the 1954–1957 restoration to the south-east transverse wall at the entrance biskopsbänkens. Earlier, it was at the southern long wall on King Street. The clock is inklätt in a painted cover with gilded moldings that go in style with other furnishings in the church. It was produced in 1751 by watchmaker
Olof Rising in Gothenburg, who also made clockwork. In 1957 Gothenburg clock specialist Arthur Johnson refurbished it thoroughly, even restoring the beautiful silver-sounding percussion. Nature Agency is usually not because it might interfere with worship
life and other activities in the church.
organ builder Olof Schwan (1744–1812), who was contracted on August 3, 1805, but died in 1812. The work was taken over now by John Eberhard, and on December 1, 1816, the new organ was inaugurated. Here is a description of the installation of "Götheborgs Foundation History and Herdaminne", 1835:
Cathedral
A cathedral is a Christian church that contains the seat of a bishop...
in Gothenburg
Gothenburg
Gothenburg is the second-largest city in Sweden and the fifth-largest in the Nordic countries. Situated on the west coast of Sweden, the city proper has a population of 519,399, with 549,839 in the urban area and total of 937,015 inhabitants in the metropolitan area...
, Sweden
Sweden
Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund....
. The cathedral is the seat of the bishop in the Church of Sweden
Church of Sweden
The Church of Sweden is the largest Christian church in Sweden. The church professes the Lutheran faith and is a member of the Porvoo Communion. With 6,589,769 baptized members, it is the largest Lutheran church in the world, although combined, there are more Lutherans in the member churches of...
diocese of Gothenburg.
The original church
Before the first cathedral was inaugurated in 1633, the temporary Gothenburg stave churchGothenburg stave church
The stave church of Gothenburg , was Gothenburg's first church building and one of its first buildings constructed since its city plan was drawn up...
had stood on the property for no more than about 12 years. It had been one of the first buildings in the city and the first church in the current Gothenburg, which is the third city founded at the mouth of the Göta River
Gota River
The Gota River is a tributary of the Dârjov River in Romania.-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971...
and the second to have been named Gothenburg.
The first cathedral
When a new church was to be built on the site, King Gustavus Adolphus
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
Gustav II Adolf has been widely known in English by his Latinized name Gustavus Adolphus Magnus and variously in historical writings also as Gustavus, or Gustavus the Great, or Gustav Adolph the Great,...
decreed in 1627 a tax, the proceeds of which would be used for church construction. The initial demand was for a barrel (just over 125 litres) of wheat, oats
OATS
OATS - Open Source Assistive Technology Software - is a source code repository or "forge" for assistive technology software. It was launched in 2006 with the goal to provide a one-stop “shop” for end users, clinicians and open-source developers to promote and develop open source assistive...
, barley
Barley
Barley is a major cereal grain, a member of the grass family. It serves as a major animal fodder, as a base malt for beer and certain distilled beverages, and as a component of various health foods...
or rye
Rye
Rye is a grass grown extensively as a grain and as a forage crop. It is a member of the wheat tribe and is closely related to barley and wheat. Rye grain is used for flour, rye bread, rye beer, some whiskeys, some vodkas, and animal fodder...
from each church-owned property (kyrkohemman) in Västergötland
Västergötland
', English exonym: West Gothland, is one of the 25 traditional non-administrative provinces of Sweden , situated in the southwest of Sweden. In older English literature one may also encounter the Latinized version Westrogothia....
for a three-year period. In a letter to Gothenburg's town council (13 December 1629) the impost
Impost
Impost may mean:*A type of extra tax*A handicap used in horse racing*Impost : a block or capital on which an arch rests*A tax levied on imports....
was continued for a further three years.
By 1633, the stave church
Gothenburg stave church
The stave church of Gothenburg , was Gothenburg's first church building and one of its first buildings constructed since its city plan was drawn up...
had been torn down to make way for the new church building, although its separate tower remained in use as a guard tower
Guard tower
Guard tower serves as a general term for any military tower providing vigilance, and henceforth guarding a certain area.-Famous guard towers:*Alcatraz guard towers*Auschwitz II guard towers*Tower of London*Yuma Territorial Prison 1876 guard tower....
.
Church construction was led by master mason Lars Nilsson. The foundation stone for the new church was laid by Gothenburg's justitiepresident (judge) Nils Börjesson Drakenberg, on 19 June 1626,
and in 1633 the new main building was complete. During the construction period and for some time subsequently, the church was called stora kyrkan (the "great church").
On August 10–11 of the same year, superintendent
Superintendent (ecclesiastical)
Superintendent is the head of an administrative division of a Protestant church, largely historical but still in use in Germany.- Superintendents in Sweden :...
Andreas Prytz consecrated the church with the two sermons Om kyrkors rätta bruk ("The right use of churches") and Om kyrkors invigning ("The consecration of churches"). The inauguration has been commemorated with an annual cathedral sermon on August 10.
The old tower remained for nine more years and a new tower replaced it the following year (January 1643).
Wityh the demolition of the old tower, the "stave church" period was finally over.
No contemporary documents relating to the installation of the church bell
Church bell
A church bell is a bell which is rung in a church either to signify the hour or the time for worshippers to go to church, perhaps to attend a wedding, funeral, or other service...
s have been found. The bells are mentioned retrospectively by Eric Cederbourg (1739):
- "In the tower were hung three large and beautiful bells, whose strong and harmonious sound could be heard for 3/4 of a mileSwedish units of measurementIn Sweden, a common system for weights and measures was introduced by law in 1665. Before that, there were a number of local variants. The system was slightly revised in 1735. In 1855, a decimal reform was instituted that defined a new Swedish inch as 1/10 foot...
(over 8 km); on the north wall of the tower a large, well-founded bell of 6 skeppspundSwedish units of measurementIn Sweden, a common system for weights and measures was introduced by law in 1665. Before that, there were a number of local variants. The system was slightly revised in 1735. In 1855, a decimal reform was instituted that defined a new Swedish inch as 1/10 foot...
(1,020 kg.) weight was erected to chime the hour."
The first tower clock mechanism, made by clockmaker
Clockmaker
A clockmaker is an artisan who makes and repairs clocks. Since almost all clocks are now factory-made, most modern clockmakers only repair clocks. Modern clockmakers may be employed by jewellers, antique shops, and places devoted strictly to repairing clocks and watches...
Per Larsson in 1648, was replaced in 1670 by another one made by Jacob Hertingk of Stralsund
Stralsund
- Main sights :* The Brick Gothic historic centre is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.* The heart of the old town is the Old Market Square , with the Gothic Town Hall . Behind the town hall stands the imposing Nikolaikirche , built in 1270-1360...
.
The church was built of granite faced with Dutch bricks and was adorned with 18 iron-trimmed Palladian windows
Palladian architecture
Palladian architecture is a European style of architecture derived from the designs of the Venetian architect Andrea Palladio . The term "Palladian" normally refers to buildings in a style inspired by Palladio's own work; that which is recognised as Palladian architecture today is an evolution of...
placed between buttressing supports, and an ornate arched entry door with iron fittings. The building was 48.1 meters long, 20.2 meters wide and 26.5 meters high at the pediment
Pediment
A pediment is a classical architectural element consisting of the triangular section found above the horizontal structure , typically supported by columns. The gable end of the pediment is surrounded by the cornice moulding...
roof, built without a transept
Transept
For the periodical go to The Transept.A transept is a transverse section, of any building, which lies across the main body of the building. In Christian churches, a transept is an area set crosswise to the nave in a cruciform building in Romanesque and Gothic Christian church architecture...
. The tower wall was 27.6 feet high, not counting the tower spire
Spire
A spire is a tapering conical or pyramidal structure on the top of a building, particularly a church tower. Etymologically, the word is derived from the Old English word spir, meaning a sprout, shoot, or stalk of grass....
. The church roof was clad with oak
Oak
An oak is a tree or shrub in the genus Quercus , of which about 600 species exist. "Oak" may also appear in the names of species in related genera, notably Lithocarpus...
en shingle
Shingle
Shingle can refer to:*A flat covering element for a roof, including**Shake , a wooden shingle that is made from split logs**Roof shingle, a roof covering consisting of individual overlapping elements...
s and topped with copper plates, at the eastern end of the roof hip was a weather vane
Weather vane
A weather vane is an instrument for showing the direction of the wind. They are typically used as an architectural ornament to the highest point of a building....
in the form of a large copper-gilded sun, which in 1700 had been so weakened that it was replaced with a wooden cap.
From 1625 to 1634 the construction cost increased to 8,387 Swedish riksdaler
Swedish riksdaler
The riksdaler was the name of a Swedish coin first minted in 1604. Between 1777 and 1873, it was the currency of Sweden. The daler, like the dollar, was named after the German Thaler. The similarly named Reichsthaler, rijksdaalder, and rigsdaler were used in Germany and Austria-Hungary, the...
. The church is referred to in the accounting records as the stora kyrkan (the "great church"), as mentioned previously. The rectory
Rectory
A rectory is the residence, or former residence, of a rector, most often a Christian cleric, but in some cases an academic rector or other person with that title...
had been completed as early as 1624. The church was not designated as a "cathedral" (domkyrke) until the 1680s.
The cathedral interior
The cathedral had 17 octagonal bearing columnColumn
A column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a vertical structural element that transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below. For the purpose of wind or earthquake engineering, columns may be designed to resist lateral forces...
s — eight located on each side of the nave
Nave
In Romanesque and Gothic Christian abbey, cathedral basilica and church architecture, the nave is the central approach to the high altar, the main body of the church. "Nave" was probably suggested by the keel shape of its vaulting...
and the 17th in the choir. They had a square
Square (geometry)
In geometry, a square is a regular quadrilateral. This means that it has four equal sides and four equal angles...
socle
Socle (architecture)
In architecture, a socle is a short plinth used to support a pedestal, sculpture or column. In the field of archaeology, this term is used to refer to a wall base, frequently of stone, that supports the upper part of the wall, which is made of a different material, frequently mud brick...
, each side 2 ell
Ell
An ell , is a unit of measurement, approximating the length of a man's arm.Several national forms existed, with different lengths, includingthe Scottish ell ,the Flemish ell ,the French ell...
s (1.2 metres) wide.
After the church's first pulpit
Pulpit
Pulpit is a speakers' stand in a church. In many Christian churches, there are two speakers' stands at the front of the church. Typically, the one on the left is called the pulpit...
was replaced in the late 1670s, the former cathedral pulpit was transferred in 1682 to the then newly built Kungälvs Church. The original pulpit was of the German-Dutch type, and its intarsia
Intarsia
Intarsia is a form of wood inlaying that is similar to marquetry. The term is also used for a similar technique used with small, highly polished stones set in a marble matrix .- History :...
and other carving work suggests that it had been crafted either in Lübeck
Lübeck
The Hanseatic City of Lübeck is the second-largest city in Schleswig-Holstein, in northern Germany, and one of the major ports of Germany. It was for several centuries the "capital" of the Hanseatic League and, because of its Brick Gothic architectural heritage, is listed by UNESCO as a World...
or by some North Germans residing in Gothenburg. Perhaps it had already been completed by the time of the church inauguration. The sculptor
Sculpture
Sculpture is three-dimensional artwork created by shaping or combining hard materials—typically stone such as marble—or metal, glass, or wood. Softer materials can also be used, such as clay, textiles, plastics, polymers and softer metals...
Marcus Jaeger the Elder carved the new pulpit with historical images in alabaster
Alabaster
Alabaster is a name applied to varieties of two distinct minerals, when used as a material: gypsum and calcite . The former is the alabaster of the present day; generally, the latter is the alabaster of the ancients...
and ebony
Ebony
Ebony is a dense black wood, most commonly yielded by several species in the genus Diospyros, but ebony may also refer to other heavy, black woods from unrelated species. Ebony is dense enough to sink in water. Its fine texture, and very smooth finish when polished, make it valuable as an...
in 1674. He also made the baptismal font and executed numerous carvings on the lecterns and pews.
The cathedral spire was demolished in 1700 when it was replaced by a new one.
The cathedral also included a throne (a royal pew), which was placed over grave No. 19, situated to the south of the nave between the first two pillars from the chancel. It was completed in the 1680s by Marcus Jaeger, who was paid 960 silver riksdaler
Swedish riksdaler
The riksdaler was the name of a Swedish coin first minted in 1604. Between 1777 and 1873, it was the currency of Sweden. The daler, like the dollar, was named after the German Thaler. The similarly named Reichsthaler, rijksdaalder, and rigsdaler were used in Germany and Austria-Hungary, the...
for the work. In 1869 the tailor Torsten Gunnarsson upholstered the throne in red velvet
Velvet
Velvet is a type of woven tufted fabric in which the cut threads are evenly distributed,with a short dense pile, giving it a distinctive feel.The word 'velvety' is used as an adjective to mean -"smooth like velvet".-Composition:...
, likely in honour of Charles XI
Charles XI of Sweden
Charles XI also Carl, was King of Sweden from 1660 until his death, in a period in Swedish history known as the Swedish empire ....
's visit to Gothenburg on September 10 of that year. Four years later John Hammer undertook, for 400 silver riksdaler, to paint the king's throne in white alabaster and gold.
The first organ
Organ (music)
The organ , is a keyboard instrument of one or more divisions, each played with its own keyboard operated either with the hands or with the feet. The organ is a relatively old musical instrument in the Western musical tradition, dating from the time of Ctesibius of Alexandria who is credited with...
, likely a positive organ
Positive organ
A positive organ is a small, usually one-manual, pipe organ that is built to be more or less mobile. It was common in sacred and secular music between the 10th and the 18th centuries, in chapels and small churches, as a chamber organ and for the basso continuo in ensemble works...
with only 4 to 6 stop
Organ stop
An organ stop is a component of a pipe organ that admits pressurized air to a set of organ pipes. Its name comes from the fact that stops can be used selectively by the organist; some can be "on" , while others can be "off" .The term can also refer...
s, had been installed by 1648. In 1661 organ builder Hans Horn completed a new pipe organ.
Around the year 1700, additional work was completed on the church organ. Marcus Jaeger was hired in 1697 to produce four Corinthian
Corinthian order
The Corinthian order is one of the three principal classical orders of ancient Greek and Roman architecture. The other two are the Doric and Ionic. When classical architecture was revived during the Renaissance, two more orders were added to the canon, the Tuscan order and the Composite order...
pillars beneath the organ to raise it to a greater height, probably in the west part of the nave, near the tower wall. The organ was repaired several times — in 1696 by Christian Rüdiger, in 1699 by John George Ambthor and in 1707 by Elias Wittig. Both Rüdiger and Ambthor were German organ master
Organ (music)
The organ , is a keyboard instrument of one or more divisions, each played with its own keyboard operated either with the hands or with the feet. The organ is a relatively old musical instrument in the Western musical tradition, dating from the time of Ctesibius of Alexandria who is credited with...
s, while Wittig was a journeyman
Journeyman
A journeyman is someone who completed an apprenticeship and was fully educated in a trade or craft, but not yet a master. To become a master, a journeyman had to submit a master work piece to a guild for evaluation and be admitted to the guild as a master....
.
Designation as cathedral
The church was part of the established Church of SwedenChurch of Sweden
The Church of Sweden is the largest Christian church in Sweden. The church professes the Lutheran faith and is a member of the Porvoo Communion. With 6,589,769 baptized members, it is the largest Lutheran church in the world, although combined, there are more Lutherans in the member churches of...
and had been at first named "Gustavi church" after Gustavus Adolphus
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
Gustav II Adolf has been widely known in English by his Latinized name Gustavus Adolphus Magnus and variously in historical writings also as Gustavus, or Gustavus the Great, or Gustav Adolph the Great,...
. It was also known as Svenska kyrkan (the "Swedish church"), to distinguish it from Gothenburg's German- and Dutch-language Christinenkirche, known familiarly as Tyska kyrkan (the "German church"). By the change from the superintendent
Superintendent (ecclesiastical)
Superintendent is the head of an administrative division of a Protestant church, largely historical but still in use in Germany.- Superintendents in Sweden :...
cy title to a bishop
Bishop
A bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight. Within the Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox Churches, in the Assyrian Church of the East, in the Independent Catholic Churches, and in the...
ric and the establishment of a cathedral chapter
Chapter (religion)
Chapter designates certain corporate ecclesiastical bodies in the Roman Catholic, Anglican and Nordic Lutheran churches....
in 1665, it was elevated to the status of cathedral.
Cemeteries
The city's oldest cemeteryCemetery
A cemetery is a place in which dead bodies and cremated remains are buried. The term "cemetery" implies that the land is specifically designated as a burying ground. Cemeteries in the Western world are where the final ceremonies of death are observed...
was located at the foot of Kvarnberget, west of Kronhuset — once an armoury and now used as a historical museum and concert site — on the corner of the present Torggatan, then called Kyrkogårdsgränden and Sillgatan (now Postgatan). With the marshy area around the cathedral having been filled with sand by 1645, it was used instead of the church as a burial ground. The square — known by 1846 as Domkyrkoplatsen ("Cathedral Plaza") and by 1883 as Domkyrkoplanen ("Cathedral Close") 1883 — had since 1644 been demarcated by a wall with arched gates to the north and south.
The second cathedral
On the night of 15 April 1721 the cathedral, high schoolGymnasium (school)
A gymnasium is a type of school providing secondary education in some parts of Europe, comparable to English grammar schools or sixth form colleges and U.S. college preparatory high schools. The word γυμνάσιον was used in Ancient Greece, meaning a locality for both physical and intellectual...
and 211 nearby residential buildings in the area of the cathedral burned down. As the walls of the church still remained, it was possible to restore the building relatively quickly. Barely a month after the fire, as mandated by City Manager
City manager
A city manager is an official appointed as the administrative manager of a city, in a council-manager form of city government. Local officials serving in this position are sometimes referred to as the chief executive officer or chief administrative officer in some municipalities...
(politieborgmästare) Hans von Gerdes (1637–1723), the architect Paul Ludvig Leyonsparre presented three options for rebuilding the church, the third of which was recommended by County Governor
County Governor
County Governor is a Norwegian government agency represented in 18 of the Norwegian counties responsible for a number of supervision and management duties. The Governor is the representative of the King and Government of Norway in each county, functioning as the connection between the state and...
(landshövding") Nils Posse.
On 25 May 1722, only 13 months after the fire, the cathedral reopened, having the same dimensions as the old cathedral, but with a tower capital instead of the former spire.
The roof proved to be so leaky that County Governor
County Governor
County Governor is a Norwegian government agency represented in 18 of the Norwegian counties responsible for a number of supervision and management duties. The Governor is the representative of the King and Government of Norway in each county, functioning as the connection between the state and...
Axel Gyllenkrok
Axel Gyllenkrok
Axel Gyllenkrok, or Gyllenkrook was a Swedish baron, military general, and from 1723 governor of Gothenburg...
complained in October 1724 of rain and snow infiltration. In December 1725, therefore, the city engineer was instructed to draw up proposals for a new copper roof covering, and work began in June 1726.
The tower, however, took another ten years to complete, and city engineer Johan Eberhard Carlberg — an uncle of Carl Wilhelm Carlberg, the architect of the current cathedral — designed a temporary belfry for the churchyard. It could not be put into service until 1726, because the bell had to be cast in a foundry, but it was in use for six years, until 1732, when the new tower was finally brought into service.
The new tower was designed by the builder of the German Christinenkirche tower, the naval master builder Nicolaus Müller.
The new Swedish church's tower closely resembled that of the German church and, judging by city pictures of that time, even had a similar cap. The tower was octagonal, and its top was 26.7 metres above the tower wall. The largest of the three church bell
Church bell
A church bell is a bell which is rung in a church either to signify the hour or the time for worshippers to go to church, perhaps to attend a wedding, funeral, or other service...
s weighed 1,700 kg, while the other two weighed 1,020 kg. each. They had been cast in 1726 by Erik Näsman, who had moved from Jönköping
Jönköping
-Notable people:*Lillian Asplund, RMS Titanic survivor*John Bauer, illustrator, painter*Amy Diamond, singer*Agnetha Fältskog, ABBA*Carl Henrik Fredriksson, editor-in-chief and co-founder of Eurozine*Anders Gustafsson, kayaker, Olympian...
to Stockholm
Stockholm
Stockholm is the capital and the largest city of Sweden and constitutes the most populated urban area in Scandinavia. Stockholm is the most populous city in Sweden, with a population of 851,155 in the municipality , 1.37 million in the urban area , and around 2.1 million in the metropolitan area...
and who cast a bell for Skara Cathedral
Skara Cathedral
Skara Cathedral is a church in the Swedish city of Skara. The cathedral is the seat for the bishop of the Church of Sweden Diocese of Skara....
the following year.
The ceiling came into place during the years 1734 through 1739. The south-side lectern
Lectern
A lectern is a reading desk with a slanted top, usually placed on a stand or affixed to some other form of support, on which documents or books are placed as support for reading aloud, as in a scripture reading, lecture, or sermon...
was finished in 1739. The church floor was finally completed in April 1740 with 1,400 tiles of Öland
Öland
' is the second largest Swedish island and the smallest of the traditional provinces of Sweden. Öland has an area of 1,342 km² and is located in the Baltic Sea just off the coast of Småland. The island has 25,000 inhabitants, but during Swedish Midsummer it is visited by up to 500,000 people...
limestone
Limestone
Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed largely of the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of calcium carbonate . Many limestones are composed from skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral or foraminifera....
, 2 Swedish ells (59.4 cm) square and 2.25 Swedish inches (5.57 cm) thick.
In October 1731 Carlberg received approval for his architectural drawing
Architectural drawing
An architectural drawing or architect's drawing is a technical drawing of a building that falls within the definition of architecture...
of a (provisional) pulpit. An organ
Organ (music)
The organ , is a keyboard instrument of one or more divisions, each played with its own keyboard operated either with the hands or with the feet. The organ is a relatively old musical instrument in the Western musical tradition, dating from the time of Ctesibius of Alexandria who is credited with...
was built in 1733–1734 by the organ builder Johan Niclas Cahman. A contract signed January 11, 1733 specified that the organ was to be completed "in a good and perfect state, equal to the organ works now to be found in Uppsala
Uppsala
- Economy :Today Uppsala is well established in medical research and recognized for its leading position in biotechnology.*Abbott Medical Optics *GE Healthcare*Pfizer *Phadia, an offshoot of Pharmacia*Fresenius*Q-Med...
." The organ cost 8,500 silver riksdaler, and was equipped with 32 stops and 5 bellows.
In January 1750 superintendent
Superintendent (ecclesiastical)
Superintendent is the head of an administrative division of a Protestant church, largely historical but still in use in Germany.- Superintendents in Sweden :...
Carl Hårleman
Carl Hårleman
Baron Carl Hårleman was a Swedish architect.Hårleman was born in Stockholm, son of the garden architect and head of the royal parks and gardens Johan Hårleman, who hade been ennobled in 1698, and began his architectural training under Göran Josua Adelcrantz...
proposed a sculpted altarpiece
Altarpiece
An altarpiece is a picture or relief representing a religious subject and suspended in a frame behind the altar of a church. The altarpiece is often made up of two or more separate panels created using a technique known as panel painting. It is then called a diptych, triptych or polyptych for two,...
to portray Christ
Christ
Christ is the English term for the Greek meaning "the anointed one". It is a translation of the Hebrew , usually transliterated into English as Messiah or Mashiach...
, a cross and two kneeling angel
Angel
Angels are mythical beings often depicted as messengers of God in the Hebrew and Christian Bibles along with the Quran. The English word angel is derived from the Greek ἄγγελος, a translation of in the Hebrew Bible ; a similar term, ملائكة , is used in the Qur'an...
s. The cost of the artwork was donated by pharmacist
Pharmacist
Pharmacists are allied health professionals who practice in pharmacy, the field of health sciences focusing on safe and effective medication use...
Franz Martin Luth (1679–1763). The contract was let on 1 March 1751, the altar
Altar
An altar is any structure upon which offerings such as sacrifices are made for religious purposes. Altars are usually found at shrines, and they can be located in temples, churches and other places of worship...
was completed on 1 February 1754, and the inauguration took place 1 December 1754
Advent Sunday
Advent Sunday is the first day of the liturgical year in the Western Christian churches. It also marks the start of the season of Advent. In the Roman Catholic, Lutheran, Anglican, and Methodist churches the celebrant wears violet-coloured or blue vestments on this day, and the first violet or blue...
. This altar is still used as the altar of the cathedral.
In 1769 a charnel house
Charnel house
A charnel house is a vault or building where human skeletal remains are stored. They are often built near churches for depositing bones that are unearthed while digging graves...
(benhus) was built on the northwestern part of the cathedral block, on the corner of Kyrkogatan and Västra Hamngatan, with space for forty coffins. To avoid a bad smell in the church, the mayor and council (magistrat ) of Gothenburg decided that all corpses buried during the six warmer months from April 1 to October 1 would first be stored in the benhus.
In the same year as the charnel house was added, the churchyard wall was also finished. It was a 469-ell
Ell
An ell , is a unit of measurement, approximating the length of a man's arm.Several national forms existed, with different lengths, includingthe Scottish ell ,the Flemish ell ,the French ell...
s (approximately 279 metres) wall around Domkyrkoplanen, with a granite
Granite
Granite is a common and widely occurring type of intrusive, felsic, igneous rock. Granite usually has a medium- to coarse-grained texture. Occasionally some individual crystals are larger than the groundmass, in which case the texture is known as porphyritic. A granitic rock with a porphyritic...
footing
Footing
The word footing has a number of meanings:*Architecture, Foundation *Translation Science, Footing *Bookkeeping, Footing *Sexuality, Footing *Jogging...
; the wall itself was of brick
Brick
A brick is a block of ceramic material used in masonry construction, usually laid using various kinds of mortar. It has been regarded as one of the longest lasting and strongest building materials used throughout history.-History:...
and covered by large blocks of chiselled Öland limestone. Set into the walls were five spacious gates, built of hard-fired clinker brick
Clinker brick
Clinker bricks are partially vitrified brick stones used in the construction of buildings.Clinkers are burnt under temperatures so high that the pores of the fuel property are closed by the beginning sinter process. Thus they are considerably denser and therefore heavier than regular bricks...
and covered with sheet lead
Lead
Lead is a main-group element in the carbon group with the symbol Pb and atomic number 82. Lead is a soft, malleable poor metal. It is also counted as one of the heavy metals. Metallic lead has a bluish-white color after being freshly cut, but it soon tarnishes to a dull grayish color when exposed...
. The materials from three of these gates were moved after the 1802 fire in 1802 to the new cemetery at the poorhouse meadow in the Stampen
Stampen
Jazz enthusiast Sten Holmquist discovered Stampen as a pawnshop located in the old town of Stockholm and converted into a jazz club in 1968. It came complete with a 17th century cellar, and until 1880 had been the premises of the French Reform Church...
ward (primärområde) of Gothenburg.
In 1775 French sculptor Pierre Hubert Larchevesque (1721–1778) sculpted a cathedral monument to Colin Campbell
Colin Campbell (Swedish East India Company)
Colin Campbell was a Scottish merchant and entrepreneur who co-founded the Swedish East India Company and was Swedish King Fredrik I's first envoy to the Emperor of China.-Early life:...
(1686–1757), the co-founder of the Swedish East India Company
Swedish East India Company
The Swedish East India Company was founded in Gothenburg, Sweden, in 1731 for the purpose of conducting trade with the Far East...
.
The third (current) cathedral
The second cathedral burned down on 20 December 1802 along with 179 houses. John Hall the Elder's funeral had been held in the cathedral shortly before, and his remains stayed pending completion of a large tomb was deployed to Örgryte Cemetery, but the corpse and the costly coffin fell prey to the flames. Graves in the old cemetery surrounding the cathedral were destroyed too so sharply from the fire that churchyard had to be abandoned as a burial ground. Burials moved to the "New Cemetery" at StampenStampen
Jazz enthusiast Sten Holmquist discovered Stampen as a pawnshop located in the old town of Stockholm and converted into a jazz club in 1968. It came complete with a 17th century cellar, and until 1880 had been the premises of the French Reform Church...
, which opened May 11, 1804 and was originally intended only for the congregations of the cathedral and of the Christinenkirche. Materials from the demolished cathedral walls and three iron gates were sold at auction
Auction
An auction is a process of buying and selling goods or services by offering them up for bid, taking bids, and then selling the item to the highest bidder...
and the proceeds used to a new cemetery enclosure at Stampen.
This time the church building was so severely damaged that the walls could not be reused. A new church was then built, starting in 1804. The old church's grounds could be reused to the extent that coinciding with the old (transverse did not exist previously, for example). stone from the old church was used for private buildings, among other things, teaches the "Ingelmanska house" at the East Harbor Road to be built by them. The church was consecrated by the bishop
Bishop
A bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight. Within the Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox Churches, in the Assyrian Church of the East, in the Independent Catholic Churches, and in the...
Johan Wingård on Holy Trinity day on 21 May 1815.
The new cathedral was designed by architect Carl Wilhelm Carlberg, and until 1808, when the walls of the church reached full height, slutgodkändes and enshrined
Ratification
Ratification is a principal's approval of an act of its agent where the agent lacked authority to legally bind the principal. The term applies to private contract law, international treaties, and constitutionals in federations such as the United States and Canada.- Private law :In contract law, the...
drawings of the Royal. Maj: t. Carlberg died on 14 April 1814 and construction was completed followed by his disciple, Major Justus Frederick Weinberg. It is said that Weinberg did not attend the inauguration for fear that the church's thin, flat arches would collapse. In the early 20th century reinforced the structure. The Church was not ready at the opening this time either, because the tower was missing yet. The entire cathedral was completely finished until twelve years later, while the tower was ready to be inaugurated ten years later, in 1825. Male afford a second inauguration on 9 September 1827, then tornhuvens copper
Copper
Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu and atomic number 29. It is a ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. Pure copper is soft and malleable; an exposed surface has a reddish-orange tarnish...
clothing was in place.
During the same time, 1807, Dean Hall
Dean Hall
Dean Hall , is a former driver in the CART Championship Car series. He raced in the 1990, 1991, and 1995 seasons with 21 career starts, including the 1990 Indianapolis 500...
was built in the corner of Cross Street 22 and Vallgatan 28 after wall-builder Gottlieb Lindner's drawings.
After the 1802 fire, the old cemetery was converted into an open square, Kyrkotorget, and 1822 was declared the whole area around the church, and west to Western Hamnkanalen (which joined in the middle of the current Western Port Road, and was filled in 1903–1905) with cobblestone and the name was changed in 1846 toDomkyrkoplatsen. In 1851 were planted throughout the site around the church and then surrounded with iron fencing
Fencing
Fencing, which is also known as modern fencing to distinguish it from historical fencing, is a family of combat sports using bladed weapons.Fencing is one of four sports which have been featured at every one of the modern Olympic Games...
around 1860. The name was later to beDomkyrkoplanen, which was fixed in 1883. The Church exterior was after completion, basically the one we see today. The major change made is that the terminal walls of the tower's lateral extensions was demolished in 1832 and replaced by an iron railing. The cathedral's assessed value in 1889 was 500,000 Swedish kronor
Swedish krona
The krona has been the currency of Sweden since 1873. Both the ISO code "SEK" and currency sign "kr" are in common use; the former precedes or follows the value, the latter usually follows it, but especially in the past, it sometimes preceded the value...
.
It is estimated that approximately 20,000 people have been buried in the church area, while 3,000 people are buried inside the church during the years 1635–1802. On the chancel's east side is a plaque which recalls this with the following text:
- "Domkyrkoplanen has for centuries been a cemetery.
Here rests the dust of twenty thousand dead."
The Cathedral was the first church in Sweden to be fitted with central heating
Central heating
A central heating system provides warmth to the whole interior of a building from one point to multiple rooms. When combined with other systems in order to control the building climate, the whole system may be a HVAC system.Central heating differs from local heating in that the heat generation...
. The installation took place in 1852 under the leadership of the English civil engineer
Civil engineer
A civil engineer is a person who practices civil engineering; the application of planning, designing, constructing, maintaining, and operating infrastructures while protecting the public and environmental health, as well as improving existing infrastructures that have been neglected.Originally, a...
Hadon's management. The following year, 1853, gas lighting
Gas lighting
Gas lighting is production of artificial light from combustion of a gaseous fuel, including hydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide, propane, butane, acetylene, ethylene, or natural gas. Before electricity became sufficiently widespread and economical to allow for general public use, gas was the most...
was installed for illumination.
The church was insured in 1857 inFire, Skandia Insurance Company with a value of 500 000 Riksdaler riksmynt.
The church tower began to lean precariously to the southwest in the early 20th century, and the church and domkyrkoplanen shut down for an extended period of work on basic reinforcement going on. High Mass was held in which the German Church and evensong, and weekly church services were held in Landala
Landala
Landala is a district in central Gothenburg, Sweden with about 4,500 inhabitants . Originally a traditional labour district with a large poorhouse, today Landala it is home for some important educational institutes in Western Sweden, such as Chalmers University of Technology, Hvitfeldtska gymnasiet...
chapel.
In 1904 conducted a comprehensive restoration
Building restoration
Building restoration describes a particular treatment approach and philosophy within the field of architectural conservation. According the U.S...
. The church then received new flooring, new windows and doors, new benches and new thermal management system. Episcopal priest and pews were removed, along with organ lighter wings, and was directed up the stands. For a complete repainting was also, along with gilding of pulpit and altar group, and the whole was thus a light and uplifting atmosphere color of the white t and gold. Three chandelier
Chandelier
A chandelier is a branched decorative ceiling-mounted light fixture with two or more arms bearing lights. Chandeliers are often ornate, containing dozens of lamps and complex arrays of glass or crystal prisms to illuminate a room with refracted light...
s in bridge and Renaissance
Renaissance
The Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. The term is also used more loosely to refer to the historical era, but since the changes of the Renaissance were not...
, compose by the same architect who carried out the restoration, Axel Lindegren, hung from the ceiling. Finally rebuilt organ
Organ (music)
The organ , is a keyboard instrument of one or more divisions, each played with its own keyboard operated either with the hands or with the feet. The organ is a relatively old musical instrument in the Western musical tradition, dating from the time of Ctesibius of Alexandria who is credited with...
s of the Director Eskil Lunden.
The cathedral was restored again 1954–1957, which include the drive down the 313 concrete piles into the bedrock to stabilize the building. The church was subsequently to be erected on the vast marshy most of the city". Years 1983–1985 was another Renovation
Renovation
Renovation is the process of improving a structure. Two prominent types of renovations are commercial and residential.-Process:The process of a renovation, however complex, can usually be broken down into several processes...
ar.
By going lift a piece and then take a staircase of 151 steps, it was until the late 1990s to visit the cathedral tower and one of its eight small balcony
Balcony
Balcony , a platform projecting from the wall of a building, supported by columns or console brackets, and enclosed with a balustrade.-Types:The traditional Maltese balcony is a wooden closed balcony projecting from a...
er. The fee in 1997 was $ 20 for an adult and $ 10 for a child.
Cathedral architecture
The current cathedral from 1815 was designed in classicalClassicism
Classicism, in the arts, refers generally to a high regard for classical antiquity, as setting standards for taste which the classicists seek to emulate. The art of classicism typically seeks to be formal and restrained: of the Discobolus Sir Kenneth Clark observed, "if we object to his restraint...
style, and had greater dimensions than the previous two. It is 59.4 meters long and 38 meters wide - including the new transept, which did not previously exist, while cattle
Cattle
Cattle are the most common type of large domesticated ungulates. They are a prominent modern member of the subfamily Bovinae, are the most widespread species of the genus Bos, and are most commonly classified collectively as Bos primigenius...
t and nave
Nave
In Romanesque and Gothic Christian abbey, cathedral basilica and church architecture, the nave is the central approach to the high altar, the main body of the church. "Nave" was probably suggested by the keel shape of its vaulting...
he has the width of 22.86 meters. Furthermore, the nave interior height 14.25 metres and 52.85 meters in the tower's height.
A clear example of classical style cathedral is the big head Portal
Portal (architecture)
Portal is a general term describing an opening in the walls of a building, gate or fortification, and especially a grand entrance to an important structure. Doors, metal gates or portcullis in the opening can be used to control entry or exit. The surface surrounding the opening may be made of...
one in the West. It is framed by four Doric
Doric order
The Doric order was one of the three orders or organizational systems of ancient Greek or classical architecture; the other two canonical orders were the Ionic and the Corinthian.-History:...
column
Column
A column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a vertical structural element that transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below. For the purpose of wind or earthquake engineering, columns may be designed to resist lateral forces...
s (ancient Greek columns), which receives a pediment
Pediment
A pediment is a classical architectural element consisting of the triangular section found above the horizontal structure , typically supported by columns. The gable end of the pediment is surrounded by the cornice moulding...
party. They were carved in Gothenburg by Scottish
Scotland
Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the...
sand
Sand
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles.The composition of sand is highly variable, depending on the local rock sources and conditions, but the most common constituent of sand in inland continental settings and non-tropical coastal...
by Aberdeen
Aberdeen
Aberdeen is Scotland's third most populous city, one of Scotland's 32 local government council areas and the United Kingdom's 25th most populous city, with an official population estimate of ....
. Also pilaster
Pilaster
A pilaster is a slightly-projecting column built into or applied to the face of a wall. Most commonly flattened or rectangular in form, pilasters can also take a half-round form or the shape of any type of column, including tortile....
s s of the cathedral walls are of the Doric order. Also tower cap is adorned with classical Doric frontonpartier and portals.
The outer walls are entirely walled in yellow T so-called Dutch t clay
Clay
Clay is a general term including many combinations of one or more clay minerals with traces of metal oxides and organic matter. Geologic clay deposits are mostly composed of phyllosilicate minerals containing variable amounts of water trapped in the mineral structure.- Formation :Clay minerals...
, which means that the bricks are smaller than usual. In addition, the walls of an outer clothing in the form of ornaments, such as classical blank rings, lists and friezes made of Flensburg
Flensburg
Flensburg is an independent town in the north of the German state of Schleswig-Holstein. Flensburg is the centre of the region of Southern Schleswig...
ssten.
These ornaments are another example of the classical style, such as the highlighted cornice (frieze) towers over the hood, as well as the toothed bar under roof and friezes around the building.
Trim and interior
The interior shows elements of various styles, mainly classicismClassicism
Classicism, in the arts, refers generally to a high regard for classical antiquity, as setting standards for taste which the classicists seek to emulate. The art of classicism typically seeks to be formal and restrained: of the Discobolus Sir Kenneth Clark observed, "if we object to his restraint...
and Empire style.
Klassisicmen visible example of the Ionic
Ionic order
The Ionic order forms one of the three orders or organizational systems of classical architecture, the other two canonic orders being the Doric and the Corinthian...
a pilasters in the cattle
Cattle
Cattle are the most common type of large domesticated ungulates. They are a prominent modern member of the subfamily Bovinae, are the most widespread species of the genus Bos, and are most commonly classified collectively as Bos primigenius...
wall. These are built of red marble
Marble
Marble is a metamorphic rock composed of recrystallized carbonate minerals, most commonly calcite or dolomite.Geologists use the term "marble" to refer to metamorphosed limestone; however stonemasons use the term more broadly to encompass unmetamorphosed limestone.Marble is commonly used for...
with gold leaf on top. Although the stands in the Church CROSS-ARMED s of the transept and organ loft in the west are examples of classicism, as all lighter in transverse and in the west lies the sixteen independent Tuscan wood column
Column
A column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a vertical structural element that transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below. For the purpose of wind or earthquake engineering, columns may be designed to resist lateral forces...
s.
Emipstilen is represented in the combination of white and gold leaf in many of the interior fittings, the glazed episcopal bench that is used today to chat to visitors and clergy, the wall clock and the stands. Another example is the pulpit (see image at right) designed by architect and Professor n Axel Magnus Fahlcrantz.
Angelic figures on the altar represents instead a more Baroque
Baroque
The Baroque is a period and the style that used exaggerated motion and clear, easily interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture, painting, literature, dance, and music...
emphasized style, because they belong to the ancient altar set from the 18th century. They are sculpted 1752 by Jacques Adrien Masreliez, led by the famous Carl Hårleman
Carl Hårleman
Baron Carl Hårleman was a Swedish architect.Hårleman was born in Stockholm, son of the garden architect and head of the royal parks and gardens Johan Hårleman, who hade been ennobled in 1698, and began his architectural training under Göran Josua Adelcrantz...
and could be salvaged from the fire.
Cathedral interior provides a bright and easily impressed by the white paint and gold leaf. The church does not completely weapons pictures on the walls because of the devastating fire 1802nd Weapon Pictures characterize otherwise churches foundation for Golden Age
Golden Age
The term Golden Age comes from Greek mythology and legend and refers to the first in a sequence of four or five Ages of Man, in which the Golden Age is first, followed in sequence, by the Silver, Bronze, and Iron Ages, and then the present, a period of decline...
and before that.
The old white part gold-plated
Gilding
The term gilding covers a number of decorative techniques for applying fine gold leaf or powder to solid surfaces such as wood, stone, or metal to give a thin coating of gold. A gilded object is described as "gilt"...
a grandfather clock in the Cathedral is from the 18th century and thus was saved from the fire 1802nd It was moved during the 1954–1957 restoration to the south-east transverse wall at the entrance biskopsbänkens. Earlier, it was at the southern long wall on King Street. The clock is inklätt in a painted cover with gilded moldings that go in style with other furnishings in the church. It was produced in 1751 by watchmaker
Watchmaker
A watchmaker is an artisan who makes and repairs watches. Since virtually all watches are now factory made, most modern watchmakers solely repair watches. However, originally they were master craftsmen who built watches, including all their parts, by hand...
Olof Rising in Gothenburg, who also made clockwork. In 1957 Gothenburg clock specialist Arthur Johnson refurbished it thoroughly, even restoring the beautiful silver-sounding percussion. Nature Agency is usually not because it might interfere with worship
Worship
Worship is an act of religious devotion usually directed towards a deity. The word is derived from the Old English worthscipe, meaning worthiness or worth-ship — to give, at its simplest, worth to something, for example, Christian worship.Evelyn Underhill defines worship thus: "The absolute...
life and other activities in the church.
The organ
The current church organ in the organ loft in the west dates to 1962 but has maintained its classical organ façade in white and gold. The previous organ was built by StockholmStockholm
Stockholm is the capital and the largest city of Sweden and constitutes the most populated urban area in Scandinavia. Stockholm is the most populous city in Sweden, with a population of 851,155 in the municipality , 1.37 million in the urban area , and around 2.1 million in the metropolitan area...
organ builder Olof Schwan (1744–1812), who was contracted on August 3, 1805, but died in 1812. The work was taken over now by John Eberhard, and on December 1, 1816, the new organ was inaugurated. Here is a description of the installation of "Götheborgs Foundation History and Herdaminne", 1835:
- "Organ works, completed by John Eberhard, a structure of 17¾ Swedish ellEllAn ell , is a unit of measurement, approximating the length of a man's arm.Several national forms existed, with different lengths, includingthe Scottish ell ,the Flemish ell ,the French ell...
s (10.54 metres) long with a height of 15⅜ ells (9.13 m), but at the sides only 12½ ells (7.42 m), and a djuplek of 5 2/4 ells (3.27 m)...."