Christian Hebraist
Encyclopedia
A Christian Hebraist is a scholar of Hebrew
who comes from a Christian
family background/belief, or is a Jewish adherent of Christianity. The main area of study is that commonly known as the Old Testament
to Christians (and Tanakh
to Jews), but Christians have occasionally taken an interest in the Talmud
, and Kabbalah
.
The early fathers of the Christian Church got their knowledge of Hebrew traditions (Masoretic, Midrashim, Aggadah
) from their Jewish teachers. This is seen especially in the exegesis of Justin Martyr
, Aphraates, Ephraem Syrus, and Origen of Alexandria. Jerome
's teachers are even mentioned by name—e.g., Bar Ḥanina (Hananiah
).
.
That the Venerable Bede (673-735) knew anything of Hebrew may be doubted, despite the testimony of Hody in his De Bibliorum Textibus (1705). The same may be said of Alcuin
(b. 735); but the "Magister Andreas, natione Anglus" mentioned by Roger Bacon
, and identified by S. R. Hirsch with an Augustinian monk who lived about 1150, must at least have been able to read the Bible in the Hebrew original
. Bacon himself (b. c. 1210) was "a tolerable Hebrew scholar."
It was not, however, until the end of the 15th century that the Renaissance and the Reformation, while awakening a new interest in the classics, brought about a return to the original text of Scripture and an attempt to understand the later literature of the Jews. Hieronymus Buclidius, the friend of Erasmus, gave more than 20,000 francs to establish a Hebrew chair at Louvain
; as the chair of Hebrew at the University of Paris
, Francis offered the chair to Elijah Levita, the friend of Cardinal Ægidius of Viterbo, who declined to accept it. Cardinal Grimani and other dignitaries, both of the state and of the Church, studied Hebrew and the Cabala with Jewish teachers; even the warrior Guido Rangoni attempted the Hebrew language with the aid of Jacob Mantino (1526). Pico de la Mirandola (d. 1494) was the first to collect Hebrew manuscripts, and Reuchlin was the first to write a modern grammar of the Hebrew language. But interest still centered wholly around the Bible and the expository literature immediately connected therewith.
During the whole of the 16th century it was Hebrew grammar and Jewish exegesis that claimed attention. Christian scholars were not ashamed to be the students of Jewish teachers. Sebastian Münster
(d. 1552) was known as a grammarian; Pellicanus (d. 1556) and Pagninius (d. 1541), as lexicographers; Daniel Bomberg
(d. 1549), as a printer of Hebrew books. Arius Montanus (d. 1598) edited the Masorah
and the Travels of Benjamin of Tudela. Widmanstadt (1523), living in a colony of Spanish Jewish refugees in Naples
, studied Hebrew with David ibn Ya'ya and Baruch of Benevento
, and collected the Hebrew manuscripts which formed the basis of the Hebrew division of the Royal Library at Munich. Vatablé (d. 1547) made use of Rashi
's commentary. Conrad Gesner (d. 1565) was the first Christian to compile a catalogue of Hebrew books; Jacob Christmann (d. 1613) busied himself with the Jewish calendar, and Drusius (d. 1616) with the ethical writings of the Jews.
(d. 1629) marks a turning-point in the study of Jewish literature by Christians. He not only studied the Targum
and the Talmud, but endeavored to understand Jewish history, and he was the first real bibliographer. Women showed an interest: Anna Maria Schurman, the "star of the century", in Holland; Dorothea Moore in England; Queen Christina of Sweden (d. 1689); Maria Dorothea, consort of the Duke of Saxe-Weimar; Elizabeth
, daughter of Frederick of the Palatinate
; Maria Eleanora, wife of Charles Ludwig of the Palatinate; Antonia, daughter of Duke Eberhard of Württemberg.
Through the influence of Buxtorf a serious attempt was made to understand the post-Biblical literature, and many of the most important works were translated into Latin. In this connection the following names may be mentioned: Coccejus (d. 1667); L'Empereur (d. 1648); Lightfoot (d. 1675); Leusden (d. 1699); and especially Surenhuis (1698), who gave a complete translation of the Mishnah
; Jewish theology was studied by (Carpzov (d. 1699), Wagenseil (1705; whose letters show the care he took to gather information from both Jews and Jewesses), and Rittangel (1641); antiquities, by Samuel Bochart
(d. 1667), Hottinger (d. 1667), Hyde (d. 1700), Trigland (d. 1705), Breithaupt (1707), and Johann Jakob Schudt
(d. 1722). It was a time in which the Christian theologian studied Hebrew and rabbinics before taking up his specific theological study. Hackspan (d. 1659) wrote upon the value to the theologian of studying the works of the Rabbis. Their writings on the Bible were read by Schickard (1635), Hody (d. 1706), and Richard Simon
(d. 1712), while catalogues of Hebrew collections were published by Plantavitius (d. 1651), Le Long (d. 1721), and Montfaucon (d. 1741). Hottinger gave this literature a place in his Bibliotheca Orientalis; Otho (1672) wrote a biographical lexicon of the Mishnah teachers; and Bartolocci's Bibliotheca Rabbinica (1675) was a worthy continuation of these bibliographical labors.
(d.1704) exhibits a mass of Jewish learning. Johann Christoph Wolf
(d. 1739), who, with the help of the Oppenheimer library, was able to produce his Bibliotheca Hebræa, which laid the foundation for all later works in Hebrew bibliography.
Johann Christian Georg Bodenschatz
(d. 1797), though not a scholarly Hebraist, gave an accurate account of Jewish ceremonials. By the side of these stand Bashuysen (d. 1750), the translator and printer of Hebrew books; Reland (d. 1718), the first to use Talmudic material for the study of the geography of Palestine; the bibliographers Unger (d. 1719) and Gagnier (d. 1720), who gave Wolf his information regarding the manuscripts in the Bodleian; J. H. Michaelis (d. 1738) and Mai (d. 1732), who compiled a catalogue of the Uffenbach library; Baratier (d. 1740), the youthful prodigy, who wrote on Benjamin of Tudela
; Mill (d. 1756), who treated rabbinical exegesis; and Wähner (1762), who described Hebrew antiquities. Biagio Ugolini (1744) is said to have been a converted Jew, and therefore finds no place here. Especial mention should be made of Ezra Stiles
, the learned president of Yale College
(1778), certainly the most learned Christian student of post-Biblical Jewish literature that America has produced.
Even Rabe
, the translator of the Mishnah into German (d. 1798), Semmler, Michaelis
, Tychsen
(d. 1815), and Sylvestre de Sacy (d. 1838) can hardly be mentioned by the side of the humanists of previous centuries. Interest in the text of the Bible caused some work to be done in the collecting of Hebrew manuscripts, especially by Benjamin Kennicott
in England (1776–80) and Giovanni Bernardo De Rossi
in Italy (1784–88). The last-named made a valuable collection of Hebrew manuscripts; and by his side may be mentioned Joseph Pasinus (or Giuseppe Passini) in Turin
(d. 1749), Antonio Maria Biscioni in Florence
(d. 1752), Assemani
in Rome (d. 1756), and Ury
in Oxford
(d. 1787).
became less and less a subject of investigation by Christians; and when it was studied it was generally for the purpose of forging weapons against the people whose literature it was. This is seen in such works as A. T. Hartmann's Thesaurus Linguæ Hebr. c Mischna Augendi (1825), in Winer's Biblisches Real Wörterbuch, and even in the works of Hitzig and Ewald. There was no understanding even of the period of Jewish history
during which Christianity arose and developed; and David Strauss
's complaint in regard to this was only too well founded.
During the second half of the 19th century, however, the idea gained currency that there was something to be learned by going back to the sources of this history; but only a very few of the universities made a place for this study in their curricula. At the beginning of the 18th century David Rudolph of Liegnitz included Rabbinisch und Chaldäisch among the Oriental languages which he taught at Heidelberg; but he had few imitators; and in the 19th century, apart from a few stray courses, such as Emil Kautzsch's on Kimhi
at Tübingen, Lagarde's on Al-Ḥarizi at Göttingen
, and Strack
's on the Mishnah
at Berlin, the whole of rabbinic literature
was ignored by European universities.
Honorable exceptions in this respect were furnished in the universities of Oxford
(where A. Cowley was sublibrarian of the Bodleian Library
) and Cambridge
(which has produced such scholars as W. H. Lowe, Matthews, and Charles Taylor
) in England, and in Columbia University
, the University of California
, the University of Chicago
, Harvard University
, and Johns Hopkins University
, in America. The Jews had been allowed to work out by themselves the new Jewish science (Jüdische Wissenschaft), little attention being paid to that work by others.
In more recent times Christian scholars have given Jewish literature their attention. Abbé Pietro Perreau has done good service by his many articles on the literature of the Jews in the Middle Ages
and by the assistance he has given to scholars from the Hebrew manuscripts at Parma
; Martin Hartmann has translated and commentated the "Meteḳ Sefatayim" of Immanuel Frances
(Berlin, 1894); Thomas Robinson
has collected some good material in his The Evangelists and the Mishna (1859). August Wünsche
, in his "Erläuterung der Evangelien aus Midrasch und Talmud" (1878), enlarged the scope of the inquiry begun by Lightfoot; and his translations from the Midrash
opened up the stores of ancient Jewish exegesis. Weber's System der Altsynagogalen Palestinischen Theologie (1880) was, with all its failings, an honest attempt to understand the theology
of the Synagogue
, followed by Wilhelm Bousset
in his Religiondes Judenthums im Neutestamentlichen Zeitalter (1903). Dom Pedro II, King of Brazil, should also be mentioned for his publication of Provençal Jewish poetry.
in Leipzig
, founded by Franz Delitzsch
, and a similar society bearing the same name in Berlin and founded by Hermann Strack
, have attempted, by their various publications, to diffuse in the Christian world a knowledge of Jewish writings. Gustav Dalman has shown by his philological works on Talmudic grammar and lexicography that he is at home in the rabbinic writings. Hermann Strack in Berlin demands special mention not only for his publications dealing with the literature of the Mishnah and the Talmud, but also on account of the fearless manner in which he has combated anti-Semitic
prejudice, drawing his material directly from the original sources. Carl Siegfried, in his yearly reports in the Theologischer Jahresbericht, for many years called attention to publications on Jewish subjects, and the mention of such works in the Orientalische Bibliographie has served to bring them more closely to the attention of Christian scholars. The roll of Christian Hebraists in England includes the names of J. W. Etheridge, the author of a popular Introduction to [post-Biblical] Hebrew Literature (1856); Thomas Chenery
, translator of Legends from the Midrash (1877), and editor of Al-Ḥarizi's translation of Ḥariri; and W. H. Lowe, who edited the Palestinian recension of the Mishnah.
In spite, however, of these facts and of the warning given by Lagarde (Symmicta, ii. 147; Mittheilungen, ii. 165), that in order to understand the Bible text itself a deep study of the Halakah is necessary, Christian writers on the life of Jesus
continue their disregard of the primary sources. This may be seen in Hausrath's Neutestamentliche Zeitgeschichte (Kaufmann Gedenkbuch, p. 659), and even in Schürer (Gesch.), who, though making a great advance upon previous efforts, still relies upon second-hand sources for many of the pictures that he draws (see Abrahams in "J. Q. R." xi. 628). Adolph Harnack, who, in his Dogmengeschichte (3d ed.), endeavors to do some justice to the rabbis of old, in his Wesen des Christenthums (1900), sustains potential historical inaccuracies from a perhaps selective review of Jewish literature of the relevant period, possibly most noticeable in a lack of regard for the Jewish literature and history during the most recent eighteen hundred years.
more generally were not included, as they may be found in other articles.
Hebraist
A Hebraist is a specialist in Hebrew and Hebraic studies. Specifically, British and German scholars of the 18th and 19th centuries who were involved in the study of Hebrew language and literature were commonly known by this designation, at a time when Hebrew was little understood outside practicing...
who comes from a Christian
Christianity
Christianity is a monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus as presented in canonical gospels and other New Testament writings...
family background/belief, or is a Jewish adherent of Christianity. The main area of study is that commonly known as the Old Testament
Old Testament
The Old Testament, of which Christians hold different views, is a Christian term for the religious writings of ancient Israel held sacred and inspired by Christians which overlaps with the 24-book canon of the Masoretic Text of Judaism...
to Christians (and Tanakh
Tanakh
The Tanakh is a name used in Judaism for the canon of the Hebrew Bible. The Tanakh is also known as the Masoretic Text or the Miqra. The name is an acronym formed from the initial Hebrew letters of the Masoretic Text's three traditional subdivisions: The Torah , Nevi'im and Ketuvim —hence...
to Jews), but Christians have occasionally taken an interest in the Talmud
Talmud
The Talmud is a central text of mainstream Judaism. It takes the form of a record of rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, philosophy, customs and history....
, and Kabbalah
Kabbalah
Kabbalah/Kabala is a discipline and school of thought concerned with the esoteric aspect of Rabbinic Judaism. It was systematized in 11th-13th century Hachmei Provence and Spain, and again after the Expulsion from Spain, in 16th century Ottoman Palestine...
.
The early fathers of the Christian Church got their knowledge of Hebrew traditions (Masoretic, Midrashim, Aggadah
Aggadah
Aggadah refers to the homiletic and non-legalistic exegetical texts in the classical rabbinic literature of Judaism, particularly as recorded in the Talmud and Midrash...
) from their Jewish teachers. This is seen especially in the exegesis of Justin Martyr
Justin Martyr
Justin Martyr, also known as just Saint Justin , was an early Christian apologist. Most of his works are lost, but two apologies and a dialogue survive. He is considered a saint by the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church....
, Aphraates, Ephraem Syrus, and Origen of Alexandria. Jerome
Jerome
Saint Jerome was a Roman Christian priest, confessor, theologian and historian, and who became a Doctor of the Church. He was the son of Eusebius, of the city of Stridon, which was on the border of Dalmatia and Pannonia...
's teachers are even mentioned by name—e.g., Bar Ḥanina (Hananiah
Hananiah
Hananiah may refer to:*Hananiah, son of Zerubbabel, exilarch*Hananiah of the Book of Daniel*Hananiah , 4th century BC, governor of Samaria under the Achaemenid Empire...
).
In the Renaissance
What was known of Jewish literature came to the scholastics entirely through translations, as can be seen in the works of Albertus MagnusAlbertus Magnus
Albertus Magnus, O.P. , also known as Albert the Great and Albert of Cologne, is a Catholic saint. He was a German Dominican friar and a bishop, who achieved fame for his comprehensive knowledge of and advocacy for the peaceful coexistence of science and religion. Those such as James A. Weisheipl...
.
That the Venerable Bede (673-735) knew anything of Hebrew may be doubted, despite the testimony of Hody in his De Bibliorum Textibus (1705). The same may be said of Alcuin
Alcuin
Alcuin of York or Ealhwine, nicknamed Albinus or Flaccus was an English scholar, ecclesiastic, poet and teacher from York, Northumbria. He was born around 735 and became the student of Archbishop Ecgbert at York...
(b. 735); but the "Magister Andreas, natione Anglus" mentioned by Roger Bacon
Roger Bacon
Roger Bacon, O.F.M. , also known as Doctor Mirabilis , was an English philosopher and Franciscan friar who placed considerable emphasis on the study of nature through empirical methods...
, and identified by S. R. Hirsch with an Augustinian monk who lived about 1150, must at least have been able to read the Bible in the Hebrew original
Hebrew Bible
The Hebrew Bible is a term used by biblical scholars outside of Judaism to refer to the Tanakh , a canonical collection of Jewish texts, and the common textual antecedent of the several canonical editions of the Christian Old Testament...
. Bacon himself (b. c. 1210) was "a tolerable Hebrew scholar."
It was not, however, until the end of the 15th century that the Renaissance and the Reformation, while awakening a new interest in the classics, brought about a return to the original text of Scripture and an attempt to understand the later literature of the Jews. Hieronymus Buclidius, the friend of Erasmus, gave more than 20,000 francs to establish a Hebrew chair at Louvain
Leuven
Leuven is the capital of the province of Flemish Brabant in the Flemish Region, Belgium...
; as the chair of Hebrew at the University of Paris
University of Paris
The University of Paris was a university located in Paris, France and one of the earliest to be established in Europe. It was founded in the mid 12th century, and officially recognized as a university probably between 1160 and 1250...
, Francis offered the chair to Elijah Levita, the friend of Cardinal Ægidius of Viterbo, who declined to accept it. Cardinal Grimani and other dignitaries, both of the state and of the Church, studied Hebrew and the Cabala with Jewish teachers; even the warrior Guido Rangoni attempted the Hebrew language with the aid of Jacob Mantino (1526). Pico de la Mirandola (d. 1494) was the first to collect Hebrew manuscripts, and Reuchlin was the first to write a modern grammar of the Hebrew language. But interest still centered wholly around the Bible and the expository literature immediately connected therewith.
During the whole of the 16th century it was Hebrew grammar and Jewish exegesis that claimed attention. Christian scholars were not ashamed to be the students of Jewish teachers. Sebastian Münster
Sebastian Münster
Sebastian Münster , was a German cartographer, cosmographer, and a Hebrew scholar.- Life :Münster was born at Ingelheim near Mainz, the son of Andreas Munster. He completed his studies at the Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen in 1518. His graduate adviser was Johannes Stöffler.He was appointed to...
(d. 1552) was known as a grammarian; Pellicanus (d. 1556) and Pagninius (d. 1541), as lexicographers; Daniel Bomberg
Daniel Bomberg
Daniel Bomberg was an early printer of Hebrew language books. A Christian, born in Antwerp, he was primarily active in Venice between 1516 and 1549....
(d. 1549), as a printer of Hebrew books. Arius Montanus (d. 1598) edited the Masorah
Masoretic Text
The Masoretic Text is the authoritative Hebrew text of the Jewish Bible and is regarded as Judaism's official version of the Tanakh. While the Masoretic Text defines the books of the Jewish canon, it also defines the precise letter-text of these biblical books, with their vocalization and...
and the Travels of Benjamin of Tudela. Widmanstadt (1523), living in a colony of Spanish Jewish refugees in Naples
Naples
Naples is a city in Southern Italy, situated on the country's west coast by the Gulf of Naples. Lying between two notable volcanic regions, Mount Vesuvius and the Phlegraean Fields, it is the capital of the region of Campania and of the province of Naples...
, studied Hebrew with David ibn Ya'ya and Baruch of Benevento
Baruch of Benevento
Baruch of Benevento was an Italian Jewish Cabalist in Naples, during the first half of the 16th century.He was the teacher of Cardinal Ægidius of Viterbo and of Johann Albrecht Widmanstadt in the Zohar and other cabalistic works, and lectured on these subjects in the house of Samuel Abravanel...
, and collected the Hebrew manuscripts which formed the basis of the Hebrew division of the Royal Library at Munich. Vatablé (d. 1547) made use of Rashi
Rashi
Shlomo Yitzhaki , or in Latin Salomon Isaacides, and today generally known by the acronym Rashi , was a medieval French rabbi famed as the author of a comprehensive commentary on the Talmud, as well as a comprehensive commentary on the Tanakh...
's commentary. Conrad Gesner (d. 1565) was the first Christian to compile a catalogue of Hebrew books; Jacob Christmann (d. 1613) busied himself with the Jewish calendar, and Drusius (d. 1616) with the ethical writings of the Jews.
Seventeenth century
Johannes BuxtorfJohannes Buxtorf
Johannes Buxtorf was a celebrated Hebraist, member of a family of Orientalists; professor of Hebrew for thirty-nine years at Basel and was known by the title, "Master of the Rabbis". His massive tome, De Synagoga Judaica Johannes Buxtorf (December 25, 1564 – September 13, 1629) was a...
(d. 1629) marks a turning-point in the study of Jewish literature by Christians. He not only studied the Targum
Targum
Taekwondo is a Korean martial art and the national sport of South Korea. In Korean, tae means "to strike or break with foot"; kwon means "to strike or break with fist"; and do means "way", "method", or "path"...
and the Talmud, but endeavored to understand Jewish history, and he was the first real bibliographer. Women showed an interest: Anna Maria Schurman, the "star of the century", in Holland; Dorothea Moore in England; Queen Christina of Sweden (d. 1689); Maria Dorothea, consort of the Duke of Saxe-Weimar; Elizabeth
Elisabeth of Bohemia, Princess Palatine
Elisabeth of the Palatinate , also known as Elisabeth of Bohemia, was the eldest daughter of Frederick V, who was briefly elected King of Bohemia, and Elizabeth Stuart. She ruled the Herford Abbey as Princess-Abbess Elizabeth III...
, daughter of Frederick of the Palatinate
Frederick V, Elector Palatine
Frederick V was Elector Palatine , and, as Frederick I , King of Bohemia ....
; Maria Eleanora, wife of Charles Ludwig of the Palatinate; Antonia, daughter of Duke Eberhard of Württemberg.
Through the influence of Buxtorf a serious attempt was made to understand the post-Biblical literature, and many of the most important works were translated into Latin. In this connection the following names may be mentioned: Coccejus (d. 1667); L'Empereur (d. 1648); Lightfoot (d. 1675); Leusden (d. 1699); and especially Surenhuis (1698), who gave a complete translation of the Mishnah
Mishnah
The Mishnah or Mishna is the first major written redaction of the Jewish oral traditions called the "Oral Torah". It is also the first major work of Rabbinic Judaism. It was redacted c...
; Jewish theology was studied by (Carpzov (d. 1699), Wagenseil (1705; whose letters show the care he took to gather information from both Jews and Jewesses), and Rittangel (1641); antiquities, by Samuel Bochart
Samuel Bochart
Samuel Bochart was a French Protestant biblical scholar, a student of Thomas Erpenius and the teacher of Pierre Daniel Huet...
(d. 1667), Hottinger (d. 1667), Hyde (d. 1700), Trigland (d. 1705), Breithaupt (1707), and Johann Jakob Schudt
Johann Jakob Schudt
Johann Jakob Schudt was a German polyhistor and Orientalist.-Life:...
(d. 1722). It was a time in which the Christian theologian studied Hebrew and rabbinics before taking up his specific theological study. Hackspan (d. 1659) wrote upon the value to the theologian of studying the works of the Rabbis. Their writings on the Bible were read by Schickard (1635), Hody (d. 1706), and Richard Simon
Richard Simon
Richard Simon was a French Oratorian, influential advanced biblical critic, orientalist, and controversialist.-Early years:...
(d. 1712), while catalogues of Hebrew collections were published by Plantavitius (d. 1651), Le Long (d. 1721), and Montfaucon (d. 1741). Hottinger gave this literature a place in his Bibliotheca Orientalis; Otho (1672) wrote a biographical lexicon of the Mishnah teachers; and Bartolocci's Bibliotheca Rabbinica (1675) was a worthy continuation of these bibliographical labors.
Eighteenth century
The first half of the 18th century contains the names of three important scholars. Jacques Basnage knew no Hebrew, but his L'Histoire de la Religion des Juifs was the first attempt at a complete presentation of the history of Judaism. The Entdecktes Judenthum of EisenmengerJohann Andreas Eisenmenger
Johann Andreas Eisenmenger was a German Orientalist, now best known as the author of the anti-Semitic polemic, Entdecktes Judenthum .-Studies rabbinical literature:...
(d.1704) exhibits a mass of Jewish learning. Johann Christoph Wolf
Johann Christoph Wolf
Johann Christoph Wolf was a German Christian Hebraist, polyhistor, and collector of books....
(d. 1739), who, with the help of the Oppenheimer library, was able to produce his Bibliotheca Hebræa, which laid the foundation for all later works in Hebrew bibliography.
Johann Christian Georg Bodenschatz
Johann Christian Georg Bodenschatz
Johann Christian Georg Bodenschatz , was a German Protestant theologian.-Biography:Bodenschatz was born at Hof, Germany...
(d. 1797), though not a scholarly Hebraist, gave an accurate account of Jewish ceremonials. By the side of these stand Bashuysen (d. 1750), the translator and printer of Hebrew books; Reland (d. 1718), the first to use Talmudic material for the study of the geography of Palestine; the bibliographers Unger (d. 1719) and Gagnier (d. 1720), who gave Wolf his information regarding the manuscripts in the Bodleian; J. H. Michaelis (d. 1738) and Mai (d. 1732), who compiled a catalogue of the Uffenbach library; Baratier (d. 1740), the youthful prodigy, who wrote on Benjamin of Tudela
Benjamin of Tudela
Benjamin of Tudela was a medieval Jewish traveler who visited Europe, Asia, and Africa in the 12th century. His vivid descriptions of western Asia preceded those of Marco Polo by a hundred years...
; Mill (d. 1756), who treated rabbinical exegesis; and Wähner (1762), who described Hebrew antiquities. Biagio Ugolini (1744) is said to have been a converted Jew, and therefore finds no place here. Especial mention should be made of Ezra Stiles
Ezra Stiles
Ezra Stiles was an American academic and educator, a Congregationalist minister, theologian and author. He was president of Yale College .-Early life:...
, the learned president of Yale College
Yale College
Yale College was the official name of Yale University from 1718 to 1887. The name now refers to the undergraduate part of the university. Each undergraduate student is assigned to one of 12 residential colleges.-Residential colleges:...
(1778), certainly the most learned Christian student of post-Biblical Jewish literature that America has produced.
Early nineteenth century
Toward the end of the 18th century such friends of Hebrew literature became ever rarer. The rise of Biblical criticism and of the study of other Semitic languages engaged the whole interest of Semitic scholars.Even Rabe
Rabe
-Surname:Rabe is a German surname meaning "raven" and may refer to:* David Rabe* Eckard Rabe* Folke Rabe* Jean Rabe* John Rabe, a German businessman in Nanjing during Japanese occupation; known for rescuing more than 200,000 Chinese from the Nanjing Massacre...
, the translator of the Mishnah into German (d. 1798), Semmler, Michaelis
Michaelis
Michaelis or Michelis is a surname, and may refer to:* Adolf Michaelis* Anthony R. Michaelis, science writer* Edward Michelis* Georg Michaelis* Hans-Thorald Michaelis* Johann David Michaelis* John H...
, Tychsen
Tychsen
Tychsen may refer to:* Oluf Gerhard Tychsen* Thomas Christian Tychsen* Christian Tychsen German Waffen-SS general * Axel Tychsen Mekaniker og opfinder fra København...
(d. 1815), and Sylvestre de Sacy (d. 1838) can hardly be mentioned by the side of the humanists of previous centuries. Interest in the text of the Bible caused some work to be done in the collecting of Hebrew manuscripts, especially by Benjamin Kennicott
Benjamin Kennicott
Benjamin Kennicott was an English churchman and Hebrew scholar.He was born at Totnes, Devon. He succeeded his father as master of a charity school, but the generosity of some friends enabled him to go to Wadham College, Oxford, in 1744, and he distinguished himself in Hebrew and divinity...
in England (1776–80) and Giovanni Bernardo De Rossi
Giovanni Bernardo De Rossi
Giovanni Bernardo De Rossi was an Italian Christian Hebraist. He studied in Ivrea and Turin. In October 1769, he was appointed professor of Oriental languages at the University of Parma, where he spent the rest of his life...
in Italy (1784–88). The last-named made a valuable collection of Hebrew manuscripts; and by his side may be mentioned Joseph Pasinus (or Giuseppe Passini) in Turin
Turin
Turin is a city and major business and cultural centre in northern Italy, capital of the Piedmont region, located mainly on the left bank of the Po River and surrounded by the Alpine arch. The population of the city proper is 909,193 while the population of the urban area is estimated by Eurostat...
(d. 1749), Antonio Maria Biscioni in Florence
Florence
Florence is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany and of the province of Florence. It is the most populous city in Tuscany, with approximately 370,000 inhabitants, expanding to over 1.5 million in the metropolitan area....
(d. 1752), Assemani
Assemani
Assemani is a family of Lebanese Maronites that included several notable Orientalists:* Giuseppe Simone Assemani * Stefano Evodio Assemani , nephew of Joseph Simon* Giuseppe Luigi Assemani , brother of Joseph Simon...
in Rome (d. 1756), and Ury
Ury
Ury may refer to:Places:*Ury House, Scotland, an historic mansion on a very large estate*Ury, Seine-et-Marne, a commune in FranceAcronym:*University Radio York, a student radio station at the University of YorkPeople:...
in Oxford
Oxford
The city of Oxford is the county town of Oxfordshire, England. The city, made prominent by its medieval university, has a population of just under 165,000, with 153,900 living within the district boundary. It lies about 50 miles north-west of London. The rivers Cherwell and Thames run through...
(d. 1787).
At the Universities
The downward trend continued in the first half of the 19th century; Jewish literatureJewish literature
Jewish Literature refers to works written by Jews on Jewish themes, literary works of various themes written in Jewish languages, or literary works in other languages written by Jewish writers. Ancient Jewish literature includes Biblical literature and rabbinic literature...
became less and less a subject of investigation by Christians; and when it was studied it was generally for the purpose of forging weapons against the people whose literature it was. This is seen in such works as A. T. Hartmann's Thesaurus Linguæ Hebr. c Mischna Augendi (1825), in Winer's Biblisches Real Wörterbuch, and even in the works of Hitzig and Ewald. There was no understanding even of the period of Jewish history
Jewish history
Jewish history is the history of the Jews, their religion and culture, as it developed and interacted with other peoples, religions and cultures. Since Jewish history is over 4000 years long and includes hundreds of different populations, any treatment can only be provided in broad strokes...
during which Christianity arose and developed; and David Strauss
David Strauss
David Friedrich Strauss was a German theologian and writer. He scandalized Christian Europe with his portrayal of the "historical Jesus," whose divine nature he denied...
's complaint in regard to this was only too well founded.
During the second half of the 19th century, however, the idea gained currency that there was something to be learned by going back to the sources of this history; but only a very few of the universities made a place for this study in their curricula. At the beginning of the 18th century David Rudolph of Liegnitz included Rabbinisch und Chaldäisch among the Oriental languages which he taught at Heidelberg; but he had few imitators; and in the 19th century, apart from a few stray courses, such as Emil Kautzsch's on Kimhi
David Kimhi
David Kimhi , also known by the Hebrew acronym as the RaDaK , was a medieval rabbi, biblical commentator, philosopher, and grammarian. Born in Narbonne, Provence, he was the son of Rabbi Joseph Kimhi and the brother of Rabbi Moses Kimhi, both biblical commentators and grammarians...
at Tübingen, Lagarde's on Al-Ḥarizi at Göttingen
Göttingen
Göttingen is a university town in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is the capital of the district of Göttingen. The Leine river runs through the town. In 2006 the population was 129,686.-General information:...
, and Strack
Strack
Strack* Erich Strack , German physician and researcher/explorer ; * Fritz Strack , German social psychologist; * Gerhard Strack Strack* Erich Strack (1897 - 1988), German physician and researcher/explorer (Forscher); (de)* Fritz Strack (b. 1950), German social psychologist; (de)* Gerhard Strack...
's on the Mishnah
Mishnah
The Mishnah or Mishna is the first major written redaction of the Jewish oral traditions called the "Oral Torah". It is also the first major work of Rabbinic Judaism. It was redacted c...
at Berlin, the whole of rabbinic literature
Rabbinic literature
Rabbinic literature, in its broadest sense, can mean the entire spectrum of rabbinic writings throughout Jewish history. However, the term often refers specifically to literature from the Talmudic era, as opposed to medieval and modern rabbinic writing, and thus corresponds with the Hebrew term...
was ignored by European universities.
Honorable exceptions in this respect were furnished in the universities of Oxford
University of Oxford
The University of Oxford is a university located in Oxford, United Kingdom. It is the second-oldest surviving university in the world and the oldest in the English-speaking world. Although its exact date of foundation is unclear, there is evidence of teaching as far back as 1096...
(where A. Cowley was sublibrarian of the Bodleian Library
Bodleian Library
The Bodleian Library , the main research library of the University of Oxford, is one of the oldest libraries in Europe, and in Britain is second in size only to the British Library...
) and Cambridge
University of Cambridge
The University of Cambridge is a public research university located in Cambridge, United Kingdom. It is the second-oldest university in both the United Kingdom and the English-speaking world , and the seventh-oldest globally...
(which has produced such scholars as W. H. Lowe, Matthews, and Charles Taylor
Charles Taylor (scholar)
Charles Taylor was an English Christian Hebraist.-Life:He was educated at King's College London, and St. John's College, Cambridge, where graduated BA as 9th wrangler in 1862 and became a fellow of his college in 1864. He became Master of St John's in 1881...
) in England, and in Columbia University
Columbia University
Columbia University in the City of New York is a private, Ivy League university in Manhattan, New York City. Columbia is the oldest institution of higher learning in the state of New York, the fifth oldest in the United States, and one of the country's nine Colonial Colleges founded before the...
, the University of California
University of California
The University of California is a public university system in the U.S. state of California. Under the California Master Plan for Higher Education, the University of California is a part of the state's three-tier public higher education system, which also includes the California State University...
, the University of Chicago
University of Chicago
The University of Chicago is a private research university in Chicago, Illinois, USA. It was founded by the American Baptist Education Society with a donation from oil magnate and philanthropist John D. Rockefeller and incorporated in 1890...
, Harvard University
Harvard University
Harvard University is a private Ivy League university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, established in 1636 by the Massachusetts legislature. Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and the first corporation chartered in the country...
, and Johns Hopkins University
Johns Hopkins University
The Johns Hopkins University, commonly referred to as Johns Hopkins, JHU, or simply Hopkins, is a private research university based in Baltimore, Maryland, United States...
, in America. The Jews had been allowed to work out by themselves the new Jewish science (Jüdische Wissenschaft), little attention being paid to that work by others.
In more recent times Christian scholars have given Jewish literature their attention. Abbé Pietro Perreau has done good service by his many articles on the literature of the Jews in the Middle Ages
Middle Ages
The Middle Ages is a periodization of European history from the 5th century to the 15th century. The Middle Ages follows the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 and precedes the Early Modern Era. It is the middle period of a three-period division of Western history: Classic, Medieval and Modern...
and by the assistance he has given to scholars from the Hebrew manuscripts at Parma
Parma
Parma is a city in the Italian region of Emilia-Romagna famous for its ham, its cheese, its architecture and the fine countryside around it. This is the home of the University of Parma, one of the oldest universities in the world....
; Martin Hartmann has translated and commentated the "Meteḳ Sefatayim" of Immanuel Frances
Immanuel Frances
Immanuel Frances was an Italian Jewish poet and rabbinical scholar.Born at Mantua, he received his instruction from his elder brother Jacob Frances and from Joseph Firmo of Ancona. In 1674 he was chosen by some Italian communities to represent them in a case against the heirs of R. Zachariah Porto...
(Berlin, 1894); Thomas Robinson
Thomas Robinson
Thomas Robinson may refer to:*Thomas Robinson , English composer and music teacher*Thomas Robinson, 1st Baron Grantham , English diplomatist and politician...
has collected some good material in his The Evangelists and the Mishna (1859). August Wünsche
August Wünsche
Karl August Wünsche was a German Christian Hebraist.He devoted his attention almost exclusively to rabbinic literature...
, in his "Erläuterung der Evangelien aus Midrasch und Talmud" (1878), enlarged the scope of the inquiry begun by Lightfoot; and his translations from the Midrash
Midrash
The Hebrew term Midrash is a homiletic method of biblical exegesis. The term also refers to the whole compilation of homiletic teachings on the Bible....
opened up the stores of ancient Jewish exegesis. Weber's System der Altsynagogalen Palestinischen Theologie (1880) was, with all its failings, an honest attempt to understand the theology
Theology
Theology is the systematic and rational study of religion and its influences and of the nature of religious truths, or the learned profession acquired by completing specialized training in religious studies, usually at a university or school of divinity or seminary.-Definition:Augustine of Hippo...
of the Synagogue
Synagogue
A synagogue is a Jewish house of prayer. This use of the Greek term synagogue originates in the Septuagint where it sometimes translates the Hebrew word for assembly, kahal...
, followed by Wilhelm Bousset
Wilhelm Bousset
Wilhelm Bousset was a German theologian and New Testament scholar. He was of Huguenot ancestry and a native of Lübeck....
in his Religiondes Judenthums im Neutestamentlichen Zeitalter (1903). Dom Pedro II, King of Brazil, should also be mentioned for his publication of Provençal Jewish poetry.
Late 19th century
The Institutum JudaicumInstitutum Judaicum
The Institutum Judaicum was a special academic course for Protestant theologians who desired to prepare themselves for missionary work among the Jews.The first of its kind was founded at the University of Halle, by Professor Callenberg in 1724...
in Leipzig
Leipzig
Leipzig Leipzig has always been a trade city, situated during the time of the Holy Roman Empire at the intersection of the Via Regia and Via Imperii, two important trade routes. At one time, Leipzig was one of the major European centres of learning and culture in fields such as music and publishing...
, founded by Franz Delitzsch
Franz Delitzsch
Franz Delitzsch was a German Lutheran theologian and Hebraist. Born in Leipzig, he held the professorship of theology at the University of Rostock from 1846 to 1850, at the University of Erlangen until 1867, and after that at the University of Leipzig until his death...
, and a similar society bearing the same name in Berlin and founded by Hermann Strack
Hermann Strack
Hermann Leberecht Strack was a German Protestant theologian and Orientalist; born at Berlin May 6, 1848. Since 1877 he was assistant professor of Old Testament exegesis and Semitic languages at the University of Berlin. He was the foremost Christian authority in Germany on Talmudic and rabbinic...
, have attempted, by their various publications, to diffuse in the Christian world a knowledge of Jewish writings. Gustav Dalman has shown by his philological works on Talmudic grammar and lexicography that he is at home in the rabbinic writings. Hermann Strack in Berlin demands special mention not only for his publications dealing with the literature of the Mishnah and the Talmud, but also on account of the fearless manner in which he has combated anti-Semitic
Anti-Semitism
Antisemitism is suspicion of, hatred toward, or discrimination against Jews for reasons connected to their Jewish heritage. According to a 2005 U.S...
prejudice, drawing his material directly from the original sources. Carl Siegfried, in his yearly reports in the Theologischer Jahresbericht, for many years called attention to publications on Jewish subjects, and the mention of such works in the Orientalische Bibliographie has served to bring them more closely to the attention of Christian scholars. The roll of Christian Hebraists in England includes the names of J. W. Etheridge, the author of a popular Introduction to [post-Biblical] Hebrew Literature (1856); Thomas Chenery
Thomas Chenery
Thomas William Chenery was an English scholar and editor of the British newspaper The Times.-Biography:Chenery was born in Barbados to John Chenery, a West Indies merchant. He was educated at Eton and Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge...
, translator of Legends from the Midrash (1877), and editor of Al-Ḥarizi's translation of Ḥariri; and W. H. Lowe, who edited the Palestinian recension of the Mishnah.
In spite, however, of these facts and of the warning given by Lagarde (Symmicta, ii. 147; Mittheilungen, ii. 165), that in order to understand the Bible text itself a deep study of the Halakah is necessary, Christian writers on the life of Jesus
Jesus
Jesus of Nazareth , commonly referred to as Jesus Christ or simply as Jesus or Christ, is the central figure of Christianity...
continue their disregard of the primary sources. This may be seen in Hausrath's Neutestamentliche Zeitgeschichte (Kaufmann Gedenkbuch, p. 659), and even in Schürer (Gesch.), who, though making a great advance upon previous efforts, still relies upon second-hand sources for many of the pictures that he draws (see Abrahams in "J. Q. R." xi. 628). Adolph Harnack, who, in his Dogmengeschichte (3d ed.), endeavors to do some justice to the rabbis of old, in his Wesen des Christenthums (1900), sustains potential historical inaccuracies from a perhaps selective review of Jewish literature of the relevant period, possibly most noticeable in a lack of regard for the Jewish literature and history during the most recent eighteen hundred years.
List of Christian Hebraists
The following list of Christian Hebraists is taken from the Jewish Encyclopedia (1906), compiled upon the basis of Steinschneider's article mentioned in the bibliography below. Christian students of the BibleBible
The Bible refers to any one of the collections of the primary religious texts of Judaism and Christianity. There is no common version of the Bible, as the individual books , their contents and their order vary among denominations...
more generally were not included, as they may be found in other articles.
A
- Aarhus, Peter Sim. (c. 1711; Hafen ?).
- Abicht, Jo. Ge. (d. 1740; WittenbergWittenbergWittenberg, officially Lutherstadt Wittenberg, is a city in Germany in the Bundesland Saxony-Anhalt, on the river Elbe. It has a population of about 50,000....
). - Adler, Jac. Ge Chr. (d. 1805; CopenhagenCopenhagenCopenhagen is the capital and largest city of Denmark, with an urban population of 1,199,224 and a metropolitan population of 1,930,260 . With the completion of the transnational Øresund Bridge in 2000, Copenhagen has become the centre of the increasingly integrating Øresund Region...
). - Ægidius de Viterbo (1471–1532; Italy).
- Alfonso de Leon Zamora (16th cent.).
- Allixius, Petrus (17th cent.; AlençonAlençonAlençon is a commune in Normandy, France, capital of the Orne department. It is situated west of Paris. Alençon belongs to the intercommunality of Alençon .-History:...
). - Alting, JacobJacob AltingJacob Alting was a Dutch philologist and theologian. He was professor at the University of Groningen: in 1643 in oriental languages and in 1667 in theology. His publications were overseen in 1687 by Balthasar Bekker....
(17th cent.; GröningenGröningenGröningen is a town in the Börde district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It lies approx. 40 km south-west of Magdeburg, and 10 km east of Halberstadt. It has 4,180 inhabitants . Gröningen is part of the Verbandsgemeinde Westliche Börde....
). - Anchersen, Matthias (d. 1741; JutlandJutlandJutland , historically also called Cimbria, is the name of the peninsula that juts out in Northern Europe toward the rest of Scandinavia, forming the mainland part of Denmark. It has the North Sea to its west, Kattegat and Skagerrak to its north, the Baltic Sea to its east, and the Danish–German...
). - Anslus, Gerebrard (17th cent.).
- Arias Montanus (Benedictine; d. 1598; SevilleSevilleSeville is the artistic, historic, cultural, and financial capital of southern Spain. It is the capital of the autonomous community of Andalusia and of the province of Seville. It is situated on the plain of the River Guadalquivir, with an average elevation of above sea level...
). - Armengaud (?), Blasius (d. 1314; MontpellierMontpellier-Neighbourhoods:Since 2001, Montpellier has been divided into seven official neighbourhoods, themselves divided into sub-neighbourhoods. Each of them possesses a neighbourhood council....
). - Arnd, Joshua (c. 1626; GüstrowGüstrowGüstrow is a town in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany the capital of the district of Güstrow. It has a population of 30,500 and is the seventh largest town in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. Since 2006 Güstrow has the official suffix Barlachstadt.-Geography:The town of Güstrow is located...
). - Arnoldus, Michael (c. 1680; Holland).
- Asp, Matth. (1696–1763; UpsalaUppsala- Economy :Today Uppsala is well established in medical research and recognized for its leading position in biotechnology.*Abbott Medical Optics *GE Healthcare*Pfizer *Phadia, an offshoot of Pharmacia*Fresenius*Q-Med...
). - Assemani, Simon (d. 1821; PaduaPaduaPadua is a city and comune in the Veneto, northern Italy. It is the capital of the province of Padua and the economic and communications hub of the area. Padua's population is 212,500 . The city is sometimes included, with Venice and Treviso, in the Padua-Treviso-Venice Metropolitan Area, having...
). - Aubry, Esaias (c. 1730; Berlin ?).
B
- Bacon, RogerRoger BaconRoger Bacon, O.F.M. , also known as Doctor Mirabilis , was an English philosopher and Franciscan friar who placed considerable emphasis on the study of nature through empirical methods...
(1214–94; Oxford). - Baldi, BernardinoBernardino BaldiBernardino Baldi was an Italian mathematician and writer.Baldi descended from a noble family from Urbino, Marche, where he was born...
(1553–1617; UrbinoUrbinoUrbino is a walled city in the Marche region of Italy, south-west of Pesaro, a World Heritage Site notable for a remarkable historical legacy of independent Renaissance culture, especially under the patronage of Federico da Montefeltro, duke of Urbino from 1444 to 1482...
). - Baratier, Johann Philipp/Jean-Phillipe (1721–40; SchwabachSchwabachSchwabach is a German town of about 40,000 inhabitants near Nuremberg, in the center of the region of Franconia in the North of Bavaria. The city is an autonomous administrative district . Schwabach is also the name of a river which runs through the city prior joining the Rednitz.Schwabach is...
). - Barozzi, FrancescoFrancesco BarozziFrancesco Barozzi was an Italian mathematician, astronomer and humanist.-Life:...
(d. 1587; Italy). - Bartolocci, GiulioGiulio BartolocciGiulio Bartolocci was an Italian Cistercian Hebrew scholar and author of the four volume Bibliotheca Magna Rabbinica.-Life:...
(1613–87; Rome). - Heinrich Jacob BashuysenHeinrich Jacob BashuysenHeinrich Jacob Bashuysen was a German Christian printer of Hebrew books and Orientalist.Bashuysen was born at Hanau, Prussia. He founded a printing-establishment in his native city between 1709 and 1712; and over 100 publications were issued from his press...
(1679–1750; HanauHanauHanau is a town in the Main-Kinzig-Kreis, in Hesse, Germany. It is located 25 km east of Frankfurt am Main. Its station is a major railway junction.- Geography :...
). - Baynus, Rudolphus (c. 1554; Paris).
- Beckmann, Jo. Christ. (c. 1677; Frankfurt-an-der-Oder).
- Becks, Matth. Frid. (1649–1701; Augsburg).
- Bedwell, WilliamWilliam BedwellWilliam Bedwell was an English priest and scholar, specializing in Arabic and other "oriental" languages as well as in mathematics....
(1561–1632; London). - Beelen, Ian TheodorIan Theodor BeelenIan Theodor Beelen was a Dutch exegete and orientalist.-Life:After a course of studies at Rome, crowned by the Doctorate of Theology, he was in 1836 appointed Professor of Sacred Scripture and Oriental languages in the recently reorganized Catholic University of Leuven...
(c. 1841; AmsterdamAmsterdamAmsterdam is the largest city and the capital of the Netherlands. The current position of Amsterdam as capital city of the Kingdom of the Netherlands is governed by the constitution of August 24, 1815 and its successors. Amsterdam has a population of 783,364 within city limits, an urban population...
). - Beke, Matth. (c. 1708; Amsterdam).
- Bellermann, Johann JoachimJohann Joachim BellermannJohann Joachim Bellermann was a German Hebraist and professor of theology at Berlin University. He was one of the earliest students of Hebrew epigraphy.-Life:...
(1754–1842; ErfurtErfurtErfurt is the capital city of Thuringia and the main city nearest to the geographical centre of Germany, located 100 km SW of Leipzig, 150 km N of Nuremberg and 180 km SE of Hannover. Erfurt Airport can be reached by plane via Munich. It lies in the southern part of the Thuringian...
). - Bengel (?), Eric (c. 1692; Sweden).
- Bernard, EdwardEdward BernardEdward Bernard was an English scholar and Savilian professor of astronomy at the University of Oxford, from 1673 to 1691.-Life:He was born at Paulerspury, Northamptonshire. He was educated at Merchant Taylors' School and St John's College, Oxford, where he was a scholar in 1655; he became a Fellow...
(1638–96; Oxford). - Bircherode, Jan. (1623–86; Copenhagen).
- Biscioni, Anton. Maria (1674–1756; Florence).
- Philipp Johann BleibtreuPhilipp Johann BleibtreuPhilip Johann Bleibtreu was born at Frankfort-on-the-Main in the middle of the seventeenth century, he died there in 1702. Born by the name Meïr, he converted to Christianity from Judaism and took on Philip Johann Bleibtreu as his conversion name....
(c. 1699; Frankfort-on-the-Main). - Bodecker, StephanStephan BodeckerStephan Bodecker was the 37th Bishop of Brandenburg and a Christian Hebraist. He is known as the most important of all bishops of Brandenburg....
(Bishop; c. 1438; BrandenburgBrandenburgBrandenburg is one of the sixteen federal-states of Germany. It lies in the east of the country and is one of the new federal states that were re-created in 1990 upon the reunification of the former West Germany and East Germany. The capital is Potsdam...
). - Bohlius, Sam. (1611–89; RostockRostockRostock -Early history:In the 11th century Polabian Slavs founded a settlement at the Warnow river called Roztoc ; the name Rostock is derived from that designation. The Danish king Valdemar I set the town aflame in 1161.Afterwards the place was settled by German traders...
). - Borel, Adam, Jun. (1603–67; Zealand).
- Böschenstein (?), Jo. (b. 1472; Austria).
- Bourdelot (c. 1619; Paris).
- Breithaupt, Joh. Fred. (1639–1713; GothaGotha (town)Gotha is a town in Thuringia, within the central core of Germany. It is the capital of the district of Gotha.- History :The town has existed at least since the 8th century, when it was mentioned in a document signed by Charlemagne as Villa Gotaha . Its importance derives from having been chosen in...
). - Brighenti, Gio. Ant. (d. 1702; VeronaVeronaVerona ; German Bern, Dietrichsbern or Welschbern) is a city in the Veneto, northern Italy, with approx. 265,000 inhabitants and one of the seven chef-lieus of the region. It is the second largest city municipality in the region and the third of North-Eastern Italy. The metropolitan area of Verona...
). - Broughton, HughHugh BroughtonHugh Broughton was an English scholar and theologian.-Early life:He was born at Owlbury, Bishop's Castle, Shropshire. He calls himself a Cambrian, implying Welsh blood in his veins. He was educated by Bernard Gilpin at Houghton-le-Spring and at Magdalene College, Cambridge, where he matriculated...
(1549–1612; TottenhamTottenhamTottenham is an area of the London Borough of Haringey, England, situated north north east of Charing Cross.-Toponymy:Tottenham is believed to have been named after Tota, a farmer, whose hamlet was mentioned in the Domesday Book; hence Tota's hamlet became Tottenham...
). - Buddaeus, Jo. Fr. (Johann Franz BuddeusJohann Franz BuddeusJohann Franz Buddeus or Budde , German Lutheran theologian and philosopher; born at Anklam, Swedish Pomerania, where his father was pastor, 25 June 1667; died at Gotha 19 November 1729.-Life:...
) (1667–1729; Halle?). - Burgonovo, Archangelus (Minorite; 16th cent.; Pozzo).
- Buxtorf, Johannes I.Johannes BuxtorfJohannes Buxtorf was a celebrated Hebraist, member of a family of Orientalists; professor of Hebrew for thirty-nine years at Basel and was known by the title, "Master of the Rabbis". His massive tome, De Synagoga Judaica Johannes Buxtorf (December 25, 1564 – September 13, 1629) was a...
(1564–1629; BaselBaselBasel or Basle In the national languages of Switzerland the city is also known as Bâle , Basilea and Basilea is Switzerland's third most populous city with about 166,000 inhabitants. Located where the Swiss, French and German borders meet, Basel also has suburbs in France and Germany...
). - Buxtorf, Johannes II.Johannes Buxtorf IIJohannes Buxtorf the Younger, was son of the scholar Johannes Buxtorf, and a Protestant Christian Hebraist.-Life:...
(1599–1664; Basel). - Buxtorf, Johannes JakobJohannes Jakob BuxtorfJohannes Jakob Buxtorf was Professor of Hebrew at Basel. He was a son of Johannes Buxtorf II, by his fourth wife.-Life:He was born in Basel and educated at the university there...
(1645–1705; Basel). - Buxtorf, Johannes Jakob (1663–1732; Basel).
C
- Cademannus, Jos. Rud. (Johann Rudolf Cademann) (1680–1720; PegauPegauPegau is a town in the Leipzig district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany, situated in a fertile country, on the Weiße Elster, 18 m. S.W. from Leipzig by the railway to Zeitz....
). - Campen, Joh. van (John van CampenJohn van CampenJohn van Campen was a Christian professor of Hebrew at Leuven and Cracow.He compiled a Hebrew grammar from Elias Levita's work, which ran through three editions . He also commented on Psalms in a manner to earn the praises of Hupfeld John van Campen (died at Freiburg im Breisgau September 6, 1538)...
) (1490–1538; Freiburg-im-Breisgau). - Caninius, Angelus (1521–57; Paris).
- Cappellan, Claud. (d. 1667; Paris).
- Carpzov, JohannJohann Benedict Carpzov IIJohann Benedict Carpzov II was a German Christian theologian and Hebraist. He was a member of the scholarly Carpzov family.He studied Hebrew under Johannes Buxtorf II, in Basel. He was appointed professor of Oriental languages at Leipzig in 1668, and was pastor of St...
(Benedictine; 1639–99; Leipzig). - Cartwright, ChristopherChristopher CartwrightChristopher Cartwright was an English clergyman, known as a Hebraist and for his use of targums in Biblical exegesis, following the lead of Henry Ainsworth with John Weemes.-Life:...
(1602–58; YorkYorkYork is a walled city, situated at the confluence of the Rivers Ouse and Foss in North Yorkshire, England. The city has a rich heritage and has provided the backdrop to major political events throughout much of its two millennia of existence...
). - Castell, EdmundEdmund CastellEdmund Castell was an English orientalist.He was born at Tadlow, in Cambridgeshire. At the age of fifteen he entered Emmanuel College, Cambridge, gaining his BA in 1624-5 and his MA in 1628. Appointed Professor of Arabic in 1666, with the full title 'Sir Thomas Adams Professor of Arabic'. He...
(1606–85; Higham GobionHigham GobionHigham Gobion is a hamlet in the hundred of Flitt, in the English county of Bedfordshire. The hamlet is now part of the civil parish of Shillington...
). - Castro, Joh. Rodriguez de (1739–96; MadridMadridMadrid is the capital and largest city of Spain. The population of the city is roughly 3.3 million and the entire population of the Madrid metropolitan area is calculated to be 6.271 million. It is the third largest city in the European Union, after London and Berlin, and its metropolitan...
). - Cellarius (?), Jo. (c. 1518).
- Chenery, ThomasThomas CheneryThomas William Chenery was an English scholar and editor of the British newspaper The Times.-Biography:Chenery was born in Barbados to John Chenery, a West Indies merchant. He was educated at Eton and Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge...
(1826–84; London). - Chevalier, Antoine RodolpheAntoine Rodolphe ChevallierAntoine Rodolphe Chevallier was a French Protestant Hebraist, holder of teaching positions in England, and tutor in French to the future Elizabeth I of England.-Life:...
(1523–1572); France). - Chiarini, Luigi (Abbé; 1789–1832; WarsawWarsawWarsaw is the capital and largest city of Poland. It is located on the Vistula River, roughly from the Baltic Sea and from the Carpathian Mountains. Its population in 2010 was estimated at 1,716,855 residents with a greater metropolitan area of 2,631,902 residents, making Warsaw the 10th most...
). - Christmann, Jac. (1554–1613; Heidelberg).
- Chytraeus, D. (c. 1551).
- Ciselius, Phil. (c. 1696; FranekerFranekerFraneker is one of the eleven historical cities of Friesland and capital of the municipality of Franekeradeel. It is located about 20 km west of Leeuwarden on the Van Harinxma Canal. As of 1 January 2006, it had 12,996 inhabitants. The city is famous for the Eisinga Planetarium from around...
). - Clanner (J. G. ?) (c. 1726 ?).
- Clark, Sam.Samuel ClarkSamuel Clark was a U.S. Representative from the state of New York and a U.S. Representative from the state of Michigan....
(c. 1657; Oxford). - Clavering, RobertRobert Clavering-Life:He graduated B.A. from the University of Edinburgh, and then went to Lincoln College, Oxford. He was Fellow and tutor of University College, in 1701. In 1714 he was rector of Bocking. In 1715 he became Regius Professor of Hebrew and canon of Christ Church, Oxford.He became rector of Marsh...
(Bishop; 1671–1747; PeterboroughPeterboroughPeterborough is a cathedral city and unitary authority area in the East of England, with an estimated population of in June 2007. For ceremonial purposes it is in the county of Cambridgeshire. Situated north of London, the city stands on the River Nene which flows into the North Sea...
). - Clodius, Jo. Chr. (d. 1633; Leipzig).
- Cluverus, Jo. (17th cent.).
- Cnollen, Adam Andreas (1674–1714; Füth).
- Cnollen, Jos. Nicol. (brother of preceding).
- Coccejus (Koch), Jo.Johannes CocceiusJohannes Cocceius , Dutch theologian, was born at Bremen.-Life:After studying at Hamburg and the University of Franeker, where Sixtinus Amama was one of his teachers, he became in 1630 professor of biblical philology at the Gymnasium illustre in his native town...
(1603–69; Leyden). - Coddaeus, Giul. (Wilhelmus van der Codde) (1575–1630; Leyden).
- Collin, C. E. (c. 1705; Giessen).
- Collins, G. (c. 1890; Oxford).
- Costus, Petrus (c. 1554).
- Cotta, Johann FriedrichJohann Friedrich CottaJohann Friedrich, Freiherr Cotta von Cottendorf was a German publisher, industrial pioneer and politician.- Ancestors :Cotta is the name of a family of German publishers, intimately...
(1701–79; TübingenTübingenTübingen is a traditional university town in central Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is situated south of the state capital, Stuttgart, on a ridge between the Neckar and Ammer rivers.-Geography:...
). - Cramer, Johann Jakob (1673–1702; ZürichZürichZurich is the largest city in Switzerland and the capital of the canton of Zurich. It is located in central Switzerland at the northwestern tip of Lake Zurich...
). - Cramer, Johann Rudolf (1678–1731; Zürich).
- Crenius, Thom. (1648–1728; Leyden).
- Crocius, Lud. Mich. (c. 1673).
- Croius (?), Jo. (18th cent.; Oxford).
D
- Dachs, Fried. Bernh. (c. 1726; UtrechtUtrecht (city)Utrecht city and municipality is the capital and most populous city of the Dutch province of Utrecht. It is located in the eastern corner of the Randstad conurbation, and is the fourth largest city of the Netherlands with a population of 312,634 on 1 Jan 2011.Utrecht's ancient city centre features...
). - Dalmaki, Laurentius (c. 1643; HungaHungaHunga is a genus of plant in family Chrysobalanaceae.Species include:* Hunga cordata, Prance* Hunga gerontogea, Prance* Hunga guillauminii, Prance* Hunga mackeeana, Prance...
). - Danz, Jo. Andr. (1654–1728; JenaJenaJena is a university city in central Germany on the river Saale. It has a population of approx. 103,000 and is the second largest city in the federal state of Thuringia, after Erfurt.-History:Jena was first mentioned in an 1182 document...
). - Dassovius, Theod. (d. 1721; WittenbergWittenbergWittenberg, officially Lutherstadt Wittenberg, is a city in Germany in the Bundesland Saxony-Anhalt, on the river Elbe. It has a population of about 50,000....
; KielKielKiel is the capital and most populous city in the northern German state of Schleswig-Holstein, with a population of 238,049 .Kiel is approximately north of Hamburg. Due to its geographic location in the north of Germany, the southeast of the Jutland peninsula, and the southwestern shore of the...
). - Disma, P. (c. 1757; Italy).
- Dithmar, Just. Christ. (c. 1706; Holland?).
- Donatus, Franc. (d. 1635; Rome).
- Dove, John (c. 1746; London).
- Johannes van den Driesche, "Drusius"Johannes van den DriescheJohannes van den Driesche [or Drusius] was a Flemish Protestant divine, distinguished specially as an Orientalist, Christian Hebraist and exegete.-Life:He was born at Oudenarde, in Flanders...
(1550–1616; Leyden). - Drusius, Jo. II. (son of preceding; 1588–1609; ChichesterChichesterChichester is a cathedral city in West Sussex, within the historic County of Sussex, South-East England. It has a long history as a settlement; its Roman past and its subsequent importance in Anglo-Saxon times are only its beginnings...
).
E
- Adam EastonAdam EastonAdam Easton was an English Cardinal, born at Easton in Norfolk.He joined the Benedictines at Norwich moving on to the Benedictine Gloucester College, Oxford where he became one of the most outstanding students of his generation, being especially proficient in Hebrew...
(BenedictineBenedictineBenedictine refers to the spirituality and consecrated life in accordance with the Rule of St Benedict, written by Benedict of Nursia in the sixth century for the cenobitic communities he founded in central Italy. The most notable of these is Monte Cassino, the first monastery founded by Benedict...
; d. 1397; HerefordHerefordHereford is a cathedral city, civil parish and county town of Herefordshire, England. It lies on the River Wye, approximately east of the border with Wales, southwest of Worcester, and northwest of Gloucester...
) - Ebertus, Jac. (1549–1614; Frankfort-on-the-Oder).
- Ebertus, Theod. (d. 1630; Frankfort-on-the-Oder).
- Eggers, Jo. (c. 1719; Basel; Leyden).
- Einem, Jo. Justus von (c. 1738; Germany).
- Eisenmenger, Joh. And. (1654–1704; HeidelbergHeidelberg-Early history:Between 600,000 and 200,000 years ago, "Heidelberg Man" died at nearby Mauer. His jaw bone was discovered in 1907; with scientific dating, his remains were determined to be the earliest evidence of human life in Europe. In the 5th century BC, a Celtic fortress of refuge and place of...
). - Empereur, Constantin l' (1570–1648; Leyden).
- Etheridge, J. W.John Wesley EtheridgeJohn Wesley Etheridge , English nonconformist divine, was born near Newport, Isle of Wight.He received most of his early education from his father. Though he never attended any university he ultimately acquired a thorough knowledge of Greek, Latin, Hebrew, Syriac, French and German...
(c. 1856; Penzance).
F
- Fabricius, Ern. Christ. (c. 1792).
- Fabricius, Fred. (1642–1703; Wittenberg).
- Fabricius, Johann AlbertJohann Albert FabriciusJohann Albert Fabricius was a German classical scholar and bibliographer.-Biography:Fabricius was born at Leipzig, son of Werner Fabricius, director of music in the church of St. Paul at Leipzig, who was the author of several works, the most important being Deliciae Harmonicae...
(1668–1736), - Fagius Paul(us)Paul FagiusPaul Fagius was a Renaissance scholar of Biblical Hebrew.-Life:Fagius was born at Rheinzabern in 1504. His father was a teacher and council clerk. In 1515 he went to study at the University of Heidelberg and in 1518 was present at the Heidelberg Disputation...
(1504–49; CambridgeCambridgeThe city of Cambridge is a university town and the administrative centre of the county of Cambridgeshire, England. It lies in East Anglia about north of London. Cambridge is at the heart of the high-technology centre known as Silicon Fen – a play on Silicon Valley and the fens surrounding the...
). - Faust, Jo. Friedr. (c. 1706; Germany).
- Ferrand, Lud. (c. 1640-1700; Paris).
- Figueiro, Petrusa (c. 1615).
- Fourmont, ÉtienneÉtienne FourmontÉtienne Fourmont was a French orientalist.Born at Herblay near Argenteuil, he studied at the Collège Mazarin in Paris and afterwards in the Collège Montaigu where his attention was attracted to Oriental languages....
, the elder (1683–1745; Paris). - Franciscus, Maria (CapuchinOrder of Friars Minor CapuchinThe Order of Friars Minor Capuchin is an Order of friars in the Catholic Church, among the chief offshoots of the Franciscans. The worldwide head of the Order, called the Minister General, is currently Father Mauro Jöhri.-Origins :...
). - Franck, SebastianSebastian FranckSebastian Franck was a 16th century German freethinker, humanist, and radical reformer.Franck was born about 1499 at Donauwörth, Bavaria. Because of this he styled himself Franck von Word...
(c. 1537; UlmUlmUlm is a city in the federal German state of Baden-Württemberg, situated on the River Danube. The city, whose population is estimated at 120,000 , forms an urban district of its own and is the administrative seat of the Alb-Donau district. Ulm, founded around 850, is rich in history and...
). - Francke, August HermannAugust Hermann FranckeAugust Hermann Francke was a German Lutheran churchman.-Biography:Born at the German city Lübeck, Francke was educated at the gymnasium in Gotha before he studied at the universities of Erfurt and Kiel - where he came under the influence of the pietist Christian Kortholt - and finally Leipzig...
(1663–1727) - Frey, Jo. Ludw. (1682–1759; Basel).
- Frommann, Erh. Andr. (1722–74; Monastery of Berge, MagdeburgMagdeburgMagdeburg , is the largest city and the capital city of the Bundesland of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Magdeburg is situated on the Elbe River and was one of the most important medieval cities of Europe....
). - Fronmüller, Conrad (c. 1679; AltdorfAltdorfAltdorf may refer to: In Switzerland:*Altdorf, Switzerland, the capital of the canton of Uri , *Altdorf, Schaffhausen, a village in the canton of Schaffhausen ,...
?). - Fuller, Nicol. (1557–1626; SalisburySalisburySalisbury is a cathedral city in Wiltshire, England and the only city in the county. It is the second largest settlement in the county...
).
G
- Gaffarellus, Jacobus/Jacques GaffarelJacques GaffarelJacques Gaffarel was a French scholar and astrologer. He followed the family tradition of studying medicine, and then became a priest, but mainly developed his interests in the fields of natural history and Oriental occultism, gaining fluency in the Hebrew, Persian, and Arabic languages.His...
(1601–81). - Gagnier, JosephJoseph GagnierJoseph Gagnier was a Canadian clarinetist and the father of an important Canadian family of musicians.-Life and career:...
(1670–1740; Oxford). - Galatinus, Petrus/Galatino, Pietro ColonnaPietro Colonna GalatinoPietro Colonna Galatino , also known as Petrus Galatinus, was an Italian Friar Minor, philosopher, theologian and Orientalist.-Biography:Galatino was born at Galatina, in Apulia....
(c. 1518). - Galle, Joh. (c. 1711; Upsala).
- Gaudia, Barthol. Valverdio (Spain).
- Gaulmyn, Gilb. (d. 1667; France).
- Gejerus, Martin (1614–80; FreibergFreiberg, SaxonyFreiberg is a city in the Free State of Saxony, Germany, administrative center of the Mittelsachsen district.-History:The city was founded in 1186, and has been a center of the mining industry in the Ore Mountains for centuries...
). - Genebrard, GilbertGilbert GénebrardGilbert Génebrard was a French Benedictine exegete and Orientalist.In his early youth he entered the Cluniac monastery of Mausac near Riom, later continued his studies at the monastery of Saint-Allyre in Clermont, and completed them at the College de Navarre in Paris, where he obtained the...
(1537–97; Samur). - Georgius Gentius (1618–87; Freiberg).
- Georgios, Chrysococca (1340-56? Greece).
- Germberg, Herm. (1604).
- Giggeius, Ant. (d. 1632; Milan).
- Gill, JohnJohn Gill (theologian)John Gill was an English Baptist pastor, biblical scholar, and theologian who held to a firm Calvinistic soteriology. Born in Kettering, Northamptonshire, he attended Kettering Grammar School where he mastered the Latin classics and learned Greek by age 11...
(1697–1771; London). - Graser, Conrad (d. 1613; Germany).
- Groddeck, Gaḅr. (1672–1709; Danzig).
- Guidacerius (Guidacier), Agathius (c. 1540).
- Guisius, Gulielmus (1653–90; Oxford).
H
- Hackspan, Theodor (1607–59; AltdorfAltdorfAltdorf may refer to: In Switzerland:*Altdorf, Switzerland, the capital of the canton of Uri , *Altdorf, Schaffhausen, a village in the canton of Schaffhausen ,...
). - Haller, Albert (1708–77; Bern)
- Hanel, Melchior (c. 1661; PraguePraguePrague is the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic. Situated in the north-west of the country on the Vltava river, the city is home to about 1.3 million people, while its metropolitan area is estimated to have a population of over 2.3 million...
) - Hannecken, Meno (1595–1677; MarburgMarburgMarburg is a city in the state of Hesse, Germany, on the River Lahn. It is the main town of the Marburg-Biedenkopf district and its population, as of March 2010, was 79,911.- Founding and early history :...
- Hardt, Anton Jul. van der (1707–85; HelmstädtHelmstadtHelmstadt is a municipality in the district of Würzburg in Bavaria in Germany....
) - Hardt, Herm. van der (1660–1746; Helmstädt).
- Hartmann, Anton Theodor (1774–1838; RostockRostockRostock -Early history:In the 11th century Polabian Slavs founded a settlement at the Warnow river called Roztoc ; the name Rostock is derived from that designation. The Danish king Valdemar I set the town aflame in 1161.Afterwards the place was settled by German traders...
). - Hartmann, Jo. Phil. (c. 1708).
- Hartmann, Martin (1851; living; Berlin).
- Havemann, Chris. (17th cent.).
- Hebenstreit, Johann Chr. (1686–1756; Leipsic).
- Helenius, Engelbart (c. 1727; Sweden).
- Helvig, ChristophChristoph HelvigChristoph Helvig was a German chronologist and historian, theologian and linguist.Helvig was born at Sprendlingen. In chronology he generally was a follower of Joseph Scaliger...
(1581–1617; Giessen). - Hepburn, James BonaventureJames Bonaventure HepburnJames Hepburn , nicknamed "Bonaventura" or "Bonaventure Hepburn", was a Scottish Roman Catholic linguist, lexicographer, grammarian and biblical commentator...
(1573–1621; Scotland). - Hilpert, Jo. (c. 1651).
- Hinckelmann, Alr. (1652–95; Hamburg).
- Hirt, Jo. Frid. (1719–84; Wittenberg).
- Hochsteter, Andreas Adam (1668–1717; Tübingen).
- Holten, Albert (c. 1675; Tübingen).
- Hommel, Car. Ferd. (1722–81; Leipsic).
- HonoriusHonorius of ThebesHonorius of Thebes, a possibly mythical character from the Middle Ages, is said to have authored The Sworn Book of Honorius, although the first printed manuscript of this work did not appear until 1629. Considerable mystery still exists about the identity of Honorius, both Pope Honorius I and Pope...
(Monk; 1452). - Hottinger, Johann Heinrich I.Johann Heinrich HottingerJohann Heinrich Hottinger was a Swiss philologist and theologian.- Life and works :Hottinger studied at Geneva, Groningen and Leiden. After visiting France and England he was appointed professor of church history in his native town of Zürich in 1642...
(1620–67; Heidelberg). - Hottinger, Jo. Henr. II. (c. 1704).
- Houting, Henr. (c. 1695).
- Hufnagel, G. F. (c. 1795).
- Huldrich, Jo. Jac. (1683–1731).
- Hulsius, Anton (d. 1685; Holland).
- Husen, Franc. (c. 1676).
- Hyde, ThomasThomas HydeThomas Hyde was an English orientalist. The first use of the word dualism is attributed to him, in 1700.-Life:He was born at Billingsley, near Bridgnorth in Shropshire, on 29 June 1636...
(1631–1703; Oxford).
I, J, K
- Ikenius, Conrad (1689–1753; BremenBremenThe City Municipality of Bremen is a Hanseatic city in northwestern Germany. A commercial and industrial city with a major port on the river Weser, Bremen is part of the Bremen-Oldenburg metropolitan area . Bremen is the second most populous city in North Germany and tenth in Germany.Bremen is...
). - Imbonatus, Carlus Josephus/Carlo Giuseppe ImbonatiCarlo Giuseppe ImbonatiCarlo Giuseppe Imbonati was a Cistercian scholar who was active during the last half of the 17th century. He spent much of his career in Rome and rose to the title of abbot. He was a theologian and a Hebrew scholar who wrote prolifically in his fields. The last known references to the man are...
(d. 1696; Rome). - Jacobs, HenryHenry JacobsHenry Sandy Jacobs is an American sound artist and humorist.Jacobs was born in Chicago, Illinois. After a tour in the Air Corps - during which time he acquired some broadcast experience, and graduation from the University of Chicago, he moved to Mexico City...
(1608–52; Oxford). - Janvier, Renatus Ambros. (1613–82; Paris).
- Johannes Lucæ (1406; Italy).
- Franciscus Junius (the elder)Franciscus Junius (the elder)Franciscus Junius , also known as Francis Junius, Franz Junius, and François du Jon, was a Huguenot scholar and theologian, and the father of Franciscus Junius the younger.-Life:...
- Justinianus, Augustin (1470–1531; "Episcopus Nebiensis").
- Keller, Gottl. Wilh. (17th cent.; Jena [?]).
- Kircher, AthanasiusAthanasius KircherAthanasius Kircher was a 17th century German Jesuit scholar who published around 40 works, most notably in the fields of oriental studies, geology, and medicine...
(Jesuit; 1602–80; Rome). - Knorr, Christian, Baron de RosenrothChristian Knorr von RosenrothChristian Knorr von Rosenroth was a German Hebraist born at Alt-Raudten, today Stara Rudna in Silesia. After having completed his studies in the universities of Wittenberg and Leipzig, he traveled through Holland, France, and England.On his return he settled at Sulzbach and devoted himself to the...
(1636–89; SulzbachSulzbach-RosenbergSulzbach-Rosenberg is a municipality in the Amberg-Sulzbach district, in Bavaria, Germany. It is situated approx. 14 km northwest of Amberg, and 50 km east of Nuremberg. The town consists of two parts: Sulzbach in the west, and Rosenberg in the east. Archeological evidence tells, that...
). - Koccher, Herrm. Fried. (c. 1783; Jena).
- König, Friedrich EduardFriedrich Eduard KönigFriedrich Eduard König was a German Lutheran divine and Semitic scholar. He was born at Reichenbach im Vogtland and was educated at the University of Leipzig, where he became docent in 1879 and professor in 1885...
(1846; Reichenbach). - König, Sam. (1670–1750; Bern).
- Köppen, Nic. (c. 1709; Greifswald).
- Kosegarten, Johann Gottfried LudwigJohann Gottfried Ludwig KosegartenJohann Gottfried Ludwig Kosegarten was a German Orientalist who was born in Altenkirchen on the island of Rügen. He was the son of ecclesiastic Ludwig Gotthard Kosegarten ....
(1792–1860; GreifswaldGreifswaldGreifswald , officially, the University and Hanseatic City of Greifswald is a town in northeastern Germany. It is situated in the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, at an equal distance of about from Germany's two largest cities, Berlin and Hamburg. The town borders the Baltic Sea, and is crossed...
). - Krafft, Karl (c. 1839; AnsbachAnsbachAnsbach, originally Onolzbach, is a town in Bavaria, Germany. It is the capital of the administrative region of Middle Franconia. Ansbach is situated southwest of Nuremberg and north of Munich, on the Fränkische Rezat, a tributary of the Main river. As of 2004, its population was 40,723.Ansbach...
). - Kraut, Paul (c. 1703; LundLund-Main sights:During the 12th and 13th centuries, when the town was the seat of the archbishop, many churches and monasteries were built. At its peak, Lund had 27 churches, but most of them were demolished as result of the Reformation in 1536. Several medieval buildings remain, including Lund...
). - Kyber, David (16th cent.; Strasburg?).
L
- Lagarde, Paul dePaul de LagardePaul Anton de Lagarde was a polymath German biblical scholar and orientalist. He also took some part in politics. He belonged to the Prussian Conservative party, and was a violent antisemite. The bitterness which he felt appeared in his writings...
(1827–91; Göttingen). - Lakemacher, Joh. Gothofr. (1695–1736; Helmstädt).
- Lange, Jo. JoachimJohann Joachim LangeJohann Joachim Lange was a German theologian and philosopher.Lange was educated in Leipzig, Erfurt and Halle. He was influenced by Christian Thomasius and the pietist August Hermann Francke. He became a professor of theology at Halle in 1709, and opposed the philosophy of Christian...
(1670–1744; Halle). - Lange, W. (c. 1710).
- Langens, Henr. (c. 1720; Holland).
- Lederlin, Jo. Henr. (1672–1737; Strasburg).
- Lehmann, Ge. Heinrich (1619–99; LeipsicLeipzigLeipzig Leipzig has always been a trade city, situated during the time of the Holy Roman Empire at the intersection of the Via Regia and Via Imperii, two important trade routes. At one time, Leipzig was one of the major European centres of learning and culture in fields such as music and publishing...
). - Leib, Chilian (Prior; 1471–1548; Rebdorf).
- Le Long, Jac. (1665–1721; Paris).
- Lenz, Jo. Leonh. (c. 1700; Germany).
- Lepusculus, Sebastian (c. 1516; Germany).
- Leusden, JohannJohann LeusdenJohannes Leusden was a Dutch Calvinist theologian and orientalist...
(1624–99; Utrecht). - Leydecker, Melchior (1642–1722; UtrechtUtrecht (city)Utrecht city and municipality is the capital and most populous city of the Dutch province of Utrecht. It is located in the eastern corner of the Randstad conurbation, and is the fourth largest city of the Netherlands with a population of 312,634 on 1 Jan 2011.Utrecht's ancient city centre features...
, put on Index Librorum ProhibitorumIndex Librorum ProhibitorumThe Index Librorum Prohibitorum was a list of publications prohibited by the Catholic Church. A first version was promulgated by Pope Paul IV in 1559, and a revised and somewhat relaxed form was authorized at the Council of Trent...
by the Catholic Church). - Lightfoot, JohnJohn LightfootJohn Lightfoot was an English churchman, rabbinical scholar, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge and Master of St Catharine's College, Cambridge.-Life:...
(1602–75; ElyEly, CambridgeshireEly is a cathedral city in Cambridgeshire, England, 14 miles north-northeast of Cambridge and about by road from London. It is built on a Lower Greensand island, which at a maximum elevation of is the highest land in the Fens...
). - Lipomanni, Marco (c. 1440; Venice).
- Loscan, Joh. Frid. (c. 1710; Germany).
- Losius, Jo. Justus (c. 1706; Germany).
- Lowe, W. H. (Cambridge).
- Ludwig, Christ. L. (b. 1663, LandshutLandshutLandshut is a city in Bavaria in the south-east of Germany, belonging to both Eastern and Southern Bavaria. Situated on the banks of the River Isar, Landshut is the capital of Lower Bavaria, one of the seven administrative regions of the Free State of Bavaria. It is also the seat of the...
; d. 1732). - Lund, Dan. (b. 1666, Fogdoë; d. 1746, Strengnäs).
M
- McCaul, Alexander (b. 1799, Dublin; d. 1863, London).
- Mai, Joh. Hen. (1688–1732; Giessen).
- Malamina, Cæsar (c. 1774; Florence).
- Manfred (?), King (d. 1266; Germany).
- Mannetti, GiannozzoGiannozzo ManettiGiannozzo Manetti was an Italian politician and diplomat from Florence, who was also a humanist scholar of the early Italian Renaissance....
(b. 1396, Florence; d. 1459, Naples). - Margoliouth, David SamuelDavid Samuel MargoliouthDavid Samuel Margoliouth was an orientalist. He was briefly active as a priest in the Church of England...
(1858–1940) Oxford). - Margoliouth, G. (living; London).
- Margoliouth, Moses (b. 1820, Suwałki; d. 1881, London).
- Marini, MarcoMarco MariniMarco Marini was an Italian orientalist, and censor of Hebrew language publications for the Vatican. He prepared the first published edition of Targum Yerushalmi.-Works:...
(b. 1541, BresciaBresciaBrescia is a city and comune in the region of Lombardy in northern Italy. It is situated at the foot of the Alps, between the Mella and the Naviglio, with a population of around 197,000. It is the second largest city in Lombardy, after the capital, Milan...
; d. 1594, Brescia). - Matthias Aquarius (c. 1581).
- Matthias, Elias (Germany)
- Meelführer, Rud. Martin (b. 1670, AnsbachAnsbachAnsbach, originally Onolzbach, is a town in Bavaria, Germany. It is the capital of the administrative region of Middle Franconia. Ansbach is situated southwest of Nuremberg and north of Munich, on the Fränkische Rezat, a tributary of the Main river. As of 2004, its population was 40,723.Ansbach...
; d. 1729). - Mercer, Jo. (d. 1570; UzèsUzèsUzès is a commune in the Gard department in southern France.It lies about 25 km north-northeast of Nîmes.-History:Originally Ucetia, Uzès was a small Gallo-Roman oppidum, or administrative settlement. The town lies at the source of the Eure, from where a Roman aqueduct was built in the first...
). - Meyer, Jo. (c. 1693; Holland).
- Michaelis, Johann DavidJohann David MichaelisJohann David Michaelis , a famous and eloquent German biblical scholar and teacher, was a member of a family which had the chief part in maintaining that solid discipline in Hebrew and the cognate languages which distinguished the University of Halle in the period of Pietism.-Life and work:J. D...
(1717–1791) - Michaelis, Johann Heinrich (1668–1738)
- Midhorp, Joh. (c. 1562).
- Mieg, Jo. Frid. (b. 1700, Marburg; d. 1788, HeidelbergHeidelberg-Early history:Between 600,000 and 200,000 years ago, "Heidelberg Man" died at nearby Mauer. His jaw bone was discovered in 1907; with scientific dating, his remains were determined to be the earliest evidence of human life in Europe. In the 5th century BC, a Celtic fortress of refuge and place of...
). - Mill, David (b. 1692, KönigsbergKönigsbergKönigsberg was the capital of East Prussia from the Late Middle Ages until 1945 as well as the northernmost and easternmost German city with 286,666 inhabitants . Due to the multicultural society in and around the city, there are several local names for it...
; d. 1756, Utrecht). - Millard, AlanAlan MillardAlan Ralph Millard is Rankin Professor Emeritus of Hebrew and Ancient Semitic Languages, and Honorary Senior Fellow , at the School of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology in the University of Liverpool....
- Molitor, Christoph. (c. 1659; Altdorf).
- Bernard de MontfauconBernard de MontfauconBernard de Montfaucon was a French Benedictine monk, a scholar who founded a new discipline, palaeography; an editor of works of the Fathers of the Church; he is also regarded to be one of the founders of modern archaeology.-Early life:Montfaucon was born January 13, 1655 in the castle of...
(b. 1655, Soulange; d. 1741, Paris). - Moré, Eugène (c. 1837; France).
- More, HenryHenry MoreHenry More FRS was an English philosopher of the Cambridge Platonist school.-Biography:Henry was born at Grantham and was schooled at The King's School, Grantham and at Eton College...
(b. 1614, Grantham; d. 1687, Cambridge). - Morin, Etienne (b. 1625, CaenCaenCaen is a commune in northwestern France. It is the prefecture of the Calvados department and the capital of the Basse-Normandie region. It is located inland from the English Channel....
; d. 1700, Amsterdam). - Morin, Jean (b. 1591, BloisBloisBlois is the capital of Loir-et-Cher department in central France, situated on the banks of the lower river Loire between Orléans and Tours.-History:...
; d. 1659, Paris). - Muhl, Henr. (b. 1666, BremenBremenThe City Municipality of Bremen is a Hanseatic city in northwestern Germany. A commercial and industrial city with a major port on the river Weser, Bremen is part of the Bremen-Oldenburg metropolitan area . Bremen is the second most populous city in North Germany and tenth in Germany.Bremen is...
; d. c. 1730, Kiel). - Muhl, Jos. (HolsteinHolsteinHolstein is the region between the rivers Elbe and Eider. It is part of Schleswig-Holstein, the northernmost state of Germany....
). - Muis, Simon de (b. 1587, OrléansOrléans-Prehistory and Roman:Cenabum was a Gallic stronghold, one of the principal towns of the Carnutes tribe where the Druids held their annual assembly. It was conquered and destroyed by Julius Caesar in 52 BC, then rebuilt under the Roman Empire...
; d. 1644, Paris). - Münster, SebastianSebastian MünsterSebastian Münster , was a German cartographer, cosmographer, and a Hebrew scholar.- Life :Münster was born at Ingelheim near Mainz, the son of Andreas Munster. He completed his studies at the Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen in 1518. His graduate adviser was Johannes Stöffler.He was appointed to...
(Minorite; b. 1489, Ingelheim; d. 1552, Basel). - Murner, ThomasThomas MurnerThomas Murner was a German satirist, poet and translator.He was born at Oberehnheim near Strasbourg. In 1490 he entered the Franciscan order, and in 1495 began travelling, studying and then teaching and preaching in Freiburg-im-Breisgau, Paris, Kraków and Strasbourg itself...
(Minorite; b. 1475; d. 1537?). - Myerlin, David Fr. (d. 1778; Frankfort-on-the-Main).
N, O
- Nagel, Jo. Andr. Mich. (1740–1788; Altdorf).
- Neale, Thomas (1569-1569; Regius Professors of Hebrew: Oxford, England).
- Nicholas Of Lyra (Nicolaus Lyranus)Nicholas of LyraNicholas of Lyra , or Nicolaus Lyranus, a Franciscan teacher, was among the most influential practitioners of Biblical exegesis in the Middle Ages. He was a doctor at the Sorbonne by 1309 and ten years later was appointed the head of all Franciscans in France. His major work, Postillae perpetuae...
(c. 1270–1349; Paris). - Nigri (Schwartz), PeterPeter NigriPeter Nigri, , known also as Peter George Niger was a Dominican theologian, preacher and controversialist.-Life:...
(c. 1475; Cadana?). - Fr. Nork (1803–50; Germany [actually Fr. Korn]).
- Norrelius, Andr. (c. 1720; Upsala).
- Novenianus, Phil. (?) (c. 1520; Hasfurtensis?).
- Odhelius, Laur. (d. 1691; Upsala).
- Opfergeld, Friedrich (1668–1746; Breslau).
- Opitius, Paul Friedr. (1684–1745; Kiel).
- Osterbröck, Aaggaens.
- Otho, Jo. Henr. (d. 1719; Lausanne).
- Ouserl, Phil. (c. 1714; Frankfort-on-the Main).
- Owmann, Mart. Jac. (c. 1705; Germany).
P, Q
- Pagninus, Xanthus/?Santes Pagnini (b. 1470, LuccaLuccaLucca is a city and comune in Tuscany, central Italy, situated on the river Serchio in a fertile plainnear the Tyrrhenian Sea. It is the capital city of the Province of Lucca...
; d. 1536, LyonLyonLyon , is a city in east-central France in the Rhône-Alpes region, situated between Paris and Marseille. Lyon is located at from Paris, from Marseille, from Geneva, from Turin, and from Barcelona. The residents of the city are called Lyonnais....
). - Palmroot, Jo. (c. 1696; Upsala).
- Pasinus, Jos. (b. 1687, Padua; d. 1770, Turin).
- Pastritius, Jo.
- Dom Pedro IIPedro II of BrazilDom Pedro II , nicknamed "the Magnanimous", was the second and last ruler of the Empire of Brazil, reigning for over 58 years. Born in Rio de Janeiro, he was the seventh child of Emperor Dom Pedro I of Brazil and Empress Dona Maria Leopoldina and thus a member of the Brazilian branch of...
(Emperor of Brazil; 1825–91). - Pellikan, Konrad (1478–1556; Zürich).
- Peringer, Gustav (b. 1657; Upsala; StockholmStockholmStockholm is the capital and the largest city of Sweden and constitutes the most populated urban area in Scandinavia. Stockholm is the most populous city in Sweden, with a population of 851,155 in the municipality , 1.37 million in the urban area , and around 2.1 million in the metropolitan area...
). - Peritz, Ismar J. (living; SyracuseSyracuse, New YorkSyracuse is a city in and the county seat of Onondaga County, New York, United States, the largest U.S. city with the name "Syracuse", and the fifth most populous city in the state. At the 2010 census, the city population was 145,170, and its metropolitan area had a population of 742,603...
, U. S. A.). - Perreau, Pietro (Abbé; living, Parma).
- Pertsch, W. H. F. (c. 1720; Jena).
- Peter of St. Omer (1296; Paris).
- Petit, Pietro Giov, de (d. 1740; Rome).
- Petrus de Alexandrica (Augustinian; 1342).
- Petrus Montagnana (?) (1478; Italy).
- Pfeiffer, August (b. 27 October 1640, Lauenburg an der Elbe; d. 11 January 1698, LübeckLübeckThe Hanseatic City of Lübeck is the second-largest city in Schleswig-Holstein, in northern Germany, and one of the major ports of Germany. It was for several centuries the "capital" of the Hanseatic League and, because of its Brick Gothic architectural heritage, is listed by UNESCO as a World...
) - Pico de la Mirandola (d. 1494; Italy).
- Picques, L. (c. 1670; Paris).
- Pistorius, Jo. Nidanus (b. 1544, Nidda; d. 1607, Freiburg im Breisgau).
- Plantavitius, Johannes/Jean VI. Plantavit de la Pause (Bishop; 1625–48; LodèveLodèveLodève is a commune in the Hérault département in Languedoc-Roussillon in southern France. It is a sub-prefecture of the department.-Geography:...
). - Plato of TivoliPlato TiburtinusPlato Tiburtinus was a 12th century Italian mathematician, astronomer and translator who lived in Barcelona from 1116 to 1138. He is best known for translating Hebrew and Arabic documents into Latin, and was apparently the first to translate information on the astrolabe from Arabic.Plato of...
(Plato Tiburtinus, 1116; BarcelonaBarcelonaBarcelona is the second largest city in Spain after Madrid, and the capital of Catalonia, with a population of 1,621,537 within its administrative limits on a land area of...
). - Pontacus, Arnold (Bishop; d. 1605; BazasBazasBazas is a commune in the Gironde department in southwestern France.-Geography:Bazas stands on a narrow promontory above the Beuve valley 60 km/37 mi southeast of Bordeaux and 40 km/25 mi southwest of Marmande.-History:...
). - Postel, GuillaumeGuillaume PostelGuillaume Postel was a French linguist, astronomer, Cabbalist, diplomat, professor, and religious universalist.Born in the village of Barenton in Basse-Normandie, Postel made his way to Paris to further his education...
. (b. 1505. Delorie; d. 1581, Paris). - Prache, Hilaric (b. 1614, Teutschel; d. 1679, London).
- Prideaux, HumphreyHumphrey PrideauxHumphrey Prideaux , Doctor of Divinity and scholar, belonged to an ancient Cornish family, was born at Padstow, and educated at Westminster School and at Oxford....
(Dean; b. 1648, PadstowPadstowPadstow is a town, civil parish and fishing port on the north coast of Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. The town is situated on the west bank of the River Camel estuary approximately five miles northwest of Wadebridge, ten miles northwest of Bodmin and ten miles northeast of Newquay...
; d. 1724, NorwichNorwichNorwich is a city in England. It is the regional administrative centre and county town of Norfolk. During the 11th century, Norwich was the largest city in England after London, and one of the most important places in the kingdom...
). - Quinquaboreus (Cinqarbre), Johannes (d. 1587; Paris).
R
- Rabe, Joh. Jac. (1710–98; AnsbachAnsbachAnsbach, originally Onolzbach, is a town in Bavaria, Germany. It is the capital of the administrative region of Middle Franconia. Ansbach is situated southwest of Nuremberg and north of Munich, on the Fränkische Rezat, a tributary of the Main river. As of 2004, its population was 40,723.Ansbach...
). - Rapheleng, Franc. (b. 1539; LannoyLannoyThe name Lannoy or de Lannoy or of Lannoy can refer toPlaces*Lannoy, Nord, a commune of the Nord department, France*Lannoy-Cuillère, a village and commune in the Oise département, France...
). - Raymund Martin/Ramón MartíRamón MartíRamón Martí was a 13th century Catalan Dominican friar and theologian. He is remembered for his polemic work Pugio Fidei . In 1250 he was one of eight friars appointed to make a study of oriental languages with the purpose of carrying on a mission to Jews and Moors. He worked in Spain as a...
(Monk; c. 1286). - Raymund de Peñaforte (DominicanDominican OrderThe Order of Preachers , after the 15th century more commonly known as the Dominican Order or Dominicans, is a Catholic religious order founded by Saint Dominic and approved by Pope Honorius III on 22 December 1216 in France...
; 1175–1275; Barcelona). - Reineccius, Chr. (b. 1668, GroßmühlingenGroßmühlingenthumb|right|100px|Coat of armsGroßmühlingen is a former municipality in the district of Salzlandkreis, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since January 2008, it is part of the municipality Bördeland.-See also:...
; d. 1752, WeißenfelsWeißenfelsWeißenfels is the largest town of the Burgenlandkreis district, in southern Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It is situated on the river Saale, approximately south of Halle.-History:...
). - Reiske, Johann JakobJohann Jakob ReiskeJohann Jakob Reiske was a German scholar and physician. He was a pioneer in the fields of Arabic and Byzantine philology as well as Islamic numismatics.-Biography:Reiske was born at Zörbig, in Electoral Saxony....
(b. 1716, ZörbigZörbig' is a town in the district of Anhalt-Bitterfeld in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It is situated approx. 15 km west of Bitterfeld, and 20 km northeast of Halle . Zörbig is well-known for its molasses made from sugar beets....
; d. 1774, LeipzigLeipzigLeipzig Leipzig has always been a trade city, situated during the time of the Holy Roman Empire at the intersection of the Via Regia and Via Imperii, two important trade routes. At one time, Leipzig was one of the major European centres of learning and culture in fields such as music and publishing...
). - Reland, Adrian (b. 1676, Ryp; d. 1718, Utrecht).
- Rendtorf, Jo. (Hamburg).
- Reuchlin, JohannJohann ReuchlinJohann Reuchlin was a German humanist and a scholar of Greek and Hebrew. For much of his life, he was the real centre of all Greek and Hebrew teaching in Germany.-Early life:...
(b. 1455, PforzheimPforzheimPforzheim is a town of nearly 119,000 inhabitants in the state of Baden-Württemberg, southwest Germany at the gate to the Black Forest. It is world-famous for its jewelry and watch-making industry. Until 1565 it was the home to the Margraves of Baden. Because of that it gained the nickname...
; d. 1522, StuttgartStuttgartStuttgart is the capital of the state of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. The sixth-largest city in Germany, Stuttgart has a population of 600,038 while the metropolitan area has a population of 5.3 million ....
). - Rezzonius, Franc. (b. 1731, ComoComoComo is a city and comune in Lombardy, Italy.It is the administrative capital of the Province of Como....
; d. 1780). - Rhegius, UrbanusUrbanus RhegiusUrbanus Henricus Rhegius or Urban Rieger was Protestant Reformer who was active both in Northern and Southern Germany in order to promote Lutheran unity in the Holy Roman Empire.- Life :...
(c. 1535; CelleCelleCelle is a town and capital of the district of Celle, in Lower Saxony, Germany. The town is situated on the banks of the River Aller, a tributary of the Weser and has a population of about 71,000...
). - Rhenferdius, Jac. (b. 1654, MühlheimMühlheimMühlheim may refer to several places in Germany and Austria:*Mühlheim am Main, in Hesse, Germany*Mühlheim an der Donau, in Baden-Württemberg, Germany*Mühlheim am Inn, in Upper Austria, AustriaSee also:*Mülheim an der Ruhr, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany...
; d. 1712, FranekerFranekerFraneker is one of the eleven historical cities of Friesland and capital of the municipality of Franekeradeel. It is located about 20 km west of Leeuwarden on the Van Harinxma Canal. As of 1 January 2006, it had 12,996 inhabitants. The city is famous for the Eisinga Planetarium from around...
). - Ritmeier, Chr. Henr. (c. 1697).
- Rivinius, Tileman Andreas (b. 1601, Halle; d. 1656, LeipzigLeipzigLeipzig Leipzig has always been a trade city, situated during the time of the Holy Roman Empire at the intersection of the Via Regia and Via Imperii, two important trade routes. At one time, Leipzig was one of the major European centres of learning and culture in fields such as music and publishing...
). - Robustellus, Jo. (1655; Rome).
- Rönnow, Magn. (d. 1690).
- Rossi, Giovanni Bernardo deGiovanni Bernardo De RossiGiovanni Bernardo De Rossi was an Italian Christian Hebraist. He studied in Ivrea and Turin. In October 1769, he was appointed professor of Oriental languages at the University of Parma, where he spent the rest of his life...
(1742–1831; Parma).
S
- Sacy, Isaac Silvestre deSilvestre de SacyAntoine Isaac, Baron Silvestre de Sacy , was a French linguist and orientalist. His son, Ustazade Silvestre de Sacy, became a journalist.-Early life:...
(1758–1838; Paris). - Salchli (?), Jo. Jac. (b. 1694, Eggwil; d. 1774, Bern).
- Sartorius, Jo. (b. 1656, Eperies; d. 1729, Danzig).
- Saubert, Jo. (1638–88; HelmstädtHelmstadtHelmstadt is a municipality in the district of Würzburg in Bavaria in Germany....
). - Scheidt, Balth. (1614–70; Strasburg).
- Scherping, Jacob (c. 1737; Stockholm).
- Scherzer, Jo. Adam (b. 1628, Eger; d. 1683, Leipzig).
- Schickard, WilhelmWilhelm SchickardWilhelm Schickard was a German polymath who designed a calculating machine in 1623, twenty years before the Pascaline of Blaise Pascal. Unfortunately a fire destroyed the machine as it was being built in 1624 and Schickard decided to abandon his project...
(b. 1592, HerrenbergHerrenbergHerrenberg is a town in the middle of Baden-Württemberg, about 30 kmsouth of Stuttgart and 20 km from Tübingen. After Sindelfingen, Böblingen, and Leonberg, it is the fourth largest town in the district of Böblingen...
; d. 1635, Tübingen). - Schindler, ValentinValentin SchindlerValentin Schindler was a Lutheran Hebraist and professor of the University of Wittenberg, where he was an important teacher of the Hebrew language. He moved by 1594 to Helmstedt....
(d. 1604; Wittenberg; HelmstädtHelmstadtHelmstadt is a municipality in the district of Würzburg in Bavaria in Germany....
). - Schmidt, SebastianSebastian SchmidtSebastian Schmidt is a German luger who competed from 1998 to 2007. He won the silver medal in the men's doubles event at the 2006 FIL European Luge Championships in Winterberg, Germany.-References:***...
(c. 1656; StrasburgStrasbourgStrasbourg is the capital and principal city of the Alsace region in eastern France and is the official seat of the European Parliament. Located close to the border with Germany, it is the capital of the Bas-Rhin département. The city and the region of Alsace are historically German-speaking,...
). - Schnelle, Sebald (1621–51; NurembergNurembergNuremberg[p] is a city in the German state of Bavaria, in the administrative region of Middle Franconia. Situated on the Pegnitz river and the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal, it is located about north of Munich and is Franconia's largest city. The population is 505,664...
). - Schoettgen, Jo. Christ. (1687–1751).
- Scholl, J. C. F. (Tübingen).
- Schotanus, Christ. (b. 1603, Scheng; d. 1671, Franeker).
- Schramm, Jonas Conr. (c. 1700; Helmstädt).
- Schreckenfuchs, Erasmus OswaldErasmus Oswald SchreckenfuchsErasmus Oswald Schreckenfuchs was an Austrian humanist, astronomer and Hebraist.-Life:He was born in Merckenstein, near Bad Vöslau in Lower Austria, and studied in Vienna, Ingolstadt and Tübingen. He became a student and friend of Sebastian Münster...
(1511–75; Tübingen). - Schroeder, Jo. Joachim (1680–1756; Marburg).
- Schulten, AlbertAlbert Schultens-Biography:He was born at Groningen, where he studied for the church. He went on to the University of Leiden, applying himself specially to Hebrew and the cognate tongues. His dissertation on The Use of Arabic in the Interpretation of Scripture appeared in 1706...
(1686–1750; Holland). - Schulten, Car. (c. 1725; Lund).
- Schulten, Heinrich Albert (1749–93; Holland).
- Schulten, Jo. Jac. (1716–78; Holland).
- Schwenter, DanielDaniel SchwenterDaniel Schwenter was a German Orientalist, mathematician, inventor, poet, and librarian. He was professor of oriental languages and mathematics at the University of Altdorf...
(1585–1636; Nuremberg). - Scotus, Jo. DunsDuns ScotusBlessed John Duns Scotus, O.F.M. was one of the more important theologians and philosophers of the High Middle Ages. He was nicknamed Doctor Subtilis for his penetrating and subtle manner of thought....
(d. 1308, ScotlandScotlandScotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the...
). - Sebastianus, Aug. Nouzanus (c. 1532; Marburg).
- Seidel, Casp. (c. 1638; Hamburg).
- Seiferheld, J. L. (18th cent.).
- Seyfried, Christ. (c. 1664).
- Seyfried, Henr. (c. 1663; AltdorfAltdorfAltdorf may refer to: In Switzerland:*Altdorf, Switzerland, the capital of the canton of Uri , *Altdorf, Schaffhausen, a village in the canton of Schaffhausen ,...
). - Sgambatus, Scipio (c. 1703; Italy).
- Sheringham, RobertRobert Sheringham-Life:He was born in Guestwick, Norfolk. He studied at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, where he was B.A. in 1623, M.A.and Fellow in 1628. He was removed from his fellowship in 1644, but restored in 1660. While in exile, he taught Arabic and Hebrew in Rotterdam.-Works:He suggested a Talmudic...
(b. 1602, GuestwickGuestwickGuestwick is a village and a civil parish in the English county of Norfolk. The village is south-west of Cromer, north-west of Norwich and north-east of London. The village lies west of the nearby town of Aylsham. The village lies far from any High roads. The nearest railway station is at...
; d. 1678, Cambridge). - Siegfried, Carl (b. 1830, MagdeburgMagdeburgMagdeburg , is the largest city and the capital city of the Bundesland of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Magdeburg is situated on the Elbe River and was one of the most important medieval cities of Europe....
; d. Jena). - Smith, ThomasThomas Smith (scholar)Thomas Smith was an English scholar, expelled Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford, and non-juring divine.-Early life and academic career:...
(b. 1638, London; d. 1710). - Sommer, Gottfr. Chris. (c. 1734; Gotha).
- Sonneschmid, Jo. Just. (c. 1719; Jena?).
- Spalding, G. L. (b. 1762, Barth; d. 1811, Friedrichsfelde).
- Sprecher, Jo. Died. (c. 1703; Helmstädt).
- Springer, Daniel (1656–1708; Breslau).
- Staemmen, Christoph. van (c. 1661; Preza-Holsatus?).
- Starke, Heinrich Benedict (b. 1672, Engelen; d. 1717, Leipsic).
- Steinmetz, Joh. Andr. (b. 1689, Gr. Knicymtzd; d. 1762).
- Strack, Herrmann L.Hermann StrackHermann Leberecht Strack was a German Protestant theologian and Orientalist; born at Berlin May 6, 1848. Since 1877 he was assistant professor of Old Testament exegesis and Semitic languages at the University of Berlin. He was the foremost Christian authority in Germany on Talmudic and rabbinic...
(living; Berlin). - Stridzberg, Nic. H. (c. 1731; Lund).
- Struvius, Jo. Jul. (c. 1697; Germany).
- Surenhuys, Willem (d. 1729; Amsterdam).
- Svetonio, Agost. (Italy).
T
- Charles Taylor (scholar)Charles Taylor (scholar)Charles Taylor was an English Christian Hebraist.-Life:He was educated at King's College London, and St. John's College, Cambridge, where graduated BA as 9th wrangler in 1862 and became a fellow of his college in 1864. He became Master of St John's in 1881...
- Francis Taylor (1589-1656)
- Johannes TerentiusJohann SchreckJohann Schreck, also Terrenz or Terrentius Constantiensis, Deng Yuhan Hanpo, Deng Zhen Lohan, was a German Jesuit, missionary to China and polymath...
, or Terrentius, (Jean SchreckJohann SchreckJohann Schreck, also Terrenz or Terrentius Constantiensis, Deng Yuhan Hanpo, Deng Zhen Lohan, was a German Jesuit, missionary to China and polymath...
), Swiss Jesuit (b. 1580, Constance; d. 1630, China). - Theobald (?) (Subprior; 14th cent.; Paris).
- Trigland, Jacobus (d. 1705; Leyden).
- Tychsen, Oluf GerhardOluf Gerhard TychsenOluf Gerhard Tychsen was a German Orientalist and Hebrew scholar. He is known today as one of the founding fathers of Islamic numismatics....
(1734–1815; Rostock).
U
- Ulmann, Jo. (c. 1663; Strasburg).
- Urbanus Henricus Rhegius (Urbanus RhegiusUrbanus RhegiusUrbanus Henricus Rhegius or Urban Rieger was Protestant Reformer who was active both in Northern and Southern Germany in order to promote Lutheran unity in the Holy Roman Empire.- Life :...
) (c. 1535; CelleCelleCelle is a town and capital of the district of Celle, in Lower Saxony, Germany. The town is situated on the banks of the River Aller, a tributary of the Weser and has a population of about 71,000...
). - Ury, Jo. (d. 1796; Oxford).
- Cnaeus Cornelius Uythage (c. 1680; Leyden)
V
- Bartolomè Valverde y Gandìa (Bartholomaeus Valverdius (Spain)
- Varen, Aug. (d. 1684; Rostock).
- Vatablé/Watebled, François (d. 1547; Paris).
- Vehe, Matthias (d.1590).
- Vinding, Jo. Paul (c. 1633; Holland ?).
- Voorst, Dick Cornelis van (b. 1751, Delft; d. 1833, Amsterdam).
- Voss, Dionysius (b. 1612, DordrechtDordrechtDordrecht , colloquially Dordt, historically in English named Dort, is a city and municipality in the western Netherlands, located in the province of South Holland. It is the fourth largest city of the province, having a population of 118,601 in 2009...
; d. 1633, Amsterdam). - Voysin (Vicinus), Jos. de (c. 1635; Paris).
W
- Wagenseil, Johann ChristophJohann Christoph WagenseilJohann Christoph Wagenseil was a German Christian Hebraist.In 1667 he was made professor of history at Altdorf, and was professor of Oriental languages at the same university from 1674 to 1697, after which he occupied the chair of ecclesiastical law until his death...
(1635–1703; AltdorfAltdorfAltdorf may refer to: In Switzerland:*Altdorf, Switzerland, the capital of the canton of Uri , *Altdorf, Schaffhausen, a village in the canton of Schaffhausen ,...
). - Wakefield, RobertRobert Wakefield-Life:He studied at the University of Cambridge, graduating B.A. in 1513-4. He was awarded an M.A. at the University of Leiden in 1519; while there he taught Hebrew at Jerome de Busleyden's Collegium Trilingue. John Fisher was his patron, and in 1519 he also became Fellow of St John's College,...
(d. 1537; Oxford). - Wallin, Georg (c. 1722; Holm).
- Walter, Jo. (c. 1710).
- Walther, Christ. (c. 1705; Königsberg).
- Warner, Levin (d. 1663; Holland).
- Weiganmeier, Georg (1555–99; Tübingen).
- Wessel, Joh. (John Wessel Goesport) (b. 1419, Groningen; d. 1489).
- Widmannstetter, Johann AlbrechtJohann Albrecht WidmannstetterJohann Albrecht Widmannstetter , was a German humanist, orientalist, philologist, and theologian.-Life:...
(b. 1500; d. 1559, Wellingen). - Wilkins, DavidDavid Wilkins (orientalist)David Wilkins , originally named Wilke or Wilkius, was a Prussian orientalist, born in Memel, who settled in England. His 1716 publication of the Coptic New Testament was the editio princeps.-Life:...
(b. 1685; d. 1748, Hadleigh). - Winckler, Jo. Fried. (b. 1679, Wertheim; d. 1738, Germany).
- Winer, Jo. Ge. Bened. (1789–1858; Leipsic).
- Witter, Henr. Bernh. (c. 1703; Germany).
- Woeldicke, Marcus (1699–1750; Copenhagen).
- Wolf (?), Georg (c. 1557; Grimma).
- Wolf, Jo. Christoph. (1688–1739; Hamburg).
- Wolf, Jo. W. (d. 1571; Gera).
- Wolph (?), Jo. Hac. (Zürich).
- Wotton, WilliamWilliam WottonWilliam Wotton was an English scholar, chiefly remembered for his remarkable abilities in learning languages and for his involvement in the Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns. In Wales he is remembered as the collector and first translator of the ancient Welsh laws.-Early years:William Wotton...
(1666–1720; London). - Johann Wülfer (1651–1724; Nuremberg).
- Wünsche, AugustAugust WünscheKarl August Wünsche was a German Christian Hebraist.He devoted his attention almost exclusively to rabbinic literature...
(living; Dresden)
Z
- Zanolini, Antonio (1693–1762; Padua).
- Andreas Christoph Zeller (c. 1711; Maulbronn).
- Gustav Georg Zeltner (1672–1738; Altdorf).
Female Christian Hebraists
- Alberta Katherina (17th cent.; Bohemia).
- Amoena Amalia (wife of Duke Louis; d. 1625, Anhalt).
- Anna Sophia, Abbess (c. 1658; Quedlinburg).
- Anna (Weissbrucker) Urban (16th. cent.).
- Antonia, Duchess (d. 1679; Württemberg).
- Blesilla (5th cent.).
- CalongesCalongesCalonges is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France....
, Madame de. - Cibo—? (wife of Joh. Verano, Duke of Camerino; 1550).
- Cornaro, Piscopia Cornelia (Eleonora Lucretia; (1646–1684) ; VeniceVeniceVenice is a city in northern Italy which is renowned for the beauty of its setting, its architecture and its artworks. It is the capital of the Veneto region...
). - Cramer, Anna Maria (1613–27; Magdeburg).
- Dorothea Maria (wife of Duke John; 17th cent.; Saxe-Weimar).
- Einsiedel, Marg. Sybilla (wife of Conrad Löser; c. 1670; Saxony).
- Elisabeth (Abbess of Herfort; d. 1680).
- Eustochium JuliaEustochiumSaint Eustochium . Born Eustochium Julia at Rome, she was the daughter of Saint Paula and is also venerated as a saint and was an early Desert Mother. She was the third of four daughters of the Roman Senator Toxotius, for whom Jerome made a lot of fanciful claims of ancestry. After the death of...
(5th cent.; Rome). - Friesen, Henr. Kath. (17th cent.; Saxony).
- Guyenne, De (c. 1625; Paris).
- Habert, Susanna (d. 1633; France).
- Lehmann, Maria Barbara (c. 1700; Schnekengrün).
- Losa, Isabella (d. 1564; Cordova).
- Princess Louise Amoena (Princess; 17th cent.; AnhaltAnhaltAnhalt was a sovereign county in Germany, located between the Harz Mountains and the river Elbe in Middle Germany. It now forms part of the state of Saxony-Anhalt.- Dukes of Anhalt :...
). - Ludolf, Susanna Magdalena (c. 1700; Frankfort-on-the-Main).
- Marchina, Martha (d. 1646; NaplesNaplesNaples is a city in Southern Italy, situated on the country's west coast by the Gulf of Naples. Lying between two notable volcanic regions, Mount Vesuvius and the Phlegraean Fields, it is the capital of the region of Campania and of the province of Naples...
). - Maria Eleonore (wife of Ludwig Philipp of Pfalz; c. 1669).
- Maria Elizabeth (daughter of Duke Christian Albrecht; c. 1706; Schleswig-HolsteinSchleswig-HolsteinSchleswig-Holstein is the northernmost of the sixteen states of Germany, comprising most of the historical duchy of Holstein and the southern part of the former Duchy of Schleswig...
). - Molinaea, Maria (17th cent.).
- Molza-Porrino, Tarquinia (d. 1600; ModenaModenaModena is a city and comune on the south side of the Po Valley, in the Province of Modena in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy....
). - Paula, Cornelia (d. 408; Rome).
- Rohan, Anna, Princess of (c. 1634).
- Saracena, Ludovica (wife of Marcus Offredus; c. 1606; France).
- Schurman, Anna Maria (1607–78; Altona).
- Sebutia, Cæcilia (c. 1683; Rome).
- Sigæa, Aloysa (wife of Alfonso du Guevas; d. 1569; ToledoToledo, SpainToledo's Alcázar became renowned in the 19th and 20th centuries as a military academy. At the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936 its garrison was famously besieged by Republican forces.-Economy:...
). - Tanfeld, Elisabeth (d. 1639; London).
- Wagenseil, Helena Sybilla (c. 1700; Altendorf).
Jewish Encyclopedia bibliography
- Moritz SteinschneiderMoritz SteinschneiderMoritz Steinschneider was a Bohemian bibliographer and Orientalist. He received his early instruction in Hebrew from his father, Jacob Steinschneider , who was not only an expert Talmudist, but was also well versed in secular science...
, Christliche Hebraisten, in Zeit. für Hebr. Bibl. i. 50 et seq.; - Gesenius, Gesch. der Hebr. Sprache, passim, Leipsic, 1815;
- ZunzZunzZunz, Zuntz is a Yiddish surname: , Belgian pharmacologist* Leopold Zunz , German Reform rabbi* Gerhard Jack Zunz , British civil engineer- Zuntz :* Nathan Zuntz , German physiologist...
, Z. G. pp. 1 et seq. (re-published in G. S. i. 41 et seq.); - L. Geiger, Studium der Hebraisch Sprache in Deutschland, Breslau, 1870;
- J. Perles, Beiträge zur Geschichte der Hebraisch und Aramaisch Studien, pp. 154 et seq.;
- Meyer KayserlingMeyer KayserlingMeyer Kayserling was a German rabbi and historian.-Life:He was educated at Halberstadt, Nikolsburg , Prague, Würzburg, and Berlin. He devoted himself to history and philosophy...
, Les Hébraisants Chrétiens, in R. E. J. xx. 264 et seq.; - Kaufmann, Die Vertretung der Jüden Wissenschaft an den Universitäten, in Monatsschrift, xxxix. 145 et seq.;
- S. A. Hirsch, Early English Hebraists, in J. Q. R. xii. 34 et seq.;
- Kauffmann, Jacob Mantino, in R. E. J. xxvii. 30 et seq. (comp. J. Q. R. ix. 500);
- E. Sachau, Orientalische Philologie, in Die Deutschen Universitäten, p. 520, Berlin, 1893;
- William RosenauWilliam RosenauWilliam Rosenau was a leader of Reform Judaism in the beginning of the twentieth century in the United States....
, Semitic Studies in American Colleges, Chicago, 1896; - Moritz SteinschneiderMoritz SteinschneiderMoritz Steinschneider was a Bohemian bibliographer and Orientalist. He received his early instruction in Hebrew from his father, Jacob Steinschneider , who was not only an expert Talmudist, but was also well versed in secular science...
, Hebr. Bibl. xx. 65 et seq.; - Kayserling, A Princess as Hebraist, in J. Q. R. ix. 509.G.