Africa

• Sultanate of Fumban, Ngoul I, ruled 1519-1544
• Empire of Ethiopia - Dawit II
  Dawit II of Ethiopia
  Dawit II , enthroned as Emperor Anbasa Segad , better known by his birth name Lebna Dengel was of Ethiopia, and a member of the Solomonic dynasty...
  
   (1508–1540)
• Kingdom of Kongo
  Kingdom of Kongo
  The Kingdom of Kongo was an African kingdom located in west central Africa in what are now northern Angola, Cabinda, the Republic of the Congo, and the western portion of the Democratic Republic of the Congo...
  
  - Alfonso I, Manikongo
  Manikongo
  The Manikongo or MweneKongo was the title of the rulers of the Kingdom of Kongo, a kingdom that existed from the fourteenth to the nineteenth centuries and consisted of land in present-day Angola and the Democratic Republic of Congo...
  
   (1509–1542)
• Imerina - Rangita
  Rangita
  Queen Rangita , also known as Rangitamanjakatrimovavy, was a Vazimba sovereign who ruled at Merimanjaka in the central highlands of Madagascar after her father, King Andrianmpandramanenitra . She was succeeded upon her death by her daughter , Queen Rafohy...
  
  , Queen of Imerina (1520–1530)
• Kingdom of Kano
  Kingdom of Kano
  The Kingdom of Kano was a Hausa kingdom in the north of what is now Nigeria that dates back before 1000 AD, and lasted until the Fulani jihad in 1805. The kingdom was then replaced by the Kano Emirate, subject to the Sokoto Caliphate...
  
  - Muhammad Kisoki (1509–1565)
• Kingdom of Mutapa - Chikuyo Chisamarengu (1494-c. 1530)
• Kingdom of Sennar - Amara Dunqas
  Amara Dunqas
  Amara Dunqas was the first ruler of the Kingdom of Sennar . According to James Bruce, he founded the city of Sennar, after the Wad 'Ajib had been defeated by the Funj in a battle near Arbaji moved the feat of government of Wed Ageeb to Herbagi, that he might be more immediately under their own...
  
   (1503–1533/4)
• Songhai Empire
  Songhai Empire
  The Songhai Empire, also known as the Songhay Empire, was a state located in western Africa. From the early 15th to the late 16th century, Songhai was one of the largest Islamic empires in history. This empire bore the same name as its leading ethnic group, the Songhai. Its capital was the city...
  
  - Askia Mohammad I
  Askia Mohammad I
  Askia the Great was a Soninke emperor of the Songhai Empire in the late 15th century, the successor of Sunni Ali Ber. Askia Muhammad strengthened his country and made it the largest country in West Africa's history...
  
  , Askia of the Songhai Empire (1493–1528)
• Warsangali Sultanate - Gerad Liban (1503–1525)
• Wolof Empire - Bukaar Biye-Sungule (1492–1527)

Americas

• Aztec Empire
  Aztec
  The Aztec people were certain ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who dominated large parts of Mesoamerica in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries, a period referred to as the late post-classic period in Mesoamerican chronology.Aztec is the...
  
  - Cuauhtémoc
  Cuauhtémoc
  Cuauhtémoc was the Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan from 1520 to 1521...
  
   (1520–1521)
  • The last Aztec Emperor surrendered to Spanish conquistador
    Conquistador
    Conquistadors were Spanish soldiers, explorers, and adventurers who brought much of the Americas under the control of Spain in the 15th to 16th centuries, following Europe's discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus in 1492...
    
     Hernán Cortés
    Hernán Cortés
    Hernán Cortés de Monroy y Pizarro, 1st Marquis of the Valley of Oaxaca was a Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th century...
    
    .
• K'iche' Kingdom of Q'umarkaj
  K'iche' Kingdom of Q'umarkaj
  The K'iche' Kingdom of Q'umarkaj was a state in the highlands of modern day Guatemala which was founded by the K'iche' Maya in the thirteenth century, and which expanded through the fifteenth century until it was conquered by Spanish and Nahua forces led by Pedro de Alvarado in 1524.The K'iche'...
  
  - Oxib Keh (1500–1524)
• Inca Empire
  Inca Empire
  The Inca Empire, or Inka Empire , was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The administrative, political and military center of the empire was located in Cusco in modern-day Peru. The Inca civilization arose from the highlands of Peru sometime in the early 13th century...
  
  - Huayna Capac
  Huayna Capac
  Huayna Capac was the eleventh Sapa Inca of the Inca Empire and sixth of the Hanan dynasty. He was the successor to Tupac Inca Yupanqui.-Name:In Quechua, his name is spelled Wayna Qhapaq, and in Southern Quechua, it is Vaina Ghapakh...
  
   (1493–1527)
• Tarascan Kingdom
  Tarascan state
  The Tarascan state was a state in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, roughly covering the geographic area of the present-day Mexican state of Michoacán. At the time of the Spanish conquest of Mexico it was the second-largest state in Mexico. The state was founded in the early 14th century and lost its...
  
  - Tangaxuan II
  Tangaxuan II
  Tzimtzincha-Tangaxuan II was the last monarch of the Tarascan state, the kingdom of the P'urhépecha from 1520–1530. He was baptized Francisco when his realm made a peace treaty with Hernán Cortés. He was executed by burning by Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán....
  
   (1520–1530)

Asia

• Aceh Sultanate
  Aceh Sultanate
  The Sultanate of Aceh, officially the Kingdom of Aceh Darussalam was a sultanate centered in the modern area of Aceh Province, Sumatra, Indonesia, which was a major regional power in the 16th and 17th centuries, before experiencing a long period of decline...
  
  - Ali Mughayat Syah
  Ali Mughayat Syah
  Ali Mughayat Syah was the first sultan of Aceh, reigning from c. 1514 until his death. He is considered the founder of the Aceh, and is presumed to be the same person or a relative of "Syah Pau Ling" of Champa, the son of the King of Champa Syah Pau Kubah, who fled Champa when the Vietnamese...
  
  n (c. 1514-1530)
• Ava Kingdom
  Ava Kingdom
  The Ava Kingdom was the dominant kingdom that ruled upper Burma from 1364 to 1555. Founded in 1364, the kingdom was the successor state to the petty kingdoms that had ruled central Burma since the collapse of Pagan Empire in the late 13th century...
  
  - Shwenankyawshin
  Shwenankyawshin
  Shwenankyawshin Narapati was the last sovereign king of Ava who reigned 25 tumultuous years between 1502 and 1527. A confederation of Shan states led by Mohnyin continued their relentless attacks, and gradually absorbed Avan territory from the north, while their ally Prome took Avan territory in...
  
   (1501–1527)
• Bhaktapur
  Bhaktapur
  Bhaktapur , also Bhadgaon or Khwopa is an ancient Newar town in the east corner of the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. It is located in Bhaktapur District in the Bagmati Zone...
  
  - Prana Malla
  Prana Malla
  Prana Malla was a Malla Dynasty King of Bhaktapur, Nepal from 1519 to 1547. Unlike many of the other Malla rulers, there is little evidence today that this king was particularly active in construction developments in the Durbar Square in Bhaktapur.-References:...
  
  , King of Bhaktapur (1519–1547)
• Brunei
  Brunei
  Brunei , officially the State of Brunei Darussalam or the Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace , is a sovereign state located on the north coast of the island of Borneo, in Southeast Asia...
  
  - Bolkiah
  Bolkiah
  Sultan Bolkiah was the fifth Sultan of Brunei. He ascended the throne of Brunei upon the abdication of his father, Sultan Sulaiman. He ruled Brunei from 1485 to 1524. His reign was known as the Golden Age because Brunei became the superpower of the Malay archipelago...
  
  , Sultan (1485–1524)
• Cambodia (Kingdom of Charktomok) - Chey Chettha Thirach, ruled 1512-1525
• Cebu
  Cebu
  Cebu is a province in the Philippines, consisting of Cebu Island and 167 surrounding islands. It is located to the east of Negros, to the west of Leyte and Bohol islands...
  
  - Rajah Humabon
  Rajah Humabon
  Rajah Humabon was the Rajah of Cebu at the time of Portuguese explorer, Ferdinand Magellan's arrival in the Philippines in 1521. There is no official record of his existence before the Spanish arrival, but extensive narration by Italian historian Antonio Pigafetta was made on Humabon and the...
  
  
• China (Ming Dynasty
  Ming Dynasty
  The Ming Dynasty, also Empire of the Great Ming, was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty. The Ming, "one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history", was the last dynasty in China ruled by ethnic...
  
  ) -
  1. Zhengde Emperor
     Zhengde Emperor
     The Zhengde Emperor was emperor of China between 1505-1521. Born Zhu Houzhao, he was the Hongzhi Emperor's eldest son...
     
      (1505–1521)
  2. Jiajing Emperor
     Jiajing Emperor
     The Jiajing Emperor was the 11th Ming Dynasty Emperor of China who ruled from 1521 to 1567. Born Zhu Houcong, he was the former Zhengde Emperor's cousin...
     
      (1521–1567)
• Cochin
  Kingdom of Cochin
  Kingdom of Cochin was a late medieval Hindu kingdom and later Princely State on the Malabar Coast, South India...
  
  - Unniraman Koyikal II, King of Cochin (1503-1537)
• Hanthawaddy Kingdom
  Hanthawaddy Kingdom
  The Hanthawaddy Kingdom was the dominant kingdom that ruled lower Burma from 1287 to 1539. The Mon-speaking kingdom was founded as Ramannadesa by King Wareru following the collapse of the Pagan Empire in 1287 as a nominal vassal state of Sukhothai Kingdom, and of the Mongol Yuan dynasty...
  
  - Binnya Ran II
  Binnya Ran II
  Binnya Ran II was the 17th king of Hanthawaddy for 34 years from 1492 to 1526. He was revered for his gentleness although his first act as king was to enforce the massacre of the kinsmen, putting all the royal offspring to death....
  
   (1492–1526)
• Japan (Sengoku period)
  Sengoku period
  The or Warring States period in Japanese history was a time of social upheaval, political intrigue, and nearly constant military conflict that lasted roughly from the middle of the 15th century to the beginning of the 17th century. The name "Sengoku" was adopted by Japanese historians in reference...
  
  
  • Monarch - Emperor Go-Kashiwabara
    Emperor Go-Kashiwabara
    Emperor Go-Kashiwabara was the 104th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. He reigned from November 16, 1500 to May 19, 1526. His personal name was Katsuhito...
    
     (1500–1526)
  • Shogun
    Shogun
    A was one of the hereditary military dictators of Japan from 1192 to 1867. In this period, the shoguns, or their shikken regents , were the de facto rulers of Japan though they were nominally appointed by the emperor...
    
     (Ashikaga
    Ashikaga shogunate
    The , also known as the , was a Japanese feudal military regime, ruled by the shoguns of the Ashikaga clan.This period is also known as the Muromachi period and gets its name from Muromachi Street of Kyoto where the third shogun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu established his residence...
    
    ) -
    1. Ashikaga Yoshitane
       Ashikaga Yoshitane
       , also known as Ashikaga Yoshiki , was the 10th shogun of the Ashikaga shogunate who headed the shogunate first from 1490 to 1493 and then again from 1508 to 1521 during the Muromachi period of Japan....
       
        (1508–1521)
    2. Ashikaga Yoshiharu
       Ashikaga Yoshiharu
       was the 12th shogun of the Ashikaga shogunate who held the reins of supreme power from 1521 through 1546 during the late Muromachi period of Japan...
       
        (1521–1546)
• Kantipur
  Kantipur
  Kantipur TV is a television network of Kantipur Publication of Nepal. This Publication House has a number of other notable publications such as The Katmandu Post, and kantipur daily....
  
  - Surya Malla, King of Kantipur (1520–1530)
• Kedah Sultanate
  Kedah Sultanate
  The Sultanate of Kedah was the earliest sultanate on the Malay Peninsula and one of the oldest Sultanates in the world, founded in year 1136.-Kedah Kingdom:...
  
  - Sultan Mahmud Shah II
  Sultan Mahmud Shah II
  -External links:*...
  
   (1506–1546)
• Sultanate of Kelantan - Paduka Sri Sultan Mansur Shah ibni al-Marhum Sultan Iskandar Shah (1467–1522)
• Khanate of Khiva
  Khanate of Khiva
  The Khanate of Khiva was the name of a Uzbek state that existed in the historical region of Khwarezm from 1511 to 1920, except for a period of Persian occupation by Nadir Shah between 1740–1746. It was the patrilineal descendants of Shayban , the fifth son of Jochi and grandson of Genghis Khan...
  
  - Ilbars I (1515–1525)
• Korea (Joseon Dynasty)
  Joseon Dynasty
  Joseon , was a Korean state founded by Taejo Yi Seong-gye that lasted for approximately five centuries. It was founded in the aftermath of the overthrow of the Goryeo at what is today the city of Kaesong. Early on, Korea was retitled and the capital was relocated to modern-day Seoul...
  
  - Jungjong
  Jungjong of Joseon
  Jungjong of Joseon , born Yi Yeok, ruled during the 16th century in what is now Korea. He succeeded his half-brother, Yeonsangun, because of the latter's tyranical misrule, which culminated in a coup placing Jungjong on the throne.-Jo Gwang-jo's reforms:On the day Yeonsangun was deposed, soldiers...
  
   (1506–1544)
• Limasawa - Rajah Colambu
• Maldives
  Maldives
  The Maldives , , officially Republic of Maldives , also referred to as the Maldive Islands, is an island nation in the Indian Ocean formed by a double chain of twenty-six atolls oriented north-south off India's Lakshadweep islands, between Minicoy Island and...
  
  - Sultan Kalu Mohamed (1513–1529)
• Mrauk-U - Min Raza, ruled (1501–1523)
• Mughalistan - Sultan Said Khan
  Sultan Said Khan
  Sultan Said Khan ruled the state of Yarkand in Uyghurstan/Eastern Turkestan from September, 1514, to July, 1533. He was born in 1487 in Moghulistan and was a direct descendant of the first Moghul Khan, Tughlugh Timur, who had founded the state of Moghulistan in 1348...
  
  , Khan of Mughalistan
  Chagatai Khans
  The Chagatai Khans were the heads of the Chagatai ulus from Chagatai Khan's inheritance of the state in 1227 to their removal from power by the Dzungars and their vassals in 1687...
  
   (1514–1533)
• Sultanate of Maguindanao - Sharif Kabungsuwan
  Sharif Kabungsuwan
  Shariff Muhammed Kabungsuwan was the first Sultan of Maguindanao in the Philippines. A native of Johor in Maritime Southeast Asia, Kabungsuwan re-settled in Mindanao in the Philippines where he preached Islam to the native tribes around the region....
  
   (1520–1543)
• Ryūkyū Kingdom
  Ryukyu Kingdom
  The Ryūkyū Kingdom was an independent kingdom which ruled most of the Ryukyu Islands from the 15th century to the 19th century. The Kings of Ryūkyū unified Okinawa Island and extended the kingdom to the Amami Islands in modern-day Kagoshima Prefecture, and the Sakishima Islands near Taiwan...
  
  - Shō Shin
  Sho Shin
  ' was a king of the Ryūkyū Kingdom, the third of the line of the Second Shō Dynasty. Shō Shin's long reign has been described as "the Great Days of Chūzan", a period of great peace and relative prosperity. He was the son of Shō En, the founder of the dynasty, by Yosoidon, Shō En's second wife,...
  
   (1477–1526)
• Pattani Kingdom
  Pattani kingdom
  Pattani or Sultanate of Pattani was a Malay sultanate that covered approximately the area of the modern Thai provinces of Pattani, Yala, Narathiwat and much of the northern part of modern Malaysia. The King of Patani is believed to have converted to Islam some time during the 11th century...
  
  - Sultan Ismail Shah (bef. 1516-c. 1530)
• Prome Kingdom
  Prome Kingdom
  The Prome Kingdom was a kingdom that existed for six decades between 1482 and 1542 in the present-day central Burma . Based out of the city of Prome , the minor kingdom was one of the several statelets that broke away from the dominant Ava Kingdom in the late 15th century...
  
  - Thadow Minsaw (1482–1527)
• Sibir Khanate - Kuluk (1502–1530)
• Sultanate of Sulu - Amir ul-Umara (1505–1527)
• Sunda Kingdom
  Sunda Kingdom
  The Sunda Kingdom was a Hindu kingdom located on the western part of Java from 669 to around 1579, covering areas of present-day Banten, Jakarta, West Java, and the western part of Central Java...
  
  -
  1. Sri Baduga Maharaja (1482–1521)
  2. Prabu Surawisesa Jayaperkosa (1521–1535)
• Sultanate of Ternate
  Sultanate of Ternate
  The Sultanate of Ternate was originally named the Kingdom of Gapi, but later change the name base of its capital, Ternate. The sultanate is one of the oldest Muslim kingdoms in Indonesia, established by Baab Mashur Malamo in 1257...
  
  - Bayanullah (1500–1522)
• Kingdom of Tondo and Kingdom of Namayan
  Kingdom of Namayan
  The ancient Kingdom of Namayan, alternately referred to as the Kingdom of Sapa, Maysapan or Nasapan after its capital which goes by those names, was one of three major kingdoms that dominated the area around the upper portion of the Pasig River and the coast of Laguna Lake in the Philippines before...
  
  - Rajah Sulaiman I
  Rajah Sulaiman I
  Sulaiman I also known as Salalila , was a Rajah of Tondo. A son of Dayang Kalangitan and Gat Lontok, Sulaiman I's reign marked a golden age in the history of Tondo...
  
  , Rajah (1515–1558)
• Tibet
  Tibet
  Tibet is a plateau region in Asia, north-east of the Himalayas. It is the traditional homeland of the Tibetan people as well as some other ethnic groups such as Monpas, Qiang, and Lhobas, and is now also inhabited by considerable numbers of Han and Hui people...
  
  - Ngawang Tashi Drakpa
  Ngawang Tashi Drakpa
  Ngawang Tashi Drakpa was a king of Tibet who ruled intermittently in 1499-1564. He belonged to the Phagmodrupa dynasty which was the dominating regime in Tibet from 1354 to 1435 and maintained a degree of authority until the early 17th century...
  
  , King of Tiber (1499–1564)
• Toungoo
  Toungoo Dynasty
  The Toungoo Dynasty was the ruling dynasty of Burma from the mid-16th century to 1752. Its early kings Tabinshwehti and Bayinnaung succeeded in reunifying the Pagan Empire for the first time since 1287, and in incorporating the Shan States for the first time...
  
  - Mingyinyo
  Mingyinyo
  Mingyinyo was the founder of Toungoo dynasty of Burma . Under his 44-year leadership , Toungoo , grew from a remote backwater vassal state of Ava Kingdom to a small but stable independent kingdom. In 1510, he declared Toungoo's independence from its nominal overlord Ava. He skillfully kept his...
  
  , King (1510–1531)
• Uyghurstan - Mansur Khan
  Mansur Khan (Moghul Khan)
  Mansur Khan , was the khan of Eastern Moghulistan from 1503 until his death. He was the eldest son of Ahmad Alach.-Life:...
  
   (1503–1543)
• Vietnam - Lê Chiêu Tông
  Lê Chiêu Tông
  Lê Chiêu Tông was a king of the Lê Dynasty of Vietnam who ruled from 1516 to 1526. He was the son of Lê Sùng and nephew of the preceding king Lê Tuong Duc. As Lê Tuong Duc was assassinated in 1516, the young Lê Chieu Tông was put on the throne...
  
  , King of Vietnam (1516–1524)

Balkans

• Montenegro
  Montenegro
  Montenegro Montenegrin: Crna Gora Црна Гора , meaning "Black Mountain") is a country located in Southeastern Europe. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea to the south-west and is bordered by Croatia to the west, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the northwest, Serbia to the northeast and Albania to the...
  
  - Vladika German II, Prince-Bishop of Montenegro (1520–1530)
• Duchy of Naxos - John IV Crispo (1517–1564)
• Ottoman (Turkish) Empire
  Ottoman Empire
  The Ottoman EmpireIt was usually referred to as the "Ottoman Empire", the "Turkish Empire", the "Ottoman Caliphate" or more commonly "Turkey" by its contemporaries...
  
  - Süleyman I, the Magnificent (1520–1566)
• Republic of Ragusa
  Republic of Ragusa
  The Republic of Ragusa or Republic of Dubrovnik was a maritime republic centered on the city of Dubrovnik in Dalmatia , that existed from 1358 to 1808...
  
  -
  1. Antun Bunić, Rector of Ragusa (1520–1521)
  2. Jako Bunić, Rector of Ragusa (1521–1522)
• Rhodes
  Rhodes
  Rhodes is an island in Greece, located in the eastern Aegean Sea. It is the largest of the Dodecanese islands in terms of both land area and population, with a population of 117,007, and also the island group's historical capital. Administratively the island forms a separate municipality within...
  
  -
  1. Fabrizio del Carretto, Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller (1513–1521)
  2. Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam
     Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam
     Fra' Philippe de Villiers de L'Isle-Adam was a prominent member of the Knights Hospitaller at Rhodes and later Malta. Having risen to the position of Prior of the Langue of Auvergne, he was elected 44th Grand Master of the Order in 1521.He commanded the Order during Sultan Suleiman's long and...
     
     , Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller (1521–1534)
• Principality of Zeta
  Principality of Zeta
  Zeta was a medieval state, which territory encompassed parts of present-day Montenegro and Northernwestern Albania. From 1360. to 1421. Zeta was independent state administered by local noble family Balšić. From 1185. to 1360. and from 1421. - 1451, Zeta was province of medieval Serbia...
  
  - Stjepan Berislavić (1514–1521)

Central Europe

• Kingdom of Hungary
  Kingdom of Hungary
  The Kingdom of Hungary comprised present-day Hungary, Slovakia and Croatia , Transylvania , Carpatho Ruthenia , Vojvodina , Burgenland , and other smaller territories surrounding present-day Hungary's borders...
  
  - Louis II
  Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia
  Louis II was King of Hungary, Bohemia and Croatia from 1516 to 1526.- Early life :Louis was the son of Ladislaus II Jagiellon and his third wife, Anne de Foix....
  
   (1516–1526)
  • Croatia
    Croatia
    Croatia , officially the Republic of Croatia , is a unitary democratic parliamentary republic in Europe at the crossroads of the Mitteleuropa, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean. Its capital and largest city is Zagreb. The country is divided into 20 counties and the city of Zagreb. Croatia covers ...
    
    - Ivan Karlović
    Ivan Karlovic
    Ivan Karlović was the Ban of Croatia from 1521 to 1524 and again from 1527 to 1531. Karlović's seat was in Medvedgrad....
    
    , Ban of Croatia (1521–1524)
  • Transylvania
    Transylvania
    Transylvania is a historical region in the central part of Romania. Bounded on the east and south by the Carpathian mountain range, historical Transylvania extended in the west to the Apuseni Mountains; however, the term sometimes encompasses not only Transylvania proper, but also the historical...
    
    - John Zápolya
    John Zápolya
    John Zápolya was King of Hungary from 1526 to 1540. His rule was disputed by Archduke Ferdinand I, who also claimed the title King of Hungary between 1526 and 1540. He was the voivode of Transylvania before his coronation.- Biography :...
    
    , Voivode of Transylvania (1511–1526)
• Grand Duchy of Lithuania
  Grand Duchy of Lithuania
  The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a European state from the 12th /13th century until 1569 and then as a constituent part of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1791 when Constitution of May 3, 1791 abolished it in favor of unitary state. It was founded by the Lithuanians, one of the polytheistic...
  
  - Sigismund I the Old
  Sigismund I the Old
  Sigismund I of Poland , of the Jagiellon dynasty, reigned as King of Poland and also as the Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1506 until 1548...
  
   (1506–1548)
• Kingdom of Poland
  Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)
  The Kingdom of Poland of the Jagiellons was the Polish state created by the accession of Jogaila , Grand Duke of Lithuania, to the Polish throne in 1386. The Union of Krewo or Krėva Act, united Poland and Lithuania under the rule of a single monarch...
  
  - Sigismund I the Old
  Sigismund I the Old
  Sigismund I of Poland , of the Jagiellon dynasty, reigned as King of Poland and also as the Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1506 until 1548...
  
   (1506–1548)

Holy Roman Empire

• Principality of Anhalt-Dessau - Joachim I
  Joachim I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau
  Joachim I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau , was a German prince of the House of Ascania and ruler of the principality of Anhalt-Dessau...
  
   (1516–1544)
• Anhalt-Köthen
  Anhalt-Köthen
  Anhalt-Köthen has existed on two separate occasions. The first state was created in 1396 when the Anhalt-Zerbst was partitioned between Anhalt-Dessau and Anhalt-Köthen. The first creation lasted until 1552 when it was inherited by Anhalt-Dessau....
  
  - Wolfgang, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen (1508–1562)
• Prince-Bishopric of Augsburg
  Prince-Bishopric of Augsburg
  The Prince-Bishopric of Augsburg was one of the prince-bishoprics of the Holy Roman Empire, which belonged to the Swabian Circle.-Early period:...
  
  - Christoph von Stadion (1517–1543)
• Margraviate of Baden-Baden - Bernard III (1515–1536)
• Margraviate of Baden-Durlach - Ernest (1515–1553)
• Margraviate of Baden-Sponheim - Philip I (1515–1533)
• Prince-Bishopric of Bamberg
  Prince-Bishopric of Bamberg
  The Bishopric of Bamberg was established in 1007, to further expand the spread of Christianity in Germany. The ecclesiastical state was a member of the Holy Roman Empire from about 1245 until it was subsumed to the Electorate of Bavaria in 1802...
  
  - Georg III Schenk von Limpurg, Bishop of Bamberg (1505–1522)
• Duchy of Bavaria
  Duchy of Bavaria
  The Duchy of Bavaria was the only one of the stem duchies from the earliest days of East Francia and the Kingdom of Germany to preserve both its name and most of its territorial extent....
  
  - Louis X
  Louis X, Duke of Bavaria
  Louis X , was Duke of Bavaria , together with his older brother William IV, Duke of Bavaria...
  
   (1516–1545)
• Bentheim-Bentheim
  Bentheim-Bentheim
  Bentheim-Bentheim was a County of southeastern Lower Saxony, Germany. The borders of Bentheim-Bentheim by 1806 were the modern borders of the District of Bentheim. It was one of the original partitions of the County of Bentheim in 1277, and it partitioned between itself and Bentheim-Steinfurt in 1454...
  
  - Eberwin II, Count of Bentheim (1473–1530)
• Bentheim-Steinfurt
  Bentheim-Steinfurt
  Bentheim-Steinfurt was a County of Germany, located in northwestern North Rhine-Westphalia in the region surrounding Steinfurt. Bentheim-Steinfurt was a partition of Bentheim-Bentheim...
  
  - Arnold II, count of Bentheim-Steinfurt (1498–1544)
• Electorate of Brandenburg - Joachim I Nestor (1499–1535)
• Duchy of Brunswick and Lunenburg, Calenberg line - Eric I
  Eric I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
  Eric I, the Elder was Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg from 1495 and the reigning prince of Calenberg-Göttingen.- Ancestry :Eric I was born on 16 February 1470 in Neustadt am Rübenberge at the castle of Rovenburg....
  
   (1494–1544)
• Duchy of Brunswick and Lunenburg, Grubenhagen line -
  • Henry IV (1479–1526)
  • Philip I, ruled as Prince of Grubenhagen in other parts of that realm
• Duchy of Brunswick and Lunenburg, Wolfenbüttel line
  Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
  The Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel was a subdivision of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, whose history was characterised by numerous divisions and reunifications. Various dynastic lines of the House of Welf ruled Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel until the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806...
  
  - Henry V
  Henry V, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
  Henry , Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, called the Younger, was Prince of Wolfenbüttel from 1514 until his death...
  
   (1514–1558)
  • County of Hoya - Jobst II (1507–1545)
• Bishopric of Cammin -
  1. Martin Karith (1499–1521)
  2. Erasmus von Manteuffel-Arnhausen (1521–1544)
• United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg -
  1. John II
     John II, Duke of Cleves
     John II, "The Pious" or "The Babymaker", Duke of Cleves, Count of Mark, was a son of John I, Duke of Cleves and Elizabeth of Nevers. He ruled Cleves from 1481 to his death in 1521...
     
      (1481–1521)
  2. John III
     John III, Duke of Cleves
     John III the Peaceful, Duke of Cleves and Count of Mark was a son of John II, Duke of Cleves and Matilda of Hesse, daughter of Henry III, Landgrave of Upper Hesse.John III became Regent of the United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg in 1521, and Lord of Ravensberg in 1528.John represented...
     
      (1521–1539), Duke of Jülich beginning in 1511.
• Electorate of Cologne - Herman V
  Hermann of Wied
  Hermann of Wied was the Archbishop-Elector of Cologne from 1515 to 1546.-Biography:The fourth son of Frederick, count of Wied , Hermann was educated for the Church, he became elector and archbishop in 1515. He supported the claims of Charles V, whom he crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle in 1520...
  
   (1515–1546)
• Bishopric of Constance
  Bishopric of Constance
  The Bishopric of Constance was a diocese of the Roman Catholic Church and ecclesiastical state of the Holy Roman Empire that existed from about 585 until 1821. Its seat was Konstanz at the western end of Lake Constance in the south-west corner of Germany...
  
  - Hugo von Hohenlandenberg
  Hugo von Hohenlandenberg
  Hugo von Hohenlandenberg was Bishop of Konstanz from 1496 to 1529, and again in 1530 and 1531 until his death in 1532.-Biography:...
  
  (1496–1532)
• Bishopric of Freising - Philipp von der Pfalz (1499–1541)
• East Frisia
  East Frisia
  East Frisia or Eastern Friesland is a coastal region in the northwest of the German federal state of Lower Saxony....
  
  - Edzard I the Great
  Edzard I, Count of East Frisia
  Edzard I, also Edzard the Great, was count of East Frisia from 1491 till his death in 1528.Edzard succeeded his brother Enno in 1492. He fought with George, Duke of Saxony over Friesland and Groningen...
  
  , Count of East Frisia (1491–1528)
• Fürstenberg-Baar
  Fürstenberg-Baar
  Fürstenberg-Baar was a County of medieval Germany, located in southern Baden-Württemberg in the historical territory of Baar. It was created as a partition of Fürstenberg-Fürstenberg in 1441. It inherited the County of Fürstenberg-Geisingen in 1483, and Fürstenberg-Wolfach in 1490...
  
  - Frederick III, Count of Fürstenberg-Baar (1509–1559)
• Duchy of Guelders - Charles
  Charles, Duke of Guelders
  Charles of Egmond was Duke of Guelders, Count of Zutphen between 1492 and his death. He was the son of Adolf of Egmond and Catharine of Bourbon...
  
   (1492–1538)
• Landgraviate of Hesse
  Landgraviate of Hesse
  The Landgraviate of Hesse was a Landgraviate of the Holy Roman Empire. It existed as a unity from 1264 to 1567, when it was divided between the sons of Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse.-History:...
  
  - Philip I
  Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse
  Philip I of Hesse, , nicknamed der Großmütige was a leading champion of the Protestant Reformation and one of the most important of the early Protestant rulers in Germany....
  
   (1509–1567)
• Hohenzollern - Eitel Frederick III, Count of Hohenzollern (1512–1525)
• Duchy of Holstein - Christian II
  Christian II of Denmark
  Christian II was King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden , during the Kalmar Union.-Background:...
  
   (1513–1523) and Frederick I
  Frederick I of Denmark
  Frederick I of Denmark and Norway was the King of Denmark and Norway. The name is also spelled Friedrich in German, Frederik in Danish, and Fredrik in Swedish and Norwegian...
  
   (1490–1533) in condominial rule
• Holstein-Pinneberg - Antonius of Schaumburg, Count of Holstein-Pinneberg (1510–1526)
• Königsegg
  Königsegg
  Königsegg was a German statelet of southeastern Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Königsegg emerged in 1192 as a Lordship, and was raised to a Barony in 1470...
  
  - John IV, Baron of Königsegg (1500–1544)
• Prince-Bishopric of Liège - Erard de La Marck
  Erard de la Marck
  Erard de la Marck was prince-bishop of Liège from 1506 till 1538. He was the third son of Robert I de la Marck, lord of Sedan and Bouillon....
  
   (1506–1538)
• Principality of Lippe
  Principality of Lippe
  Lippe was a historical state in Germany. It was located between the Weser River and the southeast part of the Teutoburg forest.-History:...
  
  - Simon V, Lord of Lippe (1511–1536)
• Mecklenburg-Schwerin
  Mecklenburg-Schwerin
  Mecklenburg-Schwerin was a duchy in northern Germany created in 1348, when Albert II of Mecklenburg and his younger brother John were raised to Dukes of Mecklenburg by King Charles IV...
  
  - Henry V, Duke of Mecklenburg (1503–1552)
• Mindelheim
  Mindelheim
  Mindelheim is a town in the German Bundesland of Bavaria. The town is the capital of the Unterallgäu district. At various points in history it was the chief settlement of an eponymous state.- Geography :...
  
  - Georg von Frundsberg
  Georg von Frundsberg
  Georg von Frundsberg was a South German knight and Landsknecht leader in the service of the Imperial Habsburg dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire....
  
  , Lord of Mindelheim (1478–1528)
• Prince-Bishopric of Münster - Eric II of Saxe-Lauenburg, Bishop of Münster (1508–1522)
• Nassau-Dillenburg - Henry III
  Henry III of Nassau-Breda
  Count Henry III of Nassau-Dillenburg-Dietz , Lord of Breda, Lord of the Lek, of Diest, etc. was a count of the House of Nassau....
  
  , Count of Nassau-Dillenburg (1516–1538)
• Nassau-Weilburg - Louis I, Count of Nassau-Weilburg (1492–1523)
• Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein
  House of Nassau
  The House of Nassau is a diversified aristocratic dynasty in Europe. It is named after the lordship associated with Nassau Castle, located in present-day Nassau, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. The lords of Nassau were originally titled Count of Nassau, then elevated to the princely class as...
  
  - Philipp I, Count of Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein (1511–1558)
• Nassau-Saarbrücken - John Louis I, Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken (1472–1545)
• Palatinate-Neuburg
  Palatinate-Neuburg
  Palatinate-Neuburg is a former territory of the Holy Roman Empire, founded in 1505. Its capital was Neuburg an der Donau. Its area was about 2,750 km², with a population of some 100,000.-History:...
  
  - Otto Henry
  Otto Henry, Elector Palatine
  Otto-Henry, Elector Palatine, a member of the Wittelsbach dynasty was Count Palatine of Palatinate-Neuburg from 1505 to 1559 and prince elector of the Palatinate from 1556 to 1559...
  
  , Count Palatinate of Neuburg (1505–1559)
• Oettingen-Oettingen - Wolfgang I
  Wolfgang I of Oettingen
  Wolfgang I of Oettingen was a Count of Oettingen-Oettingen.He was third son of Count Wilhelm of Oettingen and his wife Beatrice della Scala from the family of Scaliger. He was a Count of Oettingen after the death of his brother John II of Oettingen, who died in 1519 without male heirs...
  
  , Count of Oettingen-Oettingen (1467–1522)
• Ortenburg-Neuortenburg
  Ortenburg-Neuortenburg
  Ortenburg-Neuortenburg was a minor county and Imperial State in present-day Lower Bavaria, Germany. It was located on the lands around Ortenburg Castle, about west of Passau...
  
  - Ulrich II, Count of Ortenburg-Neuortenburg (1495–1524)
• Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück
  Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück
  The Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück was a prince-bishopric centred on the Roman Catholic Diocese of Osnabrück. The diocese was erected in 772 and is the oldest see founded by Charlemagne, in order to Christianize the conquered stem-duchy of Saxony....
  
  - Erich von Braunschweig-Grubenhagen, Prince-Bishop of Osnabrück (1508–1532)
• Prince-Bishopric of Paderborn - Erich von Braunschweig-Grubenhagen, Bishop of Paderborn (1508–1532)
• Duchy of Pomerania
  Duchy of Pomerania
  The Duchy of Pomerania was a duchy in Pomerania on the southern coast of the Baltic Sea, ruled by dukes of the House of Pomerania ....
  
  - Bogislaw X
  Bogislaw X, Duke of Pomerania
  Bogislaw X of Pomerania, the Great, was Duke of Pomerania from 1474 until his death in 1523.Bogislaw was born in Rügenwalde into the House of Pomerania . His father was Eric II, Duke of Pomerania-Wolgast, his mother was the duchess Sophia of Pomerania, both distant relatives of the House of...
  
   (1474–1523)
• Prince-Bishopric of Regensburg - Johann III von der Pfalz, Prince-Bishop of Regensburg (1507–1538)
• County Palatinate of the Rhine - Louis V, Elector Palatine
  Louis V, Elector Palatine
  Louis V, Count Palatine of the Rhine ; a member of the Wittelsbach dynasty was prince elector of the Palatinate....
  
   (1508–1544)
• Archbishopric of Salzburg
  Archbishopric of Salzburg
  The Archbishopric of Salzburg was an ecclesiastical State of the Holy Roman Empire, its territory roughly congruent with the present-day Austrian state of Salzburg....
  
  - Matthäus Lang von Wellenburg
  Matthäus Lang von Wellenburg
  Matthäus Lang von Wellenburg was a statesman of the Holy Roman Empire, a Cardinal and Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg from 1519 to his death....
  
   (1519–1540)
• Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg
  Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg
  The Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg between the 14th and 17th centuries), later also known as the Duchy of Lauenburg, was a reichsfrei duchy that existed 1296–1803 and 1814–1876 in the extreme southeast region of what is now Schleswig-Holstein...
  
  - Magnus I
  Magnus I, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg
  Magnus I of Saxe-Lauenburg was a Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg from the House of Ascania.-Life:...
  
   (1507–1543)
• Electorate of Saxony
  Electorate of Saxony
  The Electorate of Saxony , sometimes referred to as Upper Saxony, was a State of the Holy Roman Empire. It was established when Emperor Charles IV raised the Ascanian duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg to the status of an Electorate by the Golden Bull of 1356...
  
  - Frederick III
  Frederick III, Elector of Saxony
  Frederick III of Saxony , also known as Frederick the Wise , was Elector of Saxony from 1486 to his death. Frederick was the son of Ernest, Elector of Saxony and his wife Elisabeth, daughter of Albert III, Duke of Bavaria...
  
   (1486–1525)
• County of Sayn - John IV (1498–1529)
• Schwarzenberg
  Schwarzenberg
  - People :* House of Schwarzenberg, Frankish and Bohemian aristocratic family which was first mentioned in 1172** Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg , Field Marshal in Austrian service during the Napoleonic Wars...
  
  - Wilhelm I, Baron of Schwarzenberg (1510–1526)
• Stadion
  Stadion (state)
  Stadion was a statelet of the Holy Roman Empire, located around Thannhausen in the present-day Bavarian administrative region of Swabia, Germany....
  
  - John, Lord of Stadion (1507–1530)
• Electorate of Trier - Richard Greiffenklau zu Vollraths (1511–1531)
• County of Wied - John I (1487–1533)
• Zweibrücken
  Zweibrücken
  Zweibrücken is a city in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, on the Schwarzbach river.- Name :Zweibrücken appears in Latin texts as Geminus Pons and Bipontum, in French texts as Deux-Ponts. The name derives from Middle High German Zweinbrücken...
  
  - Louis II, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken
  Louis II, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken
  Louis II of Zweibrücken was Count Palatine and Duke of Zweibrücken from 1514 to 1532.He was the son of Alexander, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken and his wife Margarete of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein. He was married in 1525 to Elisabeth of Hesse, daughter of William I, Landgrave of Lower Hesse, and they...
  
   (1514–1532)

Italy

• Duchy of Ferrara
  Duchy of Ferrara
  The Duchy of Ferrara is a former sovereign state of northern Italy.Obizzo II d'Este was proclaimed lifelong ruler of Ferrara in 1264. He also became seignior of nearby Modena in 1288 and of Reggio in 1289...
  
  , Modena and Reggio - Alfonso I d'Este
  Alfonso I d'Este
  Alfonso d'Este was Duke of Ferrara during the time of the War of the League of Cambrai.-Biography:He was the son of Ercole I d'Este and Leonora of Naples....
  
   (1505–1534)
• County of Guastalla
  County of Guastalla
  The County of Guastalla was a sovereign state of northern Italy centred on Guastalla. The title of count was created in 1406 for Guido Torelli: the Torelli family held Guastalla until 1539, when it was bought by Ferrante Gonzaga. Another branch held the county of Montechiarugolo until 1612...
  
  - Achille Torelli (1494–1522)
• Marquisate of Mantua - Federico II Gonzaga (1519–1540)
• Duchy of Massa and Carrara
  Duchy of Massa and Carrara
  The Duchy of Massa and Carrara was the duchy that controlled the towns of Massa di Carrara and Carrara; the area is now part of unified Italy, but retains its local identity as the province of Massa-Carrara.-History:...
  
  - Ricciarda Cybo-Malaspina
  Ricciarda Cybo-Malaspina
  Ricciarda Cybo-Malaspina was an Italian noblewoman, who was marquess of Massa and lady of Carrara from 1519 to 1546, and again from May 1547 until her death....
  
  , Marquis of Massa and Carrara (1519–1546)
• Duchy of Milan
  Duchy of Milan
  The Duchy of Milan , was created on the 1st of may 1395, when Gian Galeazzo Visconti, Lord of Milan, purchased a diploma for 100,000 Florins from King Wenceslaus. It was this diploma that installed, Gian Galeazzo as Duke of Milan and Count of Pavia...
  
  - Francesco II Sforza
  Francesco II Sforza
  Francesco II Sforza , also known as Francesco Maria Sforza, was the last Duke of Milan from 1521 until his death.He was the son of Ludovico Sforza and Beatrice d'Este...
  
  , Duke of Milan (1521–1524)
• March of Montferrat
  March of Montferrat
  The March of Montferrat was frontier march of the Kingdom of Italy during the Middle Ages and state of the Holy Roman Empire...
  
  - Boniface IV (1518–1530)
  • Anne d'Alençon, Regent over Montferrat, mother of Boniface
• Papal States
  Papal States
  The Papal State, State of the Church, or Pontifical States were among the major historical states of Italy from roughly the 6th century until the Italian peninsula was unified in 1861 by the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia .The Papal States comprised territories under...
  
  
  1. Pope Leo X
     Pope Leo X
     Pope Leo X , born Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici, was the Pope from 1513 to his death in 1521. He was the last non-priest to be elected Pope. He is known for granting indulgences for those who donated to reconstruct St. Peter's Basilica and his challenging of Martin Luther's 95 Theses...
     
      (1513–1521)
  2. Pope Hadrian VI 1521–1523
• Principality of Piombino
  Principality of Piombino
  The Principality of Piombino was a state of Italy, which existed from 1399 to 1805, when Napoleon absorbed it into the Principality of Lucca and Piombino...
  
  - Iacopo V Appiani
  Iacopo V Appiani
  Iacopo V Appiani was the lord of Piombino of the Appiani dynasty from 1511 until his death.He was born in Piombino, the son of Iacopo IV Appiani. Like his predecessors, he initially kept a policy of alliance with the Aragonese of Naples, by marrying Marianna of Aragon in 1510, widow of Roberto II...
  
  , Lord of Piombino (1511–1545)
• Duchy of Urbino - Francesco Maria I della Rovere
  Francesco Maria I della Rovere
  Francesco Maria I della Rovere was an Italian condottiero, who was Duke of Urbino from 1508 until 1538.- Biography :...
  
   (1508–1534)
• Marquisate of Saluzzo
  Marquisate of Saluzzo
  The Marquisate of Saluzzo was an historical Italian state that included French and Piedmont territories on the Alps.-Marquisate territories:The Marquisate of Saluzzo occupied parts of the provinces of Cuneo and Turin, and at times areas now under French control. However, Saluzzo was historically...
  
  - Michele Antonio (1504–1528)
• San Marino
  San Marino
  San Marino, officially the Republic of San Marino , is a state situated on the Italian Peninsula on the eastern side of the Apennine Mountains. It is an enclave surrounded by Italy. Its size is just over with an estimated population of over 30,000. Its capital is the City of San Marino...
  
  -
  1. Andrea di Bonifazio, Captain Regent (1520–1521)
  2. Francesco di Girolamo Belluzzi, Captain Regent (1520–1521)
  3. Bartolomeo di Antonio Amanti, Captain Regent (1521)
  4. Bartolo di Simone Belluzzi, Captain Regent (1521)
  5. Cristofaro Martelli, Captain Regent (1521)
  6. Giacomo di Lodovico Calcigni, Captain Regent (1521)
• Duchy of Savoy
  Duchy of Savoy
  From 1416 to 1847, the House of Savoy ruled the eponymous Duchy of Savoy . The Duchy was a state in the northern part of the Italian Peninsula, with some territories that are now in France. It was a continuation of the County of Savoy...
  
  - Charles III of Savoy (1504–1553)
• Tuscany
  Tuscany
  Tuscany is a region in Italy. It has an area of about 23,000 square kilometres and a population of about 3.75 million inhabitants. The regional capital is Florence ....
  
  - Cardinal Giulio de' Medici
  Pope Clement VII
  Clement VII , born Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici, was a cardinal from 1513 to 1523 and was Pope from 1523 to 1534.-Early life:...
  
  , Archbishop of Florence
• Republic of Venice
  Republic of Venice
  The Republic of Venice or Venetian Republic was a state originating from the city of Venice in Northeastern Italy. It existed for over a millennium, from the late 7th century until 1797. It was formally known as the Most Serene Republic of Venice and is often referred to as La Serenissima, in...
  
  
  1. Leonardo Loredan, Doge of Venice (1501–1521)
  2. Antonio Grimani
     Antonio Grimani
     Antonio Grimani was the Doge of Venice from 1521 to 1523.-Biography:He was born in Venice into a relatively poor family and in his early years he worked as a tradesman, soon becoming one of the most important ones in the city...
     
      (1521–1523)

Modern Russia and Ukraine

• Astrakhan Khanate
  Astrakhan Khanate
  The Khanate of Astrakhan was a Tatar feudal state that appeared after the collapse of the Golden Horde. The Khanate existed in the 15th and 16th centuries in the area adjacent to the mouth of the Volga river, where the contemporary city of Astrakhan/Hajji Tarkhan is now located...
  
  - Qasim II
  Qasim II of Astrakhan
  Qasim II khan was a ruler of Astrakhan Khanate in 1532. He was a son of Big Horde's khan Sayed Akhmad, and a grandson of Akhmat. He occupied Xacitarxan throne with the help of Nogays. He was a supporter of centralization policy. He is known to send a letter to Ottoman sultan Süleyman in 1531/1532....
  
   (1504–1534)
• Cossack Hetamanate of Ukraine - Ostap Dashkevych
  Ostap Dashkevych
  Eustachy or Ostap Dashkevych was a commander of a Cossack defense force, approved by the Sejm. He held the position of starosta of Cherkasy in the early stages of the development of the cossacks, and is sometimes mistakenly referred to as a hetman...
  
  , Hetman of the Cossacks (1506–1535)
• Crimean Khanate
  Crimean Khanate
  Crimean Khanate, or Khanate of Crimea , was a state ruled by Crimean Tatars from 1441 to 1783. Its native name was . Its khans were the patrilineal descendants of Toqa Temür, the thirteenth son of Jochi and grandson of Genghis Khan...
  
  - Mehmed I Giray
  Mehmed I Giray
  Mehmed I Giray known as Great — a khan of the Crimean Khanate in 1515 –1523.Son of Meñli I Giray, inherited power after his father's death. In 1520 signed a temporary alliance with king of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, Zygmunt I Stary, against Muscovy. In 1521 he took Kazan, where he...
  
   (1515–1523)
• Kazan
  Khanate of Kazan
  The Khanate of Kazan was a medieval Tatar state which occupied the territory of former Volga Bulgaria between 1438 and 1552. Its khans were the patrilineal descendants of Toqa Temür, the thirteenth son of Jochi and grandson of Genghis Khan. The khanate covered contemporary Tatarstan, Mari El,...
  
  -
  1. Shahghali
     Shahghali of Kazan
     Shahghali was khan of Qasim in 1516-1519, 1535–1546, 1546–1551, 1552–1567 and Kazan in 1518-1521, 1546, 1551-1552....
     
      (1518–1521)
  2. Sahib I Giray
     Sahib I Giray
     Sahib I Giray — a khan of the Crimean Khanate in 1532 –1551.Son of Meñli I Giray. In 1521 his brother, then Khan of Crimea, Mehmed I Giray, took Kazan, and gave it to Sahib. Together their army defeated Vasili III of Russia near Moscow....
     
      (1521–1525)
• Grand Duchy of Moscow
  Grand Duchy of Moscow
  The Grand Duchy of Moscow or Grand Principality of Moscow, also known in English simply as Muscovy , was a late medieval Rus' principality centered on Moscow, and the predecessor state of the early modern Tsardom of Russia....
  
  - Vasili III of Russia
  Vasili III of Russia
  Vasili III Ivanovich was the Grand Prince of Moscow from 1505 to 1533. He was the son of Ivan III Vasiliyevich and Sophia Paleologue and was christened with the name Gavriil...
  
   (1505–1533)
• Qasim Khanate
  Qasim Khanate
  Qasim Khanate or Kingdom of Qasim was a Tatar territorial formation , vassal of Russia, which existed from 1452 till 1681 in the territory of modern Ryazan Oblast in Russia with its capital Kasimov, in the middle stream of the Oka River...
  
  - Canghali
  Canghali of Kazan
  Canghali was khan of Qasim in 1519–1532 and then Kazan in 1532–1535. He was the son of Shayex Allahiar and younger brother of Shahgali. Qasim Khanate was a vassal state of Muscovy. Canghali as its ruler had close ties with Muscovy...
  
   (1519–1531)

Scandinavia

• Kingdom of Denmark and Norway - Christian II
  Christian II of Denmark
  Christian II was King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden , during the Kalmar Union.-Background:...
  
  , King of Denmark and Norway (1513–1523)
  • Duchy of Schleswig - Christian II
    Christian II of Denmark
    Christian II was King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden , during the Kalmar Union.-Background:...
    
     (1513–1523) and Frederick I
    Frederick I of Denmark
    Frederick I of Denmark and Norway was the King of Denmark and Norway. The name is also spelled Friedrich in German, Frederik in Danish, and Fredrik in Swedish and Norwegian...
    
     (1490–1533) in condominial rule
• Kingdom of Sweden -
  1. Christian II
     Christian II of Denmark
     Christian II was King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden , during the Kalmar Union.-Background:...
     
      (1520–1521)
  2. Gustav Vasa
     Gustav I of Sweden
     Gustav I of Sweden, born Gustav Eriksson of the Vasa noble family and later known simply as Gustav Vasa , was King of Sweden from 1523 until his death....
     
     , viceroy (1521–1560)

Western Europe

• Kingdom of England
  Kingdom of England
  The Kingdom of England was, from 927 to 1707, a sovereign state to the northwest of continental Europe. At its height, the Kingdom of England spanned the southern two-thirds of the island of Great Britain and several smaller outlying islands; what today comprises the legal jurisdiction of England...
  
  - Henry VIII
  Henry VIII of England
  Henry VIII was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. He was Lord, and later King, of Ireland, as well as continuing the nominal claim by the English monarchs to the Kingdom of France...
  
   (1509–1547)
• Kingdom of France
  Kingdom of France
  The Kingdom of France was one of the most powerful states to exist in Europe during the second millennium.It originated from the Western portion of the Frankish empire, and consolidated significant power and influence over the next thousand years. Louis XIV, also known as the Sun King, developed a...
  
  - Francis I
  Francis I of France
  Francis I was King of France from 1515 until his death. During his reign, huge cultural changes took place in France and he has been called France's original Renaissance monarch...
  
   (1515–1547)
• Monaco
  Monaco
  Monaco , officially the Principality of Monaco , is a sovereign city state on the French Riviera. It is bordered on three sides by its neighbour, France, and its centre is about from Italy. Its area is with a population of 35,986 as of 2011 and is the most densely populated country in the...
  
  - Lucien, Lord of Monaco
  Lucien, Lord of Monaco
  Lucien became Lord of Monaco on 11 October 1505, having murdered his predecessor and brother, Jean II, and held that sovereignty until his death.-Family and Marriage:...
  
   (1505–1523)
• Kingdom of Portugal
  Kingdom of Portugal
  The Kingdom of Portugal was Portugal's general designation under the monarchy. The kingdom was located in the west of the Iberian Peninsula, Europe and existed from 1139 to 1910...
  
  -
  1. Manuel I
     Manuel I of Portugal
     Manuel I , the Fortunate , 14th king of Portugal and the Algarves was the son of Infante Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu, , by his wife, Infanta Beatrice of Portugal...
     
      (1495–1521)
  2. John III
     John III of Portugal
     John III , nicknamed o Piedoso , was the fifteenth King of Portugal and the Algarves. He was the son of King Manuel I and Maria of Aragon, the third daughter of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile...
     
      (1521–1557)
• Kingdom of Scotland
  Kingdom of Scotland
  The Kingdom of Scotland was a Sovereign state in North-West Europe that existed from 843 until 1707. It occupied the northern third of the island of Great Britain and shared a land border to the south with the Kingdom of England...
  
  - James V
  James V of Scotland
  James V was King of Scots from 9 September 1513 until his death, which followed the Scottish defeat at the Battle of Solway Moss...
  
   (1513–1542)
• Spain
  • Kingdom of Aragon
    Kingdom of Aragon
    The Kingdom of Aragon was a medieval and early modern kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula, corresponding to the modern-day autonomous community of Aragon, in Spain...
    
    - Charles I
    Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
    Charles V was ruler of the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 and, as Charles I, of the Spanish Empire from 1516 until his voluntary retirement and abdication in favor of his younger brother Ferdinand I and his son Philip II in 1556.As...
    
     (1516–1556)
  • Crown of Castile
    Crown of Castile
    The Crown of Castile was a medieval and modern state in the Iberian Peninsula that formed in 1230 as a result of the third and definitive union of the crowns and parliaments of the kingdoms of Castile and León upon the accession of the then King Ferdinand III of Castile to the vacant Leonese throne...
    
    
    • Queen - Joanna
      Joanna of Castile
      Joanna , nicknamed Joanna the Mad , was the first queen regnant to reign over both the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon , a union which evolved into modern Spain...
      
       (1504–1555)
    • Regent - Charles I, King of Aragon
      Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
      Charles V was ruler of the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 and, as Charles I, of the Spanish Empire from 1516 until his voluntary retirement and abdication in favor of his younger brother Ferdinand I and his son Philip II in 1556.As...
      
       (1556–1556)

Indian sub-continent

• Ahmadnagar Sultanate
  Ahmadnagar Sultanate
  The Ahmadnagar Sultanate سلطان احمد نگر was a late medieval Indian kingdom, located in the northwestern Deccan, between the sultanates of Gujarat and Bijapur. Malik Ahmad, the Bahmani governor of Junnar after defeating the Bahmani army led by general Jahangir Khan on 28 May 1490 declared...
  
  - Burhan Shah I
  Burhan Shah I
  Burhan Shah I was ruler of the Ahmednagar Sultanate, in Central India. He ascended the throne on the death of his father Nizam Shah in 1508 or 1510 when he was seven years old. He died in 1553 and was succeeded by Hussein Shah I....
  
   (1510–1553)
• Ahom Kingdom
  Ahom kingdom
  The Ahom Kingdom was a medieval kingdom in the Brahmaputra valley in Assam that maintained its sovereignty for nearly 600 years and successfully resisted Mughal expansion in North-East India...
  
  - Suhungmung
  Suhungmung
  Suhungmung , was one of the most important Ahom kings, who ruled at the cusp of Assam's medieval history. His reign broke from the early Ahom rule and established a multi-ethnic polity in his kingdom. Under him the Ahom Kingdom expanded greatly for the first time since Sukaphaa, at the cost of...
  
   (1497–1539)
• Sultanate of Bengal
  Sultanate of Bengal
  The Sultanate of Bengal was a state that existed from the 14th through the 16th centuries. It was eventually absorbed into the Mughal fold. The Sultanate was ruled by a series of dynasties with both local and foreign origins.-Origins:...
  
  - Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah
  Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah
  Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah 1519–1533 , son of Sultan Alauddin Hussain Shah, was sultan of Bengal from 1519 until his assassination in 1533...
  
   (1519–1533)
• Berar Sultanate
  Berar Sultanate
  -Berar in Ancient History:Subah Berar and Gondwana the Vidarbha region known as Gulshan-e-Berar in medieval period since Khilji dynasty to mughal period according Aine-Akbari and Alimgeer Namah report the berar is hole Fourteen sarkar...
  
  - Aladdin Imad Shah (1504–1529)
• Bijapur Sultanate - Ismail Adil Shah
  Ismail Adil Shah
  Isamail Adil Shah was the king of Bijapur who spent most of his time extending his territory. His short lived reign helped the dynasty establish a strong hold in the deccan.-Early years:...
  
   (1510–1534)
• Kingdom of Cochin
  Kingdom of Cochin
  Kingdom of Cochin was a late medieval Hindu kingdom and later Princely State on the Malabar Coast, South India...
  
  - Unniraman Koyikal II (1503–1537)
• Delhi Sultanate
  Delhi Sultanate
  The Delhi Sultanate is a term used to cover five short-lived, Delhi based kingdoms or sultanates, of Turkic origin in medieval India. The sultanates ruled from Delhi between 1206 and 1526, when the last was replaced by the Mughal dynasty...
  
  - Ibrahim Lodi (1517–1526)
• Golkonda
  Golkonda
  Golkonda or Golla konda a ruined city of south-central India and capital of ancient Kingdom of Golkonda , is situated 11 km west of Hyderabad.The most important builder of Golkonda was a Hindu Kakatiya King...
  
  - Sultan Quli Qutb Mulk
  Sultan Quli Qutb Mulk
  Sultan Quli Qutb Shah was the founder of the Qutb Shahi dynasty, which ruled the Sultanate of Golconda in southern India from 1518 to 1687. He died in 1543.-Early days:...
  
  , Sultan of Golkonda (1518–1543)
• Gujarat - Mazuaffar Shah II, Sultan of Gujarat (1511–1526)
• Khandesh Sultanate
  Faruqi dynasty
  The Faruqi dynasty was the ruling dynasty of the Khandesh sultanate from its inception in 1382 till its annexation by the Mughal emperor Akbar in 1601. The founder of the dynasty, Malik Ahmad participated in a rebellion against the Bahmani ruler Muhmmad Shah I in his early years...
  
  - Miran Muhammad Shah I (1520–1535)
• Malwa Sultanate
  Malwa Sultanate
  The Malwa Sultanate was a late medieval independent kingdom in the Malwa region of the present day Madhya Pradesh state in India in 1392–1562.-History:For earlier history, see article Malwa....
  
  - Mahmud Shah II (1511–1531)
• Marwar - Rao Gangaji, Raja (1515–1532)
• Kingdom of Mysore
  Kingdom of Mysore
  The Kingdom of Mysore was a kingdom of southern India, traditionally believed to have been founded in 1399 in the vicinity of the modern city of Mysore. The kingdom, which was ruled by the Wodeyar family, initially served as a vassal state of the Vijayanagara Empire...
  
  - Hiriya bettada Chamaraja III Wodeyar, King (1513–1553)
• modern Sri Lanka
• Kelaniya - Dharma Parakramabahu IX, King (1509-1528)
• Kotte -
  1. Vijayabahu VII, King (1509-1521)
  2. Bhuvanekabahu VII, King (1521-1551)
• Sitawaka
  Kingdom of Sitawaka
  The Kingdom of Sitawaka was a kingdom located in south-central Sri Lanka. It emerged from the division of the kingdom of Kotte following the Spoiling of Vijayabahu in 1521, and over the course of the next seventy years came to dominate much of the island. Sitawaka also offered fierce resistance to...
  
   - Mayadunne
  Mayadunne of Sri Lanka
  Mayadunne was a king of the Kingdom of Sitawaka, who ruled for 30 years between 1521 and 1581. Mayadunne was a fierce opponent of the Portuguese, who had arrived on the Island in 1505. He devoted his whole life attempting to oust his brother Bhuvanekabahu, the king of Kotte and thereby preserve...
  
  , King (1521-1581)
• Vijayanagara Empire
  Vijayanagara Empire
  The Vijayanagara Empire , referred as the Kingdom of Bisnaga by the Portuguese, was an empire based in South Indian in the Deccan Plateau region. It was established in 1336 by Harihara I and his brother Bukka Raya I of the Yadava lineage. The empire rose to prominence as a culmination of attempts...
  
  - Krishnadevaraya
  Krishnadevaraya
  Śrī Kriṣhṇa Devarāya , , , and also known as Krishna Devarayulu in some inscriptions was the famed Emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire who reigned from 1509–1529 CE.He is the third ruler of the Tuluva Dynasty. Presiding over the empire at its zenith, he is regarded as an icon by many Indians...
  
   (1509–1529)

Middle East and North Africa

• Abdalwadid
  Abdalwadid
  Zayyanids or Abd al-Wadids , or Banu Zayan, is the name of a Berber zenata dynasty in North Africa. The Zayyanids, whose capital was Tlemcen existed from 1235 to 1556...
  
   Kingdom - Abu Hammu III (1517–1527)
• Yemen
  Yemen
  The Republic of Yemen , commonly known as Yemen , is a country located in the Middle East, occupying the southwestern to southern end of the Arabian Peninsula. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the north, the Red Sea to the west, and Oman to the east....
  
  - Amar ben Da'ud (1517–1526)
• Iran (Safavid Dynasty
  Safavid dynasty
  The Safavid dynasty was one of the most significant ruling dynasties of Iran. They ruled one of the greatest Persian empires since the Muslim conquest of Persia and established the Twelver school of Shi'a Islam as the official religion of their empire, marking one of the most important turning...
  
  ) - Ismail I
  Ismail I
  Ismail I , known in Persian as Shāh Ismāʿil , was a Shah of Iran and the founder of the Safavid dynasty which survived until 1736. Isma'il started his campaign in Azerbaijan in 1500 as the leader of the Safaviyya, an extremist heterodox Twelver Shi'i militant religious order and unified all of Iran...
  
   (1502–1524)
• Imereti
  Kingdom of Imereti
  The Kingdom of Imereti was established in 1455 by a member of the house of Bagration when the Kingdom of Georgia was dissolved into rival kingdoms. Before that time, Imereti was considered a separate kingdom within the Kingdom of Georgia, to which a cadet branch of the Bagration royal family held...
  
  - Bagrat III
  Bagrat III of Imereti
  Bagrat III , of the Bagrationi Dynasty, was a king of Imereti from April 1, 1510, to 1565. He succeeded upon the death of his father, Alexander II, and faced repeated assaults from the Ottoman Turks as well as the conflicts with his ostensible vassal princes of Mingrelia, Guria, and Abkhazia who...
  
   (1510–1565)
• Oman
  Oman
  Oman , officially called the Sultanate of Oman , is an Arab state in southwest Asia on the southeast coast of the Arabian Peninsula. It is bordered by the United Arab Emirates to the northwest, Saudi Arabia to the west, and Yemen to the southwest. The coast is formed by the Arabian Sea on the...
  
  - Muhammad bin Ismail, Iman of Oman (1500–1529)

External links

• Wikisource:de:Reichsmatrikel von 1521: List of states of the Holy Roman Empire of 1521