Sunda Kingdom
Encyclopedia
The Sunda Kingdom was a Hindu
kingdom located on the western part of Java
from 669 to around 1579, covering areas of present-day Banten
, Jakarta
, West Java
, and the western part of Central Java
. According to primary historical records, the Bujangga Manik
manuscript the eastern border of the Sunda Kingdom is Pamali River (Ci Pamali, present day Brebes River) and Serayu River (Ci Sarayu) in Central Java. Most of the accounts of Sunda Kingdom came from the primary historical records dated from the 16th century.
that has been kept alive through Sundanese Pantun
oral tradition, the chant of poetic verses mostly tells the story of the Golden Age
of Sunda Pajajaran and the legend of King Siliwangi
, the popular king of Sunda.
Most of the account and records of Sunda kingdom came from ancient manuscripts dated from later period, such as Wangsakerta, Carita Parahyangan
, Kidung Sunda
, Bujangga Manik
, and Pustaka Rajyarajya i Bhumi Nusantara. Several stone inscriptions also mentioned the kingdom, such as Jayabupati
, Kawali, and Batutulis
.
Some historians have an opinion that the year of the inscription must be read backward as 854 Saka (932 AD) because it is not possible that the Sunda kingdom have existed in 536 AD, in the era of the Kingdom of Tarumanagara (358-669 AD).
Another reference to the kingdom is the Jayabupati inscription
which consist of 40 lines written on 4 pieces of stone. These 4 stones were found in the Cicatih river bank in Cibadak, Sukabumi
. The inscriptions is written in old Javanese script
. Now the four inscriptions are stored at National Museum Jakarta, with code D 73 (Cicatih), D 96, D 97 and D 98. The contents of the inscriptions (according Pleyte):
The date of the Jayabupati inscription is suggested on October 11, 1030. According to Pustaka Nusantara, Parwa III sarga 1, Sri Jayabupati reigned for 12 years (952 - 964) saka (1030 - 1042AD). The style of the inscriptions revealing East Javanese style whether letters, language, and style, and the noble name of the king.
Copperplate letters of the 15th century with royal instructions also explains the existence of the Sunda kingdom. The copperplate inscription of Prasasti Kebantenan I (Jayagiri) reads that Raja Rahyang Niskala Wastu Kancana sent an order through Hyang Ningrat Kancana to the Susuhunan of Pakuan Pajajaran to take care of dayohan in Jayagiri and Sunda Sembawa. The text expressively mentions a ban on issuing regulations aimed at taking any taxes from the people there because they all are very knowledgeable in (Hindu) religion and they worship the gods.
Prasasti Kebantenan II (Sunda Sembawa I) copperplate has the inscription announcing the approval of Sri Baduga Maharaja (1482–1521), the king staying in Pakuan, of a sacred estate (tanah devasasana); the borders of which are already established, and that ground must not be distributed because devasana harbors facilitates for worship, which belong to the king. The text also tells that this restricted area was put at the disposal of the wiku (priests).
Prasasti Kebantenan III (Sunda Sembawa II) copperplate contains announcement of approval from the king of Sunda and sanctions of holy construction in Sunda Sembawa, which should be cared for and not being disturbed because the area stipulated is the residential area of the wiku (priests). If anyone dares to enter that area in sunda Sembawa, they are to be killed.
Prasasti Kebantenan IV (Gunung Samaya) inscription says that Sri Baduga Maharaja, who is ruling in Pakuan, sanctions a sacred place (tanah devasana) at Gunung (Mount Samya (Rancamaya), the borders of which are already established. Anyone entering was forbidden to disturb this area, and the imposition of taxes and other levies was prohibited because the area contained places of worship, which belonged to the king.
Chinese book “shun-feng hsiang-sung" from about 1430 AD tell:
The Portuguese report dated from later period of the kingdom shortly before the fall of the kingdom to Sultanate of Banten
forces.
from Portuguese. In his report “Summa Oriental (1513–1515)” he wrote that:
, had succeeded his father in-law as the 13th king of Tarumanagara
. At the same time, Tarumanagara's prestige and power had been declining, likely due to the series of invasions from Srivijaya
. Wishing to restore the glory of King Purnawarman, who reigned from Purasaba (capital city) of Sundapura, in 670 AD Tarusbawa changed the name of Tarumanagara
to the Sunda kingdom. This event is supported by a Chinese source that mentions the last time Tarumanagara sent their envoy was in 669 AD. Tarusbawa did send his emissary to the Chinese Emperor at the time to advise him of his ascension to the throne in 669 AD. He was crowned on the date 9 on full moon on Jesta month in 591 Saka, or corresponds to 18 May 669 AD.
According to the Wangsakerta manuscript, the establishment of the Sunda Kingdom was used as an excuse by Wretikandayun, the lord of Galuh, another former vasal kingdom of Tarumanagara
to break eastern Taruma apart from Tarusbawa's Sunda. Since the crown prince of Galuh is the son in-law of Queen Sima of Kalingga, a Hindu kingdom in central Java, Wretikandayun with the support from Kalingga demands that the remnant of what was known as Tarumanagara
's territory should be divided into two kingdoms. Finding himself in an unfortunate position and unwilling to risk a civil war, King Tarusbawa granted Wretikandayun's demand. In 670 AD Tarumanagara
was divided into two kingdoms: the Sunda Kingdom in the west, and the Galuh Kingdom the east, separated by the Tarum (Citarum) River.
(732 AD), uncle of Sanjaya. This friendship encourage Tarusbawa to took Sanjaya as his son in-law. Bratasenawa (Sanna or Sena) is surpassed from Galuh throne by Purbasora in 716. Purbasora is the grandson of Wretikandayun from his eldest son, Batara Danghyang Guru Sempakwaja, the founder of Galunggung kingdom. On the other hand Sena is also grandson of Wretikandayun from his youngest son, Mandiminyak, the second king of Galuh (702-709 AD).
Actually Purbasora and Sena are brothers because of the affair between Mandiminyak and Sempakwaja's wife. Sempakwaja can not succeeded his father because he is toothless, a shameful physical handicap considered unsuitable to be king at that time. That's why his younger brother has inherited the Galuh throne from Wretikandayun. However, the son of Sempakwaja still felt deserved to the throne of Galuh. Moreover King Sena has doubtful scandalous origin that fueled Purbasora rebellion and determination to took Galuh throne from Sena.
With the aid of his father in-law, King Indraprahasta, from a kingdom near present day Cirebon
, Purbasora launch his coup on Galuh throne. Defeated Sena flee to Kalingga
, the kingdom of his wife's grandmother, Queen Shima.
Since the crown prince of Sunda died before King Tarusbawa, Princess Tejakencana (the daughter of crown prince) was hailed as heiress of Sunda. She married to Rakeyan Jamri, who was a son of Bratasenawa (the third king of Galuh Kingdom
and a son of Wretikandayun) and princess Sanaha (from Kalingga
). In 723 Jamri surpassed Tarusbawa to be the second king of Sunda. As the lord of Sunda he was known as Prabu Harisdarma and when he acquired the throne of Galuh he was known as Sanjaya
.
The two kingdoms united as the Sunda kingdom under kings:
, the son of Sannaha (sister of Sena), determined to take revenge to Purbasora's family. He ask the help of Tarusbawa, friend of Sena. His wish is put to realisation when he become the king of Sunda, reigning on behalf of his wife.
He has prepared a special force placed on Gunung Sawal area with the help of Rabuyut Sawal, also dear friend of Sena. This special force is led by Sanjaya, while Sunda army is led by Patih Anggada. The raid is launced at nightfal is surprise attack. Almost all of Purbasora's family is wiped out, except Bimaraksa, Purbasora's son in-law, the minister of Galuh that escaped with just a handful of guards.
Bimaraksa also known as Ki Balangantrang, he is the Senapati (army general) of the kingdom. Balangantrang also the grandson of Wretikandayun from his second son, Resi Guru Jantaka or Rahyang Kidul, he also considered unfit to be the successor of Wretikandayun because he suffer hernia
. Balangantrang hide in Gègèr Sunten village and rising anti-Sanjaya forces. He is supported by kings of Kuningan also the remnants of Indraprahasta army. Indraphrasta has been annihilates by Sanjaya as the revenge for their aid, helping Purbasora to ousts Sena.
Sena has asked Sanjaya to honor all of Galuh royal family, except Purbasora. Sanjaya himself is not interested to reign Galuh. He just attack it to fulfill his godfather's wish to took revenge on Purbasora's family. After defeating Purbasora, Sanjaya ask his uncle, Sempakwaja, in Galunggung to order Demunawan, younger brother of Purbasora, to reign in Galuh. But Sempakwaja decline his fearing this only Sanjaya's trick to annihilate Demunawan.
Sanjaya himself can not reach Balangantrang whereabout. So he accepted his rights on Galuh throne. Realize he is unwelcomed in Galuh court, and also he is a Sunda King that must reside in Pakuan, he put Premana Dikusuma, grandson of Purbasora in charge of Galuh. Premana Dikusuma at that time is placed as vassal king. In the age 43 years old (born on 683 AD), he's already known as Rsi or aeschetic monk because his passion on learning spiritual teaching since young age, he also known as Bagawat Sajalajaya.
Sanjaya also had legitimate right to Kalingga's throne (from his grandmother's side). Thus in 732 AD he chose to live in Kalingga
(in the northern part of central Java) and later established the Mataram Kingdom
and Sanjaya Dynasty
. In 732 he gave his right of western Java to his son from Tejakencana, Prince Tamperan (Rakeyan Panaraban). Rakeyan was a halfbrother of Rakai Panangkaran, Sanjaya's son from Sudiwara (daughter of Dewasinga, king of southern Kalingga).
. Prince Jayadharma married Dyah Singamurti alias Dyah Lembu Tal. Sangrama Wijaya (Raden Wijaya
), the first King of Majapahit, is the son of Sunda King; Rakeyan Jayadharma. Except for Gajah Mada who insisted to incorporated the Sunda kingdom within Majapahit realm, this is the likely reason why Majapahit kings were reluctant to attack the Sunda kingdom. Thus there was some sacred alliance between the Sunda kingdom and Majapahit kingdom.
. The prelude of the tragedy was started with the intention of Hayam Wuruk
, the king of Majapahit to marry princess Dyah Pitaloka
(also known as Citraresmi), a daughter of Prabu Maharaja Lingga Buana. The Sunda king and his royal family came to Majapahit, sailing through the Java Sea, to accompany and marry his daughter with Hayam Wuruk. The Sunda party erected the encampment on Bubat square in northern part of Trowulan
, Majapahit capital city, and awaited the proper wedding ceremony. However Gajah Mada saw this event as an opportunity to demand Sunda's submission to Majapahit overlordship, and insisted that instead of become the queen of Majapahit, the princess was to be presented as a token of submission and treated as mere concubine for the Majapahit king. Sunda king was angered and felt humiliated by Gajah Mada's demand.
As a result there was a skirmish between the Sunda
royal family and the Majapahit army to defend their honour. The royal family were decimated by the Majapahit army. Almost whole of the Sundanese
royal party including the princess were perished in this tragedy. Tradition mentioned that Princess Dyah Pitaloka committed suicide, took her own life to defend the honor and pride of her country. After his death, Prabu Maharaja Lingga Buana was revered by Sundanese as Prabu Wangi (lit. king with pleasant fragrance) because of his heroic act to defend his honor against Majapahit, and his descendants, the later kings of Sunda, were called Siliwangi (lit. successor of Wangi). The story of the Battle of Bubat
is the main theme of the book Kidung Sunda
.
through traditional Sundanese oral tradition of Pantun
. He moved the government seat from Kawali back to Pakuan in 1482. Based on Prasasti Kebantenan copperplate inscription, he established a sacred estate (tanah devasasana) at Mount Samya (Rancamaya) and ordered that anyone entering was forbidden to disturb this area and the imposition of taxes and other levies was prohibited because devasana contained facilities for worship, which belonged to the king. He also announced that holy construction in Sunda Sembawa, which should be cared for and be undisturbed because the area stipulated is the residential area of the wiku (priests). According to Batutulis inscription
, Sri Baduga Maharaja built defensive moat
surrounding Pakuan Pajajaran
capital city; built "gugunungan" (sacred mounds), he established huts and sacred Samya forest, reserves for wood destined for offerings, and he established the Talaga Rena Mahawijaya Lake. Certainly, there was a good road to Sunda Kalapa (present-day Jakarta Metropolitan city) too, the most important harbor of the Sunda kingdom. At the time of the visit of Tome Pirés in Pakuan, Sri Baduga Maharaja reigned over the Sunda kingdom (1482 to 1521).
The year of his coronation in 1482, has been stipulated at the birth date of the present-day city of Bogor
. However, there was certainly an important settlement there long before, and Pakuan had already been declared the capital of the Sunda kingdom under previous kings of Sunda. The reign of Sri Baduga Maharaja or Prabu Siliwangi was hailed as the "golden age" of Sundanese people. It was the era when the kingdom was able to consolidate its rule and exercise its power throughout western part of Java and the surrounding area. It was also marked the era of great wealth and prosperity owed to efficient agriculture management and thriving pepper spice trade in the region. However unfortunately this era of great wealth also marked the beginning of Sunda kingdom's decline.
that finally succeed to destroy Majapahit in 16th century. Because of this event, only Blambangan in the eastern edge of Java, and Sunda in the western part that remains as Hindu kingdoms in Java. The pressure from coastal Java Islamic states has driven the king of Sunda, Sri Baduga Maharaja, to sought assistance from the Portuguese at Malacca
. Therefore, in 1512 and again in 1521, he sent his son, the crown prince Prabu Surawisesa also known as Ratu Sang Hiang (Portuguese heard it as Samian) to Malacca in order to invite the Portuguese to sign a peace treaty, to trade in pepper, and to build a fort at his main port of Sunda Kalapa.
in return for protection against the expansive forces.
By 1522, the Portuguese were ready to form a coalition with the King of Sunda in order to get access to his profitable pepper trade. The commander of the fortress of Malacca at that time was still Jorge de Albuquerque. He sent a ship, the São Sebastião, under Captain Henrique Leme, to Sunda Kalapa with valuable gifts for the king of Sunda. Two written sources describe the concluding of the treaty in detail. One is the original Portuguese document of 1522 with the text of the treaty and the signatories of the witnesses, and the other is a report on that event by João de Barros
in his book Da Ásia, printed not before 1777/78.
According to these sources, the king welcome them warmly upon their arrival. The crown Prince (1512 and 1521) had succeeded his father and was now King Prabu Surawisesa with his title Ratu Samiam (Sang Hiang). Barros called him King Samião. This Sunda ruler agreed to an arrangement of friendship with the King of Portugal and decided to grant a fortress at the mouth of the Ciliwung River where the Portuguese could load as many ships as they wished with pepper. In addition, he pledged that from the day when the building of the fortress began, each year he would donate one thousand sacks of pepper to the Portuguese king (that is more than 20 tons). The contract document was drafted into two copies and signed. On the said day, Henrique Leme of Portuguese and his entourage together with deputies of the King of Sunda, erected a commemoration stone, called Padrão
at the mouth of the Ciliwung River in 1522 AD.
This trade and defense treaty with the Portuguese from 1522, which is called Luso Sundanese Treaty, lacked its realization because the Portuguese failed to keep their promise to construct the fortress because of troubles in Goa India
and Fatahillah had conquered Sunda Kalapa harbour just before the Portuguese arrived back there.
The army of Paletehan alias Fadillah Khan (1487–1570), comprising around 1452 troops from Cirebon-Demak alliance, had forcefully conquered Sunda Kalapa The commander of the Sunda kingdom and his troops fell to them. The harbor chief and his family, the royal minister, and all of the people working in the harbor, lost their lives. Most of the city was destroyed, as the reinforcements sent in from Pakuan realized that their forces were too weak and retreated. Sunda Kalapa Harbour was named as Jayakarta or Jakarta.
Thirty Portuguese sailors, who had been shipwrecked by storm, swam to the beach at Kalapa only to be killed by Fadillah Khan’s men. The Portuguese recognized the political leadership had changed when they were not allowed to set foot on the land. As they were too weak for a battle, they set sail back to Malacca. The next year, a second attempt failed because of striking sailors who were angry at not having been paid.
The war between Cirebon-Demak alliance and the Sunda kingdom lasted almost five years. The king lost 1000 of his troops. Finally, in 1531 a peace treaty was concluded between king Surawisesa and Syarif Hidayatullah.
Prabu Surawisesa established the Prasasti Batutulis inscription stone in 1533 AD to commemorate his great father. Because of ongoing battles, he often could not stay in his palace in Pakuan Pajajaran
.
After Prabu Surawisesa, other kings who ruled Sunda Kingdom were:
Throughout the history of Sunda kingdom, the center of power is often shifted between two courts: Pakuan Pajajaran
, the capital of Sunda; and Kawali, the capital of Galuh.
, around the town of Kawali. The city was located on eastern slope of Sawal mount near the source of Citanduy river. Kawali inscription was discovered here. According to tradition the keraton in Kawali is called Surawisesa. Kawali served as the capital of the kingdom for several generations until Sri Baduga Maharaja moved the government back to Pakuan in 1482.
in 7th century, King Tarusbawa built a new capital city inland near the source of Cipakancilan river in present day Bogor
. According to Carita Parahyangan
, a manuscript from 15-16th century, king Tarusbawa was only mentioned as Tohaan (Lord/King) of Sunda. He was the ancestor of a series of Sunda kings that reigned until 723 AD. Pakuan served as capital of Sunda during the reign of several kings, and the court shifted to Kawali for most of the times until Sri Baduga Maharaja moved the court from Kawali back to Pakuan. After Sri Baduga Maharaja, the capital city of the Sunda kingdom remained in Pakuan until the end of the kingdom and the fall of the city to Sultanate of Banten
in 1550s.
Because Pakuan, the capital city of the Sunda kingdom laid between two parallel rivers, Ciliwung and Cisadane, it was called Pajajaran (lit. place laid between two parallel things) or Pakuan Pajajaran
. Although primary local and European historical record noted that the kingdom in western part of Java island is the Sunda Kingdom. Sundanese
, especially after the establishment of the Sultanate of Banten and The Sultanate of Cirebon
, called the kingdom in this region minus the sultanates as Pakuan Pajajaran Kingdom, or named shortly Pakuan Kingdom or Pajajaran Kingdom. The later name is more familiar for people resided in West Java and also in Mataram region (current Yogyakarta and Solo).
The culture of the people in Sunda kingdom was a mixture of Sunda Wiwitan
; a native shamanism
belief, Hinduism
, and Buddhism
. Several intact prehistoric megalithic sites such as Cipari site in Kuningan
and Pangguyangan menhir
and stepped pyramid in Cisolok, Sukabumi
, suggests that native shamanic animism
and dynamism
beliefs still alive and well next to Hinduism and Buddhism influences. The native belief of Sunda Wiwitan still persist to become the way of life for Baduy or Kanekes people that resist islamization and foreign influences.
Hindu influence was absorbed since the dawn of Tarumanagara
. The Cangkuang Hindu temple in Leles, Garut
, dated from the 8th century was dedicated for Shiva
and built during the Galuh kingdom. Buddhist influence probably made their way to West Java through the Srivijaya
conquest, the empire dominated West Java until 11th century. The brick stupas in Batujaya
is the evidence of Buddhist influence in West Java, while nearby Cibuaya sites show Hinduim influence.
The culture of Sunda kingdom was heavily centered on agricultural activity, especially rice
cultivation. Naturally Nyi Pohaci Sanghyang Asri
or Sanghyang Asri, the goddess of rice, is considered and revered as the main deity or the highest goddess within Sundanese pantheon
. The priest was concerning about the religious ceremonies and the king with his subjects participated in annual ceremonies and festivals such as the blessing of the rice seeds ceremonies and harvest festival. The annual Seren Taun
rice harvest festival still can be found today in traditional Sundanese
communities.
According to Bujangga Manik
manuscript, the courtly culture of Sunda kraton and its noble's etiquette in Pakuan Pajajaran was quite sophisticated and refined. However no traces and remains of palace or buildings survived in the former capital, probably because most were constructed from organic wooden materials and had decayed eversince.
The Portuguese
source provide the glimpse of the culture and custom of Sunda kingdom. In his report “Summa Oriental (1513–1515)” Tomé Pires
wrote:
, especially rice
cultivation. It is clearly reflected in Sundanese
culture and annual cycle of activity which incorporated ceremony of crop seeding and Seren Taun rice harvest festival. The harvest ceremony also functioned as the means for king's official to collect tax
from surrounding villages and his subjects in the form of rice that can be stored in state's Leuit (rice barn
). However the kingdom also well known as the world's main producer of high quality pepper
. The kingdom was participated in spice trade network in the archipelago.
Other Portuguese explorer, Diogo do Couto, also wrote that the Sunda kingdom is thriving and abundant; it lies between Java and Sumatra, having between it and the latter Sunda Strait
. Many islands lie along the coast of this kingdom within the strait, for nearly the space of forty leagues, which in the widest are about twenty-five, and in others only twelve leagues, which in the widest are about twenty-five, and in others only twelve leagues broad. Bantam is about the middle distance. All the islands are well timbered, but have little water. A small one called Macar, at the entrance of Sunda Strait, is said to have much gold.
He also noted that the principle ports of the Sunda kingdom were Banten, Ache, Chacatara (Jakarta), to which every year resort about twenty sommas, which are a kind of vessel belonging to Chienheo (Cochin China), out of the maritime province of China, to load pepper, for this kingdom produces eight thousand bahars, which are equal to 3,000,000 kg of pepper annually.
Bantam is situated at 6° south latitude, in the middle of a fine bay, which is three leagues from point to point. The town in length, stretching landward, is eight hundreed and fifty fathoms, and the seaport extends about 400. A river capable of admitting jungs and gallies, flow through the middle of the town: a small branch of this river admits boats and small craft.
There is a brick fort, the walls of which are seven palms thick, with wooden bulwarks, armed with two tiers of artillery. The anchorage is good; in some places a muddy, in others a sandy bottom, the depth from two to sixt fathoms.
through Pantun
oral tradition, the chant of poetic verses. Sunda kingdom is revered as the prosperous and glorious golden age
. The historical identity and the source of pride for Sundanese people, the same as Majapahit for Javanese people.
The pantun that mentioned Sunda Kingdom (popularly known as Pakuan or Pajajaran):
Translation: It was better during Pajajaran era. The era where Kuwera (the god of wealth) was still revered. The era when the earth guru
was still honored. The era when something lost will be appeared (returned to the owner). There was no farmer have to took the loan. There was no farmer have to sell their lands. There was no farmer dying in vain. There was no farmer died in hunger.
Translation: In the prosperous kingdom of Pakuan. (People) satisfied their needs of clothes and foods. Everybody have a lot of rice. The blessing of Dewa Guru so everybody is rich. As far as to other lands the fame has spread. Dewa Guru has ordered Ki Semar: Semar, go to the kingdom of Pakuan!
Several streets in major Indonesian cities, especially in West Java, was named after Sundanese kings and Sunda Kingdom. Padjadjaran University in Bandung
was named after Pakuan Pajajaran, the capital and also the popular name for Sunda Kingdom. The TNI Siliwangi Military Division
and Siliwangi Stadium
was named after King Siliwangi
, the eponymous popular king of Sunda corresponded to Sri Baduga Maharaja.
Hindu
Hindu refers to an identity associated with the philosophical, religious and cultural systems that are indigenous to the Indian subcontinent. As used in the Constitution of India, the word "Hindu" is also attributed to all persons professing any Indian religion...
kingdom located on the western part of Java
Java
Java is an island of Indonesia. With a population of 135 million , it is the world's most populous island, and one of the most densely populated regions in the world. It is home to 60% of Indonesia's population. The Indonesian capital city, Jakarta, is in west Java...
from 669 to around 1579, covering areas of present-day Banten
Banten
Banten is a province of Indonesia in Java. Formerly part of the Province of West Java, it was made a separate province in 2000.The administrative center is Serang. Preliminary results from the 2010 census counted some 10.6 million people.-Geography:...
, Jakarta
Jakarta
Jakarta is the capital and largest city of Indonesia. Officially known as the Special Capital Territory of Jakarta, it is located on the northwest coast of Java, has an area of , and a population of 9,580,000. Jakarta is the country's economic, cultural and political centre...
, West Java
West Java
West Java , with a population of over 43 million, is the most populous and most densely populated province of Indonesia. Located on the island of Java, it is slightly smaller in area than densely populated Taiwan, but with nearly double the population...
, and the western part of Central Java
Central Java
Central Java is a province of Indonesia. The administrative capital is Semarang. It is one of six provinces on the island of Java.This province is the province of high Human Development in Indonesia and its Points Development Index countries is equivalent to Lebanon. The province of Central Java...
. According to primary historical records, the Bujangga Manik
Bujangga Manik
Bujangga Manik is one of the precious remnants of Old Sundanese literature. It is told in octosyllabic lines – the metrical form of Old Sundanese narrative poetry – in a palm leaf kept in the Bodleian Library in Oxford since 1627 or 1629...
manuscript the eastern border of the Sunda Kingdom is Pamali River (Ci Pamali, present day Brebes River) and Serayu River (Ci Sarayu) in Central Java. Most of the accounts of Sunda Kingdom came from the primary historical records dated from the 16th century.
Historiography
There is continuous knowledge about the kingdom among Sundanese peopleSundanese people
The Sundanese are an ethnic group native to the western part of the Indonesian island of Java. They number approximately 31 million, and are the second most populous of all the nation's ethncities. The Sundanese are predominantly Muslim...
that has been kept alive through Sundanese Pantun
Pantun Sunda
Pantun Sunda is a type of Sundanese oral narrative performance interspersed with songs and music played on a kacapi, a kind of zither. A pantun used to be recited during an evening-length performance...
oral tradition, the chant of poetic verses mostly tells the story of the Golden Age
Golden Age
The term Golden Age comes from Greek mythology and legend and refers to the first in a sequence of four or five Ages of Man, in which the Golden Age is first, followed in sequence, by the Silver, Bronze, and Iron Ages, and then the present, a period of decline...
of Sunda Pajajaran and the legend of King Siliwangi
King Siliwangi
Siliwangi is a legendary great king of the Sunda kingdom in West Java. The kingdom flourished between 669 to 1759 AD. He brought the kingdom greatness and prosperity. Some accounts of his life are taken from the Pantun Sunda oral tradition that describe his reign as a glorious era for the Sundanese...
, the popular king of Sunda.
Most of the account and records of Sunda kingdom came from ancient manuscripts dated from later period, such as Wangsakerta, Carita Parahyangan
Carita Parahyangan
Carita Parahyangan is a text contained in a single manuscript, registered as kropak 406 from the former collection of the Bataviaasch Genootschap voor Kunsten en Wetenschappen , now in the Perpustakaan National in Jakarta...
, Kidung Sunda
Kidung Sunda
Kidung Sunda is a Middle-Javanese kidung of probable Balinese provenance. In this poem, the story of king Hayam Wuruk of Majapahit who was looking for a bride to be, is narrated. At last he chose the princess of Sunda, a kingdom in West Java. The princess' name is remained undisclosed in this...
, Bujangga Manik
Bujangga Manik
Bujangga Manik is one of the precious remnants of Old Sundanese literature. It is told in octosyllabic lines – the metrical form of Old Sundanese narrative poetry – in a palm leaf kept in the Bodleian Library in Oxford since 1627 or 1629...
, and Pustaka Rajyarajya i Bhumi Nusantara. Several stone inscriptions also mentioned the kingdom, such as Jayabupati
Jayabupati inscription
The Sanghyang Tapak inscription is an ancient inscription dated from 952 saka , consist of 40 lines requiring 4 piece of stone to write on. These 4 stones are found in the Cicatih River bank in Cibadak, Sukabumi, West Java...
, Kawali, and Batutulis
Batutulis inscription
The Batutulis inscription is an ancient Sunda Kingdom inscription dated 1533, located at Batutulis village, South Bogor, West Java. Batutulis inscription is located in the ancient site of the capital Pakuan Pajajaran, Batutulis means 'inscribed stone', it is this stone, still in situ, which gave...
.
Historical resources from the Sunda kingdom
The earliest time a reference to the name Sunda being used to identify a kingdom is written on the Prasasti Kebon Kopi II stone inscription of 458 Saka (536 AD). The inscription was in old Javanese script; however, the language used was old Malay language. The inscription translates as follows:Some historians have an opinion that the year of the inscription must be read backward as 854 Saka (932 AD) because it is not possible that the Sunda kingdom have existed in 536 AD, in the era of the Kingdom of Tarumanagara (358-669 AD).
Another reference to the kingdom is the Jayabupati inscription
Jayabupati inscription
The Sanghyang Tapak inscription is an ancient inscription dated from 952 saka , consist of 40 lines requiring 4 piece of stone to write on. These 4 stones are found in the Cicatih River bank in Cibadak, Sukabumi, West Java...
which consist of 40 lines written on 4 pieces of stone. These 4 stones were found in the Cicatih river bank in Cibadak, Sukabumi
Sukabumi
Sukabumi is a city surrounded by the regency of the same name in the highlands of West Java, Indonesia, about south of the national capital, Jakarta....
. The inscriptions is written in old Javanese script
Javanese script
The Javanese alphabet, natively known as Hanacaraka or Carakan , known by the Sundanese people as Cacarakan is the pre-colonial script used to write the Javanese language....
. Now the four inscriptions are stored at National Museum Jakarta, with code D 73 (Cicatih), D 96, D 97 and D 98. The contents of the inscriptions (according Pleyte):
The date of the Jayabupati inscription is suggested on October 11, 1030. According to Pustaka Nusantara, Parwa III sarga 1, Sri Jayabupati reigned for 12 years (952 - 964) saka (1030 - 1042AD). The style of the inscriptions revealing East Javanese style whether letters, language, and style, and the noble name of the king.
Copperplate letters of the 15th century with royal instructions also explains the existence of the Sunda kingdom. The copperplate inscription of Prasasti Kebantenan I (Jayagiri) reads that Raja Rahyang Niskala Wastu Kancana sent an order through Hyang Ningrat Kancana to the Susuhunan of Pakuan Pajajaran to take care of dayohan in Jayagiri and Sunda Sembawa. The text expressively mentions a ban on issuing regulations aimed at taking any taxes from the people there because they all are very knowledgeable in (Hindu) religion and they worship the gods.
Prasasti Kebantenan II (Sunda Sembawa I) copperplate has the inscription announcing the approval of Sri Baduga Maharaja (1482–1521), the king staying in Pakuan, of a sacred estate (tanah devasasana); the borders of which are already established, and that ground must not be distributed because devasana harbors facilitates for worship, which belong to the king. The text also tells that this restricted area was put at the disposal of the wiku (priests).
Prasasti Kebantenan III (Sunda Sembawa II) copperplate contains announcement of approval from the king of Sunda and sanctions of holy construction in Sunda Sembawa, which should be cared for and not being disturbed because the area stipulated is the residential area of the wiku (priests). If anyone dares to enter that area in sunda Sembawa, they are to be killed.
Prasasti Kebantenan IV (Gunung Samaya) inscription says that Sri Baduga Maharaja, who is ruling in Pakuan, sanctions a sacred place (tanah devasana) at Gunung (Mount Samya (Rancamaya), the borders of which are already established. Anyone entering was forbidden to disturb this area, and the imposition of taxes and other levies was prohibited because the area contained places of worship, which belonged to the king.
Historical resources from China
According to F. Hirt and W. W. Rockhill, there is certain Chinese sources concerning the Sunda kingdom. At the time of the Southern Sung Dynasty, the inspector of trade with foreign countries, Chan Ju-kua collected reports from sailors and merchants who had actually visited foreign countries. In his Report on Far countries, Chu-fan-chi, written from 1178 to 1225 AD, the deep water harbor of Sin-t’o (Sunda) is mentioned. Chu-fan-chi reported that:Chinese book “shun-feng hsiang-sung" from about 1430 AD tell:
The Portuguese report dated from later period of the kingdom shortly before the fall of the kingdom to Sultanate of Banten
Sultanate of Banten
The Sultanate of Banten was founded in the 16th century and centered in Banten, a port city on the northwest coast of Java; the contemporary English spelling of both was Bantam...
forces.
Historical resources from European explorer
European explorers also report the existence of the Sunda kingdom. One of the explorers was Tomé PiresTomé Pires
Tomé Pires was an apothecary from Lisbon who spent 1512 to 1515 in Malacca immediately after the Portuguese conquest, at a time when Europeans were only first arriving in South East Asia...
from Portuguese. In his report “Summa Oriental (1513–1515)” he wrote that:
Formation and growth
According to Wangsakerta manuscript, king Tarusbawa from Sunda Sambawa, a vasal kingdom of TarumanagaraTarumanagara
Tarumanagara or Taruma Kingdom or just Taruma is an early Sundanese Indianized kingdom, whose fifth-century ruler, Purnavarman, produced the earliest known inscriptions on Java island...
, had succeeded his father in-law as the 13th king of Tarumanagara
Tarumanagara
Tarumanagara or Taruma Kingdom or just Taruma is an early Sundanese Indianized kingdom, whose fifth-century ruler, Purnavarman, produced the earliest known inscriptions on Java island...
. At the same time, Tarumanagara's prestige and power had been declining, likely due to the series of invasions from Srivijaya
Srivijaya
Srivijaya was a powerful ancient thalassocratic Malay empire based on the island of Sumatra, modern day Indonesia, which influenced much of Southeast Asia. The earliest solid proof of its existence dates from the 7th century; a Chinese monk, I-Tsing, wrote that he visited Srivijaya in 671 for 6...
. Wishing to restore the glory of King Purnawarman, who reigned from Purasaba (capital city) of Sundapura, in 670 AD Tarusbawa changed the name of Tarumanagara
Tarumanagara
Tarumanagara or Taruma Kingdom or just Taruma is an early Sundanese Indianized kingdom, whose fifth-century ruler, Purnavarman, produced the earliest known inscriptions on Java island...
to the Sunda kingdom. This event is supported by a Chinese source that mentions the last time Tarumanagara sent their envoy was in 669 AD. Tarusbawa did send his emissary to the Chinese Emperor at the time to advise him of his ascension to the throne in 669 AD. He was crowned on the date 9 on full moon on Jesta month in 591 Saka, or corresponds to 18 May 669 AD.
Separation of Galuh and Sunda Kingdom
Tarumanagara
Tarumanagara or Taruma Kingdom or just Taruma is an early Sundanese Indianized kingdom, whose fifth-century ruler, Purnavarman, produced the earliest known inscriptions on Java island...
to break eastern Taruma apart from Tarusbawa's Sunda. Since the crown prince of Galuh is the son in-law of Queen Sima of Kalingga, a Hindu kingdom in central Java, Wretikandayun with the support from Kalingga demands that the remnant of what was known as Tarumanagara
Tarumanagara
Tarumanagara or Taruma Kingdom or just Taruma is an early Sundanese Indianized kingdom, whose fifth-century ruler, Purnavarman, produced the earliest known inscriptions on Java island...
's territory should be divided into two kingdoms. Finding himself in an unfortunate position and unwilling to risk a civil war, King Tarusbawa granted Wretikandayun's demand. In 670 AD Tarumanagara
Tarumanagara
Tarumanagara or Taruma Kingdom or just Taruma is an early Sundanese Indianized kingdom, whose fifth-century ruler, Purnavarman, produced the earliest known inscriptions on Java island...
was divided into two kingdoms: the Sunda Kingdom in the west, and the Galuh Kingdom the east, separated by the Tarum (Citarum) River.
Sanna and Purbasora
Tarusbawa is the good friend of Bratasena or Sena (709 - 716), the third king of Galuh. He also known as Sanna, as mentioned in Canggal inscriptionCanggal inscription
The Canggal inscription is a Javanese inscription dated to 732, discovered in the Gunung Wukir temple complex in Kadiluwih village, Salam, Magelang Regency, Central Java. The inscription is written in the Pallawa script in the Sanskrit language...
(732 AD), uncle of Sanjaya. This friendship encourage Tarusbawa to took Sanjaya as his son in-law. Bratasenawa (Sanna or Sena) is surpassed from Galuh throne by Purbasora in 716. Purbasora is the grandson of Wretikandayun from his eldest son, Batara Danghyang Guru Sempakwaja, the founder of Galunggung kingdom. On the other hand Sena is also grandson of Wretikandayun from his youngest son, Mandiminyak, the second king of Galuh (702-709 AD).
Actually Purbasora and Sena are brothers because of the affair between Mandiminyak and Sempakwaja's wife. Sempakwaja can not succeeded his father because he is toothless, a shameful physical handicap considered unsuitable to be king at that time. That's why his younger brother has inherited the Galuh throne from Wretikandayun. However, the son of Sempakwaja still felt deserved to the throne of Galuh. Moreover King Sena has doubtful scandalous origin that fueled Purbasora rebellion and determination to took Galuh throne from Sena.
With the aid of his father in-law, King Indraprahasta, from a kingdom near present day Cirebon
Cirebon
Cirebon is a port city on the north coast of the Indonesian island of Java. It is located in the province of West Java near the provincial border with Central Java, approximately 297 km east of Jakarta, at .The seat of a former Sultanate, the city's West and Central Java border location have...
, Purbasora launch his coup on Galuh throne. Defeated Sena flee to Kalingga
Kalingga
Kalingga or Holing was an Indianized kingdom on the north coast of Central Java, Indonesia. The exact location of kingdom's capital is unknown, it is thought to be somewhere between present-day Pekalongan and Jepara. Kalingga existed between the 6th and 7th century...
, the kingdom of his wife's grandmother, Queen Shima.
Reunification of Sunda and Galuh
Sunda Kingdom and Galuh Kingdom coexisted under a strange and complex relationship. At times the two kingdoms united as the Sunda Kingdom under the same king, at others they separated with different kings. They would finally unify as the Sunda Kingdom under the same king.Since the crown prince of Sunda died before King Tarusbawa, Princess Tejakencana (the daughter of crown prince) was hailed as heiress of Sunda. She married to Rakeyan Jamri, who was a son of Bratasenawa (the third king of Galuh Kingdom
Galuh Kingdom
Galuh Kingdom was a kingdom in Tanah Sunda , Indonesia. It was established following the collapse of the Tarumanagara kingdom. Galuh and the Sunda kingdom, another Sundanese kingdom, established the United Kingdom of Sunda and Galuh....
and a son of Wretikandayun) and princess Sanaha (from Kalingga
Kalingga
Kalingga or Holing was an Indianized kingdom on the north coast of Central Java, Indonesia. The exact location of kingdom's capital is unknown, it is thought to be somewhere between present-day Pekalongan and Jepara. Kalingga existed between the 6th and 7th century...
). In 723 Jamri surpassed Tarusbawa to be the second king of Sunda. As the lord of Sunda he was known as Prabu Harisdarma and when he acquired the throne of Galuh he was known as Sanjaya
Sri Sanjaya
King Sri Sanjaya was the founder of Mataram Kingdom and also the Sanjaya Dynasty during the eighth century. His name was revealed in the AD 732 Sanskrit inscription carved in stone found at the foot of Ukir hill on the southern Kedu Plain in Central Java...
.
The two kingdoms united as the Sunda kingdom under kings:
- Sanjaya (723 – 732 AD) with capital city in Kawali Galuh (present-day CiamisCiamisCiamis is the capital of the Ciamis Regency in West Java, Indonesia....
city) - Tamperan or Rakeyan Panaraban (in 732 - 739 AD) with capital in Kawali Galuh
- Wuwus (819 – 891 AD) with capital city in Pakuan (present-day BogorBogorBogor is a city on the island of Java in the West Java province of Indonesia. The city is located in the center of the Bogor Regency , 60 kilometers south of the Indonesian capital Jakarta...
City) - Darmaraksa (891 – 895 AD) with capital in Pakuan
- Prabu Guru Darmasiksa with capital city in Sawunggalah (present-day KuninganKuninganKuningan is a city in eastern West Java, Indonesia, between Cirebon and Tasikmalaya, about 200 km east of Jakarta. The area is near Mount Cereme/Ciremai , the highest mountain in West Java. The mountain is located in the western part of the region. The eastern part is a valley...
city) - Rakeyan Jayadarma resided in Kawali
- Prabu Ragasuci (1297–1303 AD) resided in Saunggalah
- Prabu Citraganda (1303–1311 AD) resided in Pakuan
- Prabu Lingga Dewata (1311–1333 AD) might be resided in Kawali
- Prabu Ajiguna Wisesa (1333–1340 AD) resided in Kawali.
- Prabu Maharaja Lingga Buana (1340–1357 AD) resided in Kawali
- Prabu Mangkubumi Suradipati/Prabu Bunisora (1357–1371 AD) resided in Kawali
- Prabu Raja Wastu/Niskala Wastu Kancana (1371–1475 AD) resided in Kawali
- Sri Baduga Maharaja (1482 to 1521 AD) resided in Pakuan
Sanjaya and Balangantrang
SanjayaSri Sanjaya
King Sri Sanjaya was the founder of Mataram Kingdom and also the Sanjaya Dynasty during the eighth century. His name was revealed in the AD 732 Sanskrit inscription carved in stone found at the foot of Ukir hill on the southern Kedu Plain in Central Java...
, the son of Sannaha (sister of Sena), determined to take revenge to Purbasora's family. He ask the help of Tarusbawa, friend of Sena. His wish is put to realisation when he become the king of Sunda, reigning on behalf of his wife.
He has prepared a special force placed on Gunung Sawal area with the help of Rabuyut Sawal, also dear friend of Sena. This special force is led by Sanjaya, while Sunda army is led by Patih Anggada. The raid is launced at nightfal is surprise attack. Almost all of Purbasora's family is wiped out, except Bimaraksa, Purbasora's son in-law, the minister of Galuh that escaped with just a handful of guards.
Bimaraksa also known as Ki Balangantrang, he is the Senapati (army general) of the kingdom. Balangantrang also the grandson of Wretikandayun from his second son, Resi Guru Jantaka or Rahyang Kidul, he also considered unfit to be the successor of Wretikandayun because he suffer hernia
Hernia
A hernia is the protrusion of an organ or the fascia of an organ through the wall of the cavity that normally contains it. A hiatal hernia occurs when the stomach protrudes into the mediastinum through the esophageal opening in the diaphragm....
. Balangantrang hide in Gègèr Sunten village and rising anti-Sanjaya forces. He is supported by kings of Kuningan also the remnants of Indraprahasta army. Indraphrasta has been annihilates by Sanjaya as the revenge for their aid, helping Purbasora to ousts Sena.
Sena has asked Sanjaya to honor all of Galuh royal family, except Purbasora. Sanjaya himself is not interested to reign Galuh. He just attack it to fulfill his godfather's wish to took revenge on Purbasora's family. After defeating Purbasora, Sanjaya ask his uncle, Sempakwaja, in Galunggung to order Demunawan, younger brother of Purbasora, to reign in Galuh. But Sempakwaja decline his fearing this only Sanjaya's trick to annihilate Demunawan.
Sanjaya himself can not reach Balangantrang whereabout. So he accepted his rights on Galuh throne. Realize he is unwelcomed in Galuh court, and also he is a Sunda King that must reside in Pakuan, he put Premana Dikusuma, grandson of Purbasora in charge of Galuh. Premana Dikusuma at that time is placed as vassal king. In the age 43 years old (born on 683 AD), he's already known as Rsi or aeschetic monk because his passion on learning spiritual teaching since young age, he also known as Bagawat Sajalajaya.
Sanjaya also had legitimate right to Kalingga's throne (from his grandmother's side). Thus in 732 AD he chose to live in Kalingga
Kalingga
Kalingga or Holing was an Indianized kingdom on the north coast of Central Java, Indonesia. The exact location of kingdom's capital is unknown, it is thought to be somewhere between present-day Pekalongan and Jepara. Kalingga existed between the 6th and 7th century...
(in the northern part of central Java) and later established the Mataram Kingdom
Mataram Kingdom
The Medang or Mataram Kingdom was a Hindu-Buddhist kingdom that flourished between the 8th and 10th centuries CE. It was based in Central Java, and later in East Java. Established by King Sanjaya, the founder of the Sanjaya dynasty, the kingdom was ruled by the Sailendra and Sanjaya families...
and Sanjaya Dynasty
Sanjaya Dynasty
The Sañjaya Dynasty was an ancient Javanese dynasty that ruled the Mataram kingdom in Java during first millennium CE. The dynasty was an active promoter of Hinduism in ancient Java.-Origin and formation:...
. In 732 he gave his right of western Java to his son from Tejakencana, Prince Tamperan (Rakeyan Panaraban). Rakeyan was a halfbrother of Rakai Panangkaran, Sanjaya's son from Sudiwara (daughter of Dewasinga, king of southern Kalingga).
Rakeyan Jayadarma
According to Pustaka Rajyarajya i Bhumi Nusantara parwa II sarga 3: Rakeyan Jayadarma is the son-in-law of Mahisa Campaka of SinghasariSinghasari
Singhasari was a kingdom located in east Java between 1222 and 1292. The kingdom succeeded Kingdom of Kediri as the dominant kingdom in eastern Java.-Foundation:...
. Prince Jayadharma married Dyah Singamurti alias Dyah Lembu Tal. Sangrama Wijaya (Raden Wijaya
Raden Wijaya
Raden Wijaya was a Javanese King, the founder and the first monarch of Majapahit empire. The history of his founding of Majapahit was written in several records, including Pararaton and Negarakertagama...
), the first King of Majapahit, is the son of Sunda King; Rakeyan Jayadharma. Except for Gajah Mada who insisted to incorporated the Sunda kingdom within Majapahit realm, this is the likely reason why Majapahit kings were reluctant to attack the Sunda kingdom. Thus there was some sacred alliance between the Sunda kingdom and Majapahit kingdom.
Prabu Maharaja Lingga Buana
He resided in Kawali Galuh. He died in the Bubat War, Majapahit, in 1357 against the conspiracy crafted by the Majapahit prime minister, Gajah MadaGajah Mada
Gajah Mada was, according to Javanese old manuscripts, poems and mythology, a powerful military leader and mahapatih or prime minister of the Majapahit Empire, credited with bringing the empire to its peak of glory...
. The prelude of the tragedy was started with the intention of Hayam Wuruk
Hayam Wuruk
Hayam Wuruk, also called Rajasanagara, , was a Javanese King and the fourth monarch of Majapahit empire. Together with his prime minister Gajah Mada, he reigned the empire at the time of its greatest power. He was preceded by Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi and succeeded by his son in law...
, the king of Majapahit to marry princess Dyah Pitaloka
Dyah Pitaloka Citraresmi
Dyah Pitaloka Citraresmi or Citra Rashmi , was the princess of the Sunda Kingdom in Western Java. According to the Pararaton or Book of Kings, she was supposed to marry Hayam Wuruk, the new young king of Majapahit who had a great desire to take her as his queen. However in the tragedy known as the...
(also known as Citraresmi), a daughter of Prabu Maharaja Lingga Buana. The Sunda king and his royal family came to Majapahit, sailing through the Java Sea, to accompany and marry his daughter with Hayam Wuruk. The Sunda party erected the encampment on Bubat square in northern part of Trowulan
Trowulan
Trowulan is a village in Mojokerto, in the Indonesian province of East Java. It is surrounded by an archaeological site covering approximately 100 square kilometres. It has been suggested it was the site of the eponymous capital city of the Majapahit Empire, which is described by Mpu Prapanca in...
, Majapahit capital city, and awaited the proper wedding ceremony. However Gajah Mada saw this event as an opportunity to demand Sunda's submission to Majapahit overlordship, and insisted that instead of become the queen of Majapahit, the princess was to be presented as a token of submission and treated as mere concubine for the Majapahit king. Sunda king was angered and felt humiliated by Gajah Mada's demand.
As a result there was a skirmish between the Sunda
Sunda
Sunda may refer to:In Indonesia:-* Sunda Islands, a group of islands located in Indonesia and Malaysia** Greater Sunda Islands** Lesser Sunda Islands* Sunda Strait, the strait between Java and Sumatra...
royal family and the Majapahit army to defend their honour. The royal family were decimated by the Majapahit army. Almost whole of the Sundanese
Sundanese
The Sundanese are an ethnic group native to the western part of the Indonesian island of Java. They number approximately 31 million, and are the second most populous of all the nation's ethncities. The Sundanese are predominantly Muslim...
royal party including the princess were perished in this tragedy. Tradition mentioned that Princess Dyah Pitaloka committed suicide, took her own life to defend the honor and pride of her country. After his death, Prabu Maharaja Lingga Buana was revered by Sundanese as Prabu Wangi (lit. king with pleasant fragrance) because of his heroic act to defend his honor against Majapahit, and his descendants, the later kings of Sunda, were called Siliwangi (lit. successor of Wangi). The story of the Battle of Bubat
Battle of Bubat
The Battle of Bubat also known as Pasunda Bubat is the battle between Sundanese royal family and Majapahit army that took place in Bubat square on the northern part of Trowulan in 1279 Saka or 1357 CE...
is the main theme of the book Kidung Sunda
Kidung Sunda
Kidung Sunda is a Middle-Javanese kidung of probable Balinese provenance. In this poem, the story of king Hayam Wuruk of Majapahit who was looking for a bride to be, is narrated. At last he chose the princess of Sunda, a kingdom in West Java. The princess' name is remained undisclosed in this...
.
Sri Baduga Maharaja
He is a grandchild of Prabu Wastu Kancana or Prabu Niskala Wastu, one of Prabu Wangi’s sons. Sri Baduga Maharaja is popularly known as Prabu SiliwangiKing Siliwangi
Siliwangi is a legendary great king of the Sunda kingdom in West Java. The kingdom flourished between 669 to 1759 AD. He brought the kingdom greatness and prosperity. Some accounts of his life are taken from the Pantun Sunda oral tradition that describe his reign as a glorious era for the Sundanese...
through traditional Sundanese oral tradition of Pantun
Pantun
The pantun is a Malay poetic form. The pantun originated as a traditional oral form of expression. The first examples to be recorded appear in the 15th century in the Malay Annals and the Hikayat Hang Tuah. The most common theme is love....
. He moved the government seat from Kawali back to Pakuan in 1482. Based on Prasasti Kebantenan copperplate inscription, he established a sacred estate (tanah devasasana) at Mount Samya (Rancamaya) and ordered that anyone entering was forbidden to disturb this area and the imposition of taxes and other levies was prohibited because devasana contained facilities for worship, which belonged to the king. He also announced that holy construction in Sunda Sembawa, which should be cared for and be undisturbed because the area stipulated is the residential area of the wiku (priests). According to Batutulis inscription
Batutulis inscription
The Batutulis inscription is an ancient Sunda Kingdom inscription dated 1533, located at Batutulis village, South Bogor, West Java. Batutulis inscription is located in the ancient site of the capital Pakuan Pajajaran, Batutulis means 'inscribed stone', it is this stone, still in situ, which gave...
, Sri Baduga Maharaja built defensive moat
Moat
A moat is a deep, broad ditch, either dry or filled with water, that surrounds a castle, other building or town, historically to provide it with a preliminary line of defence. In some places moats evolved into more extensive water defences, including natural or artificial lakes, dams and sluices...
surrounding Pakuan Pajajaran
Pakuan Pajajaran
Pakuan Pajajaran was a capital city of Sunda kingdom. In this city, king Prabu Susuktunggal established a palace called "Sri Bimapunta Narayana Madura Suradipati"....
capital city; built "gugunungan" (sacred mounds), he established huts and sacred Samya forest, reserves for wood destined for offerings, and he established the Talaga Rena Mahawijaya Lake. Certainly, there was a good road to Sunda Kalapa (present-day Jakarta Metropolitan city) too, the most important harbor of the Sunda kingdom. At the time of the visit of Tome Pirés in Pakuan, Sri Baduga Maharaja reigned over the Sunda kingdom (1482 to 1521).
The year of his coronation in 1482, has been stipulated at the birth date of the present-day city of Bogor
Bogor
Bogor is a city on the island of Java in the West Java province of Indonesia. The city is located in the center of the Bogor Regency , 60 kilometers south of the Indonesian capital Jakarta...
. However, there was certainly an important settlement there long before, and Pakuan had already been declared the capital of the Sunda kingdom under previous kings of Sunda. The reign of Sri Baduga Maharaja or Prabu Siliwangi was hailed as the "golden age" of Sundanese people. It was the era when the kingdom was able to consolidate its rule and exercise its power throughout western part of Java and the surrounding area. It was also marked the era of great wealth and prosperity owed to efficient agriculture management and thriving pepper spice trade in the region. However unfortunately this era of great wealth also marked the beginning of Sunda kingdom's decline.
Decline
Kingdom of Sunda anxiously watched the growing influence of the expansive Islamic Sultanate of DemakSultanate of Demak
The Sultanate of Demak was Javanese Muslim state located on Java's north coast in Indonesia, at the site of the present day city of Demak. A port fief to the Majapahit kingdom thought to have been founded in the last quarter of the 15th century, it was influenced by Islam brought by Arab and...
that finally succeed to destroy Majapahit in 16th century. Because of this event, only Blambangan in the eastern edge of Java, and Sunda in the western part that remains as Hindu kingdoms in Java. The pressure from coastal Java Islamic states has driven the king of Sunda, Sri Baduga Maharaja, to sought assistance from the Portuguese at Malacca
Malacca
Malacca , dubbed The Historic State or Negeri Bersejarah among locals) is the third smallest Malaysian state, after Perlis and Penang. It is located in the southern region of the Malay Peninsula, on the Straits of Malacca. It borders Negeri Sembilan to the north and the state of Johor to the south...
. Therefore, in 1512 and again in 1521, he sent his son, the crown prince Prabu Surawisesa also known as Ratu Sang Hiang (Portuguese heard it as Samian) to Malacca in order to invite the Portuguese to sign a peace treaty, to trade in pepper, and to build a fort at his main port of Sunda Kalapa.
Prabu Surawisesa Jayaperkasa, and Sunda – Portuguese Treaty in 1522
After Sri Baduga Maharaja’s death in 1521, the succeeding kings, Prabu Surawisesa Jayaperkosa alias Ratu Sang Hiang (by the Portuguese called Ratu Samian), faced the threat of expansion by expansive Sultanate of Banten and Demak. Under this threat, Prabu Surawisesa Jayaperkosa, who reigned over the kingdom from 1521 to 1535, concluded the treaty with Portuguese from Malacca to establish a warehouse and fortress at Sunda KelapaSunda Kelapa
Sunda Kelapa is the old port of Jakarta located on the estuarine of Ciliwung River. "Sunda Kalapa" is the original name, and it was the main port of Sunda Kingdom of Pajajaran. The port is situated in Penjaringan sub-district, of North Jakarta, Indonesia...
in return for protection against the expansive forces.
By 1522, the Portuguese were ready to form a coalition with the King of Sunda in order to get access to his profitable pepper trade. The commander of the fortress of Malacca at that time was still Jorge de Albuquerque. He sent a ship, the São Sebastião, under Captain Henrique Leme, to Sunda Kalapa with valuable gifts for the king of Sunda. Two written sources describe the concluding of the treaty in detail. One is the original Portuguese document of 1522 with the text of the treaty and the signatories of the witnesses, and the other is a report on that event by João de Barros
João de Barros
João de Barros , called the Portuguese Livy, is one of the first great Portuguese historians, most famous for his Décadas da Ásia , a history of the Portuguese in India and Asia.-Early years:...
in his book Da Ásia, printed not before 1777/78.
According to these sources, the king welcome them warmly upon their arrival. The crown Prince (1512 and 1521) had succeeded his father and was now King Prabu Surawisesa with his title Ratu Samiam (Sang Hiang). Barros called him King Samião. This Sunda ruler agreed to an arrangement of friendship with the King of Portugal and decided to grant a fortress at the mouth of the Ciliwung River where the Portuguese could load as many ships as they wished with pepper. In addition, he pledged that from the day when the building of the fortress began, each year he would donate one thousand sacks of pepper to the Portuguese king (that is more than 20 tons). The contract document was drafted into two copies and signed. On the said day, Henrique Leme of Portuguese and his entourage together with deputies of the King of Sunda, erected a commemoration stone, called Padrão
Padrão
A padrão was a large stone cross inscribed with the coat of arms of Portugal that was placed as part of a land claim by numerous Portuguese explorers during the Portuguese Age of Discovery...
at the mouth of the Ciliwung River in 1522 AD.
This trade and defense treaty with the Portuguese from 1522, which is called Luso Sundanese Treaty, lacked its realization because the Portuguese failed to keep their promise to construct the fortress because of troubles in Goa India
India
India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world...
and Fatahillah had conquered Sunda Kalapa harbour just before the Portuguese arrived back there.
The army of Paletehan alias Fadillah Khan (1487–1570), comprising around 1452 troops from Cirebon-Demak alliance, had forcefully conquered Sunda Kalapa The commander of the Sunda kingdom and his troops fell to them. The harbor chief and his family, the royal minister, and all of the people working in the harbor, lost their lives. Most of the city was destroyed, as the reinforcements sent in from Pakuan realized that their forces were too weak and retreated. Sunda Kalapa Harbour was named as Jayakarta or Jakarta.
Thirty Portuguese sailors, who had been shipwrecked by storm, swam to the beach at Kalapa only to be killed by Fadillah Khan’s men. The Portuguese recognized the political leadership had changed when they were not allowed to set foot on the land. As they were too weak for a battle, they set sail back to Malacca. The next year, a second attempt failed because of striking sailors who were angry at not having been paid.
The war between Cirebon-Demak alliance and the Sunda kingdom lasted almost five years. The king lost 1000 of his troops. Finally, in 1531 a peace treaty was concluded between king Surawisesa and Syarif Hidayatullah.
Prabu Surawisesa established the Prasasti Batutulis inscription stone in 1533 AD to commemorate his great father. Because of ongoing battles, he often could not stay in his palace in Pakuan Pajajaran
Pakuan Pajajaran
Pakuan Pajajaran was a capital city of Sunda kingdom. In this city, king Prabu Susuktunggal established a palace called "Sri Bimapunta Narayana Madura Suradipati"....
.
After Prabu Surawisesa, other kings who ruled Sunda Kingdom were:
- From 1535 to 1543: Ratu Dewata, alias Sang Ratu Jaya Dewata, was his successor but not Prabu Surawisesa's son.
- From 1543 to 1551: Ratu Sakti. He was the fourth Pajajaran king in Pakuan.
- From 1551 to 1567: King Nilakendra, alias Tohaan di Majaya. Because of ongoing battles, he could not stay in the kraton. The last kings of Sunda could no longer reside in Pakuan Pajajaran because 1550s Hasanuddin, sultan of Banten launch the attack to Dayeuh Pakuan.
- From 1567 to 1579, under the last king Raja Mulya, alias Prabu Surya Kencana, the kingdom declined essentially, particularly after 1576 due to expansive pressure, and finally collapsed in 1579. In Carita Parahyangan, his name is Nusa Mulya. He lived in Pulasari, Pandeglang, or in Kaduhejo, Menes Subdistrict, at the slope of Mount Palasari. Then the Sultanate of Banten ruled most of the former Sunda Kingdom territory.
Center of Power
Pakuan Pajajaran
Pakuan Pajajaran was a capital city of Sunda kingdom. In this city, king Prabu Susuktunggal established a palace called "Sri Bimapunta Narayana Madura Suradipati"....
, the capital of Sunda; and Kawali, the capital of Galuh.
Kawali
The capital of Galuh kingdom was in the area now known as Karang Kamulyan, CiamisCiamis
Ciamis is the capital of the Ciamis Regency in West Java, Indonesia....
, around the town of Kawali. The city was located on eastern slope of Sawal mount near the source of Citanduy river. Kawali inscription was discovered here. According to tradition the keraton in Kawali is called Surawisesa. Kawali served as the capital of the kingdom for several generations until Sri Baduga Maharaja moved the government back to Pakuan in 1482.
Pakuan Pajajaran
After the fall of TarumanagaraTarumanagara
Tarumanagara or Taruma Kingdom or just Taruma is an early Sundanese Indianized kingdom, whose fifth-century ruler, Purnavarman, produced the earliest known inscriptions on Java island...
in 7th century, King Tarusbawa built a new capital city inland near the source of Cipakancilan river in present day Bogor
Bogor
Bogor is a city on the island of Java in the West Java province of Indonesia. The city is located in the center of the Bogor Regency , 60 kilometers south of the Indonesian capital Jakarta...
. According to Carita Parahyangan
Carita Parahyangan
Carita Parahyangan is a text contained in a single manuscript, registered as kropak 406 from the former collection of the Bataviaasch Genootschap voor Kunsten en Wetenschappen , now in the Perpustakaan National in Jakarta...
, a manuscript from 15-16th century, king Tarusbawa was only mentioned as Tohaan (Lord/King) of Sunda. He was the ancestor of a series of Sunda kings that reigned until 723 AD. Pakuan served as capital of Sunda during the reign of several kings, and the court shifted to Kawali for most of the times until Sri Baduga Maharaja moved the court from Kawali back to Pakuan. After Sri Baduga Maharaja, the capital city of the Sunda kingdom remained in Pakuan until the end of the kingdom and the fall of the city to Sultanate of Banten
Sultanate of Banten
The Sultanate of Banten was founded in the 16th century and centered in Banten, a port city on the northwest coast of Java; the contemporary English spelling of both was Bantam...
in 1550s.
Because Pakuan, the capital city of the Sunda kingdom laid between two parallel rivers, Ciliwung and Cisadane, it was called Pajajaran (lit. place laid between two parallel things) or Pakuan Pajajaran
Pakuan Pajajaran
Pakuan Pajajaran was a capital city of Sunda kingdom. In this city, king Prabu Susuktunggal established a palace called "Sri Bimapunta Narayana Madura Suradipati"....
. Although primary local and European historical record noted that the kingdom in western part of Java island is the Sunda Kingdom. Sundanese
Sundanese people
The Sundanese are an ethnic group native to the western part of the Indonesian island of Java. They number approximately 31 million, and are the second most populous of all the nation's ethncities. The Sundanese are predominantly Muslim...
, especially after the establishment of the Sultanate of Banten and The Sultanate of Cirebon
The Sultanate of Cirebon
The Sultanate of Cirebon was a sultanate in West Java founded in the sixteenth century. It is said to have been founded by Sunan Gunungjati, who also established the Sultanate of Banten....
, called the kingdom in this region minus the sultanates as Pakuan Pajajaran Kingdom, or named shortly Pakuan Kingdom or Pajajaran Kingdom. The later name is more familiar for people resided in West Java and also in Mataram region (current Yogyakarta and Solo).
Culture
Sunda Wiwitan
Sunda Wiwitan is a religious belief system of traditional Sundanese. It venerates the power of nature and the spirit of ancestors ....
; a native shamanism
Shamanism
Shamanism is an anthropological term referencing a range of beliefs and practices regarding communication with the spiritual world. To quote Eliade: "A first definition of this complex phenomenon, and perhaps the least hazardous, will be: shamanism = technique of ecstasy." Shamanism encompasses the...
belief, Hinduism
Hinduism
Hinduism is the predominant and indigenous religious tradition of the Indian Subcontinent. Hinduism is known to its followers as , amongst many other expressions...
, and Buddhism
Buddhism
Buddhism is a religion and philosophy encompassing a variety of traditions, beliefs and practices, largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as the Buddha . The Buddha lived and taught in the northeastern Indian subcontinent some time between the 6th and 4th...
. Several intact prehistoric megalithic sites such as Cipari site in Kuningan
Kuningan
Kuningan is a city in eastern West Java, Indonesia, between Cirebon and Tasikmalaya, about 200 km east of Jakarta. The area is near Mount Cereme/Ciremai , the highest mountain in West Java. The mountain is located in the western part of the region. The eastern part is a valley...
and Pangguyangan menhir
Menhir
A menhir is a large upright standing stone. Menhirs may be found singly as monoliths, or as part of a group of similar stones. Their size can vary considerably; but their shape is generally uneven and squared, often tapering towards the top...
and stepped pyramid in Cisolok, Sukabumi
Sukabumi
Sukabumi is a city surrounded by the regency of the same name in the highlands of West Java, Indonesia, about south of the national capital, Jakarta....
, suggests that native shamanic animism
Animism
Animism refers to the belief that non-human entities are spiritual beings, or at least embody some kind of life-principle....
and dynamism
Dynamism
Dynamism is a concept that has several meanings.*Dynamism , a cosmological explanation of the material world in the vein of process philosophy.*Dynamism , a Japanese retailer specializing in exports....
beliefs still alive and well next to Hinduism and Buddhism influences. The native belief of Sunda Wiwitan still persist to become the way of life for Baduy or Kanekes people that resist islamization and foreign influences.
Hindu influence was absorbed since the dawn of Tarumanagara
Tarumanagara
Tarumanagara or Taruma Kingdom or just Taruma is an early Sundanese Indianized kingdom, whose fifth-century ruler, Purnavarman, produced the earliest known inscriptions on Java island...
. The Cangkuang Hindu temple in Leles, Garut
Garut
Garut is a town in the West Java province of Indonesia and is the capital of the Garut Regency. It is located about 75 km to the southeast of the major city of Bandung.-History:...
, dated from the 8th century was dedicated for Shiva
Shiva
Shiva is a major Hindu deity, and is the destroyer god or transformer among the Trimurti, the Hindu Trinity of the primary aspects of the divine. God Shiva is a yogi who has notice of everything that happens in the world and is the main aspect of life. Yet one with great power lives a life of a...
and built during the Galuh kingdom. Buddhist influence probably made their way to West Java through the Srivijaya
Srivijaya
Srivijaya was a powerful ancient thalassocratic Malay empire based on the island of Sumatra, modern day Indonesia, which influenced much of Southeast Asia. The earliest solid proof of its existence dates from the 7th century; a Chinese monk, I-Tsing, wrote that he visited Srivijaya in 671 for 6...
conquest, the empire dominated West Java until 11th century. The brick stupas in Batujaya
Batujaya Archaeological Site
Batujaya is an archeological site located in the village of Batujaya, Karawang in West Java, Indonesia. The site is five square kilometers in area and comprises at least 30 structural in what Sundanese call hunyur or unur...
is the evidence of Buddhist influence in West Java, while nearby Cibuaya sites show Hinduim influence.
The culture of Sunda kingdom was heavily centered on agricultural activity, especially rice
Rice
Rice is the seed of the monocot plants Oryza sativa or Oryza glaberrima . As a cereal grain, it is the most important staple food for a large part of the world's human population, especially in East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, and the West Indies...
cultivation. Naturally Nyi Pohaci Sanghyang Asri
Dewi Sri
Dewi Sri, or Dewi Shri , Nyai Pohaci Sanghyang Asri is the Javanese, Sundanese, and Balinese pre-Hindu and pre-Islam era goddess of rice and fertility, still widely worshipped on the islands of Bali and Java...
or Sanghyang Asri, the goddess of rice, is considered and revered as the main deity or the highest goddess within Sundanese pantheon
Pantheon (gods)
A pantheon is a set of all the gods of a particular polytheistic religion or mythology.Max Weber's 1922 opus, Economy and Society discusses the link between a...
. The priest was concerning about the religious ceremonies and the king with his subjects participated in annual ceremonies and festivals such as the blessing of the rice seeds ceremonies and harvest festival. The annual Seren Taun
Seren Taun
Seren Taun is an annual traditional Sundanese rice harvest festival and ceremony. This festivals originally held to mark the new agriculture year in Sundanese ancient calendar as well as thanks giving for the blessings of the abundance rice harvest, and also to pray for the next successful harvest...
rice harvest festival still can be found today in traditional Sundanese
Sundanese people
The Sundanese are an ethnic group native to the western part of the Indonesian island of Java. They number approximately 31 million, and are the second most populous of all the nation's ethncities. The Sundanese are predominantly Muslim...
communities.
According to Bujangga Manik
Bujangga Manik
Bujangga Manik is one of the precious remnants of Old Sundanese literature. It is told in octosyllabic lines – the metrical form of Old Sundanese narrative poetry – in a palm leaf kept in the Bodleian Library in Oxford since 1627 or 1629...
manuscript, the courtly culture of Sunda kraton and its noble's etiquette in Pakuan Pajajaran was quite sophisticated and refined. However no traces and remains of palace or buildings survived in the former capital, probably because most were constructed from organic wooden materials and had decayed eversince.
The Portuguese
Portugal
Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the...
source provide the glimpse of the culture and custom of Sunda kingdom. In his report “Summa Oriental (1513–1515)” Tomé Pires
Tomé Pires
Tomé Pires was an apothecary from Lisbon who spent 1512 to 1515 in Malacca immediately after the Portuguese conquest, at a time when Europeans were only first arriving in South East Asia...
wrote:
Economy
The economy of Sunda kingdom rely highly on agricultureAgriculture
Agriculture is the cultivation of animals, plants, fungi and other life forms for food, fiber, and other products used to sustain life. Agriculture was the key implement in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that nurtured the...
, especially rice
Rice
Rice is the seed of the monocot plants Oryza sativa or Oryza glaberrima . As a cereal grain, it is the most important staple food for a large part of the world's human population, especially in East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, and the West Indies...
cultivation. It is clearly reflected in Sundanese
Sundanese people
The Sundanese are an ethnic group native to the western part of the Indonesian island of Java. They number approximately 31 million, and are the second most populous of all the nation's ethncities. The Sundanese are predominantly Muslim...
culture and annual cycle of activity which incorporated ceremony of crop seeding and Seren Taun rice harvest festival. The harvest ceremony also functioned as the means for king's official to collect tax
Tax
To tax is to impose a financial charge or other levy upon a taxpayer by a state or the functional equivalent of a state such that failure to pay is punishable by law. Taxes are also imposed by many subnational entities...
from surrounding villages and his subjects in the form of rice that can be stored in state's Leuit (rice barn
Barn
A barn is an agricultural building used for storage and as a covered workplace. It may sometimes be used to house livestock or to store farming vehicles and equipment...
). However the kingdom also well known as the world's main producer of high quality pepper
Black pepper
Black pepper is a flowering vine in the family Piperaceae, cultivated for its fruit, which is usually dried and used as a spice and seasoning. The fruit, known as a peppercorn when dried, is approximately in diameter, dark red when fully mature, and, like all drupes, contains a single seed...
. The kingdom was participated in spice trade network in the archipelago.
Other Portuguese explorer, Diogo do Couto, also wrote that the Sunda kingdom is thriving and abundant; it lies between Java and Sumatra, having between it and the latter Sunda Strait
Sunda Strait
The Sunda Strait is the strait between the Indonesian islands of Java and Sumatra. It connects the Java Sea to the Indian Ocean...
. Many islands lie along the coast of this kingdom within the strait, for nearly the space of forty leagues, which in the widest are about twenty-five, and in others only twelve leagues, which in the widest are about twenty-five, and in others only twelve leagues broad. Bantam is about the middle distance. All the islands are well timbered, but have little water. A small one called Macar, at the entrance of Sunda Strait, is said to have much gold.
He also noted that the principle ports of the Sunda kingdom were Banten, Ache, Chacatara (Jakarta), to which every year resort about twenty sommas, which are a kind of vessel belonging to Chienheo (Cochin China), out of the maritime province of China, to load pepper, for this kingdom produces eight thousand bahars, which are equal to 3,000,000 kg of pepper annually.
Bantam is situated at 6° south latitude, in the middle of a fine bay, which is three leagues from point to point. The town in length, stretching landward, is eight hundreed and fifty fathoms, and the seaport extends about 400. A river capable of admitting jungs and gallies, flow through the middle of the town: a small branch of this river admits boats and small craft.
There is a brick fort, the walls of which are seven palms thick, with wooden bulwarks, armed with two tiers of artillery. The anchorage is good; in some places a muddy, in others a sandy bottom, the depth from two to sixt fathoms.
Legacy
Although the kingdom of Sunda left little archaeological remains, the memory about the kingdom was kept alive within the culture of Sundanese peopleSundanese people
The Sundanese are an ethnic group native to the western part of the Indonesian island of Java. They number approximately 31 million, and are the second most populous of all the nation's ethncities. The Sundanese are predominantly Muslim...
through Pantun
Pantun Sunda
Pantun Sunda is a type of Sundanese oral narrative performance interspersed with songs and music played on a kacapi, a kind of zither. A pantun used to be recited during an evening-length performance...
oral tradition, the chant of poetic verses. Sunda kingdom is revered as the prosperous and glorious golden age
Golden Age
The term Golden Age comes from Greek mythology and legend and refers to the first in a sequence of four or five Ages of Man, in which the Golden Age is first, followed in sequence, by the Silver, Bronze, and Iron Ages, and then the present, a period of decline...
. The historical identity and the source of pride for Sundanese people, the same as Majapahit for Javanese people.
The pantun that mentioned Sunda Kingdom (popularly known as Pakuan or Pajajaran):
Translation: It was better during Pajajaran era. The era where Kuwera (the god of wealth) was still revered. The era when the earth guru
Guru
A guru is one who is regarded as having great knowledge, wisdom, and authority in a certain area, and who uses it to guide others . Other forms of manifestation of this principle can include parents, school teachers, non-human objects and even one's own intellectual discipline, if the...
was still honored. The era when something lost will be appeared (returned to the owner). There was no farmer have to took the loan. There was no farmer have to sell their lands. There was no farmer dying in vain. There was no farmer died in hunger.
Translation: In the prosperous kingdom of Pakuan. (People) satisfied their needs of clothes and foods. Everybody have a lot of rice. The blessing of Dewa Guru so everybody is rich. As far as to other lands the fame has spread. Dewa Guru has ordered Ki Semar: Semar, go to the kingdom of Pakuan!
Several streets in major Indonesian cities, especially in West Java, was named after Sundanese kings and Sunda Kingdom. Padjadjaran University in Bandung
Bandung
Bandung is the capital of West Java province in Indonesia, and the country's third largest city, and 2nd largest metropolitan area in Indonesia, with a population of 7.4 million in 2007. Located 768 metres above sea level, approximately 140 km southeast of Jakarta, Bandung has cooler...
was named after Pakuan Pajajaran, the capital and also the popular name for Sunda Kingdom. The TNI Siliwangi Military Division
Siliwangi Division
The Siliwangi Division or KODAM VI/Siliwangi is the name of a formation of the Indonesian Army. The Division was formed during the Indonesian National Revolution by what was then known as the People's Security Army...
and Siliwangi Stadium
Siliwangi Stadium
Siliwangi Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Bandung, Indonesia. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium is owned by the Siliwangi Regional Military Commando . The stadium holds 20,000 people. It is the home stadium of Persib and Bandung F.C.....
was named after King Siliwangi
King Siliwangi
Siliwangi is a legendary great king of the Sunda kingdom in West Java. The kingdom flourished between 669 to 1759 AD. He brought the kingdom greatness and prosperity. Some accounts of his life are taken from the Pantun Sunda oral tradition that describe his reign as a glorious era for the Sundanese...
, the eponymous popular king of Sunda corresponded to Sri Baduga Maharaja.
List of rulers
Based on Pustaka Rajyarajya i Bhumi Nusantara, the most probable timeline for the rulers of the Sunda kingdom is as follows:| Period | King's name | Ruler of | Capital | Stone inscription | Manuscript reference | Events |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 669 – 723 | Tarusbawa | Sunda | Pakuan | Wangsakerta, Pustaka Rajyarajya i Bhumi Nusantara | Tarusbawa renamed the remnant of Tarumanagara Tarumanagara Tarumanagara or Taruma Kingdom or just Taruma is an early Sundanese Indianized kingdom, whose fifth-century ruler, Purnavarman, produced the earliest known inscriptions on Java island... as Sunda kingdom. Separation of Sunda and Galuh |
|
| 612 – 702 | Wretikandayun | Galuh | Galuh | Wangsakerta, Pustaka Rajyarajya i Bhumi Nusantara | Wretikandayun demanded the partition of former Tarumanagara Tarumanagara Tarumanagara or Taruma Kingdom or just Taruma is an early Sundanese Indianized kingdom, whose fifth-century ruler, Purnavarman, produced the earliest known inscriptions on Java island... and the separation of Sunda and Galuh |
|
| 702 – 709 | Mandiminyak | Galuh | Galuh | Wangsakerta, Pustaka Rajyarajya i Bhumi Nusantara | ||
| 709 – 716 | Sena Sena The word sena literally means army in Hindi and Bangla, and to praise in arabic language.In Benin, West Africa, the name SENA means "bringing Heaven to Earth".Sena could also refer to:-Places:... /Bratasena |
Galuh | Galuh | Wangsakerta, Carita Parahyangan Carita Parahyangan Carita Parahyangan is a text contained in a single manuscript, registered as kropak 406 from the former collection of the Bataviaasch Genootschap voor Kunsten en Wetenschappen , now in the Perpustakaan National in Jakarta... , Pustaka Rajyarajya i Bhumi Nusantara |
||
| 716 – 723 | Purbasora | Galuh | Galuh | Wangsakerta, Carita Parahyangan Carita Parahyangan Carita Parahyangan is a text contained in a single manuscript, registered as kropak 406 from the former collection of the Bataviaasch Genootschap voor Kunsten en Wetenschappen , now in the Perpustakaan National in Jakarta... , Pustaka Rajyarajya i Bhumi Nusantara |
Purbasora, Wretikandayun's grandson, rebelled against Sena and took the throne of Galuh in 716 | |
| 723 – 732 | Sanjaya Sri Sanjaya King Sri Sanjaya was the founder of Mataram Kingdom and also the Sanjaya Dynasty during the eighth century. His name was revealed in the AD 732 Sanskrit inscription carved in stone found at the foot of Ukir hill on the southern Kedu Plain in Central Java... /Harisdarma/ Rakeyan Jamri |
Sunda, Galuh, and Mataram Mataram Kingdom The Medang or Mataram Kingdom was a Hindu-Buddhist kingdom that flourished between the 8th and 10th centuries CE. It was based in Central Java, and later in East Java. Established by King Sanjaya, the founder of the Sanjaya dynasty, the kingdom was ruled by the Sailendra and Sanjaya families... |
Pakuan | Canggal Canggal inscription The Canggal inscription is a Javanese inscription dated to 732, discovered in the Gunung Wukir temple complex in Kadiluwih village, Salam, Magelang Regency, Central Java. The inscription is written in the Pallawa script in the Sanskrit language... |
Wangsakerta, Carita Parahyangan Carita Parahyangan Carita Parahyangan is a text contained in a single manuscript, registered as kropak 406 from the former collection of the Bataviaasch Genootschap voor Kunsten en Wetenschappen , now in the Perpustakaan National in Jakarta... , Pustaka Rajyarajya i Bhumi Nusantara |
Sanjaya, son of Sannaha (sister of Sena), married Tejakencana (Tarusbawa's daughter) and become the king of Sunda. He took revenge on Sena's behalf against Purbasora in Galuh. Sanjaya took his right as the heir in Kalingga Kalingga Kalingga or Holing was an Indianized kingdom on the north coast of Central Java, Indonesia. The exact location of kingdom's capital is unknown, it is thought to be somewhere between present-day Pekalongan and Jepara. Kalingga existed between the 6th and 7th century... , established Sanjaya dynasty Sanjaya Dynasty The Sañjaya Dynasty was an ancient Javanese dynasty that ruled the Mataram kingdom in Java during first millennium CE. The dynasty was an active promoter of Hinduism in ancient Java.-Origin and formation:... and Mataram Kingdom Mataram Kingdom The Medang or Mataram Kingdom was a Hindu-Buddhist kingdom that flourished between the 8th and 10th centuries CE. It was based in Central Java, and later in East Java. Established by King Sanjaya, the founder of the Sanjaya dynasty, the kingdom was ruled by the Sailendra and Sanjaya families... in central Java |
| 732 – 739 | Rakeyan Panaraban/ Tamperan Barmawijaya |
Sunda and Galuh | Galuh | Pustaka Rajyarajya i Bhumi Nusantara | Panaraban, son of Sanjaya took his place and reign as the king of Sunda | |
| 739 – 766 | Rakeyan Banga | Sunda | Pakuan | Pustaka Rajyarajya i Bhumi Nusantara | Under Srivijaya Srivijaya Srivijaya was a powerful ancient thalassocratic Malay empire based on the island of Sumatra, modern day Indonesia, which influenced much of Southeast Asia. The earliest solid proof of its existence dates from the 7th century; a Chinese monk, I-Tsing, wrote that he visited Srivijaya in 671 for 6... domination |
|
| 766 – 783 | Rakeyan Medang Prabu Hulukujang | Sunda | Pakuan | Pustaka Rajyarajya i Bhumi Nusantara | Under Srivijaya Srivijaya Srivijaya was a powerful ancient thalassocratic Malay empire based on the island of Sumatra, modern day Indonesia, which influenced much of Southeast Asia. The earliest solid proof of its existence dates from the 7th century; a Chinese monk, I-Tsing, wrote that he visited Srivijaya in 671 for 6... domination |
|
| 783 – 795 | Prabu Gilingwesi | Sunda | Pakuan | Pustaka Rajyarajya i Bhumi Nusantara | Under Srivijaya Srivijaya Srivijaya was a powerful ancient thalassocratic Malay empire based on the island of Sumatra, modern day Indonesia, which influenced much of Southeast Asia. The earliest solid proof of its existence dates from the 7th century; a Chinese monk, I-Tsing, wrote that he visited Srivijaya in 671 for 6... domination |
|
| 795 – 819 | Pucukbumi Darmeswara | Sunda | Pakuan | Pustaka Rajyarajya i Bhumi Nusantara | Under Srivijaya Srivijaya Srivijaya was a powerful ancient thalassocratic Malay empire based on the island of Sumatra, modern day Indonesia, which influenced much of Southeast Asia. The earliest solid proof of its existence dates from the 7th century; a Chinese monk, I-Tsing, wrote that he visited Srivijaya in 671 for 6... domination |
|
| 819 – 891 | Prabu Gajah Kulon Rakeyan Wuwus | Sunda and Galuh | Pakuan | Pustaka Rajyarajya i Bhumi Nusantara | Under Srivijaya Srivijaya Srivijaya was a powerful ancient thalassocratic Malay empire based on the island of Sumatra, modern day Indonesia, which influenced much of Southeast Asia. The earliest solid proof of its existence dates from the 7th century; a Chinese monk, I-Tsing, wrote that he visited Srivijaya in 671 for 6... domination |
|
| 891 – 895 | Prabu Darmaraksa | Sunda and Galuh | Pakuan | Pustaka Rajyarajya i Bhumi Nusantara | Under Srivijaya Srivijaya Srivijaya was a powerful ancient thalassocratic Malay empire based on the island of Sumatra, modern day Indonesia, which influenced much of Southeast Asia. The earliest solid proof of its existence dates from the 7th century; a Chinese monk, I-Tsing, wrote that he visited Srivijaya in 671 for 6... domination |
|
| 895 – 913 | Windusakti Prabu Dewageng | Sunda | Pakuan | Pustaka Rajyarajya i Bhumi Nusantara | Under Srivijaya Srivijaya Srivijaya was a powerful ancient thalassocratic Malay empire based on the island of Sumatra, modern day Indonesia, which influenced much of Southeast Asia. The earliest solid proof of its existence dates from the 7th century; a Chinese monk, I-Tsing, wrote that he visited Srivijaya in 671 for 6... domination |
|
| 913 – 916 | Rakeyan Kemuning Gading Prabu Pucukwesi | Sunda | Pakuan | Pustaka Rajyarajya i Bhumi Nusantara | Under Srivijaya Srivijaya Srivijaya was a powerful ancient thalassocratic Malay empire based on the island of Sumatra, modern day Indonesia, which influenced much of Southeast Asia. The earliest solid proof of its existence dates from the 7th century; a Chinese monk, I-Tsing, wrote that he visited Srivijaya in 671 for 6... domination |
|
| 916 – 942 | Rakeyan Jayagiri Prabu Wanayasa | Sunda | Pakuan | Pustaka Rajyarajya i Bhumi Nusantara | Under Srivijaya Srivijaya Srivijaya was a powerful ancient thalassocratic Malay empire based on the island of Sumatra, modern day Indonesia, which influenced much of Southeast Asia. The earliest solid proof of its existence dates from the 7th century; a Chinese monk, I-Tsing, wrote that he visited Srivijaya in 671 for 6... domination |
|
| 942 – 954 | Prabu Resi Atmayadarma Hariwangsa | Sunda | Pakuan | Pustaka Rajyarajya i Bhumi Nusantara | Under Srivijaya Srivijaya Srivijaya was a powerful ancient thalassocratic Malay empire based on the island of Sumatra, modern day Indonesia, which influenced much of Southeast Asia. The earliest solid proof of its existence dates from the 7th century; a Chinese monk, I-Tsing, wrote that he visited Srivijaya in 671 for 6... domination |
|
| 954 – 964 | Limbur Kancana | Sunda | Pakuan | Pustaka Rajyarajya i Bhumi Nusantara | Under Srivijaya Srivijaya Srivijaya was a powerful ancient thalassocratic Malay empire based on the island of Sumatra, modern day Indonesia, which influenced much of Southeast Asia. The earliest solid proof of its existence dates from the 7th century; a Chinese monk, I-Tsing, wrote that he visited Srivijaya in 671 for 6... domination |
|
| 964 – 973 | Prabu Munding Ganawirya | Sunda | Pakuan | Pustaka Rajyarajya i Bhumi Nusantara | Under Srivijaya Srivijaya Srivijaya was a powerful ancient thalassocratic Malay empire based on the island of Sumatra, modern day Indonesia, which influenced much of Southeast Asia. The earliest solid proof of its existence dates from the 7th century; a Chinese monk, I-Tsing, wrote that he visited Srivijaya in 671 for 6... domination |
|
| 973 – 989 | Prabu Jayagiri Rakeyan Wulung Gadung | Sunda | Pakuan | Pustaka Rajyarajya i Bhumi Nusantara | Under Srivijaya Srivijaya Srivijaya was a powerful ancient thalassocratic Malay empire based on the island of Sumatra, modern day Indonesia, which influenced much of Southeast Asia. The earliest solid proof of its existence dates from the 7th century; a Chinese monk, I-Tsing, wrote that he visited Srivijaya in 671 for 6... domination |
|
| 989 – 1012 | Prabu Brajawisesa | Sunda | Pakuan | Pustaka Rajyarajya i Bhumi Nusantara | Under Srivijaya Srivijaya Srivijaya was a powerful ancient thalassocratic Malay empire based on the island of Sumatra, modern day Indonesia, which influenced much of Southeast Asia. The earliest solid proof of its existence dates from the 7th century; a Chinese monk, I-Tsing, wrote that he visited Srivijaya in 671 for 6... domination |
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| 1012–1019 | Prabu Dewa Sanghyang | Sunda | Pakuan | Pustaka Rajyarajya i Bhumi Nusantara | Under Srivijaya Srivijaya Srivijaya was a powerful ancient thalassocratic Malay empire based on the island of Sumatra, modern day Indonesia, which influenced much of Southeast Asia. The earliest solid proof of its existence dates from the 7th century; a Chinese monk, I-Tsing, wrote that he visited Srivijaya in 671 for 6... domination |
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| 1019–1030 | Prabu Sanghyang Ageng | Sunda and Galuh | Galuh | Pustaka Rajyarajya i Bhumi Nusantara | Under Srivijaya Srivijaya Srivijaya was a powerful ancient thalassocratic Malay empire based on the island of Sumatra, modern day Indonesia, which influenced much of Southeast Asia. The earliest solid proof of its existence dates from the 7th century; a Chinese monk, I-Tsing, wrote that he visited Srivijaya in 671 for 6... domination |
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| 1030–1042 | Prabu Detya Maharaja Sri Jayabupati | Sunda and Galuh | Pakuan | Jayabupati Jayabupati inscription The Sanghyang Tapak inscription is an ancient inscription dated from 952 saka , consist of 40 lines requiring 4 piece of stone to write on. These 4 stones are found in the Cicatih River bank in Cibadak, Sukabumi, West Java... |
Pustaka Rajyarajya i Bhumi Nusantara | Offspring of Srivijaya Srivijaya Srivijaya was a powerful ancient thalassocratic Malay empire based on the island of Sumatra, modern day Indonesia, which influenced much of Southeast Asia. The earliest solid proof of its existence dates from the 7th century; a Chinese monk, I-Tsing, wrote that he visited Srivijaya in 671 for 6... princess and Sunda King, son in-law of king Dharmawangsa Dharmawangsa Dharmawangsa was the last raja of the Kingdom of Medang from 990-1006 CE. He succeeded Sri Makutawangsawardhana. Dharmawangsa was the patron of the translator of the Mahabarata text into Old Javanese... of Medang. Proclaiming independence from Srivijaya Srivijaya Srivijaya was a powerful ancient thalassocratic Malay empire based on the island of Sumatra, modern day Indonesia, which influenced much of Southeast Asia. The earliest solid proof of its existence dates from the 7th century; a Chinese monk, I-Tsing, wrote that he visited Srivijaya in 671 for 6... by assuming the title "Maharaja". Established the sacred sanctuary of Sanghyang Tapak |
| 1042–1064 | Dharmaraja | Sunda and Galuh | Galuh | Pustaka Rajyarajya i Bhumi Nusantara | ||
| 1064–1154 | Prabu Langlangbhumi/ Sang Mokteng Kreta |
Sunda and Galuh | Pakuan | Pustaka Rajyarajya i Bhumi Nusantara | ||
| 1154–1156 | Rakeyan Jayagiri/ Prabu Menakluhur Langlangbhumisutah |
Sunda and Galuh | Pakuan | Pustaka Rajyarajya i Bhumi Nusantara | ||
| 1156–1175 | Prabu Dharmakusumah/ Sang Mokteng Winduraja |
Sunda and Galuh | Galuh | Pustaka Rajyarajya i Bhumi Nusantara | ||
| 1175–1297 | Prabu Guru Dharmasiksa | Sunda and Galuh | Saunggalah, Pakuan |
Carita Parahyangan Carita Parahyangan Carita Parahyangan is a text contained in a single manuscript, registered as kropak 406 from the former collection of the Bataviaasch Genootschap voor Kunsten en Wetenschappen , now in the Perpustakaan National in Jakarta... , Pustaka Rajyarajya i Bhumi Nusantara |
Rakeyan Jayadharma, son of Dharmasiksa married Dyah Lembu Tal of Singhasari Singhasari Singhasari was a kingdom located in east Java between 1222 and 1292. The kingdom succeeded Kingdom of Kediri as the dominant kingdom in eastern Java.-Foundation:... and have a son Wijaya Raden Wijaya Raden Wijaya was a Javanese King, the founder and the first monarch of Majapahit empire. The history of his founding of Majapahit was written in several records, including Pararaton and Negarakertagama... . However Jayadharma died in young age and Dyah lembu Tal returned to Singhasari. Wijaya later established Majapahit. Rakeyan Saunggalah, Jayadharma's brother become Dharmasiksa successor |
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| 1297–1303 | Rakeyan Saunggalah/ Prabu Ragasuci |
Sunda and Galuh | Saunggalah | Pustaka Rajyarajya i Bhumi Nusantara | Move the capital to Saunggalah (currently Kuningan Kuningan Kuningan is a city in eastern West Java, Indonesia, between Cirebon and Tasikmalaya, about 200 km east of Jakarta. The area is near Mount Cereme/Ciremai , the highest mountain in West Java. The mountain is located in the western part of the region. The eastern part is a valley... ) |
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| 1303–1311 | Prabu Citraganda/ Sang Mokteng Tanjung |
Sunda and Galuh | Pakuan | Pustaka Rajyarajya i Bhumi Nusantara | ||
| 1311–1333 | Prabu Lingga Dewata/ Sang Mokteng Kikis |
Sunda and Galuh | Kawali | Pustaka Rajyarajya i Bhumi Nusantara | Move the capital from Pakuan and built a new capital Kawali near former Galuh capital (currently Ciamis Ciamis Ciamis is the capital of the Ciamis Regency in West Java, Indonesia.... ) |
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| 1333–1340 | Prabu Ajigunawisesa/ Sang Mokteng Kiding |
Sunda and Galuh | Kawali | Pustaka Rajyarajya i Bhumi Nusantara | Ajigunawisesa is son in-law of Prabu Lingga Dewata | |
| 1340–1350 | Prabu Ragamulya Luhurprabhawa/ Aki Kolot |
Sunda and Galuh | Kawali | Pustaka Rajyarajya i Bhumi Nusantara, Carita Parahyangan Carita Parahyangan Carita Parahyangan is a text contained in a single manuscript, registered as kropak 406 from the former collection of the Bataviaasch Genootschap voor Kunsten en Wetenschappen , now in the Perpustakaan National in Jakarta... |
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| 1350–1357 | Prabu Maharaja Lingga Buana/ Prabu Wangi |
Sunda and Galuh | Kawali | Pustaka Rajyarajya i Bhumi Nusantara, Pararaton Pararaton The Pararaton, also known as the Book of Kings, is a manuscript in the Kawi language. The comparatively short text of 32 folio-size pages contains the history of the kings of Singhasari and Majapahit in eastern Java... , Carita Parahyangan Carita Parahyangan Carita Parahyangan is a text contained in a single manuscript, registered as kropak 406 from the former collection of the Bataviaasch Genootschap voor Kunsten en Wetenschappen , now in the Perpustakaan National in Jakarta... , Kidung Sunda Kidung Sunda Kidung Sunda is a Middle-Javanese kidung of probable Balinese provenance. In this poem, the story of king Hayam Wuruk of Majapahit who was looking for a bride to be, is narrated. At last he chose the princess of Sunda, a kingdom in West Java. The princess' name is remained undisclosed in this... |
Lingga Buana's daughter Dyah Pitaloka Dyah Pitaloka Citraresmi Dyah Pitaloka Citraresmi or Citra Rashmi , was the princess of the Sunda Kingdom in Western Java. According to the Pararaton or Book of Kings, she was supposed to marry Hayam Wuruk, the new young king of Majapahit who had a great desire to take her as his queen. However in the tragedy known as the... to be wed with king Hayam Wuruk Hayam Wuruk Hayam Wuruk, also called Rajasanagara, , was a Javanese King and the fourth monarch of Majapahit empire. Together with his prime minister Gajah Mada, he reigned the empire at the time of its greatest power. He was preceded by Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi and succeeded by his son in law... of Majapahit. However in Battle of Bubat Battle of Bubat The Battle of Bubat also known as Pasunda Bubat is the battle between Sundanese royal family and Majapahit army that took place in Bubat square on the northern part of Trowulan in 1279 Saka or 1357 CE... (1357), the Sunda king, princess, with most of Sunda royal family died in Bubat, Majapahit. Gajah Mada Gajah Mada Gajah Mada was, according to Javanese old manuscripts, poems and mythology, a powerful military leader and mahapatih or prime minister of the Majapahit Empire, credited with bringing the empire to its peak of glory... hold responsible for this Pasunda Bubat incident. |
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| 1357–1371 | Mangkubumi Suradipati/ Prabu Bunisora |
Sunda and Galuh | Kawali | Pustaka Rajyarajya i Bhumi Nusantara, Carita Parahyangan Carita Parahyangan Carita Parahyangan is a text contained in a single manuscript, registered as kropak 406 from the former collection of the Bataviaasch Genootschap voor Kunsten en Wetenschappen , now in the Perpustakaan National in Jakarta... |
Mangkubumi Suradipati temporarily rule the kingdom on behalf of the late Prabu Wangi because the crown prince Niskala Wastu Kancana was still a child | |
| 1371–1475 | Prabu Raja Wastu/ Niskala Wastu Kancana/ Sang Mokteng Nusalarang |
Sunda and Galuh | Kawali | Kawali | Pustaka Rajyarajya i Bhumi Nusantara, Carita Parahyangan Carita Parahyangan Carita Parahyangan is a text contained in a single manuscript, registered as kropak 406 from the former collection of the Bataviaasch Genootschap voor Kunsten en Wetenschappen , now in the Perpustakaan National in Jakarta... |
The kingdom prosper under Niskala Wastu Kancana long reign. Later he separated Sunda and Galuh between his two sons |
| 1475–1482 | Prabu Susuk tunggal | Sunda | Pakuan | Pustaka Rajyarajya i Bhumi Nusantara, Carita Parahyangan Carita Parahyangan Carita Parahyangan is a text contained in a single manuscript, registered as kropak 406 from the former collection of the Bataviaasch Genootschap voor Kunsten en Wetenschappen , now in the Perpustakaan National in Jakarta... |
Twin equal kingdom of Sunda and Galuh | |
| 1475–1482 | Ningratkancana/ Prabu Dewa Niskala |
Galuh | Kawali | Pustaka Rajyarajya i Bhumi Nusantara, Carita Parahyangan Carita Parahyangan Carita Parahyangan is a text contained in a single manuscript, registered as kropak 406 from the former collection of the Bataviaasch Genootschap voor Kunsten en Wetenschappen , now in the Perpustakaan National in Jakarta... |
Twin equal kingdom of Sunda and Galuh | |
| 1482–1521 | Sri Baduga Maharaja/ Ratu Jayadewata/ Prabu Siliwangi |
Sunda and Galuh | Pakuan | Pustaka Rajyarajya i Bhumi Nusantara, Carita Parahyangan Carita Parahyangan Carita Parahyangan is a text contained in a single manuscript, registered as kropak 406 from the former collection of the Bataviaasch Genootschap voor Kunsten en Wetenschappen , now in the Perpustakaan National in Jakarta... |
Transfer the capital back to Pakuan. The kingdom manage to consolidate its power and enjoyed stability, prosperity, and great wealth. His reign popularly celebrated as the "golden age" of Pajajaran Pakuan Pajajaran Pakuan Pajajaran was a capital city of Sunda kingdom. In this city, king Prabu Susuktunggal established a palace called "Sri Bimapunta Narayana Madura Suradipati".... |
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| 1521–1535 | Prabu Surawisesa Jayaperkosa/ Ratu Sang Hiang |
Sunda and Galuh | Pakuan | Batutulis Batutulis inscription The Batutulis inscription is an ancient Sunda Kingdom inscription dated 1533, located at Batutulis village, South Bogor, West Java. Batutulis inscription is located in the ancient site of the capital Pakuan Pajajaran, Batutulis means 'inscribed stone', it is this stone, still in situ, which gave... |
Pustaka Rajyarajya i Bhumi Nusantara, Carita Parahyangan Carita Parahyangan Carita Parahyangan is a text contained in a single manuscript, registered as kropak 406 from the former collection of the Bataviaasch Genootschap voor Kunsten en Wetenschappen , now in the Perpustakaan National in Jakarta... , Luso Sundanese Treaty, Padrao Padrão A padrão was a large stone cross inscribed with the coat of arms of Portugal that was placed as part of a land claim by numerous Portuguese explorers during the Portuguese Age of Discovery... |
Sought the assistance of Portuguese Portugal Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the... in Malacca Malacca Malacca , dubbed The Historic State or Negeri Bersejarah among locals) is the third smallest Malaysian state, after Perlis and Penang. It is located in the southern region of the Malay Peninsula, on the Straits of Malacca. It borders Negeri Sembilan to the north and the state of Johor to the south... in 1522 against expansive pressure of Sultanate of Demak Sultanate of Demak The Sultanate of Demak was Javanese Muslim state located on Java's north coast in Indonesia, at the site of the present day city of Demak. A port fief to the Majapahit kingdom thought to have been founded in the last quarter of the 15th century, it was influenced by Islam brought by Arab and... . However the treaty was fail, Sunda Kingdom lost Sunda Kelapa Sunda Kelapa Sunda Kelapa is the old port of Jakarta located on the estuarine of Ciliwung River. "Sunda Kalapa" is the original name, and it was the main port of Sunda Kingdom of Pajajaran. The port is situated in Penjaringan sub-district, of North Jakarta, Indonesia... to Fatahillah Demak forces. Batu Tulis inscription was established in 1533 to commemorate his great predecessor, Sri Baduga Maharaja |
| 1535–1543 | Ratu Dewata/ Sang Ratu Jaya Dewata |
Sunda and Galuh | Pakuan | Pustaka Rajyarajya i Bhumi Nusantara, Carita Parahyangan Carita Parahyangan Carita Parahyangan is a text contained in a single manuscript, registered as kropak 406 from the former collection of the Bataviaasch Genootschap voor Kunsten en Wetenschappen , now in the Perpustakaan National in Jakarta... |
The kingdom declining fast and lost most of its territory to Cirebon and Banten Sultanate of Banten The Sultanate of Banten was founded in the 16th century and centered in Banten, a port city on the northwest coast of Java; the contemporary English spelling of both was Bantam... |
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| 1543–1551 | Ratu Sakti | Sunda and Galuh | Pakuan | Pustaka Rajyarajya i Bhumi Nusantara, Carita Parahyangan Carita Parahyangan Carita Parahyangan is a text contained in a single manuscript, registered as kropak 406 from the former collection of the Bataviaasch Genootschap voor Kunsten en Wetenschappen , now in the Perpustakaan National in Jakarta... |
The kingdom grow weaker under the pressure of Sultanate of Banten Sultanate of Banten The Sultanate of Banten was founded in the 16th century and centered in Banten, a port city on the northwest coast of Java; the contemporary English spelling of both was Bantam... |
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| 1551–1567 | Nilakendra/ Tohaan di Majaya |
Sunda | Pakuan, Pulasari | Pustaka Rajyarajya i Bhumi Nusantara, Carita Parahyangan Carita Parahyangan Carita Parahyangan is a text contained in a single manuscript, registered as kropak 406 from the former collection of the Bataviaasch Genootschap voor Kunsten en Wetenschappen , now in the Perpustakaan National in Jakarta... |
The fall of Pakuan under Sultanate of Banten Sultanate of Banten The Sultanate of Banten was founded in the 16th century and centered in Banten, a port city on the northwest coast of Java; the contemporary English spelling of both was Bantam... invasion |
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| 1567–1579 | Raja Mulya/ Prabu Surya Kencana |
Sunda | Pulasari | Pustaka Rajyarajya i Bhumi Nusantara, Carita Parahyangan Carita Parahyangan Carita Parahyangan is a text contained in a single manuscript, registered as kropak 406 from the former collection of the Bataviaasch Genootschap voor Kunsten en Wetenschappen , now in the Perpustakaan National in Jakarta... |
The king reside in Pulasari, Pandeglang, or in Kaduhejo, Menes Subdistrict. The kingdom finally collapsed in 1576 under Banten Sultanate of Banten The Sultanate of Banten was founded in the 16th century and centered in Banten, a port city on the northwest coast of Java; the contemporary English spelling of both was Bantam... pressure |
Sunda Kingdom in popular culture
Celebrated as 'the golden era' of ancient Indonesia, especially for Sundanese people, the Sunda kingdom has inspired many writers and artists (and continues to do so) to create their works based on this era, or to describe and mention it. The impact of the Sunda kingdom theme on popular culture can be seen in the following:- Saur Sepuh (1987–1991), a radio drama and film by Niki Kosasih. Begun as a popular radio drama program in the late 1980s, Saur Sepuh is based on 15th century Java, centered around the story about a fictional hero named Brama Kumbara, the king of Madangkara, a fictional kingdom neighbour of the Pajajaran. Several films and TV series also based on the Saur Sepuh story.
- Prabu Siliwangi (1988), a film directed by Sofyan Sharna, about the fictionalized lifestory of famous King SiliwangiKing SiliwangiSiliwangi is a legendary great king of the Sunda kingdom in West Java. The kingdom flourished between 669 to 1759 AD. He brought the kingdom greatness and prosperity. Some accounts of his life are taken from the Pantun Sunda oral tradition that describe his reign as a glorious era for the Sundanese...
. - Prabu Siliwangi (2009), a novel written by E Rokajat Asura, also about the fictionalized lifestory of King Siliwangi.
- Dyah Pitaloka (2007), a novel written by Hermawan Aksan, about the fictionalized detailed lifestory of Sundanese Princess Dyah Pitaloka CitraresmiDyah Pitaloka CitraresmiDyah Pitaloka Citraresmi or Citra Rashmi , was the princess of the Sunda Kingdom in Western Java. According to the Pararaton or Book of Kings, she was supposed to marry Hayam Wuruk, the new young king of Majapahit who had a great desire to take her as his queen. However in the tragedy known as the...
, focussed around the Bubat War. The novel virtually took the same context and was inspired by Kidung Sundayana.
See also
- History of IndonesiaHistory of IndonesiaThe History of Indonesia was shaped by its geographic position, its natural resources, the series of human migrations, contacts, economy and trade, conquests and politics. Indonesia is an archipelagic country of 17,508 islands stretching along the equator in South East Asia...
- Sundanese peopleSundanese peopleThe Sundanese are an ethnic group native to the western part of the Indonesian island of Java. They number approximately 31 million, and are the second most populous of all the nation's ethncities. The Sundanese are predominantly Muslim...
- List of monarchs of Java