Qasim Khanate
Encyclopedia
Qasim Khanate or Kingdom of Qasim (Tatar
: Qasím xanlığı/Касыйм ханлыгы, Qasím patşalığı/Касыйм патшалыгы; , Касимовское царство) was a Tatar territorial formation (khanate
), vassal of Russia
, which existed from 1452 till 1681 in the territory of modern Ryazan Oblast
in Russia
with its capital Kasimov
, in the middle stream of the Oka River
. Its khans were the patrilineal descendants of Toqa Temür, the thirteenth son of Jochi
and grandson of Genghis Khan
. It was created in the lands that Vasili II
presented to the Kazan prince Qasim khan
, son of the first Kazan khan Olug Moxammat.
's influence. Local tribes were tributes of Russia
n dukes. Later, the area was incorporated into Vladimir-Suzdal
. In 1152, duke of Vladimir Yuri Dolgoruky founded Gorodets-Meshchyorskiy
. After the Mongol conquest, the territory was incorporated into the territory of the Golden Horde
. Turkic settlers appeared in those areas, and most of them accepted Islam
under influence from the Volga Bulgars
. The semi-independent principality Mishar Yurt
was founded by Hordian
Mohammad Shirin beg
. From 1393, the area became a part of Russia
. After the battle of Suzdal
in 1445, Olug Moxammad claimed to return those lands to the Tatars
.
According to some historians, such as Khudyakov, Vassily executed the claim and Moxammat's son Qasim was crowned as a ruler of Meshchyora lands. The area and capital were renamed after him. Another version is that Qasim came into Russian service and was granted those lands to create a buffer state
between Grand Duchy of Moscow
and the Khanate of Kazan
. However, the Khanate was a vassal of Russia
. From the beginning, Khans governed the Khanate's territory, but the inner politics were controlled by Russia.
The land was settled by Mishar Tatars
(the descendants of the earliest Turkic population), Russians
, and Mordvins. The Meshchyora and Muroma tribes had been already assimilated. Some Kazan Tatars resettled to Qasim lands, and were called Qasim Tatars. The most of Qasim Tatars served at the khan's palace or served in the khan's military. This group had been assimilated into the Mishar Tatars, but nearby 1,000 Qasim Tatars are still living in the city of Kasimov
.
The noble families were the Manghyt (Manğıt), Arghyn (Arğın), Jalair (Cälair), Qipchaq (Qıpçaq). Moscow's administrators elected the khans from ruling families of the Tatar khanates: Khanate of Kazan
, the Crimean Khanate
, and the Siberia Khanate
.
(1467-1469, 1487, 1552). Qasim khan Şahğäli (1515-1567) was three times crowned as Kazan khan with the aid of Russia
. After the conquest of Kazan, the self-government of the khans was abolished and the khanate came to be governed by Russian voyevodas. However, khans still reigned. One of the khans, Simeon Bekbulatovich
, was baptised and proclaimed Grand Duke of Moscow in 1574. At the reign of Sayed Borhan
khan (1627-1679) Russia started a policy of Christianization
. Beg
s, who had a status equal to Boyars, were switched to Serving Tatars
, equal to Dvoryans. This policy provoked a Tatar revolt in 1656. After the death of khanbika (queen) Fatima Soltan
in 1681, the Khanate was abolished.
Tatar language
The Tatar language , or more specifically Kazan Tatar, is a Turkic language spoken by the Tatars of historical Kazan Khanate, including modern Tatarstan and Bashkiria...
: Qasím xanlığı/Касыйм ханлыгы, Qasím patşalığı/Касыйм патшалыгы; , Касимовское царство) was a Tatar territorial formation (khanate
Khanate
Khanate, or Chanat, is a Turco-Mongol-originated word used to describe a political entity ruled by a Khan. In modern Turkish, the word used is kağanlık, and in modern Azeri of the republic of Azerbaijan, xanlıq. In Mongolian the word khanlig is used, as in "Khereidiin Khanlig" meaning the Khanate...
), vassal of Russia
Russia
Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
, which existed from 1452 till 1681 in the territory of modern Ryazan Oblast
Ryazan Oblast
Ryazan Oblast is a federal subject of Russia . Its administrative center is the city of Ryazan, which is the oblast's largest city. Population: -Geography:...
in Russia
Russia
Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
with its capital Kasimov
Kasimov
Kasimov is a town in Ryazan Oblast, Russia, which serves as the administrative center of Kasimovsky District . The town is situated on the left bank of the Oka River...
, in the middle stream of the Oka River
Oka River
Oka is a river in central Russia, the largest right tributary of the Volga. It flows through the regions of Oryol, Tula, Kaluga, Moscow, Ryazan, Vladimir, and Nizhny Novgorod and is navigable over a large part of its total length, as far upstream as to the town of Kaluga. Its length exceeds...
. Its khans were the patrilineal descendants of Toqa Temür, the thirteenth son of Jochi
Jochi
Jochi was the eldest of the Mongol chieftain Genghis Khan's four sons by his principal wife Börte. An accomplished military leader, he participated in his father's conquest of Central Asia, along with his brothers and uncles.-Early life:...
and grandson of Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan , born Temujin and occasionally known by his temple name Taizu , was the founder and Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death....
. It was created in the lands that Vasili II
Vasili II of Russia
Vasily II Vasiliyevich Tyomniy was the Grand Prince of Moscow whose long reign was plagued by the greatest civil war of Old Russian history....
presented to the Kazan prince Qasim khan
Qasim khan
Qasím Khan was the first khan of the Qasim Khanate, a Tatar khanate since 1450s. He was the son of Kazan khan Oluğ Möxämmäd....
, son of the first Kazan khan Olug Moxammat.
Pre-history
The original populations were Finnic tribes Meshchyora and Muroma, Mordvins. The land was under Kievan Rus' and Volga BulgariaVolga Bulgaria
Volga Bulgaria, or Volga–Kama Bolghar, is a historic Bulgar state that existed between the seventh and thirteenth centuries around the confluence of the Volga and Kama rivers in what is now Russia.-Origin:...
's influence. Local tribes were tributes of Russia
Russia
Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
n dukes. Later, the area was incorporated into Vladimir-Suzdal
Vladimir-Suzdal
The Vladimir-Suzdal Principality or Vladimir-Suzdal Rus’ was one of the major principalities which succeeded Kievan Rus' in the late 12th century and lasted until the late 14th century. For a long time the Principality was a vassal of the Mongolian Golden Horde...
. In 1152, duke of Vladimir Yuri Dolgoruky founded Gorodets-Meshchyorskiy
Kasimov
Kasimov is a town in Ryazan Oblast, Russia, which serves as the administrative center of Kasimovsky District . The town is situated on the left bank of the Oka River...
. After the Mongol conquest, the territory was incorporated into the territory of the Golden Horde
Golden Horde
The Golden Horde was a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate that formed the north-western sector of the Mongol Empire...
. Turkic settlers appeared in those areas, and most of them accepted Islam
Islam
Islam . The most common are and . : Arabic pronunciation varies regionally. The first vowel ranges from ~~. The second vowel ranges from ~~~...
under influence from the Volga Bulgars
Volga Bulgaria
Volga Bulgaria, or Volga–Kama Bolghar, is a historic Bulgar state that existed between the seventh and thirteenth centuries around the confluence of the Volga and Kama rivers in what is now Russia.-Origin:...
. The semi-independent principality Mishar Yurt
Mishar Yurt
Mishar Yurt was a semi-autonomous principality of the Golden Horde at the border of Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod and Ryazan duchies. At the epoch of Volga Bulgaria those land, originally settled by Mordvins, was settled by Turkic peoples, tended to be Muslims. In 1298 Hosayen ughli Mohammad from...
was founded by Hordian
Golden Horde
The Golden Horde was a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate that formed the north-western sector of the Mongol Empire...
Mohammad Shirin beg
Beg
Beg refers to:* Begging* Beg or Baig an alternative form of the Turkic title Bey . It is also used by Indian, Iranian, Afghan and Pakistani people....
. From 1393, the area became a part of Russia
Russia
Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
. After the battle of Suzdal
Battle of Suzdal
The Battle of Suzdal or the battle of the Kamenka river was fought of July 7, 1445 between Russians under Vasily II and Tatars troops of Olug Moxammad, invaded the principality of Nizhny Novgorod. Russians were defeated by troops of beg Maxmud, who became Maxmud of Kazan some after the battle....
in 1445, Olug Moxammad claimed to return those lands to the Tatars
Tatars
Tatars are a Turkic speaking ethnic group , numbering roughly 7 million.The majority of Tatars live in the Russian Federation, with a population of around 5.5 million, about 2 million of which in the republic of Tatarstan.Significant minority populations are found in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan,...
.
According to some historians, such as Khudyakov, Vassily executed the claim and Moxammat's son Qasim was crowned as a ruler of Meshchyora lands. The area and capital were renamed after him. Another version is that Qasim came into Russian service and was granted those lands to create a buffer state
Buffer state
A buffer state is a country lying between two rival or potentially hostile greater powers, which by its sheer existence is thought to prevent conflict between them. Buffer states, when authentically independent, typically pursue a neutralist foreign policy, which distinguishes them from satellite...
between Grand Duchy of Moscow
Grand Duchy of Moscow
The Grand Duchy of Moscow or Grand Principality of Moscow, also known in English simply as Muscovy , was a late medieval Rus' principality centered on Moscow, and the predecessor state of the early modern Tsardom of Russia....
and the Khanate of Kazan
Khanate of Kazan
The Khanate of Kazan was a medieval Tatar state which occupied the territory of former Volga Bulgaria between 1438 and 1552. Its khans were the patrilineal descendants of Toqa Temür, the thirteenth son of Jochi and grandson of Genghis Khan. The khanate covered contemporary Tatarstan, Mari El,...
. However, the Khanate was a vassal of Russia
Russia
Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
. From the beginning, Khans governed the Khanate's territory, but the inner politics were controlled by Russia.
Population
Tatars
Tatars are a Turkic speaking ethnic group , numbering roughly 7 million.The majority of Tatars live in the Russian Federation, with a population of around 5.5 million, about 2 million of which in the republic of Tatarstan.Significant minority populations are found in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan,...
(the descendants of the earliest Turkic population), Russians
Russians
The Russian people are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Russia, speaking the Russian language and primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries....
, and Mordvins. The Meshchyora and Muroma tribes had been already assimilated. Some Kazan Tatars resettled to Qasim lands, and were called Qasim Tatars. The most of Qasim Tatars served at the khan's palace or served in the khan's military. This group had been assimilated into the Mishar Tatars, but nearby 1,000 Qasim Tatars are still living in the city of Kasimov
Kasimov
Kasimov is a town in Ryazan Oblast, Russia, which serves as the administrative center of Kasimovsky District . The town is situated on the left bank of the Oka River...
.
The noble families were the Manghyt (Manğıt), Arghyn (Arğın), Jalair (Cälair), Qipchaq (Qıpçaq). Moscow's administrators elected the khans from ruling families of the Tatar khanates: Khanate of Kazan
Khanate of Kazan
The Khanate of Kazan was a medieval Tatar state which occupied the territory of former Volga Bulgaria between 1438 and 1552. Its khans were the patrilineal descendants of Toqa Temür, the thirteenth son of Jochi and grandson of Genghis Khan. The khanate covered contemporary Tatarstan, Mari El,...
, the Crimean Khanate
Crimean Khanate
Crimean Khanate, or Khanate of Crimea , was a state ruled by Crimean Tatars from 1441 to 1783. Its native name was . Its khans were the patrilineal descendants of Toqa Temür, the thirteenth son of Jochi and grandson of Genghis Khan...
, and the Siberia Khanate
Siberia Khanate
The Khanate of Sibir were the patrilineal descendants of Shayban , the fifth son of Jochi and grandson of Genghis Khan. The Khanate had an ethnically diverse population of Siberian Tatars, Khanty, Mansi, Nenets and Selkup people. Along with the Khanate of Kazan it was the northernmost Muslim state....
.
History
Qasim khans with their guard participated in all of Russia's raids into KazanKazan
Kazan is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. With a population of 1,143,546 , it is the eighth most populous city in Russia. Kazan lies at the confluence of the Volga and Kazanka Rivers in European Russia. In April 2009, the Russian Patent Office granted Kazan the...
(1467-1469, 1487, 1552). Qasim khan Şahğäli (1515-1567) was three times crowned as Kazan khan with the aid of Russia
Russia
Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
. After the conquest of Kazan, the self-government of the khans was abolished and the khanate came to be governed by Russian voyevodas. However, khans still reigned. One of the khans, Simeon Bekbulatovich
Simeon Bekbulatovich
Simeon Bekbulatovich was a khan of the Khanate of Qasim. After the period of the Oprichnina , Ivan the Terrible named Simeon Grand Prince of All Rus' . He participated in the Livonian war as a commander of the main regiment of the Muscovite army. Subsequently, he was named Grand Prince of Tver'...
, was baptised and proclaimed Grand Duke of Moscow in 1574. At the reign of Sayed Borhan
Sayed Borhan
Sayed Borhan khan was a khan of Qasim Khanate in 1627-1679. He was a son of Arslanghali and Fatima Soltan. After the death of his father he was crowned as a khan of Qasim. Sayed Borhan's regents were Fatima Soltan and her father Aqmoxammad Shahqol sayed...
khan (1627-1679) Russia started a policy of Christianization
Christianization
The historical phenomenon of Christianization is the conversion of individuals to Christianity or the conversion of entire peoples at once...
. Beg
Beg
Beg refers to:* Begging* Beg or Baig an alternative form of the Turkic title Bey . It is also used by Indian, Iranian, Afghan and Pakistani people....
s, who had a status equal to Boyars, were switched to Serving Tatars
Serving Tatars
Serving Tatars were a class of ethnically Tatars state servants in Muscovy and Russia in 14th-18th centuries.Originally this class was formed Tatar nobles from Golden Horde and Tatar khanates that enjoyed membership of the Russian service class. Later, qara xalıq peasants of Kazan Khanate...
, equal to Dvoryans. This policy provoked a Tatar revolt in 1656. After the death of khanbika (queen) Fatima Soltan
Fatima Soltan
Fatima Soltan was the last khanbika of Qasim Khanate . She was a daughter of Aqmoxammad Shahqol Sayed and a wife of Arslanghali khan. After the death of her husband in 1627 Russian tsar Mikhail Romanov appointed her and her father Aqmoxammad as regents of her three-year-old son Sayed Borhan...
in 1681, the Khanate was abolished.