Kutno
Encyclopedia
Kutno ' is a town in central Poland
with 48,000 inhabitants (2005) and an area of 33,6 km2. Situated in the Łódź Voivodeship (since 1999), previously in Płock Voivodeship (1975–1998). It is the capital of Kutno County
.
Kutno was historically a center of a large Jewish community. In 1900, 10,356 Jews were living there. It is the birthplace of famed writer Szalom Asz.
During the Invasion of Poland
of 1939, in and around the town, Polish armies under General Tadeusz Kutrzeba
conducted an offensive that was later named the Battle of the Bzura
.
Kutno is one of the most important railroad junctions in Poland. Two main lines cross there (Łódź – Toruń
and Warsaw
– Poznań
). Also, another connection starts in Kutno, which goes to Płock.
.
According to data from 1 January 2009 area of the town amounts to 33,59 km2.
According to physic – geographical division of Poland
, the town is placed on the western edge of Kutno plain which is the part of Middle – Masovian macroregion. In the south of Kutno plain the town straddling a boundary of the Łowicko – Błońska plain which belongs to the same region and the Kłodawa Upland plain which spreads in the west and is counted in the southern Greater Poland
. To the north of the Przedecz – Gostynin
line starts Kujawskie lakeland which is counted to Greater Poland
lakeland.
Kutno is placed on the edge of four historical lands. Greater Poland
, Kuyavia
, Masovia and Łęczyca bound in its neighbourhood. Placement in the center of Poland
, at a point where geographical and historical lands borders as well as in the crossing of communication lines has major importance for city development.
of town (Districts, housing developments
) although certain parts of the town are simply being called housing developments (e.g.: Łąkoszyn housing development). These divisions are mostly history related remainings; for instance Łąkoszyn housing development is a remaining of the Łąkoszyn town which has been incorporated to Kutno.
Following parts of Kutno town has been formulated in the National Register of Country's Administrative Division: Antoniew, Azory, Bielawki, Dybów, Kościuszków, Kotliska Małe, Łąkoszyn, Puśniki, Sklęczki, Stara Wieś, Stodółki, Walentynów, Wiktoryn, Żwirownia.
Customary Administrative Division of Kutno:
Dybów, Piaski, Rejtana, Tarnowskiego, Kościuszków, Olimpijska, Sklęczki, Łąkoszyn (New Łąkoszyn – houses and Old Łąkoszyn – housing development), Wenecja, Majdany, Grunwald, Batorego, Rataje (between Solidarność rotary, Targowica and The Kutno House of Culture).
. Temperature
is related to continental and oceanic air.
The yearly temperature amounts to 21.7 °C (71.06 °F) and the mean kinetic temperature
for past thirty years is -3.3 °C in January and 18.4 °C (65.1 °F) in July
Kutno is situated in a lowest precipitation
zone in Poland
. It's average yearly sum amounts to 550 mm (21.65 in), although in particular years forementioned sum could be lower.
Summer (especially June) is period when the most intensive precipitation occurs. During that time, on Kutno falls about 17% of total yearly precipitation. Seasons with lowest amount of precipitation
are winter months and March. Kutno has small amount of storms during year which is standout fact. There are about five storms during year (which is half of number of storms for whole country). Snowcap remains quite short on the ground, that is about 39 days in year. There are about 21 misty days during year at town's area. However, it is common that in lowlands of the Ochnia river mist occurs quite often.
State of the sky is hovering from 50% on September to 80% on December and there are 50 sunny and 130 cloudy days averagely during whole year.
The wind set is similar to characteristics of other regions. It blows mostly in west direction, while during winter season the frequency of winds that blow in southwest increases. Summer is the season during which winds blow mostly in northwest set.
According to the urban legend, town and parish has come into being in 1250, although there is no document which proves that. Most probably town has come into being at the turn of the XIIth and XIVth century, its name has appeared for the first time in a document from the 1301. The document had been published for his son Ziemysław by Leszek, Przemysł and Kazimierz – duke of Kuyavia
in the presence of three estate dignitaries as well as the other people gathered during convention in Włocławek. Reference to Kutno concerns occurrence of rector Michał from church in Kutno on the list of witnessses. In 1386 duke Siemowit
the IVth had given to Andrzej de Kutno privilege of freeing Kutno and Sieciechów villages from all charges and burdens excluding 2 coins (Groschen
) out of every crop fee. Inhabitants had also been freed from the provincial courts, from now on they were judged by the duke only. In 1386 village (Kutno) has been given trade rights and 46 years later in 1432 Town Charter
. First records that defines Kutno as a town appeared in 1444.
has gained right that allowed St. Wawrzyniec fair to take place which improved development of the town trade. In 1701 family of Kucieńscy gave up Kutno to Anna Zamojska. Zamojscy were fighting for forementioned property amongst themselves for a long time. The town fell into debts. Situation had normalized when Zamoyski family became the owner of Kutno. During that time Kutno was a town of prosperity and development. When king Augustus III The Saxon
had ordered construction of Postal Palace town's prestige increased significantly. As a result Saxon Palace was built. It was constructed between 1750 and 1753 after royal track leading from Dresden
to Warsaw
had been built. Palace was decorated with rich interiors according to project made by John M Walter. In the year 1753 Kutno was completely burned. In that fire town records burned along with settlement grant. After the fire King's Lord Councillor Andrzej Zamoyski left Kutno in order to obtain another settlement grant. Yet due to a march-pass in 1774 and easygoing attitude of soldiers another fire started in Kutno. In 1775 Andrzej Zamoyski sold Kutno to Stanisław Kostka Gadomski
– governor of Łęczyca province. Under his reign Kutno became one of the biggest settlements in central Poland
. The Second Partition of Poland
in 1793 buried chance of regaining our nationality. Area of Kutno town had been completely under the Prussia
n reign and became part of the newly created South Prussia
provinces. Whole province of Kutno became part of the Łęczyca departament then after The Third Partition
became part of the Warsaw
department.
On 4 January 1807 Napoleon Bonaparte passed through Kutno. In 1807 due to a decision that had been made by Congress of Vienna
, Kutno became part of the dukedom of Warsaw
. In 1808 fire had started and destroyed 180 houses. Fire was most likely set by the Napoleon`s army, that kind of actions were quite commom during those days. In 1809 Kutno was visited by Jan Henryk Dąbrowski
. However, that event did not arouse interest in politically passive inhabitants. In 1826 first town map had been published due to planned rebuilding of the town.
In year 1840 chapel has been built which later became Museum of The Battle of The Bzura river
. Building made in Neo Renaissance
style and rotunda shape was crowned with dome has been placed in Wiosny Ludów
park. It served once as a mausoleum for Rzątkowscy and Mniewscy family. Another fire in town's history started on Królewska st. and took almost all of the houses placed in the street. Only two buildings has remained – nowadays Crocantino and MDM. In 1844 first hospital in Kutno has been opened. Founder of the ground, many building materials and the main executioner was former owner of Kutno town – Feliks Mniewski. City Hall
has been raised in 1845 in classicistic
style. Building located by the Marshall
Piłsudski square is currently residence of the Regional Museum
in which one can see mementos
and records depicting history of Kutno.
In 1862 railway on Warsaw
– Bydgoszcz line has been started. Thanks to railway line called "Warsaw – Bydgoszcz Iron Road" town has become not only important railway junction but also dynamic developing trade – industry center. Directly before and during the period of the January Uprising
Kutno was seat of head of the Gostynin
province.
In 1867 Kutno district has been formed. This state endured until World War I outbreak. Famous writer Szalom Asz
was born in Kutno in 1880. In his collection of short stories "Miasteczko" ("The Town") author showed situation of Jewish people
from his family town – Kutno. Once for two years town organises Festival of Jewish Culture
named by the Szalom Asz which has a literature contest about his works within its framework.
In 1886 on place of a former gothical
church St. Wawrzyniec Church (designed in a neo – gothical
style by Konstantyn Wojciechowski) has been built.
5 January 1904: Henryk Sienkiewicz
(famous polish writer) stayed in Town's Theatre; which was the seat of Fire Brigade during that time. Income from lecture made by Nobel prize
winner was given to the poor children in Kutno. At Wiosna Ludów
park after the speech a ball had been made on which only men were allowed, other hand women could watch Sienkiewicz from unshuttered windows.
From 15 to 16 October 1914 the Battle of Kutno
had taken place and due to loss of the Soviet Army
gave Germans
direct access to Warsaw
. In 1915 local parish priest Franciszek Pruski was executed by fire squad. Memory plate concerning that event is placed in St. John the Baptist
church.
From April 1919 till January 1921 Charles de Gaulle
was staying in Kutno as an instructor of French military mission under general Louis Faury
command.
5 March 1938: Kutno has been given a blazon
that depicts two wild boars placed on the yellow background which stays on their back paws and lean on green bulrush.
took place. On 9 September operational group of "Poznań" army led by General Edmund Knoll-Kownacki
started attack on 8th army led by gen. Johannes Blaskowitz
. On 11 September Pomorze Army
the joined battle. At first polish assault had been successful but then Germans
due to transfer of reinforcements on 12 September started counterattack. In that kind of situation gen. Tadeusz Kutrzeba
ordered Knoll
to retreat beyond the Bzura
river. Kutno has maintained beyond the boarders of infantry's direct assault. Despite the ultimate loss of Polish army
The Battle of the Bzura
river had major strategic importance, it made Germans change their scheme and regroup and also delayed istory of Warsaw#World War II |the capitulation of Warsaw
.
On 16 September 1939 the German Wehrmacht
moved into Kutno, bombarding trains, the railway station, and houses throughout the district.
Administratively the area was incorporated into the Third Reich's Reichsgau Wartheland
as part of the district/county (kreis) of Kutno. In December 1939 resettlement began in accordance with Nazi racial and ethnic policies which aimed to make the town population purely German. People were forced to leave their houses early in the morning with only an hour's notice and could take up to 50 kg of baggagge and a small amount of money. Displacement was very often carried out with violence. People were transported by trucks or wagons and then in sealed trains. The trip was even eight days long in carts in terrible conditions. On 14 April 1940 most of teachers from Kutno district were arrested. Few survived having had left their houses earlier or having been arrested.
Subsequent action of Germans
had been founding of ghetto
in Kutno on 15 June 1940. Whole area of former sugar factory ("Hortensja" or "Konstancja" according to the other sources) was surrounded by the barbed wire. On the opening day Poles were forbidden to leave their houses while Jews were forced to take all theirs belongings and proceed to the factory. German soldiers and SS members
were rushing and beating Jews while standing in the street. 8000 thousand people were placed on area of the factory at five living quarters. On the first day, crowded and without any first-aid stations few people died. Only food they had was a small amount of potatoes and bread. Prizes of extra assigned food were very high for instance one kilogram of potatoes costed 40 fen. in ghetto while 5 fen in the town. However, true nightmare started during winter while there were not enough firewood, so that Jews were warming themselves with burned furniture or scaffolding
.
In the following year (that is 1941) due to a large number of resettled and transport difficulties in 7th Przemyślowa st. another concentration camp was founded. Due to terrible conditions in the camp about 10 persons per day had been dying of dysentery
.
On 9 June 1941 at present-day Wolności Square the public execution of the three Poles, Kalikst Perkowski, Wilhelm Czernecki and Piotr Sanda took place. They were sentenced to death for smuggling food to Warsaw
. Their death was intended to be a lesson and the presence of locals at the execution was compulsory; even the family of the executed was there.
On 19 March 1942 the ghetto
was closed. All Jews, in alphabetical order, were transported to Koło and then to Chełmno extermination camp. Six thousand Jewish inhabitants of Kutno were killed there while elder people who had been ghetto
administrators were killed in Kutno town. Additionally, a forced labor camp operated in the area from January 1942 until January 1945.
On 19 January 1945 the Red Army
arrived in Kutno, ending the German occupation.
Because of developed railway
and road trails Kutno has been attractive for investors. Next to many branches of Industry in Kutno, key issue was electronic Industry. On 1957 Radio Components
Company Miflex has been opened which employed over three thousand people. The Company is one of the important distributors of capacitor
s, anti – interference
filters. At the Marshal
Piłsudski square Polish – Soviet
brotherhood was constructed, depicting two persons: Red Army
soldier and People's Army of Poland soldier shaking hands with each other. After the monument had been constructed incidents such as partial damage and pouring it with paint done by local high school students occurred. They were part of the group called "Bloody Hawk" ("Krwawy Jastrząb").
In 1968 Kazimierz Jóźwiak who was choreograph and menager as well as director of the Kutno's House of Culture has founded "Song and Dance of Kutno`s Land Band" ("Zespół Pieśni i Tańca Ziemi Kutnowskiej") . In 1971 at former Town Hall
at the Marshal Piłsudski square Kutno Regional Museum has been reopened. Four years later (year 1975) town was adjoined to province of Płock for the next 23 years. Annually, since September 1975 Kutno Rose Festival
takes place at the Kutno House of Culture. Since the beginning it is a center of cultural events in Kutno.
"
In 1996 International Little League Baseball Tournament took place in Kutno. Since that time Kutno is world famous seat of the European Little League Baseball Center. On 18 August 1998 Higher School of Economics has been opened in Kutno in 7th Lelewel
st. In 1999 because of administrative resolution
Kutno district once again after 24 years has became part of the Łódź province. In 2001 Królewska st and Marshal Józef Piłsudski square has been restored.
19 January 2003: fire of the Saxon
Palace which is unique Postal Palace of Saxon
kings in Poland
. Currently one can visit few rooms that has been renovated.
and presence of system of sidings connected with E20 railway. Because of that part of industry companies has been moved to that part of Kutno while new one has been opened (Cast-iron foundry, Agroma, Polmozbyt). It was the beginning of the industrial district – Sklęczki; progenitor
of Kutno Agro – Industrial park.
First mention to KAIP appeared in 1996 during the work for construction of the National Center for Food Processing and Distribution
in Kutno. Construction was led with the share of Urban Institute
– USA national agency for coordination of work done by the U.S. Agency for International Development
. Kutno Agro – Industrial park at the time when came into being took 370 ha. Until the end of 2009 area of the KAIP consisted of 30 companies that employed over 2000 people with both Polish and foreign capital.
After middle schools
High Schools
Art schools
living in Kutno started training Baseball with the group of the young people. Therefore, Baseball section of "Stal Kutno" club has been made. It is the biggest youth center of Baseball in Europe. European Baseball Championship
takes there place annually in various age categories. Complex consist of two fully lighted stadiums that have enough space to hold up to two thousand spectators, three training pitches and dormitory for over 200 hundred players. Stadiums are named by Edward Piszka and Stanley Musiał.
Sports club City Stadium in Kutno on Tadeusz Kościuszki st. is named by Henryk Reyman
.
(Szalom Asz
festival connects both towns). Thanks to Commune Association of Kutno Region town maintains relationship with the English county
Northumberland
.
nr. 92 (former road nr. 2) connecting Miedzichowo near Nowy Tomyśl with Łowicz and Warsaw; country road
nr. 60 connecting Kutno with Płock and Ostrów Mazowiecka
country road
which is the transit corridor for trucks, leading from Baltic
countries to Germany. Both roads leading through town are bypassed which helps transport though country and to reduce traffic in the town.
Fourteen kilometers from Kutno in Krośniewice leads road nr.1 connecting Łódź and Katowice
. Junction of roads nr.1 and 92 is also placed there.
Beside country roads through Kutno leads a system of Province and District roads connecting town with Łódź and other nearby towns.
In the near future two kilometers of A1 motorway is going to be constructed which will improve importance of town in road transportation. Kutno will be supported by the two exits from the A1 road in Sójki (Kutno North, 7 km from the town) and Kotliska localities (Kutno East, 2 km from the town).
. 20s and 30s of 20th century was period of largest development.
History of railway in Kutno has started in 1861. Warsaw
– Bydgoszcz railway station exist and fulfills it's duty until today. Future, intensive railway development has started during interwar period
. Between 1922 to 1926 years connection linking Kutno with Poznań
(thereby construction of Warsaw
- Poznań
railway has ended) and Łódź with Płock has been made. During postwar period
current platform and underground passage has been constructed.
One can get by train from Kutno to most of the big cities in Poland
(Warsaw
, Łódź, Bydgoszcz, Szczecin
, Poznań
, Wrocław, Katowice
, Kraków
, Lublin
) and also to various tourism centers (Kołobrzeg, Krynica-Zdrój, Hel
, Zakopane
).
Municipal Transportation Company ensures Kutno inhabitants around town and it's closest surrundings. 13 day bus line and one marked "N" (night bus) are leading through Kutno. Remaining lines with numbers from 5 to 16 beside service at city area also rides to localities neighbouring with Kutno.
There are also private carriers servicing line: Kutno – Piątek – Zgierz – Łódź
Edward John Piszek
Stanley Frank Musial
Eugeniusz Filipowicz
Ph.D. Antoni Troczewski
Platz, while Gabriel Narutowicz
St. was named Hindenburg
Strase.
During the times of People's Republic of Poland
Piłsudski square was named Józef Stalin
square. After death of Stalin
name of the square was changed to 19 January square (date related to the liberation of Kutno by the Red Army
).
Former names of the streets in Kutno:
to Poland
.Kutno town has been founded as a heirloom
of family property.
J. Łukawski, publisher of Liber beneficiorum
by J. Ławski placed in footnote on page 478 following account: "When Piotr of Kutno had come to Poland
in year 997 founded Kutno as a memento of his manor house
in Czechia
. Along with settlement parish church has been founded. Ancestors of him, designated themselves as the counts of Kutno and later assumed name Kucieńscy"
However, this source is not reliable and rejected by most of the scientists due to a fact-collecting dubieties. It is treated as a legend from 18th century or just a varnish to origins some noble families. According to a geographic ditionary of Polish Kingdom
: commonly known at this sides name "Kąty" gives us impression that Kutno could have been named "Kątno" originally.
Source of this legend is most presumably a matter similarities between names Kutno and Kutná Hora
. First references to Kutná Hora
comes from 1289, whereas about Kutno itself from 1301. In addition, in the 10th century Poles
were not founding towns, as an equivalent
they have strongholds which has changed in the 13th century. Count titles are being used in Czechia
since 1627.
by Germans
in 1939 many strange events took place. On junction of nowadays Kochanowski
st. with 1 Maja st. German saboteur
laid down on the street was used as a mark for bombers which were destroing railway station.
Many Kutno inhabitants took part in Polish
-Bolshevik
war as a Lwów Eaglets
also they fought in Siberian Division. After war hundreds of 15 years old boys were enlisted to Army Mining Corps today known as a miner – soldiers.
During German occupation, nowadays Marshal Józef Piłsudski square and Gabriel Narutowicz
st. were named adequatly Adolf Hitler
Platz and Hindenburg
Straße.
During the times of People's Republic of Poland
, nowadays Piłsudski square had been named by Joseph Stalin
. After Joseph Stalin` demise, name was changed to 19 January square (date related to liberation of Kutno by Red Army
.
Poland
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
with 48,000 inhabitants (2005) and an area of 33,6 km2. Situated in the Łódź Voivodeship (since 1999), previously in Płock Voivodeship (1975–1998). It is the capital of Kutno County
Kutno County
Kutno County is a unit of territorial administration and local government in Łódź Voivodeship, central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Kutno, which lies north of the...
.
Kutno was historically a center of a large Jewish community. In 1900, 10,356 Jews were living there. It is the birthplace of famed writer Szalom Asz.
During the Invasion of Poland
Invasion of Poland (1939)
The Invasion of Poland, also known as the September Campaign or 1939 Defensive War in Poland and the Poland Campaign in Germany, was an invasion of Poland by Germany, the Soviet Union, and a small Slovak contingent that marked the start of World War II in Europe...
of 1939, in and around the town, Polish armies under General Tadeusz Kutrzeba
Tadeusz Kutrzeba
Tadeusz Kutrzeba was an army general of the Second Polish Republic.Kutrzeba was born in Kraków, then part of Austria-Hungary...
conducted an offensive that was later named the Battle of the Bzura
Battle of the Bzura
The Battle of the Bzura was a battle in the opening campaign of World War II during the 1939 German invasion of Poland, fought between 9 and 19 September, 1939, between Polish and German forces...
.
Kutno is one of the most important railroad junctions in Poland. Two main lines cross there (Łódź – Toruń
Torun
Toruń is an ancient city in northern Poland, on the Vistula River. Its population is more than 205,934 as of June 2009. Toruń is one of the oldest cities in Poland. The medieval old town of Toruń is the birthplace of the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus....
and Warsaw
Warsaw
Warsaw is the capital and largest city of Poland. It is located on the Vistula River, roughly from the Baltic Sea and from the Carpathian Mountains. Its population in 2010 was estimated at 1,716,855 residents with a greater metropolitan area of 2,631,902 residents, making Warsaw the 10th most...
– Poznań
Poznan
Poznań is a city on the Warta river in west-central Poland, with a population of 556,022 in June 2009. It is among the oldest cities in Poland, and was one of the most important centres in the early Polish state, whose first rulers were buried at Poznań's cathedral. It is sometimes claimed to be...
). Also, another connection starts in Kutno, which goes to Płock.
Geographical Position
Kutno is located in the northern part of Łódź province and 20 kilometers to the northwest of geographical center of PolandPoland
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
.
According to data from 1 January 2009 area of the town amounts to 33,59 km2.
According to physic – geographical division of Poland
Poland
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
, the town is placed on the western edge of Kutno plain which is the part of Middle – Masovian macroregion. In the south of Kutno plain the town straddling a boundary of the Łowicko – Błońska plain which belongs to the same region and the Kłodawa Upland plain which spreads in the west and is counted in the southern Greater Poland
Greater Poland Voivodeship
Wielkopolska Voivodeship , or Greater Poland Voivodeship, is a voivodeship, or province, in west-central Poland. It was created on 1 January 1999 out of the former Poznań, Kalisz, Konin, Piła and Leszno Voivodeships, pursuant to the Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998...
. To the north of the Przedecz – Gostynin
Gostynin
Gostynin is a town in Central Poland with 19,414 inhabitants . It is situated in the Masovian Voivodship since 1999 and was previously in the Płock Voivodship from 1975 to 1998. It is the capital of Gostynin County.-External links:*...
line starts Kujawskie lakeland which is counted to Greater Poland
Greater Poland Voivodeship
Wielkopolska Voivodeship , or Greater Poland Voivodeship, is a voivodeship, or province, in west-central Poland. It was created on 1 January 1999 out of the former Poznań, Kalisz, Konin, Piła and Leszno Voivodeships, pursuant to the Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998...
lakeland.
Kutno is placed on the edge of four historical lands. Greater Poland
Greater Poland Voivodeship
Wielkopolska Voivodeship , or Greater Poland Voivodeship, is a voivodeship, or province, in west-central Poland. It was created on 1 January 1999 out of the former Poznań, Kalisz, Konin, Piła and Leszno Voivodeships, pursuant to the Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998...
, Kuyavia
Kuyavia
Kujawy , is a historical and ethnographic region in the north-central Poland, situated in the basin of the middle Vistula and upper Noteć Rivers, with its capital in Włocławek.-Etymology:The origin of the name Kujawy was seen differently in history...
, Masovia and Łęczyca bound in its neighbourhood. Placement in the center of Poland
Poland
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
, at a point where geographical and historical lands borders as well as in the crossing of communication lines has major importance for city development.
Administrative Division
Kutno has not dispensed administrative unitsAdministrative division
An administrative division, subnational entity, or country subdivision is a portion of a country or other political division, established for the purpose of government. Administrative divisions are each granted a certain degree of autonomy, and are required to manage themselves through their own...
of town (Districts, housing developments
Housing developments
Housing developments are structured building development of residential properties. Popular throughout the US and UK, these are often areas of high density, low impact residences of single family homes....
) although certain parts of the town are simply being called housing developments (e.g.: Łąkoszyn housing development). These divisions are mostly history related remainings; for instance Łąkoszyn housing development is a remaining of the Łąkoszyn town which has been incorporated to Kutno.
Following parts of Kutno town has been formulated in the National Register of Country's Administrative Division: Antoniew, Azory, Bielawki, Dybów, Kościuszków, Kotliska Małe, Łąkoszyn, Puśniki, Sklęczki, Stara Wieś, Stodółki, Walentynów, Wiktoryn, Żwirownia.
Customary Administrative Division of Kutno:
Dybów, Piaski, Rejtana, Tarnowskiego, Kościuszków, Olimpijska, Sklęczki, Łąkoszyn (New Łąkoszyn – houses and Old Łąkoszyn – housing development), Wenecja, Majdany, Grunwald, Batorego, Rataje (between Solidarność rotary, Targowica and The Kutno House of Culture).
Climate
Climate of Kutno town is similar to one that appears across the whole lowland region of PolandPoland
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
. Temperature
Temperature
Temperature is a physical property of matter that quantitatively expresses the common notions of hot and cold. Objects of low temperature are cold, while various degrees of higher temperatures are referred to as warm or hot...
is related to continental and oceanic air.
The yearly temperature amounts to 21.7 °C (71.06 °F) and the mean kinetic temperature
Mean kinetic temperature
Mean kinetic temperature is a simplified way of expressing the overall effect of temperature fluctuations during storage or transit of perishable goods...
for past thirty years is -3.3 °C in January and 18.4 °C (65.1 °F) in July
Kutno is situated in a lowest precipitation
Precipitation (meteorology)
In meteorology, precipitation In meteorology, precipitation In meteorology, precipitation (also known as one of the classes of hydrometeors, which are atmospheric water phenomena is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls under gravity. The main forms of precipitation...
zone in Poland
Poland
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
. It's average yearly sum amounts to 550 mm (21.65 in), although in particular years forementioned sum could be lower.
Summer (especially June) is period when the most intensive precipitation occurs. During that time, on Kutno falls about 17% of total yearly precipitation. Seasons with lowest amount of precipitation
Precipitation (meteorology)
In meteorology, precipitation In meteorology, precipitation In meteorology, precipitation (also known as one of the classes of hydrometeors, which are atmospheric water phenomena is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls under gravity. The main forms of precipitation...
are winter months and March. Kutno has small amount of storms during year which is standout fact. There are about five storms during year (which is half of number of storms for whole country). Snowcap remains quite short on the ground, that is about 39 days in year. There are about 21 misty days during year at town's area. However, it is common that in lowlands of the Ochnia river mist occurs quite often.
State of the sky is hovering from 50% on September to 80% on December and there are 50 sunny and 130 cloudy days averagely during whole year.
The wind set is similar to characteristics of other regions. It blows mostly in west direction, while during winter season the frequency of winds that blow in southwest increases. Summer is the season during which winds blow mostly in northwest set.
History
Origin of the town
Kutno is a very old settlement. There is a possibility that origin of the town could have taken place in a half of the XIIth century. It is mentioned in a document concerning an endowment of Łęczyca prepositure published due to a consecration of the collegiate church in Łęczyca in year 1161.According to the urban legend, town and parish has come into being in 1250, although there is no document which proves that. Most probably town has come into being at the turn of the XIIth and XIVth century, its name has appeared for the first time in a document from the 1301. The document had been published for his son Ziemysław by Leszek, Przemysł and Kazimierz – duke of Kuyavia
Kuyavia
Kujawy , is a historical and ethnographic region in the north-central Poland, situated in the basin of the middle Vistula and upper Noteć Rivers, with its capital in Włocławek.-Etymology:The origin of the name Kujawy was seen differently in history...
in the presence of three estate dignitaries as well as the other people gathered during convention in Włocławek. Reference to Kutno concerns occurrence of rector Michał from church in Kutno on the list of witnessses. In 1386 duke Siemowit
Siemowit
Siemowit was, according to the chronicles of Gallus Anonymus, the son of Piast the Wheelwright and Rzepicha. He was considered one of the four legendary Piast princes, but is now considered as a ruler who existed as a historical person....
the IVth had given to Andrzej de Kutno privilege of freeing Kutno and Sieciechów villages from all charges and burdens excluding 2 coins (Groschen
Groschen
Groschen was the name for a coin used in various German-speaking states as well as some non-German-speaking countries of Central Europe , the Danubian principalities...
) out of every crop fee. Inhabitants had also been freed from the provincial courts, from now on they were judged by the duke only. In 1386 village (Kutno) has been given trade rights and 46 years later in 1432 Town Charter
Municipal corporation
A municipal corporation is the legal term for a local governing body, including cities, counties, towns, townships, charter townships, villages, and boroughs. Municipal incorporation occurs when such municipalities become self-governing entities under the laws of the state or province in which...
. First records that defines Kutno as a town appeared in 1444.
Modern Years
1 July 1504: Mikołaj of KutnoMikołaj of Kutno
Mikołaj from Kutno – governor of Łęczyca province, main district governor of Greater Poland, cooperated closely with Casimir IV Jagiellon.In 1484 has founded church in Kutno....
has gained right that allowed St. Wawrzyniec fair to take place which improved development of the town trade. In 1701 family of Kucieńscy gave up Kutno to Anna Zamojska. Zamojscy were fighting for forementioned property amongst themselves for a long time. The town fell into debts. Situation had normalized when Zamoyski family became the owner of Kutno. During that time Kutno was a town of prosperity and development. When king Augustus III The Saxon
Augustus III of Poland
Augustus III, known as the Saxon ; ; also Prince-elector Friedrich August II was the Elector of Saxony in 1733-1763, as Frederick Augustus II , King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania in 1734-1763.-Biography:Augustus was the only legitimate son of Augustus II the Strong, Imperial Prince-Elector...
had ordered construction of Postal Palace town's prestige increased significantly. As a result Saxon Palace was built. It was constructed between 1750 and 1753 after royal track leading from Dresden
Dresden
Dresden is the capital city of the Free State of Saxony in Germany. It is situated in a valley on the River Elbe, near the Czech border. The Dresden conurbation is part of the Saxon Triangle metropolitan area....
to Warsaw
Warsaw
Warsaw is the capital and largest city of Poland. It is located on the Vistula River, roughly from the Baltic Sea and from the Carpathian Mountains. Its population in 2010 was estimated at 1,716,855 residents with a greater metropolitan area of 2,631,902 residents, making Warsaw the 10th most...
had been built. Palace was decorated with rich interiors according to project made by John M Walter. In the year 1753 Kutno was completely burned. In that fire town records burned along with settlement grant. After the fire King's Lord Councillor Andrzej Zamoyski left Kutno in order to obtain another settlement grant. Yet due to a march-pass in 1774 and easygoing attitude of soldiers another fire started in Kutno. In 1775 Andrzej Zamoyski sold Kutno to Stanisław Kostka Gadomski
Stanisław Kostka Gadomski
Stanisław Kostka Gadomski by Rola coat of arms – governor of Łęczyca province since 1787, Speaker of the Sejm, General officer of Armed forces in First Rzeczpospolita, Starost of Chervonohrad....
– governor of Łęczyca province. Under his reign Kutno became one of the biggest settlements in central Poland
Poland
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
. The Second Partition of Poland
Second Partition of Poland
The 1793 Second Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was the second of three partitions that ended the existence of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth by 1795. The second partition occurred in the aftermath of the War in Defense of the Constitution and the Targowica Confederation of 1792...
in 1793 buried chance of regaining our nationality. Area of Kutno town had been completely under the Prussia
Prussia
Prussia was a German kingdom and historic state originating out of the Duchy of Prussia and the Margraviate of Brandenburg. For centuries, the House of Hohenzollern ruled Prussia, successfully expanding its size by way of an unusually well-organized and effective army. Prussia shaped the history...
n reign and became part of the newly created South Prussia
Prussia
Prussia was a German kingdom and historic state originating out of the Duchy of Prussia and the Margraviate of Brandenburg. For centuries, the House of Hohenzollern ruled Prussia, successfully expanding its size by way of an unusually well-organized and effective army. Prussia shaped the history...
provinces. Whole province of Kutno became part of the Łęczyca departament then after The Third Partition
Third Partition of Poland
The Third Partition of Poland or Third Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth took place in 1795 as the third and last of three partitions that ended the existence of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.-Background:...
became part of the Warsaw
Warsaw
Warsaw is the capital and largest city of Poland. It is located on the Vistula River, roughly from the Baltic Sea and from the Carpathian Mountains. Its population in 2010 was estimated at 1,716,855 residents with a greater metropolitan area of 2,631,902 residents, making Warsaw the 10th most...
department.
On 4 January 1807 Napoleon Bonaparte passed through Kutno. In 1807 due to a decision that had been made by Congress of Vienna
Congress of Vienna
The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, and held in Vienna from September, 1814 to June, 1815. The objective of the Congress was to settle the many issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars,...
, Kutno became part of the dukedom of Warsaw
Warsaw
Warsaw is the capital and largest city of Poland. It is located on the Vistula River, roughly from the Baltic Sea and from the Carpathian Mountains. Its population in 2010 was estimated at 1,716,855 residents with a greater metropolitan area of 2,631,902 residents, making Warsaw the 10th most...
. In 1808 fire had started and destroyed 180 houses. Fire was most likely set by the Napoleon`s army, that kind of actions were quite commom during those days. In 1809 Kutno was visited by Jan Henryk Dąbrowski
Jan Henryk Dabrowski
-Biography:Dąbrowski was born to Jan Michal Dąbrowski and Sophie née von Lettow in Pierzchów, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth He grew up in Hoyerswerda, Electorate of Saxony, where his father served as a Colonel in the Saxon army...
. However, that event did not arouse interest in politically passive inhabitants. In 1826 first town map had been published due to planned rebuilding of the town.
In year 1840 chapel has been built which later became Museum of The Battle of The Bzura river
Battle of the Bzura
The Battle of the Bzura was a battle in the opening campaign of World War II during the 1939 German invasion of Poland, fought between 9 and 19 September, 1939, between Polish and German forces...
. Building made in Neo Renaissance
Renaissance
The Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. The term is also used more loosely to refer to the historical era, but since the changes of the Renaissance were not...
style and rotunda shape was crowned with dome has been placed in Wiosny Ludów
Revolutions of 1848
The European Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Spring of Nations, Springtime of the Peoples or the Year of Revolution, were a series of political upheavals throughout Europe in 1848. It was the first Europe-wide collapse of traditional authority, but within a year reactionary...
park. It served once as a mausoleum for Rzątkowscy and Mniewscy family. Another fire in town's history started on Królewska st. and took almost all of the houses placed in the street. Only two buildings has remained – nowadays Crocantino and MDM. In 1844 first hospital in Kutno has been opened. Founder of the ground, many building materials and the main executioner was former owner of Kutno town – Feliks Mniewski. City Hall
Seat of local government
In local government, a city hall, town hall or a municipal building or civic centre, is the chief administrative building of a city...
has been raised in 1845 in classicistic
Classicism
Classicism, in the arts, refers generally to a high regard for classical antiquity, as setting standards for taste which the classicists seek to emulate. The art of classicism typically seeks to be formal and restrained: of the Discobolus Sir Kenneth Clark observed, "if we object to his restraint...
style. Building located by the Marshall
Marshal of Poland
Marshal of Poland is the highest rank in the Polish Army. It has been granted to only six officers. At present, this rank is equivalent to a Field Marshal or General of the Army in other NATO armies.-History:...
Piłsudski square is currently residence of the Regional Museum
Museum
A museum is an institution that cares for a collection of artifacts and other objects of scientific, artistic, cultural, or historical importance and makes them available for public viewing through exhibits that may be permanent or temporary. Most large museums are located in major cities...
in which one can see mementos
Souvenir
A souvenir , memento, keepsake or token of remembrance is an object a person acquires for the memories the owner associates with it. The term souvenir brings to mind the mass-produced kitsch that is the main commodity of souvenir and gift shops in many tourist traps around the world...
and records depicting history of Kutno.
In 1862 railway on Warsaw
Warsaw
Warsaw is the capital and largest city of Poland. It is located on the Vistula River, roughly from the Baltic Sea and from the Carpathian Mountains. Its population in 2010 was estimated at 1,716,855 residents with a greater metropolitan area of 2,631,902 residents, making Warsaw the 10th most...
– Bydgoszcz line has been started. Thanks to railway line called "Warsaw – Bydgoszcz Iron Road" town has become not only important railway junction but also dynamic developing trade – industry center. Directly before and during the period of the January Uprising
January Uprising
The January Uprising was an uprising in the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth against the Russian Empire...
Kutno was seat of head of the Gostynin
Gostynin
Gostynin is a town in Central Poland with 19,414 inhabitants . It is situated in the Masovian Voivodship since 1999 and was previously in the Płock Voivodship from 1975 to 1998. It is the capital of Gostynin County.-External links:*...
province.
In 1867 Kutno district has been formed. This state endured until World War I outbreak. Famous writer Szalom Asz
Sholem Asch
Sholem Asch, born Szalom Asz , also written Shalom Asch was a Polish-born American Jewish novelist, dramatist, and essayist in the Yiddish language.-Life and work:...
was born in Kutno in 1880. In his collection of short stories "Miasteczko" ("The Town") author showed situation of Jewish people
Jews
The Jews , also known as the Jewish people, are a nation and ethnoreligious group originating in the Israelites or Hebrews of the Ancient Near East. The Jewish ethnicity, nationality, and religion are strongly interrelated, as Judaism is the traditional faith of the Jewish nation...
from his family town – Kutno. Once for two years town organises Festival of Jewish Culture
Jews
The Jews , also known as the Jewish people, are a nation and ethnoreligious group originating in the Israelites or Hebrews of the Ancient Near East. The Jewish ethnicity, nationality, and religion are strongly interrelated, as Judaism is the traditional faith of the Jewish nation...
named by the Szalom Asz which has a literature contest about his works within its framework.
In 1886 on place of a former gothical
Gothic architecture
Gothic architecture is a style of architecture that flourished during the high and late medieval period. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture....
church St. Wawrzyniec Church (designed in a neo – gothical
Gothic Revival architecture
The Gothic Revival is an architectural movement that began in the 1740s in England...
style by Konstantyn Wojciechowski) has been built.
5 January 1904: Henryk Sienkiewicz
Henryk Sienkiewicz
Henryk Adam Aleksander Pius Sienkiewicz was a Polish journalist and Nobel Prize-winning novelist. A Polish szlachcic of the Oszyk coat of arms, he was one of the most popular Polish writers at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, and received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1905 for his...
(famous polish writer) stayed in Town's Theatre; which was the seat of Fire Brigade during that time. Income from lecture made by Nobel prize
Nobel Prize
The Nobel Prizes are annual international awards bestowed by Scandinavian committees in recognition of cultural and scientific advances. The will of the Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite, established the prizes in 1895...
winner was given to the poor children in Kutno. At Wiosna Ludów
Revolutions of 1848
The European Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Spring of Nations, Springtime of the Peoples or the Year of Revolution, were a series of political upheavals throughout Europe in 1848. It was the first Europe-wide collapse of traditional authority, but within a year reactionary...
park after the speech a ball had been made on which only men were allowed, other hand women could watch Sienkiewicz from unshuttered windows.
From 15 to 16 October 1914 the Battle of Kutno
Battle of the Bzura
The Battle of the Bzura was a battle in the opening campaign of World War II during the 1939 German invasion of Poland, fought between 9 and 19 September, 1939, between Polish and German forces...
had taken place and due to loss of the Soviet Army
Soviet Army
The Soviet Army is the name given to the main part of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union between 1946 and 1992. Previously, it had been known as the Red Army. Informally, Армия referred to all the MOD armed forces, except, in some cases, the Soviet Navy.This article covers the Soviet Ground...
gave Germans
Germans
The Germans are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe. The English term Germans has referred to the German-speaking population of the Holy Roman Empire since the Late Middle Ages....
direct access to Warsaw
Warsaw
Warsaw is the capital and largest city of Poland. It is located on the Vistula River, roughly from the Baltic Sea and from the Carpathian Mountains. Its population in 2010 was estimated at 1,716,855 residents with a greater metropolitan area of 2,631,902 residents, making Warsaw the 10th most...
. In 1915 local parish priest Franciszek Pruski was executed by fire squad. Memory plate concerning that event is placed in St. John the Baptist
John the Baptist
John the Baptist was an itinerant preacher and a major religious figure mentioned in the Canonical gospels. He is described in the Gospel of Luke as a relative of Jesus, who led a movement of baptism at the Jordan River...
church.
From April 1919 till January 1921 Charles de Gaulle
Charles de Gaulle
Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle was a French general and statesman who led the Free French Forces during World War II. He later founded the French Fifth Republic in 1958 and served as its first President from 1959 to 1969....
was staying in Kutno as an instructor of French military mission under general Louis Faury
Louis Faury
Louis Faury was a French military commander. In the 1920s he acted as a chief of General Staff Academy in Poland. Well known to his Polish students under nickname Papa Faury. He was made General Officer commanding the 3rd Division in 1936...
command.
5 March 1938: Kutno has been given a blazon
Blazon
In heraldry and heraldic vexillology, a blazon is a formal description of a coat of arms, flag or similar emblem, from which the reader can reconstruct the appropriate image...
that depicts two wild boars placed on the yellow background which stays on their back paws and lean on green bulrush.
World War II
In 9 to 12 September 1939 The Battle of The Bzura riverBattle of the Bzura
The Battle of the Bzura was a battle in the opening campaign of World War II during the 1939 German invasion of Poland, fought between 9 and 19 September, 1939, between Polish and German forces...
took place. On 9 September operational group of "Poznań" army led by General Edmund Knoll-Kownacki
Edmund Knoll-Kownacki
Gen.bryg. Edmund Stanisław Knoll-Kownacki was a Polish military officer and a high-ranking commander of the Polish Army.-Youth:...
started attack on 8th army led by gen. Johannes Blaskowitz
Johannes Blaskowitz
Johannes Albrecht Blaskowitz was a German general during World War II. He was also a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords...
. On 11 September Pomorze Army
Pomorze Army
The Pomeranian Army was one of the Polish armies to take part in the Polish Defensive War of 1939. It was officially created on March 23, 1939. Led by Gen.dyw...
the joined battle. At first polish assault had been successful but then Germans
Germans
The Germans are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe. The English term Germans has referred to the German-speaking population of the Holy Roman Empire since the Late Middle Ages....
due to transfer of reinforcements on 12 September started counterattack. In that kind of situation gen. Tadeusz Kutrzeba
Tadeusz Kutrzeba
Tadeusz Kutrzeba was an army general of the Second Polish Republic.Kutrzeba was born in Kraków, then part of Austria-Hungary...
ordered Knoll
Edmund Knoll-Kownacki
Gen.bryg. Edmund Stanisław Knoll-Kownacki was a Polish military officer and a high-ranking commander of the Polish Army.-Youth:...
to retreat beyond the Bzura
Bzura
Bzura is a river in central Poland, a tributary of the Vistula river , with a length of 166 kilometres and the basin area of 7,788 km2.-Towns and townships:*Zgierz*Aleksandrów Łódzki*Ozorków*Łęczyca*Łowicz*Sochaczew...
river. Kutno has maintained beyond the boarders of infantry's direct assault. Despite the ultimate loss of Polish army
Polish army order of battle in 1939
Polish OOB during the Invasion of Poland. In the late thirties Polish headquarters prepared "Plan Zachód" , a plan of mobilization of Polish Army in case of war with Germany...
The Battle of the Bzura
Battle of the Bzura
The Battle of the Bzura was a battle in the opening campaign of World War II during the 1939 German invasion of Poland, fought between 9 and 19 September, 1939, between Polish and German forces...
river had major strategic importance, it made Germans change their scheme and regroup and also delayed istory of Warsaw#World War II |the capitulation of Warsaw
Warsaw
Warsaw is the capital and largest city of Poland. It is located on the Vistula River, roughly from the Baltic Sea and from the Carpathian Mountains. Its population in 2010 was estimated at 1,716,855 residents with a greater metropolitan area of 2,631,902 residents, making Warsaw the 10th most...
.
On 16 September 1939 the German Wehrmacht
Wehrmacht
The Wehrmacht – from , to defend and , the might/power) were the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. It consisted of the Heer , the Kriegsmarine and the Luftwaffe .-Origin and use of the term:...
moved into Kutno, bombarding trains, the railway station, and houses throughout the district.
Administratively the area was incorporated into the Third Reich's Reichsgau Wartheland
Reichsgau Wartheland
Reichsgau Wartheland was a Nazi German Reichsgau formed from Polish territory annexed in 1939. It comprised the Greater Poland and adjacent areas, and only in part matched the area of the similarly named pre-Versailles Prussian province of Posen...
as part of the district/county (kreis) of Kutno. In December 1939 resettlement began in accordance with Nazi racial and ethnic policies which aimed to make the town population purely German. People were forced to leave their houses early in the morning with only an hour's notice and could take up to 50 kg of baggagge and a small amount of money. Displacement was very often carried out with violence. People were transported by trucks or wagons and then in sealed trains. The trip was even eight days long in carts in terrible conditions. On 14 April 1940 most of teachers from Kutno district were arrested. Few survived having had left their houses earlier or having been arrested.
Subsequent action of Germans
Germans
The Germans are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe. The English term Germans has referred to the German-speaking population of the Holy Roman Empire since the Late Middle Ages....
had been founding of ghetto
Ghetto
A ghetto is a section of a city predominantly occupied by a group who live there, especially because of social, economic, or legal issues.The term was originally used in Venice to describe the area where Jews were compelled to live. The term now refers to an overcrowded urban area often associated...
in Kutno on 15 June 1940. Whole area of former sugar factory ("Hortensja" or "Konstancja" according to the other sources) was surrounded by the barbed wire. On the opening day Poles were forbidden to leave their houses while Jews were forced to take all theirs belongings and proceed to the factory. German soldiers and SS members
Schutzstaffel
The Schutzstaffel |Sig runes]]) was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. Built upon the Nazi ideology, the SS under Heinrich Himmler's command was responsible for many of the crimes against humanity during World War II...
were rushing and beating Jews while standing in the street. 8000 thousand people were placed on area of the factory at five living quarters. On the first day, crowded and without any first-aid stations few people died. Only food they had was a small amount of potatoes and bread. Prizes of extra assigned food were very high for instance one kilogram of potatoes costed 40 fen. in ghetto while 5 fen in the town. However, true nightmare started during winter while there were not enough firewood, so that Jews were warming themselves with burned furniture or scaffolding
Scaffolding
Scaffolding is a temporary structure used to support people and material in the construction or repair of buildings and other large structures. It is usually a modular system of metal pipes or tubes, although it can be from other materials...
.
In the following year (that is 1941) due to a large number of resettled and transport difficulties in 7th Przemyślowa st. another concentration camp was founded. Due to terrible conditions in the camp about 10 persons per day had been dying of dysentery
Dysentery
Dysentery is an inflammatory disorder of the intestine, especially of the colon, that results in severe diarrhea containing mucus and/or blood in the faeces with fever and abdominal pain. If left untreated, dysentery can be fatal.There are differences between dysentery and normal bloody diarrhoea...
.
On 9 June 1941 at present-day Wolności Square the public execution of the three Poles, Kalikst Perkowski, Wilhelm Czernecki and Piotr Sanda took place. They were sentenced to death for smuggling food to Warsaw
Warsaw
Warsaw is the capital and largest city of Poland. It is located on the Vistula River, roughly from the Baltic Sea and from the Carpathian Mountains. Its population in 2010 was estimated at 1,716,855 residents with a greater metropolitan area of 2,631,902 residents, making Warsaw the 10th most...
. Their death was intended to be a lesson and the presence of locals at the execution was compulsory; even the family of the executed was there.
On 19 March 1942 the ghetto
Ghetto
A ghetto is a section of a city predominantly occupied by a group who live there, especially because of social, economic, or legal issues.The term was originally used in Venice to describe the area where Jews were compelled to live. The term now refers to an overcrowded urban area often associated...
was closed. All Jews, in alphabetical order, were transported to Koło and then to Chełmno extermination camp. Six thousand Jewish inhabitants of Kutno were killed there while elder people who had been ghetto
Ghetto
A ghetto is a section of a city predominantly occupied by a group who live there, especially because of social, economic, or legal issues.The term was originally used in Venice to describe the area where Jews were compelled to live. The term now refers to an overcrowded urban area often associated...
administrators were killed in Kutno town. Additionally, a forced labor camp operated in the area from January 1942 until January 1945.
On 19 January 1945 the Red Army
Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army started out as the Soviet Union's revolutionary communist combat groups during the Russian Civil War of 1918-1922. It grew into the national army of the Soviet Union. By the 1930s the Red Army was among the largest armies in history.The "Red Army" name refers to...
arrived in Kutno, ending the German occupation.
1945–1989
Cultural institutions started their activity during first years after the liberation. Firstly, posts that had been existing before 1939 were reopened. On June 1945 Kutno District Public Library has been opened. Thanks to street collections and regaining of books that had been kept during war library's collection was growing fast. Public library was and still is fulfilling important role in broadening culture.Because of developed railway
Rail transport
Rail transport is a means of conveyance of passengers and goods by way of wheeled vehicles running on rail tracks. In contrast to road transport, where vehicles merely run on a prepared surface, rail vehicles are also directionally guided by the tracks they run on...
and road trails Kutno has been attractive for investors. Next to many branches of Industry in Kutno, key issue was electronic Industry. On 1957 Radio Components
Electronic component
An electronic component is a basic electronic element and may be available in a discrete form having two or more electrical terminals . These are intended to be connected together, usually by soldering to a printed circuit board, in order to create an electronic circuit with a particular function...
Company Miflex has been opened which employed over three thousand people. The Company is one of the important distributors of capacitor
Capacitor
A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store energy in an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors separated by a dielectric ; for example, one common construction consists of metal foils separated...
s, anti – interference
Interference (communication)
In communications and electronics, especially in telecommunications, interference is anything which alters, modifies, or disrupts a signal as it travels along a channel between a source and a receiver. The term typically refers to the addition of unwanted signals to a useful signal...
filters. At the Marshal
Marshal of Poland
Marshal of Poland is the highest rank in the Polish Army. It has been granted to only six officers. At present, this rank is equivalent to a Field Marshal or General of the Army in other NATO armies.-History:...
Piłsudski square Polish – Soviet
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991....
brotherhood was constructed, depicting two persons: Red Army
Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army started out as the Soviet Union's revolutionary communist combat groups during the Russian Civil War of 1918-1922. It grew into the national army of the Soviet Union. By the 1930s the Red Army was among the largest armies in history.The "Red Army" name refers to...
soldier and People's Army of Poland soldier shaking hands with each other. After the monument had been constructed incidents such as partial damage and pouring it with paint done by local high school students occurred. They were part of the group called "Bloody Hawk" ("Krwawy Jastrząb").
In 1968 Kazimierz Jóźwiak who was choreograph and menager as well as director of the Kutno's House of Culture has founded "Song and Dance of Kutno`s Land Band" ("Zespół Pieśni i Tańca Ziemi Kutnowskiej") . In 1971 at former Town Hall
Seat of local government
In local government, a city hall, town hall or a municipal building or civic centre, is the chief administrative building of a city...
at the Marshal Piłsudski square Kutno Regional Museum has been reopened. Four years later (year 1975) town was adjoined to province of Płock for the next 23 years. Annually, since September 1975 Kutno Rose Festival
Kutno Rose Festival
The Rose Festival is an annual exhibition of roses and florist arrangements which takes place in Kutno, Poland.The event takes place according to tradition on the first weekend of September. The first exhibition took place in 1974. The exhibition is accompanied by gardening and firms bazaars,...
takes place at the Kutno House of Culture. Since the beginning it is a center of cultural events in Kutno.
After year 1989
In 1990 formula of the fair has been changed as well as it name: from The "Rose Fair" to "The Rose FestivalKutno Rose Festival
The Rose Festival is an annual exhibition of roses and florist arrangements which takes place in Kutno, Poland.The event takes place according to tradition on the first weekend of September. The first exhibition took place in 1974. The exhibition is accompanied by gardening and firms bazaars,...
"
In 1996 International Little League Baseball Tournament took place in Kutno. Since that time Kutno is world famous seat of the European Little League Baseball Center. On 18 August 1998 Higher School of Economics has been opened in Kutno in 7th Lelewel
Joachim Lelewel
Joachim Lelewel was a Polish historian and politician, from a Polonized branch of a Prussian family.His grandparents were Heinrich Löllhöffel von Löwensprung and Constance Jauch , who later polonized her name to Lelewel.-Life:Born in Warsaw, Lelewel was educated at the Imperial University of...
st. In 1999 because of administrative resolution
Resolution (law)
A resolution is a written motion adopted by a deliberative body. The substance of the resolution can be anything that can normally be proposed as a motion. For long or important motions, though, it is often better to have them written out so that discussion is easier or so that it can be...
Kutno district once again after 24 years has became part of the Łódź province. In 2001 Królewska st and Marshal Józef Piłsudski square has been restored.
19 January 2003: fire of the Saxon
Saxons
The Saxons were a confederation of Germanic tribes originating on the North German plain. The Saxons earliest known area of settlement is Northern Albingia, an area approximately that of modern Holstein...
Palace which is unique Postal Palace of Saxon
Saxons
The Saxons were a confederation of Germanic tribes originating on the North German plain. The Saxons earliest known area of settlement is Northern Albingia, an area approximately that of modern Holstein...
kings in Poland
Poland
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
. Currently one can visit few rooms that has been renovated.
Kutno Agro – Industrial park
As a result of decisions made in 70's of XXth century town administratives, industry investments are being located in the northeast part of Kutno. Decisive factor was direct neighbourhood of that area with A2 motorwayA2 autostrada (Poland)
The autostrada A2 in Poland is a motorway which, when completed, will run from west to east through central Poland, from the Polish-German border in Świecko/Frankfurt , through Poznań, Łódź and Warsaw to the Polish-Belarusian border in Terespol/Brest...
and presence of system of sidings connected with E20 railway. Because of that part of industry companies has been moved to that part of Kutno while new one has been opened (Cast-iron foundry, Agroma, Polmozbyt). It was the beginning of the industrial district – Sklęczki; progenitor
Ancestor
An ancestor is a parent or the parent of an ancestor ....
of Kutno Agro – Industrial park.
First mention to KAIP appeared in 1996 during the work for construction of the National Center for Food Processing and Distribution
Food industry
The food production is a complex, global collective of diverse businesses that together supply much of the food energy consumed by the world population...
in Kutno. Construction was led with the share of Urban Institute
Urban Institute
The Urban Institute is a Washington, D.C.-based think tank that carries out nonpartisan economic and social policy research, collects data, evaluates social programs, educates the public on key domestic issues, and provides advice and technical assistance to developing governments abroad...
– USA national agency for coordination of work done by the U.S. Agency for International Development
United States Agency for International Development
The United States Agency for International Development is the United States federal government agency primarily responsible for administering civilian foreign aid. President John F. Kennedy created USAID in 1961 by executive order to implement development assistance programs in the areas...
. Kutno Agro – Industrial park at the time when came into being took 370 ha. Until the end of 2009 area of the KAIP consisted of 30 companies that employed over 2000 people with both Polish and foreign capital.
Kutno Sub-zone of The Łódź Special Economic Zone
In 2000 Town Cuncil made a resolution, according to which Łódź Special Economic Zone could have been created in Kutno. Area of the Kutno Agro – Industrial park was designated to join the ŁSEZ. Kutno Sub-zone of The Łódź Special Economic Zone had 23,08ha then and has been spread to four zones: Odlewnicza st. (4,24ha), Sklęczkowska st. (6,48 ha), Stalowa I and II (7,87ha and 4,49ha). The Sub-zone has been broadened in the following years: 2002, 2005, two times in 2007 and in 2010. According to data from the end of January 2010 whole area of Kutno Sub-zone is 111,4ha.Branches of industry represented in Kutno
The main branches of industry in Kutno are:- pharmaceutical industry: TevaTeva Pharmaceutical IndustriesTeva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. , is an international pharmaceutical company headquartered in Petah Tikva, Israel. It specializes in generic and proprietary pharmaceuticals and active pharmaceutical ingredients...
Kutno, Polfarmex, Fresenius Kabi Poland, Nobilus Ent, Trouw Nutrition International (a part of NutrecoNutrecoNutreco N.V. is a Dutch producer of animal nutrition, fish feed and processed meat products. It has about 100 production facilities in more than 30 countries, and eight research centers. The company was founded in 1994 after a Cinven-backed management buyout of the feed and nutrition division of BP...
) - engineering and metallurgic industry: Kongskilde, Skiold BL, Ideal Europe, Florian Centrum (owned by Mittal Steel), Kraj, Miflex-Masz, AMZ KutnoAMZ-KUTNO LtdAMZ Kutno ltd is based in Kutno, Poland, and has been operating since 1999. It specializes in the design and manufacture of special bodies for commercial vehicles: ambulances, valuables transport, mini-buses, special vehicles for the uniformed services, as well as military vehicles:-Military...
, Libner Poland, Fermator (Enginova) - electronics industry: Miflex (a former branch of UnitraUnitraUNITRA was a Polish establishments fellowship that existed from 1958 to 1982 , most of the Polish electronic hardware from those times where produced by the fellowship.- List of establishments that existed within unitra :...
), - transportation: Nijhof-Wassink, Hartwig Poland
- food industry: Exdrob, KofolaKofolaKofola is a carbonated soft drink produced in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. It is the principal rival of Coca-Cola and Pepsi in these two markets.- History :...
, Polmos, Pini Polonia - construction industry: Schomburg Poland, Vester, Urbud, Mavex, Trakt, Kutnowska Prefabrykacja Betonu (Kutno Concrete Prefabrication), Mawex, Aarsleff, ProfilPas
- packaging and plastic industry: DS SmithDS SmithDS Smith Plc is a leading British-based international packaging and office product wholesaling business. It is headquartered in Maidenhead, UK and is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index.-History:...
, Fuji Seal Poland, PrintPack Poland, Paja Folie, Sirmax Poland, PolyOne Poland Manufacturing, Elplast
Tourism
- Old TownOld TownOld Town is the typical designation of a historic or original core of a city or town. Although the city may be larger in its present form, many cities have redesignated this part of the city to commemorate its origins after thorough renovations...
– two markets connected to Królewska st. that after the modernization made along with Piłsudski square has become town's showcase, a place where Kutno citizens can spend their free time. Taking a walk around Old TownOld TownOld Town is the typical designation of a historic or original core of a city or town. Although the city may be larger in its present form, many cities have redesignated this part of the city to commemorate its origins after thorough renovations...
one can easily find marks of medievalMiddle AgesThe Middle Ages is a periodization of European history from the 5th century to the 15th century. The Middle Ages follows the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 and precedes the Early Modern Era. It is the middle period of a three-period division of Western history: Classic, Medieval and Modern...
concept of Wolnośći square, church or Zduński fair (Zduńska st. and Tetralna st.). Current buildings at New Town and in Królewska st. has been constructed in the first half of 19th century.
- Kutno Town Hall – currently place where Regional Museum is located
- Museum of the Battle of the Bzura riverBattle of the BzuraThe Battle of the Bzura was a battle in the opening campaign of World War II during the 1939 German invasion of Poland, fought between 9 and 19 September, 1939, between Polish and German forces...
– at Wiosny LudówRevolutions of 1848The European Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Spring of Nations, Springtime of the Peoples or the Year of Revolution, were a series of political upheavals throughout Europe in 1848. It was the first Europe-wide collapse of traditional authority, but within a year reactionary...
park where grave chapel of Mniewscy family is located. It has been built in 19th century. Currently place where Museum of the Battle of the BzuraBattle of the BzuraThe Battle of the Bzura was a battle in the opening campaign of World War II during the 1939 German invasion of Poland, fought between 9 and 19 September, 1939, between Polish and German forces...
river is located
- Postal Palace – known also as the SaxonSaxonsThe Saxons were a confederation of Germanic tribes originating on the North German plain. The Saxons earliest known area of settlement is Northern Albingia, an area approximately that of modern Holstein...
Palace that was used by king Augustus IIIAugustus III of PolandAugustus III, known as the Saxon ; ; also Prince-elector Friedrich August II was the Elector of Saxony in 1733-1763, as Frederick Augustus II , King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania in 1734-1763.-Biography:Augustus was the only legitimate son of Augustus II the Strong, Imperial Prince-Elector...
on his travel way from WarsawWarsawWarsaw is the capital and largest city of Poland. It is located on the Vistula River, roughly from the Baltic Sea and from the Carpathian Mountains. Its population in 2010 was estimated at 1,716,855 residents with a greater metropolitan area of 2,631,902 residents, making Warsaw the 10th most...
to DresdenDresdenDresden is the capital city of the Free State of Saxony in Germany. It is situated in a valley on the River Elbe, near the Czech border. The Dresden conurbation is part of the Saxon Triangle metropolitan area....
. Building is one of the oldest in town; it has been constructed in 18th century. On 11 December 1812 Napoleon BonaparteNapoleon INapoleon Bonaparte was a French military and political leader during the latter stages of the French Revolution.As Napoleon I, he was Emperor of the French from 1804 to 1815...
stayed there during his escape from RussiaRussiaRussia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
.
- Complex of Gierałty's palaces – property of the owners of Kutno. Currently seat of National Music School. Palace has been constructed between 1781 and 1785 years. In 1920 Charles de GaulleCharles de GaulleCharles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle was a French general and statesman who led the Free French Forces during World War II. He later founded the French Fifth Republic in 1958 and served as its first President from 1959 to 1969....
paid a visit there. Wiosny LudówRevolutions of 1848The European Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Spring of Nations, Springtime of the Peoples or the Year of Revolution, were a series of political upheavals throughout Europe in 1848. It was the first Europe-wide collapse of traditional authority, but within a year reactionary...
park is located behind the palace.
- Manor houseManor houseA manor house is a country house that historically formed the administrative centre of a manor, the lowest unit of territorial organisation in the feudal system in Europe. The term is applied to country houses that belonged to the gentry and other grand stately homes...
of Chlewiccy (also called Modrzewiowy) with column shaped veranda from the 1st half of 19th century – currently seat of the Companionship of Friends of The Kutno land.
- Manor houseManor houseA manor house is a country house that historically formed the administrative centre of a manor, the lowest unit of territorial organisation in the feudal system in Europe. The term is applied to country houses that belonged to the gentry and other grand stately homes...
of Szymańscy – constructed in the first half of the 18th century. Currently it a hotel with restaurant.
- Izaak Holcman's villaVillaA villa was originally an ancient Roman upper-class country house. Since its origins in the Roman villa, the idea and function of a villa have evolved considerably. After the fall of the Roman Republic, villas became small farming compounds, which were increasingly fortified in Late Antiquity,...
by the Solidarność rotary. Currently a health center.
- VillaVillaA villa was originally an ancient Roman upper-class country house. Since its origins in the Roman villa, the idea and function of a villa have evolved considerably. After the fall of the Roman Republic, villas became small farming compounds, which were increasingly fortified in Late Antiquity,...
in the 8th MatejkiJan MatejkoJan Matejko was a Polish painter known for paintings of notable historical Polish political and military events. His most famous works include oil on canvas paintings like Battle of Grunwald, paintings of numerous other battles and court scenes, and a gallery of Polish kings...
st – constructed during the years 1927 to 1929 for the family of engineer Ryszard Macher
- "New Inn" building – formerly seat of the Provisional governmentProvisional governmentA provisional government is an emergency or interim government set up when a political void has been created by the collapse of a very large government. The early provisional governments were created to prepare for the return of royal rule...
on the first days of the January uprisingJanuary UprisingThe January Uprising was an uprising in the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth against the Russian Empire...
.
- Former St. ValenineSaint ValentineSaint Valentine is the name of several martyred saints of ancient Rome. The name "Valentine", derived from valens , was popular in Late Antiquity...
hospital
- LutheranLutheranismLutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the theology of Martin Luther, a German reformer. Luther's efforts to reform the theology and practice of the church launched the Protestant Reformation...
church
- Dr Antoni Troczewski's VillaVillaA villa was originally an ancient Roman upper-class country house. Since its origins in the Roman villa, the idea and function of a villa have evolved considerably. After the fall of the Roman Republic, villas became small farming compounds, which were increasingly fortified in Late Antiquity,...
- Complex of postfactory buildings of "Kraj" owned by Alfred Vaedtke
- Former city theatre at the Zduński Market (formerly House of Voluteer Fire BrigadeFire departmentA fire department or fire brigade is a public or private organization that provides fire protection for a certain jurisdiction, which typically is a municipality, county, or fire protection district...
)
- Motor mill in Warszawskie Przedmieście st.
Churches in Kutno
- St. Lawrence Parish – founded in 1301. First reference about St. Lawrence the Martyr comes from 1301 and mentions parish priest Michał. First, presumably a wooden construction of church was made in 13th century during the effort concerning construction of village parishes. It was a small church made in a gothic style that had lasted until 1483 when burned down. New one was funded by the Mikołaj from Kutno in 1484. It was made in gothic style, a one-aisle church with set apart presbytery and tower on the west side and St.Anne chapelSaint AnneSaint Hanna of David's house and line, was the mother of the Virgin Mary and grandmother of Jesus Christ according to Christian and Islamic tradition. English Anne is derived from Greek rendering of her Hebrew name Hannah...
adjacentAdjacentAdjacent is an adjective meaning contiguous, adjoining or abuttingIn geometry, adjacent is when sides meet to make an angle.In graph theory adjacent nodes in a graph are linked by an edge....
to aisleAisleAn aisle is, in general, a space for walking with rows of seats on both sides or with rows of seats on one side and a wall on the other...
. In 1883 because of high level of damage church had been decided to be pulled down. Construction of the current one ended in 1886 according to a design made by Konstantyn Wojciechowski. Basilical, neo-gothicGothic Revival architectureThe Gothic Revival is an architectural movement that began in the 1740s in England...
church has two towers with clock placed on the top of one.
- St. John the BaptistJohn the BaptistJohn the Baptist was an itinerant preacher and a major religious figure mentioned in the Canonical gospels. He is described in the Gospel of Luke as a relative of Jesus, who led a movement of baptism at the Jordan River...
Parish – founded in 1988. Main altar consists of a reliefReliefRelief is a sculptural technique. The term relief is from the Latin verb levo, to raise. To create a sculpture in relief is thus to give the impression that the sculpted material has been raised above the background plane...
depicting Resurrected ChristResurrectionResurrection refers to the literal coming back to life of the biologically dead. It is used both with respect to particular individuals or the belief in a General Resurrection of the dead at the end of the world. The General Resurrection is featured prominently in Jewish, Christian, and Muslim...
, Consecration by Pope John Paul IIPope John Paul IIBlessed Pope John Paul II , born Karol Józef Wojtyła , reigned as Pope of the Catholic Church and Sovereign of Vatican City from 16 October 1978 until his death on 2 April 2005, at of age. His was the second-longest documented pontificate, which lasted ; only Pope Pius IX ...
in Łowicz on 1 June 1999.
- The Saint Queen JadwigaJadwiga of PolandJadwiga was monarch of Poland from 1384 to her death. Her official title was 'king' rather than 'queen', reflecting that she was a sovereign in her own right and not merely a royal consort. She was a member of the Capetian House of Anjou, the daughter of King Louis I of Hungary and Elizabeth of...
Parish – founded in 1990. On 8 June 1997 on Kraków grasslands Pope John Paul IIPope John Paul IIBlessed Pope John Paul II , born Karol Józef Wojtyła , reigned as Pope of the Catholic Church and Sovereign of Vatican City from 16 October 1978 until his death on 2 April 2005, at of age. His was the second-longest documented pontificate, which lasted ; only Pope Pius IX ...
Consecration CornerstoneCornerstoneThe cornerstone concept is derived from the first stone set in the construction of a masonry foundation, important since all other stones will be set in reference to this stone, thus determining the position of the entire structure.Over time a cornerstone became a ceremonial masonry stone, or...
for the construction of this church.
- St. Stanislaus the Martyr BishopStanislaus of SzczepanówStanislaus of Szczepanów, or Stanisław Szczepanowski, was a Bishop of Kraków known chiefly for having been martyred by the Polish king Bolesław II the Bold...
Parish – founded in 1297
- The Our Lady of Perpetual Help Parish church – founded in 1988
- Saint Michael the ArchangelMichael (archangel)Michael , Micha'el or Mîkhā'ēl; , Mikhaḗl; or Míchaël; , Mīkhā'īl) is an archangel in Jewish, Christian, and Islamic teachings. Roman Catholics, Anglicans, and Lutherans refer to him as Saint Michael the Archangel and also simply as Saint Michael...
Parish – is placed in WoźniakówWozniakówWoźniaków is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kutno, within Kutno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland....
district.
City Parks
- Wiosny LudówRevolutions of 1848The European Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Spring of Nations, Springtime of the Peoples or the Year of Revolution, were a series of political upheavals throughout Europe in 1848. It was the first Europe-wide collapse of traditional authority, but within a year reactionary...
park – is the oldest and simultaneously biggest park in Kutno (area 17,1ha). Once it was a palace garden by the Gierałty's Palace and has came into being during the years 1775 to 1791. Park is separated in two parts, first one is a symmetric gardenGardenA garden is a planned space, usually outdoors, set aside for the display, cultivation, and enjoyment of plants and other forms of nature. The garden can incorporate both natural and man-made materials. The most common form today is known as a residential garden, but the term garden has...
that is similar to the shape of French gardenGarden à la françaiseThe French formal garden, also called jardin à la française, is a style of garden based on symmetry and the principle of imposing order over nature. It reached its apogee in the 17th century with the creation of the Gardens of Versailles, designed for Louis XIV by the landscape architect André Le...
. The other one is landscape English gardenEnglish gardenThe English garden, also called English landscape park , is a style of Landscape garden which emerged in England in the early 18th century, and spread across Europe, replacing the more formal, symmetrical Garden à la française of the 17th century as the principal gardening style of Europe. The...
, which came into being during the years 1826 to 1840. In the western edge of the park stands chapel in the memory of Mniewscy family (owners of Kutno from 19th century).
- Romuald TrauguttRomuald TrauguttRomuald Traugutt was a Polish general and war hero, best known for commanding the January Uprising. From October 1863 to August 1864 he was Dictator of Insurrection. He headed the Polish national government from October 17, 1863 to April 20, 1864, and was president of its Foreign Affairs...
city park – placed in the central part of town on the area of 4,2ha. Has been founded during PolandPolandPoland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
`s twenty years of independence after World War IInterwar periodInterwar period can refer to any period between two wars. The Interbellum is understood to be the period between the end of the Great War or First World War and the beginning of the Second World War in Europe....
as a place where one can rest. Park is placed on terrain with diverse heights which gives him interesting landscape composition with pond being placed on the lowest part. At first it was just an industrial pond nowadays it is adapted to leisure functions. Most of the cultural events in Kutno takes place there. Stefan ŻeromskiStefan ZeromskiStefan Żeromski was a Polish novelist and dramatist. He was called the "conscience of Polish literature". He also wrote under the pen names: Maurycy Zych, Józef Katerla and Stefan Iksmoreż.- Life :...
`s public library and Kutno House of CultureCultural centerA cultural center or cultural centre is an organization, building or complex that promotes culture and arts. Cultural centers can be neighborhood community arts organizations, private facilities, government-sponsored, or activist-run...
are placed in there.
- City park by the Ochnia river – is the newest park in Kutno. Ground works ended there in 2003 year. Park's small woodiness gives it a modern image. Football and Basketball pitches located in neighborhood creates opportunity to practice sports.
Education
Kindergartens, elementary schools and middle schools:- Jarzębinka Integrational Municipal Kindergarten nr.3
- Stokrotka Municipal Kindergarten nr.5
- Municipal Kindergarten nr.8
- Fable's Municipal Kindergarten nr.15
- Cindarella's Municipal Kindergarten
- Forget-me-not's Municipal Kindergarten nr.17
- Catholic Kindergarten
- Elementary school in Gołębiew
- T.KościuszkoTadeusz KosciuszkoAndrzej Tadeusz Bonawentura Kościuszko was a Polish–Lithuanian and American general and military leader during the Kościuszko Uprising. He is a national hero of Poland, Lithuania, the United States and Belarus...
Elementary school nr.1 - M.KopernikNicolaus CopernicusNicolaus Copernicus was a Renaissance astronomer and the first person to formulate a comprehensive heliocentric cosmology which displaced the Earth from the center of the universe....
Elementary school nr.4 - Elementary school nr.5
- M.Skłodowska-CurieMarie CurieMarie Skłodowska-Curie was a physicist and chemist famous for her pioneering research on radioactivity. She was the first person honored with two Nobel Prizes—in physics and chemistry...
Elementary school nr.6 - W.JagiełłoJogailaJogaila, later 'He is known under a number of names: ; ; . See also: Jogaila : names and titles. was Grand Duke of Lithuania , king consort of Kingdom of Poland , and sole King of Poland . He ruled in Lithuania from 1377, at first with his uncle Kęstutis...
Elemntary school nr.9 - Catholic Elementary school of catholic school friends association in Wierzbie
- A.MickiewiczAdam MickiewiczAdam Bernard Mickiewicz ) was a Polish poet, publisher and political writer of the Romantic period. One of the primary representatives of the Polish Romanticism era, a national poet of Poland, he is seen as one of Poland's Three Bards and the greatest poet in all of Polish literature...
Middle school nr.1 - J.Piłsudski Middle school nr.2
- H.SienkiewiczHenryk SienkiewiczHenryk Adam Aleksander Pius Sienkiewicz was a Polish journalist and Nobel Prize-winning novelist. A Polish szlachcic of the Oszyk coat of arms, he was one of the most popular Polish writers at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, and received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1905 for his...
Middle school nr.3 - W.Anders Catholic Middle school of catholic middle school friends association in Wierzbie
- Middle school in Byszew
- St.Stanislaus KostkaStanislaus KostkaStanisław Kostka S.J. was a Polish novice of the Society of Jesus. In the Catholic Church as Saint Stanislaus Kostka....
Catholic Middle school of catholic middle school friends association
After middle schools
- J.H.DąbrowskiJan Henryk Dabrowski-Biography:Dąbrowski was born to Jan Michal Dąbrowski and Sophie née von Lettow in Pierzchów, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth He grew up in Hoyerswerda, Electorate of Saxony, where his father served as a Colonel in the Saxon army...
Ist High School (so called "Dąbrowszczak") - J.KasprowiczJan KasprowiczJan Kasprowicz was a poet, playwright, critic and translator; a foremost representative of Young Poland.-Life:...
IInd High School - St.Stanislaus KostkaStanislaus KostkaStanisław Kostka S.J. was a Polish novice of the Society of Jesus. In the Catholic Church as Saint Stanislaus Kostka....
Catholic High School association of catholic school friends (so called "Katolik") - Stanisław Staszic nr.1 set of schools (so called "Mechanik")
- A. Troczewski nr.1 set of schools (so called "Margaryna")
- Wł.Grabski nr.3 set of schools (so called "Ekonomik")
- Z. Barclicki nr.4 set of schools in Kutno – Azory
High Schools
- Country economy high school in Kutno
- Commuting didactic facility of Łódź University Economic – Sociological department
- Commuting facility of High schools of social skills – Law department (master's studies)
Art schools
- K.Kurpiński National Music School of Ist and IInd degree
Communions
At the area of City pastoral service is given by the following churches:- Roman Catholic church
- Lutheran churchLutheranismLutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the theology of Martin Luther, a German reformer. Luther's efforts to reform the theology and practice of the church launched the Protestant Reformation...
- Pentecost churchPentecostalismPentecostalism is a diverse and complex movement within Christianity that places special emphasis on a direct personal experience of God through the baptism in the Holy Spirit, has an eschatological focus, and is an experiential religion. The term Pentecostal is derived from Pentecost, the Greek...
- Christian church "Jesus lives"
- Seventh-day Adventist ChurchSeventh-day Adventist ChurchThe Seventh-day Adventist Church is a Protestant Christian denomination distinguished by its observance of Saturday, the original seventh day of the Judeo-Christian week, as the Sabbath, and by its emphasis on the imminent second coming of Jesus Christ...
Cyclic events taking place in Kutno
- The Rose FestivalKutno Rose FestivalThe Rose Festival is an annual exhibition of roses and florist arrangements which takes place in Kutno, Poland.The event takes place according to tradition on the first weekend of September. The first exhibition took place in 1974. The exhibition is accompanied by gardening and firms bazaars,...
– cyclic cultural event that is being organised by Kutno House of Culture. For the first time it took place during 20 to 21 September 1975 under name: Kutno's Roses Fair. Main element of this event is exhibitionExhibitionAn exhibition, in the most general sense, is an organized presentation and display of a selection of items. In practice, exhibitions usually occur within museums, galleries and exhibition halls, and World's Fairs...
of roses that comes from different Kutno growers along with performances of music bands (mostly folk bandsFolk musicFolk music is an English term encompassing both traditional folk music and contemporary folk music. The term originated in the 19th century. Traditional folk music has been defined in several ways: as music transmitted by mouth, as music of the lower classes, and as music with unknown composers....
), exhibition of the local artist and trade stalls. Since 1990 name of the festival has been changed to The Rose FestivalKutno Rose FestivalThe Rose Festival is an annual exhibition of roses and florist arrangements which takes place in Kutno, Poland.The event takes place according to tradition on the first weekend of September. The first exhibition took place in 1974. The exhibition is accompanied by gardening and firms bazaars,...
(Święto Róży) along with its theme. ExhibitionExhibitionAn exhibition, in the most general sense, is an organized presentation and display of a selection of items. In practice, exhibitions usually occur within museums, galleries and exhibition halls, and World's Fairs...
of roses has been extended with arts and set designScenic designScenic design is the creation of theatrical, as well as film or television scenery. Scenic designers have traditionally come from a variety of artistic backgrounds, but nowadays, generally speaking, they are trained professionals, often with M.F.A...
arrangements.
- Kutno Station – Nationalwide Competition of Honorable Songs of Kutno District Governor – Jeremi PrzyboraJeremi PrzyboraJeremi Przybora was a popular Polish poet, writer, actor and singer, best known for creating TV-series "Kabaret Starszych Panów" with Jerzy Wasowski and for his ballads and sung poetry, a popular music genre in Poland.-External links:*...
. For the first time, took place in 2005.
- Szalom AszSholem AschSholem Asch, born Szalom Asz , also written Shalom Asch was a Polish-born American Jewish novelist, dramatist, and essayist in the Yiddish language.-Life and work:...
Festival – Nationwide literally contest, that is taking place once every two years. Jewish musicJewish musicJewish music is the music and melodies of the Jewish People which have evolved over time throughout the long course of Jewish History. In some instances Jewish Music is of a religious nature, spiritual songs and refrains are common in Jewish Services throughout the world, while other times, it is...
, literally, photographic exhibition and film screenings also are immanentImmanenceImmanence refers to philosophical and metaphysical theories of divine presence, in which the divine is seen to be manifested in or encompassing of the material world. It is often contrasted with theories of transcendence, in which the divine is seen to be outside the material world...
part of the festival.
Sport
Kutno is the seat of the European Little League Baseball Center. In 1984, Juan Echevarria Motola – CubanCubans
Cubans or Cuban people are the inhabitants or citizens of Cuba. Cuba is a multi-ethnic nation, home to people of different ethnic and national backgrounds...
living in Kutno started training Baseball with the group of the young people. Therefore, Baseball section of "Stal Kutno" club has been made. It is the biggest youth center of Baseball in Europe. European Baseball Championship
European Baseball Championship
The European Baseball Championship is the main championship tournament between national baseball teams in Europe, governed by the Confederation of European Baseball . Italy won the inaugural European Baseball Championship in , and the competition has since been dominated by the Italian team and the...
takes there place annually in various age categories. Complex consist of two fully lighted stadiums that have enough space to hold up to two thousand spectators, three training pitches and dormitory for over 200 hundred players. Stadiums are named by Edward Piszka and Stanley Musiał.
Sports club City Stadium in Kutno on Tadeusz Kościuszki st. is named by Henryk Reyman
Henryk Reyman
Henryk Tomasz Reyman was an attacking soccer player, sports official and military officer. He fought in World War I in the Austrian Army, then in the Polish Army in the Polish-Soviet War, and also participated in the Silesian Uprisings.-Sports career:He came to Wisła in 1910 and remained with the...
.
Sports Clubs in Kutno
- MZS Kutno – Football, currently in third league, founded in 1993.
- AZS WSGK Pol – Fol Kutno – basketball, currently second league.
- Tytan Kutno – rugby club founded in 2009
- Stal Kutno – baseball club, Major LeagueMajor LeagueSee Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada.Major League may also refer to:-Sport:* Major League Baseball, the highest level of play in professional baseball in North America* Major League Cricket...
- Stal Kutno II – Baseball club, second league
International cooperation
Kutno cooperates with various cities and regions in Europe. For instance with Bat Yam city in IsraelIsrael
The State of Israel is a parliamentary republic located in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea...
(Szalom Asz
Sholem Asch
Sholem Asch, born Szalom Asz , also written Shalom Asch was a Polish-born American Jewish novelist, dramatist, and essayist in the Yiddish language.-Life and work:...
festival connects both towns). Thanks to Commune Association of Kutno Region town maintains relationship with the English county
Counties of England
Counties of England are areas used for the purposes of administrative, geographical and political demarcation. For administrative purposes, England outside Greater London and the Isles of Scilly is divided into 83 counties. The counties may consist of a single district or be divided into several...
Northumberland
Northumberland
Northumberland is the northernmost ceremonial county and a unitary district in North East England. For Eurostat purposes Northumberland is a NUTS 3 region and is one of three boroughs or unitary districts that comprise the "Northumberland and Tyne and Wear" NUTS 2 region...
.
Transportation
Kutno is important communication junction in central Europe. Two main roads leads through town: country roadNational roads in Poland
National road in Poland refers to a public trunk road controlled by the Polish central government authority, the General Directorship of National Roads and Motorways...
nr. 92 (former road nr. 2) connecting Miedzichowo near Nowy Tomyśl with Łowicz and Warsaw; country road
National roads in Poland
National road in Poland refers to a public trunk road controlled by the Polish central government authority, the General Directorship of National Roads and Motorways...
nr. 60 connecting Kutno with Płock and Ostrów Mazowiecka
Ostrów Mazowiecka
Ostrów Mazowiecka is a town in northeastern Poland with 23,486 inhabitants . Situated in the Masovian Voivodeship , previously in Ostroleka Voivodeship . It is the capital of Ostrów Mazowiecka County....
country road
National roads in Poland
National road in Poland refers to a public trunk road controlled by the Polish central government authority, the General Directorship of National Roads and Motorways...
which is the transit corridor for trucks, leading from Baltic
Baltic states
The term Baltic states refers to the Baltic territories which gained independence from the Russian Empire in the wake of World War I: primarily the contiguous trio of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania ; Finland also fell within the scope of the term after initially gaining independence in the 1920s.The...
countries to Germany. Both roads leading through town are bypassed which helps transport though country and to reduce traffic in the town.
Fourteen kilometers from Kutno in Krośniewice leads road nr.1 connecting Łódź and Katowice
Katowice
Katowice is a city in Silesia in southern Poland, on the Kłodnica and Rawa rivers . Katowice is located in the Silesian Highlands, about north of the Silesian Beskids and about southeast of the Sudetes Mountains.It is the central district of the Upper Silesian Metropolis, with a population of 2...
. Junction of roads nr.1 and 92 is also placed there.
Beside country roads through Kutno leads a system of Province and District roads connecting town with Łódź and other nearby towns.
In the near future two kilometers of A1 motorway is going to be constructed which will improve importance of town in road transportation. Kutno will be supported by the two exits from the A1 road in Sójki (Kutno North, 7 km from the town) and Kotliska localities (Kutno East, 2 km from the town).
List of country and province roads in Kutno
- country road nr 60: Łęczyca – Kutno – Płock – Ostrów MazowieckaOstrów MazowieckaOstrów Mazowiecka is a town in northeastern Poland with 23,486 inhabitants . Situated in the Masovian Voivodeship , previously in Ostroleka Voivodeship . It is the capital of Ostrów Mazowiecka County....
- country road nr 92: Miedzichowo – Poznań – Konin – Kutno – Łowicz
- province road nr 702: Kutno – Piątek – ZgierzZgierzZgierz is a town in central Poland, located just to the north of Łódź and part of the metropolitan area centered on that city. As of 2007, it had a population of 58,164....
Railway
Kutno in 19th century has become important railway hub in PolandPoland
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
. 20s and 30s of 20th century was period of largest development.
History of railway in Kutno has started in 1861. Warsaw
Warsaw
Warsaw is the capital and largest city of Poland. It is located on the Vistula River, roughly from the Baltic Sea and from the Carpathian Mountains. Its population in 2010 was estimated at 1,716,855 residents with a greater metropolitan area of 2,631,902 residents, making Warsaw the 10th most...
– Bydgoszcz railway station exist and fulfills it's duty until today. Future, intensive railway development has started during interwar period
Interwar period
Interwar period can refer to any period between two wars. The Interbellum is understood to be the period between the end of the Great War or First World War and the beginning of the Second World War in Europe....
. Between 1922 to 1926 years connection linking Kutno with Poznań
Poznan
Poznań is a city on the Warta river in west-central Poland, with a population of 556,022 in June 2009. It is among the oldest cities in Poland, and was one of the most important centres in the early Polish state, whose first rulers were buried at Poznań's cathedral. It is sometimes claimed to be...
(thereby construction of Warsaw
Warsaw
Warsaw is the capital and largest city of Poland. It is located on the Vistula River, roughly from the Baltic Sea and from the Carpathian Mountains. Its population in 2010 was estimated at 1,716,855 residents with a greater metropolitan area of 2,631,902 residents, making Warsaw the 10th most...
- Poznań
Poznan
Poznań is a city on the Warta river in west-central Poland, with a population of 556,022 in June 2009. It is among the oldest cities in Poland, and was one of the most important centres in the early Polish state, whose first rulers were buried at Poznań's cathedral. It is sometimes claimed to be...
railway has ended) and Łódź with Płock has been made. During postwar period
Post-war
A post-war period or postwar period is the interval immediately following the ending of a war and enduring as long as war does not resume. A post-war period can become an interwar period or interbellum when a war between the same parties resumes at a later date...
current platform and underground passage has been constructed.
One can get by train from Kutno to most of the big cities in Poland
Poland
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
(Warsaw
Warsaw
Warsaw is the capital and largest city of Poland. It is located on the Vistula River, roughly from the Baltic Sea and from the Carpathian Mountains. Its population in 2010 was estimated at 1,716,855 residents with a greater metropolitan area of 2,631,902 residents, making Warsaw the 10th most...
, Łódź, Bydgoszcz, Szczecin
Szczecin
Szczecin , is the capital city of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship in Poland. It is the country's seventh-largest city and the largest seaport in Poland on the Baltic Sea. As of June 2009 the population was 406,427....
, Poznań
Poznan
Poznań is a city on the Warta river in west-central Poland, with a population of 556,022 in June 2009. It is among the oldest cities in Poland, and was one of the most important centres in the early Polish state, whose first rulers were buried at Poznań's cathedral. It is sometimes claimed to be...
, Wrocław, Katowice
Katowice
Katowice is a city in Silesia in southern Poland, on the Kłodnica and Rawa rivers . Katowice is located in the Silesian Highlands, about north of the Silesian Beskids and about southeast of the Sudetes Mountains.It is the central district of the Upper Silesian Metropolis, with a population of 2...
, Kraków
Kraków
Kraków also Krakow, or Cracow , is the second largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in the Lesser Poland region, the city dates back to the 7th century. Kraków has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish academic, cultural, and artistic life...
, Lublin
Lublin
Lublin is the ninth largest city in Poland. It is the capital of Lublin Voivodeship with a population of 350,392 . Lublin is also the largest Polish city east of the Vistula river...
) and also to various tourism centers (Kołobrzeg, Krynica-Zdrój, Hel
Hel, Poland
Hel is a town in Puck County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland, located on the tip of the Hel Peninsula, some 33 kilometres from the Polish mainland.-Early developments:...
, Zakopane
Zakopane
Zakopane , is a town in southern Poland. It lies in the southern part of the Podhale region at the foot of the Tatra Mountains. From 1975 to 1998 it was in of Nowy Sącz Province, but since 1999 it has been in Lesser Poland Province. It had a population of about 28,000 as of 2004. Zakopane is a...
).
Bus service
PKS Kutno enables coach connection with neighbouring localities for which Kutno is administrative and regional center. There are also possible regional connections to Łódź and Płock.Municipal Transportation Company ensures Kutno inhabitants around town and it's closest surrundings. 13 day bus line and one marked "N" (night bus) are leading through Kutno. Remaining lines with numbers from 5 to 16 beside service at city area also rides to localities neighbouring with Kutno.
There are also private carriers servicing line: Kutno – Piątek – Zgierz – Łódź
Honorary citizen
List of individuals granted with the Honorary citizen title by the City councilCity council
A city council or town council is the legislative body that governs a city, town, municipality or local government area.-Australia & NZ:Because of the differences in legislation between the States, the exact definition of a City Council varies...
Edward John Piszek
Edward Piszek
Edward John Piszek co-founded the Mrs. Paul's frozen foods brand with John Paul, a bread salesman. Piszek bought out his partner in the 1950s....
Stanley Frank Musial
Stan Musial
Stanley Frank "Stan" Musial is a retired professional baseball player who played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball for the St. Louis Cardinals . Nicknamed "Stan the Man", Musial was a record 24-time All-Star selection , and is widely considered to be one of the greatest hitters in baseball...
Eugeniusz Filipowicz
Ph.D. Antoni Troczewski
Former names in the city
During the times of German occupation, the square at the center of Kutno (nowadays Marshall Józef Piłsudski square) was named Adolf HitlerAdolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party , commonly referred to as the Nazi Party). He was Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and head of state from 1934 to 1945...
Platz, while Gabriel Narutowicz
Gabriel Narutowicz
Gabriel Narutowicz was a Lithuanian-born professor of hydroelectric engineering at Switzerland's Zurich Polytechnic, and Poland's Minister of Public Works , Minister of Foreign Affairs , and the first president of the Second Polish Republic....
St. was named Hindenburg
Paul von Hindenburg
Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg , known universally as Paul von Hindenburg was a Prussian-German field marshal, statesman, and politician, and served as the second President of Germany from 1925 to 1934....
Strase.
During the times of People's Republic of Poland
People's Republic of Poland
The People's Republic of Poland was the official name of Poland from 1952 to 1990. Although the Soviet Union took control of the country immediately after the liberation from Nazi Germany in 1944, the name of the state was not changed until eight years later...
Piłsudski square was named Józef Stalin
Joseph Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin was the Premier of the Soviet Union from 6 May 1941 to 5 March 1953. He was among the Bolshevik revolutionaries who brought about the October Revolution and had held the position of first General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee...
square. After death of Stalin
Joseph Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin was the Premier of the Soviet Union from 6 May 1941 to 5 March 1953. He was among the Bolshevik revolutionaries who brought about the October Revolution and had held the position of first General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee...
name of the square was changed to 19 January square (date related to the liberation of Kutno by the Red Army
Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army started out as the Soviet Union's revolutionary communist combat groups during the Russian Civil War of 1918-1922. It grew into the national army of the Soviet Union. By the 1930s the Red Army was among the largest armies in history.The "Red Army" name refers to...
).
Former names of the streets in Kutno:
- nowadays cardinal Stefan Wyszyński st – former General Karol Świerczewski (before war Szosowa st.),
- nowadays Wilcza st. – former Hanki Sawickiej st.
- nowadays Marii Skłodowskiej – Curie st. – former Głogowiecka st.
- nowadays Peowiacka st. – former Marian Buczka st.
- nowadays Augustyn KordeckiAugustyn KordeckiAbbot Augustyn, or Abbot Augustyn Kordecki real name: Klemens Kordecki Ślepowron Coat of Arms was a prior of the Jasna Góra Monastery, Poland....
– former Marcin Kasprzak st. - nowadays General Własysław Sikorski – former General Siemon Kriwoszeina st.
- nowadays Władysław Anders – former Felix Dzerzhinsky st.
Legends and Curiosities
According to widely spread story Kutno was supposed to be founded by count Piotr from Kutna Hora who had escaped in 997 with brother of bishop Wojciech from CzechiaCzech Republic
The Czech Republic is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country is bordered by Poland to the northeast, Slovakia to the east, Austria to the south, and Germany to the west and northwest....
to Poland
Poland
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
.Kutno town has been founded as a heirloom
Heirloom
In popular usage, an heirloom is something, perhaps an antique or some kind of jewelry, that has been passed down for generations through family members....
of family property.
J. Łukawski, publisher of Liber beneficiorum
Liber beneficiorum
Liber beneficiorum Book of benefits or Book of beneficialities – Register concerning beneficials, properties and privileges especially related to the church, made for statistic and tax purposes...
by J. Ławski placed in footnote on page 478 following account: "When Piotr of Kutno had come to Poland
Poland
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
in year 997 founded Kutno as a memento of his manor house
Manor house
A manor house is a country house that historically formed the administrative centre of a manor, the lowest unit of territorial organisation in the feudal system in Europe. The term is applied to country houses that belonged to the gentry and other grand stately homes...
in Czechia
Czech Republic
The Czech Republic is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country is bordered by Poland to the northeast, Slovakia to the east, Austria to the south, and Germany to the west and northwest....
. Along with settlement parish church has been founded. Ancestors of him, designated themselves as the counts of Kutno and later assumed name Kucieńscy"
However, this source is not reliable and rejected by most of the scientists due to a fact-collecting dubieties. It is treated as a legend from 18th century or just a varnish to origins some noble families. According to a geographic ditionary of Polish Kingdom
History of Poland
The History of Poland is rooted in the arrival of the Slavs, who gave rise to permanent settlement and historic development on Polish lands. During the Piast dynasty Christianity was adopted in 966 and medieval monarchy established...
: commonly known at this sides name "Kąty" gives us impression that Kutno could have been named "Kątno" originally.
Source of this legend is most presumably a matter similarities between names Kutno and Kutná Hora
Kutná Hora
Kutná Hora is a city in Bohemia, now the Czech Republic in the Central Bohemian Region.-History:The town began in 1142 with the settlement of the first Cistercian Monastery in Bohemia, Kloster Sedlitz, brought from the Imperial immediate Cistercian Waldsassen Abbey...
. First references to Kutná Hora
Kutná Hora
Kutná Hora is a city in Bohemia, now the Czech Republic in the Central Bohemian Region.-History:The town began in 1142 with the settlement of the first Cistercian Monastery in Bohemia, Kloster Sedlitz, brought from the Imperial immediate Cistercian Waldsassen Abbey...
comes from 1289, whereas about Kutno itself from 1301. In addition, in the 10th century Poles
Poles
thumb|right|180px|The state flag of [[Poland]] as used by Polish government and diplomatic authoritiesThe Polish people, or Poles , are a nation indigenous to Poland. They are united by the Polish language, which belongs to the historical Lechitic subgroup of West Slavic languages of Central Europe...
were not founding towns, as an equivalent
Equivalence principle
In the physics of general relativity, the equivalence principle is any of several related concepts dealing with the equivalence of gravitational and inertial mass, and to Albert Einstein's assertion that the gravitational "force" as experienced locally while standing on a massive body is actually...
they have strongholds which has changed in the 13th century. Count titles are being used in Czechia
Czech Republic
The Czech Republic is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country is bordered by Poland to the northeast, Slovakia to the east, Austria to the south, and Germany to the west and northwest....
since 1627.
Miscellaneous
During the Kutno bombardmentBombardment
A bombardment is an attack by artillery fire directed against fortifications, troops or towns and buildings.Prior to World War I the term term was only applied to the bombardment of defenceless or undefended objects, houses, public buildings, it was only loosely employed to describe artillery...
by Germans
Germans
The Germans are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe. The English term Germans has referred to the German-speaking population of the Holy Roman Empire since the Late Middle Ages....
in 1939 many strange events took place. On junction of nowadays Kochanowski
Jan Kochanowski
Jan Kochanowski was a Polish Renaissance poet who established poetic patterns that would become integral to Polish literary language.He is commonly regarded as the greatest Polish poet before Adam Mickiewicz, and the greatest Slavic poet, prior to the 19th century.-Life:Kochanowski was born at...
st. with 1 Maja st. German saboteur
Sabotage
Sabotage is a deliberate action aimed at weakening another entity through subversion, obstruction, disruption, or destruction. In a workplace setting, sabotage is the conscious withdrawal of efficiency generally directed at causing some change in workplace conditions. One who engages in sabotage is...
laid down on the street was used as a mark for bombers which were destroing railway station.
Many Kutno inhabitants took part in Polish
Poland
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
-Bolshevik
Bolshevik
The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists , derived from bol'shinstvo, "majority") were a faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party which split apart from the Menshevik faction at the Second Party Congress in 1903....
war as a Lwów Eaglets
Lwów Eaglets
Lwów Eaglets is a term of affection applied to the Polish teenagers who defended the city of Lviv in Eastern Galicia, during the Polish-Ukrainian War .-Background:...
also they fought in Siberian Division. After war hundreds of 15 years old boys were enlisted to Army Mining Corps today known as a miner – soldiers.
During German occupation, nowadays Marshal Józef Piłsudski square and Gabriel Narutowicz
Gabriel Narutowicz
Gabriel Narutowicz was a Lithuanian-born professor of hydroelectric engineering at Switzerland's Zurich Polytechnic, and Poland's Minister of Public Works , Minister of Foreign Affairs , and the first president of the Second Polish Republic....
st. were named adequatly Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party , commonly referred to as the Nazi Party). He was Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and head of state from 1934 to 1945...
Platz and Hindenburg
Paul von Hindenburg
Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg , known universally as Paul von Hindenburg was a Prussian-German field marshal, statesman, and politician, and served as the second President of Germany from 1925 to 1934....
Straße.
During the times of People's Republic of Poland
People's Republic of Poland
The People's Republic of Poland was the official name of Poland from 1952 to 1990. Although the Soviet Union took control of the country immediately after the liberation from Nazi Germany in 1944, the name of the state was not changed until eight years later...
, nowadays Piłsudski square had been named by Joseph Stalin
Joseph Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin was the Premier of the Soviet Union from 6 May 1941 to 5 March 1953. He was among the Bolshevik revolutionaries who brought about the October Revolution and had held the position of first General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee...
. After Joseph Stalin` demise, name was changed to 19 January square (date related to liberation of Kutno by Red Army
Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army started out as the Soviet Union's revolutionary communist combat groups during the Russian Civil War of 1918-1922. It grew into the national army of the Soviet Union. By the 1930s the Red Army was among the largest armies in history.The "Red Army" name refers to...
.