Reference ranges for common blood tests
Encyclopedia
Reference range
s for blood test
s are sets of values used by a health professional to interpret a set of medical test
results from blood samples.
Reference ranges for blood tests are studied within the field of clinical chemistry (also known as "clinical biochemistry", "chemical pathology" or "pure blood chemistry"), the area of pathology
that is generally concerned with analysis of bodily fluids.
is usually defined as the set of values 95 percent of the normal population falls within (that is, 95% prediction interval
). It is determined by collecting data from vast numbers of laboratory tests.
concentration, which is approximately 60-100% larger than the actual blood concentration if the amount inside red blood cells (RBCs) is negligible. The precise factor depends on hematocrit
as well as amount inside RBCs. Exceptions are mainly those values that denote total blood concentration, and in this article they are:
A few values are for inside red blood cells only:
range, as the standard process of obtaining a sample is by venipuncture
. An exception is for acid-base and blood gas
es, which are generally given for arterial blood.
Still, the blood values are approximately equal between the arterial and venous sides for most substances, with the exception of acid-base, blood gases and drugs (used in therapeutic drug monitoring
(TDM) assays). Arterial levels for drugs are generally higher than venous levels because of extraction while passing through tissues.
s are usually given as what are the usual (or normal) values found in the population, more specifically the prediction interval
that 95% of the population fall into. This may also be called standard range. In contrast, optimal (health) range or therapeutic target is a reference range or limit that is based on concentrations or levels that are associated with optimal health or minimal risk of related complications and diseases. For most substances presented, the optimal levels are the ones normally found in the population as well. More specifically, optimal levels are generally close to a central tendency
of the values found in the population. However, usual and optimal levels may differ substantially, most notably among vitamins and blood lipids, so these tables give limits on both standard and optimal (or target) ranges.
In addition, some values, including troponin I
and brain natriuretic peptide
, are given as the estimated appropriate cutoffs to distinguish healthy people from specific conditions, which here are myocardial infarction
and congestive heart failure
, respectively, for the aforementioned substances.
methods are used in establishing standard reference ranges. Finally, the test procedure itself may be erroneous or inaccurate.
Smaller, narrower boxes indicate a more tight homeostatic regulation when measured as standard "usual" reference range.
A few substances are below this main interval, e.g. thyroid stimulating hormone, being measured in mU/L , or above, like rheumatoid factor
and CA19-9
, being measured in U/mL.
and transferrin
for iron, and ceruloplasmin
for copper.
|Test>
Lower limit
Upper limit
Unit
Comments
>-
|rowspan=2| Sodium
(Na)
135, 137
145, 147
mmol/L or mEq/L
| 310, 320 330, 340
|rowspan=2| Potassium
(K) 3.5, 3.6
5.0, 5.1
mmol/L or mEq/L
hypokalemia
or hyperkalemia
>-
| 14
20
|rowspan=2| Chloride
(Cl) 95, 98, 100
105, 106, 110
mmol/L or mEq/L
| 340 370
|rowspan=2| Ionized calcium
(Ca) 1.03, 1.10
1.23, 1.30
| 4.1, 4.4 4.9, 5.2
|rowspan=2| Total calcium (Ca) 2.1, 2.2
2.5, 2.6, 2.8
| 8.4, 8.5 10.2, 10.5
|rowspan=2| Total serum iron
(TSI) - male 65, 76
176, 198
| 11.6, 13.6 30, 32, 35
|rowspan=2| Total serum iron (TSI) - female 26, 50
170
| 4.6, 8.9 30.4
|rowspan=2| Total serum iron (TSI) - newborns 100
250
| 18 45
|rowspan=2| Total serum iron (TSI) - child
ren 50
120
| 9 21
|rowspan=2| Total iron-binding capacity
(TIBC) 240, 262
450, 474
| 43, 47 81, 85
|rowspan=2| Transferrin
190, 194, 204
326, 330, 360
mg/dL
| 25 45
| Transferrin saturation
20
50
%
|rowspan=2| Ferritin
- Male 12
300
ng/mL
| 27 670
|rowspan=2| Ferritin - Female 12
150
ng/mL
| 27 330
|rowspan=2| Ammonia
10, 20
35, 65
μmol/L
| 17, 34 60, 110
|rowspan=2| Copper
70
150
µg/dL
| 11 24
μmol/L
|rowspan=2| Ceruloplasmin
15
60
mg/dL
| 1 4
μmol/L
| Phosphate
(HPO42−) 0.8
1.5
|rowspan=2| Inorganic phosphorus
(serum) 1.0
1.5
| 3.0 4.5
| Copper
(Cu) 11
24
|rowspan=2| Zinc
(Zn) 60, 72
110, 130
| 9.2, 11 17, 20
|rowspan=2| Magnesium
1.5, 1.7
2.0, 2.3
| 0.6, 0.7 0.82, 0.95
/venous
is not specified for a acid-base or blood gas value, then it generally refers to arterial, and not venous which otherwise is standard for other blood tests.
Acid-base and blood gases are among the few blood constituents that exhibit substantial difference between arterial and venous values. Still, pH, bicarbonate and base excess show a high level of inter-method reliability between arterial and venous tests, so arterial and venous values are roughly equivalent for these.
|Test>
Arterial/Venous
Lower limit
Upper limit
Unit
Comments
>-
|rowspan=2| pH
Arterial
7.34, 7.35
7.44, 7.45
| Venous 7.31
|rowspan=2|[ H+]
Arterial
36
44
| 3.6 4.4
| Base excess
Arterial & venous
-3
+3
|rowspan=4| oxygen partial pressure (pO2) Arterial pO2
10, 11
13, 14
| 75, 83 100, 105
torr
>-
|rowspan=2| Venous
4.0
5.3
| 30 40
|rowspan=2| Oxygen saturation
Arterial
94, 95, 96
100
%
|-
| Venous
Approximately 75
|-
|rowspan=4| Carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO2)
Arterial pCO2
4.4, 4.7
5.9, 6.0
kPa
|-
| 33, 35 44, 45
|rowspan=2| Venous 5.5
6.8
| 41 51
|rowspan=2| Absolute content of carbon dioxide
(CO2) Arterial
23
30
| 100 132
|rowspan=2| Bicarbonate
(HCO3, ) Arterial & venous
18
23
mmol/L
| 110 140
|rowspan=2| Standard bicarbonate (SBCe) Arterial & venous
21, 22
27, 28
| 134 170
|Test>
Patient type
Lower limit
Upper limit
Unit
Comments
>-
| Total Protein
60, 63
78, 82, 84
g/L
hypoproteinemia
>-
|rowspan=3| Albumin
35
48, 55
g/L
hypoalbuminemia
>-
| 3.5
4.8, 5.5
U/L
| 540 740
| Globulins
23
35
g/L
|rowspan=2| Total Bilirubin
1.7, 2, 3.4, 5
17, 22, 25
μmol/L
| 0.1, 0.2, 0.29 1.0, 1.3, 1.4
|rowspan=2| Direct/Conjugated Bilirubin
0.0 or N/A
5, 7
μmol/L
| 0 0.3, 0.4
|rowspan=3| Alanine transaminase
(ALT/ALAT)
5, 7, 8
20, 21, 56
U/L
Also called serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT)
|-
| Female
0.15
0.75
µkat
/L
|-
| Male
0.15
|rowspan=4| Aspartate transaminase
(AST/ASAT) Female
6
34
IU/L
Also called
serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT)
|-
| 0.25
0.60
kat
/L
>-
|rowspan=2| Male
8
40
| 0.25 0.75
kat
/L
>-
|rowspan=3| Alkaline phosphatase
(ALP)
Female
42
98
U/L
| Male 53
128
| (Enzyme activity) 0.6
1.8
kat
/L
>-
|rowspan=3| Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT)
5, 8
40, 78
U/L
| Women
0.63
kat
/L
>-
| Men
0.92
kat
/L
>-
|Test>
Patient type
Lower limit
Upper limit
Unit
Comments
>-
|rowspan=4| Creatine kinase
(CK)
male
24, 38, 60
174, 320
U/L
or ng/mL
| 0.42 1.5
| rowspan=2 colspan=2| female 24, 38, 96
140, 200
U/L
or ng/mL
| 0.17 1.17
| CK-MB
0
3, 3.8, 5
ng/mL or μg/L
>-
|rowspan=2| Myoglobin
Female
1
66
ng/mL or µg/L
|-
| colspan=2| Male
17
106
!colspan=5|Cutoffs and ranges for troponin
types, 12 hrs after onset of pain
|-
|Test>Lower limit
Upper limit
Unit
Comments
>-
|rowspan=4| Troponin-I
0.2
ng/mL or μg/L
| 0.2 1.0
ng/mL or μg/L
Acute Coronary Syndrome
>-
| 0.4
2.0
ng/mL or μg/L
| 1.0, 1.5 n/a
ng/mL or μg/L
Myocardial Infarction
likely
>-
|rowspan=3| Troponin-T
0.02
ng/mL or μg/L
| 0.02 0.10
ng/mL or μg/L
Acute Coronary Syndrome
>-
| 0.10
n/a
ng/mL or μg/L
Myocardial Infarction
likely
>-
|Test>
Patient type
Lower limit
Upper limit
Unit
Therapeutic target
>-
|rowspan=6| Triglyceride
s
10 – 39 years
54
110
mg/dL
< 100 mg/dL
or 1.1 mmol/L
|-
| 0.61
1.2
|rowspan=2| 40 – 59 years 70
150
| 0.77 1.7
|rowspan=2| > 60 years 80
150
| 0.9 1.7
|rowspan=2| Total cholesterol
3.0, 3.6
5.0, 6.5
mmol/L
| 120, 140 200, 250
mg/dL
|rowspan=2| HDL cholesterol female
1.0, 1.2, 1.3
2.2
mmol/L
> 1.0 or 1.6 mmol/L
> 40 or 60 mg/dL
|-
| 40, 50
86
|rowspan=2| HDL cholesterol male
0.9
2.0
| 35 80
|rowspan=2| LDL cholesterol
(Not valid when
triglycerides >5.0 mmol/L)
2.0, 2.4
3.0, 3.4
mmol/L
| 80, 94 120, 130
mg/dL
| LDL/HDL quotient
n/a
5
(unitless)
|Test>
Cutoff
Unit
Comments
>-
| Alpha fetoprotein (AFP)
44
ng/mL or µg/L
| Beta Human chorionic gonadotrophin (bHCG) 5
IU/l or mU/ml
| CA19-9
40
U/ml
| CA-125
30, 35
| Carcinoembryonic antigen
(CEA)
non-smokers at 50 years 3.4, 3.6
μg/l
| Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
non-smokers at 70 years 4.1
μg/l
| Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) - smokers 5
μg/l
| Prostate specific antigen
(PSA) 2.5, 4
μg/L or ng/mL
| PAP
3
units/dL (Bodansky units)
| Calcitonin
5, 15
ng/L or pg/mL
Cutoff against medullary thyroid cancer
|Test>
Patient type
Lower limit
Upper limit
Unit
>-
|rowspan=3| Thyroid stimulating hormone
(TSH or thyrotropin)
Adults -
standard range
0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6
4.0, 4.5, 6.0
Adults -
optimal range
0.3, 0.5
2.0, 3.0
| Infant
s 1.3
19
|rowspan=6| Free thyroxine
(FT4)
Normal adult
0.7, 0.8
1.4, 1.5, 1.8
| 9, 10, 12 18, 23
|rowspan=2| Child/Adolescent
31 d - 18 y 0.8
2.0
| 10 26
|rowspan=2| Pregnant 0.5
1.0
| 6.5 13
|rowspan=2| Total thyroxine
4, 5.5
11, 12.3
| 60 140, 160
|rowspan=4| Free triiodothyronine
(FT3) Normal adult
0.2
0.5
| 3.1 7.7
|rowspan=2| Children 2-16 y 0.1
0.6
| 1.5 9.2
|rowspan=2| Total triiodothyronine
60, 75
175, 181
| 0.9, 1.1 2.5, 2.7
| Thyroxine-binding globulin
(TBG)
12
30
|rowspan=2| Thyroglobulin
(Tg)
1.5
30
| 1 20
, progesterone
, FSH
and LH
.
|Test>
Patient type
Lower limit
Upper limit
Unit
> adult male
30
85
|rowspan=8| Testosterone
Male, overall
8, 10
27, 35
| 230, 300 780 - 1000
|rowspan=2| Male < 50 years 10
45
| 290 1300
|rowspan=2| Male > 50 years 6.2
26
| 180 740
|rowspan=2| Female 0.7
2.8 - 3.0
| 20 80 - 85
|rowspan=4| 17-Hydroxyprogesterone
male
0.06
3.0
| 0.18 9.1
|rowspan=2| Female (Follicular phase) 0.2
1.0
| 0.6 3.0
|rowspan=6| Follicle-stimulating
hormone
(FSH)
Prepubertal
<1
3
IU/L
|-
| Adult male
1
| Adult female (follicular
and luteal phase
) 1
|rowspan=2| Adult female (Ovulation
) 6
95% PI
(standard)
95% PI)
>-
| 5
90% PI
(used in diagram)
(90% PI)
>-
| Post-menopausal female
30
|rowspan=2| Luteinizing hormone
(LH)
Female, peak
20
90% PI
(used in diagram)
75
(90% PI)
IU/L
|-
| Female, post-menopausal
15
|rowspan=6| Estradiol
(an estrogen
)
Adult male
50
200
| 14 55
|rowspan=2| Adult female (day 5 of follicular phase
,
and luteal phase
) 70
500, 600
| 19 140, 160
|rowspan=2| Adult female - free (not protein bound) 0.5
9
| 1.7 33
|rowspan=2| Post-menopausal female N/A
< 130
| N/A < 35
|rowspan=2| Progesterone
Female in mid-luteal phase
(day 21-23)
17, 35
92
| 6, 11 29
|rowspan=3| Androstenedione
Adult male and female
60
270
ng/dL
|-
| Post-menopausal female
| Prepubertal
|rowspan=2| SHBG
Adult female
40
120
nmol/L
|-
| Adult male
20
|Test>
Patient type
Lower limit
Upper limit
Unit
>-
|rowspan=2| Adrenocorticotropic hormone
(ACTH)
4.4
18, 22
| 20 80, 100
|rowspan=4| Cortisol
09:00 am
140
700
| 5 25
|rowspan=2| Midnight 80
350
| 2.9 13
| Growth hormone
(fasting)
0
5
| Growth hormone
(arginine stimulation)
7
n/a
|rowspan=4| IGF-1
Female, 20 yrs
110
420
ng/mL
|-
| Female, 75 yrs
55
| Male, 20 yrs 160
| Male, 75 yrs 48
|rowspan=4| Prolactin
Female
71, 105
348, 548
| 3.4, 3.9 16.4, 20.3
|rowspan=2| Male 58, 89
277, 365
| 2.7, 3.3 13.0, 13.5
|rowspan=2| Parathyroid hormone
(PTH)
10, 17
65, 70
| 1.1, 1.8
6.9, 7.5
|rowspan=2| 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (a vitamin D
)
-Standard reference range
8, 9
40, 80
| 20, 23 95, 150
|rowspan=2| 25-hydroxycholecalciferol
-Therapeutic target range
30, 40
65, 100
| 85, 100 120, 160
|rowspan=2| Plasma renin activity
0.29, 1.9
3.7
ng/(mL*hour)
3.3, 21
41
|rowspan=2| Aldosterone
Adult
19, 34.0
| 530, 940
|rowspan=2| Aldosterone-to-renin ratio
Adult
13.1, 35.0
| 360, 970
.
|rowspan=2|Test>
Patient type
Standard range
Unit
Optimal range
|-
|Lower limit
Upper limit
Lower limit
Upper limit
>-
| Vitamin A
30
65
µg/dL
|rowspan=2| Vitamin B9
(Folic acid/Folate) - Serum Age > 1year
3.0
16
ng/mL or μg/L
5
| 6.8 36
nmol/l
11
|rowspan=4| Vitamin B9
(Folic acid/Folate) - Red blood cell
s
200
600
ng/mL or μg/L
| 450
1400
nmol/L
|rowspan=2| Pregnant
ng/mL or μg/L
400
|
nmol/L
900
|rowspan=2| Vitamin B12
(Cobalamin)
130, 160
700, 950
ng/L
| 100, 120
520, 700
pmol/L
|rowspan=2| Homocysteine
3.3, 5.9
7.2, 15.3
μmol/L
| 45, 80
100, 210
μg/dL
|rowspan=2| Vitamin C
(Ascorbic acid)
0.4
1.5
mg/dL
0.9
| 23 85
μmol/L
50
|rowspan=2| 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (a vitamin D
)
8, 9
40, 80
ng/mL
30, 40
| 20, 23 95, 150
nmol/L
85, 100
|rowspan=2| Vitamin E
μmol/L
28
|
mg/dL
1.2
|Test>
Limit type
Limit
Unit
>-
| Lead
Optimal health range
< 20 or 40
|rowspan=2| Ethanol
Limit for drunk driving
0, 0.2, 0.8
| 17.4 mmol/L
|Test>
Patient
Lower limit
Upper limit
Unit
Comments
>-
|rowspan=4| Hemoglobin
(Hb)
male
2.0, 2.1
2.5, 2.7
mmol/L
Higher in neonates, lower in children.
|-
| 130, 132, 135
162, 170, 175
|rowspan=2| female 1.8, 1.9
2.3, 2.5
mmol/L
Sex difference negligible until adulthood.
|-
| 120
150, 152, 160
|rowspan=2| Hemoglobin
in plasma
0.16
0.62
μmol/L
Normally diminutive compared with inside red blood cells
|-
|
1
4
|rowspan=2| Glycosylated hemoglobin
(HbA1c) < 50 years
3.6
5.0
% of Hb
| > 50 years 3.9
|rowspan=2| Haptoglobin
< 50 years
0.35
1.9
g/L
|-
| > 50 years
0.47
|rowspan=3| Hematocrit
(Hct) male
0.39, 0.4, 0.41, 0.45
0.50, 0.52, 0.53, 0.62
| female 0.35, 0.36, 0.37
0.46, 0.48
| Child 0.31
0.43
|rowspan=2| Mean cell volume (MCV) Male
76, 82
100, 102
fL
Cells are larger in neonates, though smaller in other children.
|-
| Female
78
101
| Red blood cell distribution width
(RDW)
11.5
14.5
%
|rowspan=2| Mean cell hemoglobin
(MCH)
0.39
0.54
| 25, 27 32, 33, 35
pg/cell
|rowspan=2| Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
(MCHC)
31, 32
35, 36
| 4.8, 5.0
5.4, 5.6
|rowspan=3| Erythrocytes/Red blood cells (RBC) male
4.2, 4.3
5.7, 5.9, 6.2, 6.9
x1012/L
or
mln
/mm3
| Female 3.5, 3.8, 3.9
5.1, 5.5
| Infant/Child 3.8
5.5
|rowspan=4| Reticulocyte
s
26
130
x109/L
| Adult 0.5
1.5
% of RBC
| Newborn 1.1
4.5
% of RBC
| Infant 0.5
3.1
% of RBC
|Test>
Patient type
Lower limit
Upper limit
Unit
>-
|Rowspan=3| White Blood Cell Count (WBC
.)
Adult
3.5, 3.9, 4.1, 4.5
9.0, 10.0, 10.9, 11
|-
| Newborn
9
| 1 year old 6
|rowspan=3| Neutrophil granulocyte
s
(A.K.A. grans, polys, PMNs, or segs) Adult
1.3, 1.8, 2
5.4, 7, 8
9/L
>-
| 45-54
62, 74
| Newborn 6
26
9/L
>-
|rowspan=2| Neutrophilic band forms
Adult
0.7
9/L
>-
| 3
5
|rowspan=3| Lymphocyte
sAdult
0.7, 1.0
3.5, 3.9, 4.8
9/L
>-
| 16-25
33, 45
| Newborn 2
11
9/L
>-
|rowspan=3| Monocyte
s
Adult
0.1, 0.2
0.8
9/L
>-
| 3, 4.0
7, 10
| Newborn 0.4
3.1
9/L
>-
|rowspan=2| Mononuclear leukocytes
(Lymphocytes + monocytes)
Adult
1.5
5
9/L
>-
| 20
35
| CD4+ cells Adult
0.4, 0.5
1.5, 1.8
9/L
>-
|rowspan=3| Eosinophil granulocyte
s
Adult
0.0, 0.04
0.44, 0.45, 0.5
9/L
>-
| 1
3, 7
| Newborn 0.02
0.85
9/L
>-
|rowspan=3| Basophil granulocyte
s
Adult
40
100, 200, 900
6/L
>-
| 0.0
0.75, 2
| Newborn
0.64
|Test>
Lower limit
Upper limit
Unit
Comments
>-
| Thrombocyte/Platelet count (Plt)
140, 150
350, 400, 450
9/L or
x1000/µL
>-
| Mean platelet volume
(MPV)
7.4
10.4
fL
>-
| Prothrombin time
(PT)
10, 11, 12
13, 13.5, 14, 15
s
| INR 0.9
1.2
| Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) 18, 30
28, 42, 45
s
| Thrombin clotting time
(TCT) 11
18
s
| Fibrinogen
1.7, 2.0
3.6, 4.2
g/L
| Antithrombin
0.80
1.2
| Bleeding time
2
9
minutes
| Viscosity
1.5
1.72
cP
s are markers of inflammation
.
|Test>
Patient
Lower limit
Upper limit
Unit
Comments
>-
|rowspan=2| Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
(ESR)
Male
0
Age÷2
mm/hr
ESR increases with age and tends to be higher in females.
|-
| Female
|rowspan=2| C-reactive protein
(CRP) n/a
5, 6
mg/L
| 200, 240
|rowspan=2| Alpha 1-antitrypsin
(AAT)
20, 22
38, 53
μmol/L
| 89, 97
170, 230
mg/dL
|Test>
Patient
Lower limit
Upper limit
Unit
Comments
>-
| IgA
Adult
70, 110
360, 560
mg/dL
|-
| IgD
0.5
| IgE
0.01
| IgG
800
| IgM
54
test.
|Test>
Negative
Equivocal
Positive
Unit
>-
| anti-SS-A (Ro)
< 15
15-25
> 25
Units
per
millilitre
(U/mL)
|-
| anti-SS-B (La)
< 3
3 – 4
4
>-
| Anti ds-DNA
< 40
40 – 60
60
>-
| Anti ss-DNA
< 8
8 - 10
10
>-
| Anti-histone antibodies
< 25
n/a
25
>-
| Cytoplasmic/classical
anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic
antibodies
(c-ANCA)
< 20
21 - 30
30
>-
| Perinuclear
anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic
antibodies (p-ANCA)
< 5
n/a
5
>-
| Anti-mitochondrial antibodies
(AMA)
< 10
n/a
10
>-
| Rheumatoid factor
(RF)
< 20
20 - 30
30
>-
| Antistreptolysin O titre
(ASOT) in
preschoolers
100
>-
| ASOT at school age
250
>-
| ASOT in adults
> 125
|Test>
Negative
Low/weak positive
Moderate positive
High/strong positive
Unit
>-
| Anti-phospholipid IgG
< 20
20 –30
31 – 50
> 51
| Anti-phospholipid IgM < 1.5
1.5 –2.5
2 – 9.9
> 10
| Anti-phospholipid IgA < 10
10 -20
21 – 30
> 31
| Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies < 20
20 – 39
40 - 59
> 60
|Test>
Lower limit
Upper limit
Unit
Comments
>-
|rowspan=3| Lactate dehydrogenase
(LDH)
50
150
U/L
| 0.4 1.7
μmol/L
| 1.8 3.4
µkat
/L
|rowspan=3| Amylase
25, 30, 53
110, 120, 123, 125, 190
U/L
| 0.15 1.1
µkat
/L
| 200 240
|rowspan=2| D-dimer
n/a
500
ng/mL
Higher in pregnant women
|-
| 0.5
| Lipase
7, 10, 23
60, 150, 208
U/L
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme
(ACE) 23
57
U/L
| Acid phosphatase
3.0
ng/mL
| Eosinophil cationic protein
(ECP) 2.3
16
µg/L
s and Metabolite
s:
For iron and copper, some related proteins are also included.
Reference range
In health-related fields, a reference range or reference interval usually describes the variations of a measurement or value in healthy individuals...
s for blood test
Blood test
A blood test is a laboratory analysis performed on a blood sample that is usually extracted from a vein in the arm using a needle, or via fingerprick....
s are sets of values used by a health professional to interpret a set of medical test
Medical test
A diagnostic test is any kind of medical test performed to aid in the diagnosis or detection of disease. For example:* to diagnose diseases, and preferably sub-classify it regarding, for example, severity and treatability...
results from blood samples.
Reference ranges for blood tests are studied within the field of clinical chemistry (also known as "clinical biochemistry", "chemical pathology" or "pure blood chemistry"), the area of pathology
Pathology
Pathology is the precise study and diagnosis of disease. The word pathology is from Ancient Greek , pathos, "feeling, suffering"; and , -logia, "the study of". Pathologization, to pathologize, refers to the process of defining a condition or behavior as pathological, e.g. pathological gambling....
that is generally concerned with analysis of bodily fluids.
Interpretation
A reference rangeReference range
In health-related fields, a reference range or reference interval usually describes the variations of a measurement or value in healthy individuals...
is usually defined as the set of values 95 percent of the normal population falls within (that is, 95% prediction interval
Prediction interval
In statistical inference, specifically predictive inference, a prediction interval is an estimate of an interval in which future observations will fall, with a certain probability, given what has already been observed...
). It is determined by collecting data from vast numbers of laboratory tests.
Plasma or whole blood
All values (except the exceptions below) denote blood plasmaBlood plasma
Blood plasma is the straw-colored liquid component of blood in which the blood cells in whole blood are normally suspended. It makes up about 55% of the total blood volume. It is the intravascular fluid part of extracellular fluid...
concentration, which is approximately 60-100% larger than the actual blood concentration if the amount inside red blood cells (RBCs) is negligible. The precise factor depends on hematocrit
Hematocrit
The hematocrit or packed cell volume or erythrocyte volume fraction is the percentage of the concentration of red blood cells in blood. It is normally about 45% for men and 40% for women...
as well as amount inside RBCs. Exceptions are mainly those values that denote total blood concentration, and in this article they are:
- All values in Hematology - red blood cells (except hemoglobin in plasma)
- All values in Hematology - white blood cells
- Platelet count (Plt)
A few values are for inside red blood cells only:
- Vitamin B9 (Folic acid/Folate) in red blood cells
- Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
Units
- Mass concentration (g/dL or g/L) is the most common measurement unit in the United States. Is usually given with dL (decilitres) as the denominator in the United States, and usually with L (litres) in, for example, Sweden.
- Molar concentration (mol/L) is used to a higher degree in most of the rest of the world, including the United Kingdom and other parts of Europe and Australia and New Zealand.
- International unitInternational unitIn pharmacology, the International Unit is a unit of measurement for the amount of a substance, based on biological activity or effect. It is abbreviated as IU, as UI , or as IE...
s (IU) are based on measured biological activityBiological activityIn pharmacology, biological activity or pharmacological activity describes the beneficial or adverse effects of a drug on living matter. When a drug is a complex chemical mixture, this activity is exerted by the substance's active ingredient or pharmacophore but can be modified by the other...
or effect, or for some substances, a specified equivalent mass. - Enzyme activity (katKatalThe katal is the SI unit of catalytic activity. It is a derived SI unit for expressing quantity values of catalytic activity of enzymes and other catalysts. Its use is recommended by the General Conference on Weights and Measures and other international organizations. It replaces the non-SI enzyme...
) is commonly used for e.g. liver function tests like ASTAspartate transaminaseAspartate transaminase , also called aspartate aminotransferase or serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase , is a pyridoxal phosphate -dependent transaminase enzyme . AST catalyzes the reversible transfer of an α-amino group between aspartate and glutamate and, as such, is an important enzyme in...
, ALTAlanine transaminaseAlanine transaminase or ALT is a transaminase enzyme . It is also called serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase or alanine aminotransferase ....
, LDLactate dehydrogenaseLactate dehydrogenase is an enzyme present in a wide variety of organisms, including plants and animals.Lactate dehydrogenases exist in four distinct enzyme classes. Two of them are cytochrome c-dependent enzymes, each acting on either D-lactate or L-lactate...
and γ-GT in Sweden.
Arterial or venous
If not else specified, a reference range for a blood test is generally the venousVein
In the circulatory system, veins are blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart. Most veins carry deoxygenated blood from the tissues back to the heart; exceptions are the pulmonary and umbilical veins, both of which carry oxygenated blood to the heart...
range, as the standard process of obtaining a sample is by venipuncture
Venipuncture
In medicine, venepuncture, venopuncture or venipuncture is the process of obtaining intravenous access for the purpose of intravenous therapy or for blood sampling of venous blood. This procedure is performed by medical laboratory scientists, medical practitioners, some EMTs, paramedics,...
. An exception is for acid-base and blood gas
Blood gas
Blood gas is a term used to describe a laboratory test of blood where the purpose is primarily to measure ventilation and oxygenation. The source is generally noted by an added word to the beginning; arterial blood gases come from arteries, venous blood gases come from veins and capillary blood...
es, which are generally given for arterial blood.
Still, the blood values are approximately equal between the arterial and venous sides for most substances, with the exception of acid-base, blood gases and drugs (used in therapeutic drug monitoring
Therapeutic drug monitoring
- Background :Therapeutic drug monitoring is a branch of clinical chemistry and clinical pharmacology that specializes in the measurement of medication concentrations in blood. Its main focus is on drugs with a narrow therapeutic range, i.e. drugs that can easily be under- or overdosed...
(TDM) assays). Arterial levels for drugs are generally higher than venous levels because of extraction while passing through tissues.
Usual or optimal
Reference rangeReference range
In health-related fields, a reference range or reference interval usually describes the variations of a measurement or value in healthy individuals...
s are usually given as what are the usual (or normal) values found in the population, more specifically the prediction interval
Prediction interval
In statistical inference, specifically predictive inference, a prediction interval is an estimate of an interval in which future observations will fall, with a certain probability, given what has already been observed...
that 95% of the population fall into. This may also be called standard range. In contrast, optimal (health) range or therapeutic target is a reference range or limit that is based on concentrations or levels that are associated with optimal health or minimal risk of related complications and diseases. For most substances presented, the optimal levels are the ones normally found in the population as well. More specifically, optimal levels are generally close to a central tendency
Central tendency
In statistics, the term central tendency relates to the way in which quantitative data is clustered around some value. A measure of central tendency is a way of specifying - central value...
of the values found in the population. However, usual and optimal levels may differ substantially, most notably among vitamins and blood lipids, so these tables give limits on both standard and optimal (or target) ranges.
In addition, some values, including troponin I
Troponin I
Troponin I is a part of the troponin complex. It binds to actin in thin myofilaments to hold the actin-tropomyosin complex in place. Because of it myosin cannot bind actin in relaxed muscle...
and brain natriuretic peptide
Brain natriuretic peptide
Brain natriuretic peptide , now known as B-type natriuretic peptide or GC-B, is a 32 amino acid polypeptide secreted by the ventricles of the heart in response to excessive stretching of heart muscle cells...
, are given as the estimated appropriate cutoffs to distinguish healthy people from specific conditions, which here are myocardial infarction
Myocardial infarction
Myocardial infarction or acute myocardial infarction , commonly known as a heart attack, results from the interruption of blood supply to a part of the heart, causing heart cells to die...
and congestive heart failure
Congestive heart failure
Heart failure often called congestive heart failure is generally defined as the inability of the heart to supply sufficient blood flow to meet the needs of the body. Heart failure can cause a number of symptoms including shortness of breath, leg swelling, and exercise intolerance. The condition...
, respectively, for the aforementioned substances.
Inaccuracy
References range may vary with age, sex, race, diet, use of prescribed or herbal drugs and stress. Standard reference ranges should theoretically not vary with the instruments and lab techniques used, but practically it may do so when inaccurateAccuracy and precision
In the fields of science, engineering, industry and statistics, the accuracy of a measurement system is the degree of closeness of measurements of a quantity to that quantity's actual value. The precision of a measurement system, also called reproducibility or repeatability, is the degree to which...
methods are used in establishing standard reference ranges. Finally, the test procedure itself may be erroneous or inaccurate.
Sorted by concentration
A separate printable image is available for mass and molaritySmaller, narrower boxes indicate a more tight homeostatic regulation when measured as standard "usual" reference range.
By units
Units don't necessarily tell anything about molarity or mass.Rheumatoid factor
Rheumatoid factor is an autoantibody most relevant in rheumatoid arthritis. It is defined as an antibody against the Fc portion of IgG. RF and IgG join to form immune complexes that contribute to the disease process...
and CA19-9
CA19-9
CA19-9 is a tumor marker that is used primarily in the management of pancreatic cancer.-History:...
, being measured in U/mL.
By enzyme activity
White blood cells
Ions and trace metals
Included here are also related binding proteins, like ferritinFerritin
Ferritin is a ubiquitous intracellular protein that stores iron and releases it in a controlled fashion. The amount of ferritin stored reflects the amount of iron stored. The protein is produced by almost all living organisms, including bacteria, algae and higher plants, and animals...
and transferrin
Transferrin
Transferrins are iron-binding blood plasma glycoproteins that control the level of free iron in biological fluids. In humans, it is encoded by the TF gene.Transferrin is a glycoprotein that binds iron very tightly but reversibly...
for iron, and ceruloplasmin
Ceruloplasmin
Ceruloplasmin is a ferroxidase enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CP gene.Ceruloplasmin is the major copper-carrying protein in the blood, and in addition plays a role in iron metabolism. It was first described in 1948...
for copper.
>-
|rowspan=2| Sodium
Sodium
Sodium is a chemical element with the symbol Na and atomic number 11. It is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal and is a member of the alkali metals; its only stable isotope is 23Na. It is an abundant element that exists in numerous minerals, most commonly as sodium chloride...
(Na)
| 310, 320
|rowspan=2| Potassium
Potassium
Potassium is the chemical element with the symbol K and atomic number 19. Elemental potassium is a soft silvery-white alkali metal that oxidizes rapidly in air and is very reactive with water, generating sufficient heat to ignite the hydrogen emitted in the reaction.Potassium and sodium are...
(K)
Hypokalemia
Hypokalemia or hypokalaemia , also hypopotassemia or hypopotassaemia , refers to the condition in which the concentration of potassium in the blood is low...
or hyperkalemia
Hyperkalemia
Hyperkalemia refers to the condition in which the concentration of the electrolyte potassium in the blood is elevated...
>-
| 14
|rowspan=2| Chloride
Chloride
The chloride ion is formed when the element chlorine, a halogen, picks up one electron to form an anion Cl−. The salts of hydrochloric acid HCl contain chloride ions and can also be called chlorides. The chloride ion, and its salts such as sodium chloride, are very soluble in water...
(Cl)
| 340
|rowspan=2| Ionized calcium
Calcium
Calcium is the chemical element with the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. It has an atomic mass of 40.078 amu. Calcium is a soft gray alkaline earth metal, and is the fifth-most-abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust...
(Ca)
| 4.1, 4.4
|rowspan=2| Total calcium (Ca)
| 8.4, 8.5
|rowspan=2| Total serum iron
Serum iron
Serum iron is a medical laboratory test that measures the amount of circulating iron that is bound to transferrin. Clinicians order this laboratory test when they are concerned about iron deficiency, which can cause anemia and other problems....
(TSI) - male
| 11.6, 13.6
|rowspan=2| Total serum iron (TSI) - female
| 4.6, 8.9
|rowspan=2| Total serum iron (TSI) - newborns
| 18
|rowspan=2| Total serum iron (TSI) - child
Child
Biologically, a child is generally a human between the stages of birth and puberty. Some vernacular definitions of a child include the fetus, as being an unborn child. The legal definition of "child" generally refers to a minor, otherwise known as a person younger than the age of majority...
ren
| 9
|rowspan=2| Total iron-binding capacity
Total iron-binding capacity
Total iron-binding capacity is a medical laboratory test that measures the blood's capacity to bind iron with transferrin. It is performed by drawing blood and measuring the maximum amount of iron that it can carry, which indirectly measures transferrin since transferrin is the most dynamic carrier...
(TIBC)
| 43, 47
|rowspan=2| Transferrin
Transferrin
Transferrins are iron-binding blood plasma glycoproteins that control the level of free iron in biological fluids. In humans, it is encoded by the TF gene.Transferrin is a glycoprotein that binds iron very tightly but reversibly...
| 25
| Transferrin saturation
Transferrin saturation
Transferrin saturation, abbreviated as TSAT and measured as a percentage, is a medical laboratory value. It is the ratio of serum iron and total iron-binding capacity, multiplied by 100. Of the transferrin that is available to bind iron, this value tells a clinician how much serum iron is actually...
|rowspan=2| Ferritin
Ferritin
Ferritin is a ubiquitous intracellular protein that stores iron and releases it in a controlled fashion. The amount of ferritin stored reflects the amount of iron stored. The protein is produced by almost all living organisms, including bacteria, algae and higher plants, and animals...
- Male
| 27
|rowspan=2| Ferritin - Female
| 27
|rowspan=2| Ammonia
Ammonia
Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula . It is a colourless gas with a characteristic pungent odour. Ammonia contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to food and fertilizers. Ammonia, either directly or...
| 17, 34
|rowspan=2| Copper
Copper
Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu and atomic number 29. It is a ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. Pure copper is soft and malleable; an exposed surface has a reddish-orange tarnish...
| 11
|rowspan=2| Ceruloplasmin
Ceruloplasmin
Ceruloplasmin is a ferroxidase enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CP gene.Ceruloplasmin is the major copper-carrying protein in the blood, and in addition plays a role in iron metabolism. It was first described in 1948...
| 1
| Phosphate
Phosphate
A phosphate, an inorganic chemical, is a salt of phosphoric acid. In organic chemistry, a phosphate, or organophosphate, is an ester of phosphoric acid. Organic phosphates are important in biochemistry and biogeochemistry or ecology. Inorganic phosphates are mined to obtain phosphorus for use in...
(HPO42−)
|rowspan=2| Inorganic phosphorus
Phosphorus
Phosphorus is the chemical element that has the symbol P and atomic number 15. A multivalent nonmetal of the nitrogen group, phosphorus as a mineral is almost always present in its maximally oxidized state, as inorganic phosphate rocks...
(serum)
| 3.0
| Copper
Copper
Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu and atomic number 29. It is a ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. Pure copper is soft and malleable; an exposed surface has a reddish-orange tarnish...
(Cu)
|rowspan=2| Zinc
Zinc
Zinc , or spelter , is a metallic chemical element; it has the symbol Zn and atomic number 30. It is the first element in group 12 of the periodic table. Zinc is, in some respects, chemically similar to magnesium, because its ion is of similar size and its only common oxidation state is +2...
(Zn)
| 9.2, 11
|rowspan=2| Magnesium
Magnesium
Magnesium is a chemical element with the symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and common oxidation number +2. It is an alkaline earth metal and the eighth most abundant element in the Earth's crust and ninth in the known universe as a whole...
| 0.6, 0.7
Acid-base and blood gases
If arterialArtery
Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. This blood is normally oxygenated, exceptions made for the pulmonary and umbilical arteries....
/venous
Vein
In the circulatory system, veins are blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart. Most veins carry deoxygenated blood from the tissues back to the heart; exceptions are the pulmonary and umbilical veins, both of which carry oxygenated blood to the heart...
is not specified for a acid-base or blood gas value, then it generally refers to arterial, and not venous which otherwise is standard for other blood tests.
Acid-base and blood gases are among the few blood constituents that exhibit substantial difference between arterial and venous values. Still, pH, bicarbonate and base excess show a high level of inter-method reliability between arterial and venous tests, so arterial and venous values are roughly equivalent for these.
>-
|rowspan=2| pH
PH
In chemistry, pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. Pure water is said to be neutral, with a pH close to 7.0 at . Solutions with a pH less than 7 are said to be acidic and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are basic or alkaline...
| Venous
|rowspan=2|
| 3.6
| Base excess
Base excess
In human physiology, base excess and base deficit refer to an excess or deficit, respectively, in the amount of base present in the blood. The value is usually reported as a concentration in units of mEq/L, with positive numbers indicating an excess of base and negative a deficit...
|rowspan=4| oxygen partial pressure (pO2)
| 75, 83
Torr
The torr is a non-SI unit of pressure with the ratio of 760 to 1 standard atmosphere, chosen to be roughly equal to the fluid pressure exerted by a millimetre of mercury, i.e., a pressure of 1 torr is approximately equal to 1 mmHg...
>-
|rowspan=2| Venous
| 30
|rowspan=2| Oxygen saturation
Oxygen saturation
Oxygen saturation or dissolved oxygen is a relative measure of the amount of oxygen that is dissolved or carried in a given medium. It can be measured with a dissolved oxygen probe such as an oxygen sensor or an optode in liquid media, usually water.It has particular significance in medicine and...
|-
| Venous
|-
|rowspan=4| Carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO2)
|-
| 33, 35
|rowspan=2| Venous
| 41
|rowspan=2| Absolute content of carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide is a naturally occurring chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalently bonded to a single carbon atom...
(CO2)
| 100
|rowspan=2| Bicarbonate
Carbonic acid
Carbonic acid is the inorganic compound with the formula H2CO3 . It is also a name sometimes given to solutions of carbon dioxide in water, because such solutions contain small amounts of H2CO3. Carbonic acid forms two kinds of salts, the carbonates and the bicarbonates...
(HCO3, )
| 110
|rowspan=2| Standard bicarbonate (SBCe)
| 134
Liver function
>-
| Total Protein
Serum Total Protein
Serum total protein, also called plasma total protein or total protein, is a biochemical test for measuring the total amount of protein in blood plasma or serum....
Hypoproteinemia
Hypoproteinemia is a condition where there is an abnormally low level of protein in the blood.One common cause is due to excess protein in the urine , which can be a medical sign of nephrotic syndrome....
>-
|rowspan=3| Albumin
Serum albumin
Serum albumin, often referred to simply as albumin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ALB gene.Serum albumin is the most abundant plasma protein in mammals. Albumin is essential for maintaining the osmotic pressure needed for proper distribution of body fluids between intravascular...
Hypoalbuminemia
Hypoalbuminemia is a medical condition where levels of albumin in blood serum are abnormally low. It is a specific form of hypoproteinemia.Albumin is a major protein in the human body, making up about 60% of total human plasma protein by mass...
>-
| 3.5
| 540
| Globulins
|rowspan=2| Total Bilirubin
Bilirubin
Bilirubin is the yellow breakdown product of normal heme catabolism. Heme is found in hemoglobin, a principal component of red blood cells. Bilirubin is excreted in bile and urine, and elevated levels may indicate certain diseases...
| 0.1, 0.2, 0.29
|rowspan=2| Direct/Conjugated Bilirubin
| 0
|rowspan=3| Alanine transaminase
Alanine transaminase
Alanine transaminase or ALT is a transaminase enzyme . It is also called serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase or alanine aminotransferase ....
(ALT/ALAT)
|-
| Female
Katal
The katal is the SI unit of catalytic activity. It is a derived SI unit for expressing quantity values of catalytic activity of enzymes and other catalysts. Its use is recommended by the General Conference on Weights and Measures and other international organizations. It replaces the non-SI enzyme...
/L
|-
| Male
|rowspan=4| Aspartate transaminase
Aspartate transaminase
Aspartate transaminase , also called aspartate aminotransferase or serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase , is a pyridoxal phosphate -dependent transaminase enzyme . AST catalyzes the reversible transfer of an α-amino group between aspartate and glutamate and, as such, is an important enzyme in...
(AST/ASAT)
serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT)
|-
| 0.25
Katal
The katal is the SI unit of catalytic activity. It is a derived SI unit for expressing quantity values of catalytic activity of enzymes and other catalysts. Its use is recommended by the General Conference on Weights and Measures and other international organizations. It replaces the non-SI enzyme...
/L
>-
|rowspan=2| Male
| 0.25
Katal
The katal is the SI unit of catalytic activity. It is a derived SI unit for expressing quantity values of catalytic activity of enzymes and other catalysts. Its use is recommended by the General Conference on Weights and Measures and other international organizations. It replaces the non-SI enzyme...
/L
>-
|rowspan=3| Alkaline phosphatase
Alkaline phosphatase
Alkaline phosphatase is a hydrolase enzyme responsible for removing phosphate groups from many types of molecules, including nucleotides, proteins, and alkaloids. The process of removing the phosphate group is called dephosphorylation...
(ALP)
| Male
| (Enzyme activity)
Katal
The katal is the SI unit of catalytic activity. It is a derived SI unit for expressing quantity values of catalytic activity of enzymes and other catalysts. Its use is recommended by the General Conference on Weights and Measures and other international organizations. It replaces the non-SI enzyme...
/L
>-
|rowspan=3| Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT)
| Women
Katal
The katal is the SI unit of catalytic activity. It is a derived SI unit for expressing quantity values of catalytic activity of enzymes and other catalysts. Its use is recommended by the General Conference on Weights and Measures and other international organizations. It replaces the non-SI enzyme...
/L
>-
| Men
Katal
The katal is the SI unit of catalytic activity. It is a derived SI unit for expressing quantity values of catalytic activity of enzymes and other catalysts. Its use is recommended by the General Conference on Weights and Measures and other international organizations. It replaces the non-SI enzyme...
/L
>-
Cardiac tests
>-
|rowspan=4| Creatine kinase
Creatine kinase
Creatine kinase , also known as creatine phosphokinase or phospho-creatine kinase , is an enzyme expressed by various tissues and cell types. CK catalyses the conversion of creatine and consumes adenosine triphosphate to create phosphocreatine and adenosine diphosphate...
(CK)
or ng/mL
| 0.42
| rowspan=2 colspan=2| female
or ng/mL
| 0.17
| CK-MB
>-
|rowspan=2| Myoglobin
Myoglobin
Myoglobin is an iron- and oxygen-binding protein found in the muscle tissue of vertebrates in general and in almost all mammals. It is related to hemoglobin, which is the iron- and oxygen-binding protein in blood, specifically in the red blood cells. The only time myoglobin is found in the...
|-
| colspan=2| Male
Troponin
400px|thumb|right|alt = Colored dice with checkered background|Ribbon representation of the human cardiac troponin core complex in the calcium-saturated form...
types, 12 hrs after onset of pain
|-
|Test>
>-
|rowspan=4| Troponin-I
Troponin I
Troponin I is a part of the troponin complex. It binds to actin in thin myofilaments to hold the actin-tropomyosin complex in place. Because of it myosin cannot bind actin in relaxed muscle...
| 0.2
Acute coronary syndrome
Acute coronary syndrome is usually one of three diseases involving the coronary arteries: ST elevation myocardial infarction , non ST elevation myocardial infarction , or unstable angina ....
>-
| 0.4
| 1.0, 1.5
Myocardial infarction
Myocardial infarction or acute myocardial infarction , commonly known as a heart attack, results from the interruption of blood supply to a part of the heart, causing heart cells to die...
likely
>-
|rowspan=3| Troponin-T
| 0.02
Acute coronary syndrome
Acute coronary syndrome is usually one of three diseases involving the coronary arteries: ST elevation myocardial infarction , non ST elevation myocardial infarction , or unstable angina ....
>-
| 0.10
Myocardial infarction
Myocardial infarction or acute myocardial infarction , commonly known as a heart attack, results from the interruption of blood supply to a part of the heart, causing heart cells to die...
likely
>-
| Brain natriuretic peptide Brain natriuretic peptide Brain natriuretic peptide , now known as B-type natriuretic peptide or GC-B, is a 32 amino acid polypeptide secreted by the ventricles of the heart in response to excessive stretching of heart muscle cells... (BNP) |
|
| Interpretation | Range / Cutoff |
|---|---|
| Congestive heart failure Congestive heart failure Heart failure often called congestive heart failure is generally defined as the inability of the heart to supply sufficient blood flow to meet the needs of the body. Heart failure can cause a number of symptoms including shortness of breath, leg swelling, and exercise intolerance. The condition... unlikely |
< 100 pg/mL |
| "Gray zone" | 100-500 pg/mL |
| Congestive heart failure Congestive heart failure Heart failure often called congestive heart failure is generally defined as the inability of the heart to supply sufficient blood flow to meet the needs of the body. Heart failure can cause a number of symptoms including shortness of breath, leg swelling, and exercise intolerance. The condition... likely |
>500 pg/mL |
| NT-proBNP N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide The N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide is a 76 amino acid N-terminal fragment of brain natriuretic peptide.Both BNP and NT-proBNP levels in the blood are used for screening, diagnosis of acute congestive heart failure and may be useful to establish prognosis in heart failure, as... |
||
| Interpretation | Age | Cutoff |
|---|---|---|
| Congestive heart failure Congestive heart failure Heart failure often called congestive heart failure is generally defined as the inability of the heart to supply sufficient blood flow to meet the needs of the body. Heart failure can cause a number of symptoms including shortness of breath, leg swelling, and exercise intolerance. The condition... likely |
< 75years | > 125 pg/mL |
| >75 years | >450pg/mL |
Lipids
>-
|rowspan=6| Triglyceride
Triglyceride
A triglyceride is an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids. There are many triglycerides, depending on the oil source, some are highly unsaturated, some less so....
s
or 1.1 mmol/L
|-
| 0.61
|rowspan=2| 40 – 59 years
| 0.77
|rowspan=2| > 60 years
| 0.9
|rowspan=2| Total cholesterol
Cholesterol
Cholesterol is a complex isoprenoid. Specifically, it is a waxy steroid of fat that is produced in the liver or intestines. It is used to produce hormones and cell membranes and is transported in the blood plasma of all mammals. It is an essential structural component of mammalian cell membranes...
| 120, 140
|rowspan=2| HDL cholesterol
> 40 or 60 mg/dL
|-
| 40, 50
|rowspan=2| HDL cholesterol
| 35
|rowspan=2| LDL cholesterol
(Not valid when
triglycerides >5.0 mmol/L)
| 80, 94
| LDL/HDL quotient
Tumour markers
>-
| Alpha fetoprotein (AFP)
| Beta Human chorionic gonadotrophin (bHCG)
| CA19-9
CA19-9
CA19-9 is a tumor marker that is used primarily in the management of pancreatic cancer.-History:...
| CA-125
CA-125
CA-125 also known as mucin 16 or MUC16 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MUC16 gene. MUC16 is a member of the mucin family glycoproteins...
| Carcinoembryonic antigen
Carcinoembryonic antigen
Carcinoembryonic antigen is a glycoprotein involved in cell adhesion. It is normally produced during fetal development, but the production of CEA stops before birth. Therefore, it is not usually present in the blood of healthy adults, although levels are raised in heavy smokers...
(CEA)
non-smokers at 50 years
| Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
non-smokers at 70 years
| Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) - smokers
| Prostate specific antigen
Prostate specific antigen
Prostate-specific antigen also known as gamma-seminoprotein or kallikrein-3 is a glycoprotein that in humans is encoded by the KLK3 gene. KLK3 is a member of the kallikrein-related peptidase family that are secreted by the epithelial cells of the prostate gland...
(PSA)
| PAP
Prostatic acid phosphatase
Prostatic acid phosphatase , also prostatic specific acid phosphatase , is an enzyme produced by the prostate. It may be found in increased amounts in men who have prostate cancer or other diseases....
| Calcitonin
Calcitonin
Calcitonin is a 32-amino acid linear polypeptide hormone that is producedin humans primarily by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid, and in many other animals in the ultimobranchial body. It acts to reduce blood calcium , opposing the effects of parathyroid hormone . Calcitonin has been found...
Medullary thyroid cancer
Medullary thyroid cancer is a form of thyroid carcinoma which originates from the parafollicular cells , which produce the hormone calcitonin....
Thyroid hormones
>-
|rowspan=3| Thyroid stimulating hormone
(TSH or thyrotropin)
standard range
optimal range
| Infant
Infant
A newborn or baby is the very young offspring of a human or other mammal. A newborn is an infant who is within hours, days, or up to a few weeks from birth. In medical contexts, newborn or neonate refers to an infant in the first 28 days after birth...
s
|rowspan=6| Free thyroxine
Thyroxine
Thyroxine, or 3,5,3',5'-tetraiodothyronine , a form of thyroid hormones, is the major hormone secreted by the follicular cells of the thyroid gland.-Synthesis and regulation:...
(FT4)
| 9, 10, 12
|rowspan=2| Child/Adolescent
31 d - 18 y
| 10
|rowspan=2| Pregnant
| 6.5
|rowspan=2| Total thyroxine
| 60
|rowspan=4| Free triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine, C15H12I3NO4, also known as T3, is a thyroid hormone. It affects almost every physiological process in the body, including growth and development, metabolism, body temperature, and heart rate....
(FT3)
| 3.1
|rowspan=2| Children 2-16 y
| 1.5
|rowspan=2| Total triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine, C15H12I3NO4, also known as T3, is a thyroid hormone. It affects almost every physiological process in the body, including growth and development, metabolism, body temperature, and heart rate....
| 0.9, 1.1
| Thyroxine-binding globulin
Thyroxine-binding globulin
Thyroxine-binding globulin binds thyroid hormone in circulation. It is one of three proteins responsible for carrying the thyroid hormones thyroxine and 3,5,3’-triiodothyronine in the bloodstream. Of these three proteins, TBG has the highest affinity for T4 and T3, but is present in the lowest...
(TBG)
|rowspan=2| Thyroglobulin
Thyroglobulin
Thyroglobulin is a 660 kDa, dimeric protein produced by and used entirely within the thyroid gland. In earlier literature, Tg was referred to as colloid....
(Tg)
| 1
Sex hormones
The diagrams at right take inter-cycle and inter-woman variability into account in displaying reference ranges for estradiolEstradiol
Estradiol is a sex hormone. Estradiol is abbreviated E2 as it has 2 hydroxyl groups in its molecular structure. Estrone has 1 and estriol has 3 . Estradiol is about 10 times as potent as estrone and about 80 times as potent as estriol in its estrogenic effect...
, progesterone
Progesterone
Progesterone also known as P4 is a C-21 steroid hormone involved in the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy and embryogenesis of humans and other species...
, FSH
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Follicle-stimulating hormone is a hormone found in humans and other animals. It is synthesized and secreted by gonadotrophs of the anterior pituitary gland. FSH regulates the development, growth, pubertal maturation, and reproductive processes of the body. FSH and Luteinizing hormone act...
and LH
Luteinizing hormone
Luteinizing hormone is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland. In females, an acute rise of LH called the LH surge triggers ovulation and development of the corpus luteum. In males, where LH had also been called interstitial cell-stimulating hormone , it stimulates Leydig cell...
.
Dihydrotestosterone
Dihydrotestosterone is an androgen or male sex hormone. The enzyme 5α-reductase synthesises DHT in the prostate, testes, hair follicles, and adrenal glands...
>
|rowspan=8| Testosterone
Testosterone
Testosterone is a steroid hormone from the androgen group and is found in mammals, reptiles, birds, and other vertebrates. In mammals, testosterone is primarily secreted in the testes of males and the ovaries of females, although small amounts are also secreted by the adrenal glands...
| 230, 300
|rowspan=2| Male < 50 years
| 290
|rowspan=2| Male > 50 years
| 180
|rowspan=2| Female
| 20
|rowspan=4| 17-Hydroxyprogesterone
17-Hydroxyprogesterone
17-Hydroxyprogesterone is a C-21 steroid hormone produced during the synthesis of glucocorticoids and sex steroids.As a hormone, 17OHP also interacts with the progesterone receptor.-Production:...
| 0.18
|rowspan=2| Female (Follicular phase)
| 0.6
|rowspan=6| Follicle-stimulating
hormone
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Follicle-stimulating hormone is a hormone found in humans and other animals. It is synthesized and secreted by gonadotrophs of the anterior pituitary gland. FSH regulates the development, growth, pubertal maturation, and reproductive processes of the body. FSH and Luteinizing hormone act...
(FSH)
|-
| Adult male
| Adult female (follicular
Follicular phase
The follicular phase is the phase of the estrous cycle, during which follicles in the ovary mature. It ends with ovulation. The main hormone controlling this stage is estradiol....
and luteal phase
Luteal phase
The luteal phase is the latter phase of the menstrual cycle or the estrous cycle . It begins with the formation of the corpus luteum and ends in either pregnancy or luteolysis...
)
|rowspan=2| Adult female (Ovulation
Ovulation
Ovulation is the process in a female's menstrual cycle by which a mature ovarian follicle ruptures and discharges an ovum . Ovulation also occurs in the estrous cycle of other female mammals, which differs in many fundamental ways from the menstrual cycle...
)
95% PI
Prediction interval
In statistical inference, specifically predictive inference, a prediction interval is an estimate of an interval in which future observations will fall, with a certain probability, given what has already been observed...
(standard)
>-
| 5
90% PI
Prediction interval
In statistical inference, specifically predictive inference, a prediction interval is an estimate of an interval in which future observations will fall, with a certain probability, given what has already been observed...
(used in diagram)
>-
| Post-menopausal female
|rowspan=2| Luteinizing hormone
Luteinizing hormone
Luteinizing hormone is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland. In females, an acute rise of LH called the LH surge triggers ovulation and development of the corpus luteum. In males, where LH had also been called interstitial cell-stimulating hormone , it stimulates Leydig cell...
(LH)
90% PI
Prediction interval
In statistical inference, specifically predictive inference, a prediction interval is an estimate of an interval in which future observations will fall, with a certain probability, given what has already been observed...
(used in diagram)
(90% PI)
|-
| Female, post-menopausal
|rowspan=6| Estradiol
Estradiol
Estradiol is a sex hormone. Estradiol is abbreviated E2 as it has 2 hydroxyl groups in its molecular structure. Estrone has 1 and estriol has 3 . Estradiol is about 10 times as potent as estrone and about 80 times as potent as estriol in its estrogenic effect...
(an estrogen
Estrogen
Estrogens , oestrogens , or œstrogens, are a group of compounds named for their importance in the estrous cycle of humans and other animals. They are the primary female sex hormones. Natural estrogens are steroid hormones, while some synthetic ones are non-steroidal...
)
| 14
|rowspan=2| Adult female (day 5 of follicular phase
Follicular phase
The follicular phase is the phase of the estrous cycle, during which follicles in the ovary mature. It ends with ovulation. The main hormone controlling this stage is estradiol....
,
and luteal phase
Luteal phase
The luteal phase is the latter phase of the menstrual cycle or the estrous cycle . It begins with the formation of the corpus luteum and ends in either pregnancy or luteolysis...
)
| 19
|rowspan=2| Adult female - free (not protein bound)
| 1.7
|rowspan=2| Post-menopausal female
| N/A
|rowspan=2| Progesterone
Progesterone
Progesterone also known as P4 is a C-21 steroid hormone involved in the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy and embryogenesis of humans and other species...
Luteal phase
The luteal phase is the latter phase of the menstrual cycle or the estrous cycle . It begins with the formation of the corpus luteum and ends in either pregnancy or luteolysis...
(day 21-23)
| 6, 11
|rowspan=3| Androstenedione
Androstenedione
Androstenedione is a 19-carbon steroid hormone produced in the adrenal glands and the gonads as an intermediate step in the biochemical pathway that produces the androgen testosterone and the estrogens estrone and estradiol.-Synthesis:Androstenedione is the common precursor of male and female sex...
|-
| Post-menopausal female
| Prepubertal
|rowspan=2| SHBG
|-
| Adult male
Other hormones
>-
|rowspan=2| Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone , also known as 'corticotropin', 'Adrenocorticotrophic hormone', is a polypeptide tropic hormone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. It is an important component of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and is often produced in response to biological...
(ACTH)
| 20
|rowspan=4| Cortisol
Cortisol
Cortisol is a steroid hormone, more specifically a glucocorticoid, produced by the adrenal gland. It is released in response to stress and a low level of blood glucocorticoids. Its primary functions are to increase blood sugar through gluconeogenesis; suppress the immune system; and aid in fat,...
| 5
|rowspan=2| Midnight
| 2.9
| Growth hormone
Growth hormone
Growth hormone is a peptide hormone that stimulates growth, cell reproduction and regeneration in humans and other animals. Growth hormone is a 191-amino acid, single-chain polypeptide that is synthesized, stored, and secreted by the somatotroph cells within the lateral wings of the anterior...
(fasting)
| Growth hormone
Growth hormone
Growth hormone is a peptide hormone that stimulates growth, cell reproduction and regeneration in humans and other animals. Growth hormone is a 191-amino acid, single-chain polypeptide that is synthesized, stored, and secreted by the somatotroph cells within the lateral wings of the anterior...
(arginine stimulation)
|rowspan=4| IGF-1
Insulin-like growth factor 1
Insulin-like growth factor 1 also known as somatomedin C is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IGF1 gene. IGF-1 has also been referred to as a "sulfation factor" and its effects were termed "nonsuppressible insulin-like activity" in the 1970s.IGF-1 is a hormone similar in molecular...
|-
| Female, 75 yrs
| Male, 20 yrs
| Male, 75 yrs
|rowspan=4| Prolactin
Prolactin
Prolactin also known as luteotropic hormone is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PRL gene.Prolactin is a peptide hormone discovered by Henry Friesen...
| 3.4, 3.9
|rowspan=2| Male
| 2.7, 3.3
|rowspan=2| Parathyroid hormone
Parathyroid hormone
Parathyroid hormone , parathormone or parathyrin, is secreted by the chief cells of the parathyroid glands as a polypeptide containing 84 amino acids...
(PTH)
|
|rowspan=2| 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (a vitamin D
Vitamin D
Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble secosteroids. In humans, vitamin D is unique both because it functions as a prohormone and because the body can synthesize it when sun exposure is adequate ....
)
-Standard reference range
| 20, 23
|rowspan=2| 25-hydroxycholecalciferol
-Therapeutic target range
| 85, 100
|rowspan=2| Plasma renin activity
|rowspan=2| Aldosterone
Aldosterone
Aldosterone is a hormone that increases the reabsorption of sodium ions and water and the release of potassium in the collecting ducts and distal convoluted tubule of the kidneys' functional unit, the nephron. This increases blood volume and, therefore, increases blood pressure. Drugs that...
|
|rowspan=2| Aldosterone-to-renin ratio
Aldosterone-to-renin ratio
Aldosterone-to-renin ratio is the mass concentration of aldosterone divided by the plasma renin activity in blood plasma. The aldosterone/renin ratio is recommended as screening tool for primary hyperaldosteronism.-Interpretation:...
|
Vitamins
Also including the vitamin B12)-related enzyme homocysteineHomocysteine
Homocysteine is a non-protein amino acid with the formula HSCH2CH2CHCO2H. It is a homologue of the amino acid cysteine, differing by an additional methylene group. It is biosynthesized from methionine by the removal of its terminal Cε methyl group...
.
|-
|Lower limit
>-
| Vitamin A
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is a vitamin that is needed by the retina of the eye in the form of a specific metabolite, the light-absorbing molecule retinal, that is necessary for both low-light and color vision...
|rowspan=2| Vitamin B9
(Folic acid/Folate) - Serum
| 6.8
|rowspan=4| Vitamin B9
(Folic acid/Folate) - Red blood cell
Red blood cell
Red blood cells are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate organism's principal means of delivering oxygen to the body tissues via the blood flow through the circulatory system...
s
|
|rowspan=2| Pregnant
|
|rowspan=2| Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12, vitamin B12 or vitamin B-12, also called cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin with a key role in the normal functioning of the brain and nervous system, and for the formation of blood. It is one of the eight B vitamins...
(Cobalamin)
|
|rowspan=2| Homocysteine
Homocysteine
Homocysteine is a non-protein amino acid with the formula HSCH2CH2CHCO2H. It is a homologue of the amino acid cysteine, differing by an additional methylene group. It is biosynthesized from methionine by the removal of its terminal Cε methyl group...
|
|rowspan=2| Vitamin C
Vitamin C
Vitamin C or L-ascorbic acid or L-ascorbate is an essential nutrient for humans and certain other animal species. In living organisms ascorbate acts as an antioxidant by protecting the body against oxidative stress...
(Ascorbic acid)
| 23
|rowspan=2| 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (a vitamin D
Vitamin D
Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble secosteroids. In humans, vitamin D is unique both because it functions as a prohormone and because the body can synthesize it when sun exposure is adequate ....
)
| 20, 23
|rowspan=2| Vitamin E
Vitamin E
Vitamin E is used to refer to a group of fat-soluble compounds that include both tocopherols and tocotrienols. There are many different forms of vitamin E, of which γ-tocopherol is the most common in the North American diet. γ-Tocopherol can be found in corn oil, soybean oil, margarine and dressings...
|
Toxins
>-
| Lead
Lead
Lead is a main-group element in the carbon group with the symbol Pb and atomic number 82. Lead is a soft, malleable poor metal. It is also counted as one of the heavy metals. Metallic lead has a bluish-white color after being freshly cut, but it soon tarnishes to a dull grayish color when exposed...
|rowspan=2| Ethanol
Ethanol
Ethanol, also called ethyl alcohol, pure alcohol, grain alcohol, or drinking alcohol, is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid. It is a psychoactive drug and one of the oldest recreational drugs. Best known as the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, it is also used in thermometers, as a...
Driving under the influence
Driving under the influence is the act of driving a motor vehicle with blood levels of alcohol in excess of a legal limit...
| 17.4
Red blood cells
These values (except Hemoglobin in plasma) are for total blood and not only blood plasma.>-
|rowspan=4| Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin is the iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in the red blood cells of all vertebrates, with the exception of the fish family Channichthyidae, as well as the tissues of some invertebrates...
(Hb)
|-
| 130, 132, 135
|rowspan=2| female
|-
| 120
|rowspan=2| Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin is the iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in the red blood cells of all vertebrates, with the exception of the fish family Channichthyidae, as well as the tissues of some invertebrates...
in plasma
|-
|
|rowspan=2| Glycosylated hemoglobin
Glycosylated hemoglobin
Glycated hemoglobin is a form of hemoglobin that is measured primarily to identify the average plasma glucose concentration over prolonged periods of time. It is formed in a non-enzymatic glycation pathway by hemoglobin's exposure to plasma glucose...
(HbA1c)
| > 50 years
|rowspan=2| Haptoglobin
Haptoglobin
Haptoglobin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HP gene. In blood plasma, haptoglobin binds free hemoglobin released from erythrocytes with high affinity and thereby inhibits its oxidative activity. The haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex will then be removed by the reticuloendothelial system...
|-
| > 50 years
|rowspan=3| Hematocrit
Hematocrit
The hematocrit or packed cell volume or erythrocyte volume fraction is the percentage of the concentration of red blood cells in blood. It is normally about 45% for men and 40% for women...
(Hct)
| female
| Child
|rowspan=2| Mean cell volume (MCV)
|-
| Female
| Red blood cell distribution width
Red blood cell distribution width
The red blood cell distribution width is a measure of the variation of red blood cell width that is reported as part of a standard complete blood count. Usually red blood cells are a standard size of about 6–8 μm. Certain disorders, however, cause a significant variation in cell size. Higher...
(RDW)
|rowspan=2| Mean cell hemoglobin
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin
The mean corpuscular hemoglobin, or "mean cell hemoglobin" , is the average mass of hemoglobin per red blood cell in a sample of blood. It is reported as part of a standard complete blood count...
(MCH)
| 25, 27
|rowspan=2| Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
The mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, or MCHC, is a measure of the concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume of packed red blood cells. It is reported as part of a standard complete blood count....
(MCHC)
|
|rowspan=3| Erythrocytes/Red blood cells (RBC)
or
mln
Million
One million or one thousand thousand, is the natural number following 999,999 and preceding 1,000,001. The word is derived from the early Italian millione , from mille, "thousand", plus the augmentative suffix -one.In scientific notation, it is written as or just 106...
/mm3
| Female
| Infant/Child
|rowspan=4| Reticulocyte
Reticulocyte
Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells, typically composing about 1% of the red cells in the human body.Reticulocytes develop and mature in the red bone marrow and then circulate for about a day in the blood stream before developing into mature red blood cells. Like mature red blood cells,...
s
| Adult
| Newborn
| Infant
White blood cells
These values are for total blood and not only blood plasma.>-
|Rowspan=3| White Blood Cell Count (WBC
White blood cell
White blood cells, or leukocytes , are cells of the immune system involved in defending the body against both infectious disease and foreign materials. Five different and diverse types of leukocytes exist, but they are all produced and derived from a multipotent cell in the bone marrow known as a...
.)
- x109/L
- x103/mm3 or
- x103/μL
|-
| Newborn
| 1 year old
|rowspan=3| Neutrophil granulocyte
Neutrophil granulocyte
Neutrophil granulocytes are the most abundant type of white blood cells in mammals and form an essential part of the innate immune system. They are generally referred to as either neutrophils or polymorphonuclear neutrophils , and are subdivided into segmented neutrophils and banded neutrophils...
s
(A.K.A. grans, polys, PMNs, or segs)
>-
| 45-54
| Newborn
>-
|rowspan=2| Neutrophilic band forms
Band cell
A band cell is a cell undergoing granulopoiesis, derived from a metamyelocyte, and leading to a mature granulocyte.It is characterized by having a nucleus which is curved, but not lobar....
>-
| 3
|rowspan=3| Lymphocyte
Lymphocyte
A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell in the vertebrate immune system.Under the microscope, lymphocytes can be divided into large lymphocytes and small lymphocytes. Large granular lymphocytes include natural killer cells...
s
>-
| 16-25
| Newborn
>-
|rowspan=3| Monocyte
Monocyte
Monocytes are a type of white blood cell and are part of the innate immune system of vertebrates including all mammals , birds, reptiles, and fish. Monocytes play multiple roles in immune function...
s
>-
| 3, 4.0
| Newborn
>-
|rowspan=2| Mononuclear leukocytes
Mononuclear leukocytes
Mononuclear leukocytes are white blood cells with a one-lobed nucleus. There are two main types of mononuclear leukocytes: monocytes and lymphocytes.Normal hematologic blood values of MLs are about 35% of all white blood cells....
(Lymphocytes + monocytes)
>-
| 20
| CD4+ cells
>-
|rowspan=3| Eosinophil granulocyte
Eosinophil granulocyte
Eosinophil granulocytes, usually called eosinophils or eosinophiles , are white blood cells that are one of the immune system components responsible for combating multicellular parasites and certain infections in vertebrates. Along with mast cells, they also control mechanisms associated with...
s
>-
| 1
| Newborn
>-
|rowspan=3| Basophil granulocyte
Basophil granulocyte
Basophil granulocytes, sometimes referred to as basophils, are the least common of the granulocytes, representing about 0.01% to 0.3% of circulating white blood cells....
s
>-
| 0.0
| Newborn
Coagulation
>-
| Thrombocyte/Platelet count (Plt)
x1000/µL
>-
| Mean platelet volume
Mean platelet volume
Mean platelet volume is a machine-calculated measurement of the average size of platelets found in blood and is typically included in blood tests as part of the CBC...
(MPV)
Femtolitre
The femto litre is the metric unit of volume equal to 10−15 litre, or one quinine cillionth or one quadrillionth litre. It is abbreviated FL or fl. One femto litre is the same as 1 μm3.1....
>-
| Prothrombin time
Prothrombin time
The prothrombin time and its derived measures of prothrombin ratio and international normalized ratio are measures of the extrinsic pathway of coagulation. This test is also called "ProTime INR" and "INR PT". They are used to determine the clotting tendency of blood, in the measure of warfarin...
(PT)
| INR
| Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)
| Thrombin clotting time
Thrombin clotting time
The Thrombin Time , is a blood test which measures the time it takes for a clot to form in the plasma of a blood sample anticoagulant to which an excess of thrombin has been added,. This test is repeated with pooled plasma from normal patients...
(TCT)
| Fibrinogen
Fibrinogen
Fibrinogen is a soluble plasma glycoprotein, synthesised by the liver, that is converted by thrombin into fibrin during blood coagulation. This is achieved through processes in the coagulation cascade that activate the zymogen prothrombin to the serine protease thrombin, which is responsible for...
| Antithrombin
Antithrombin
Antithrombin is a small protein molecule that inactivates several enzymes of the coagulation system. Antithrombin is a glycoprotein produced by the liver and consists of 432 amino acids. It contains three disulfide bonds and a total of four possible glycosylation sites...
| Bleeding time
Bleeding time
Bleeding time is a medical test done on someone to assess their platelet functionThe term "template bleeding time" is used when the test is performed to standardized parameters. This makes it easier to compare data collected at different facilities....
| Viscosity
Blood viscosity
Blood viscosity is a measure of the resistance of blood to flow, which is being deformed by either shear or extensional strain.Blood is a liquid that consists of plasma and particles, such as the red blood cells. The viscosity of blood thus depends on the viscosity of the plasma, in combination...
Acute phase proteins
Acute phase proteinAcute phase protein
Acute-phase proteins are a class of proteins whose plasma concentrations increase or decrease in response to inflammation...
s are markers of inflammation
Inflammation
Inflammation is part of the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. Inflammation is a protective attempt by the organism to remove the injurious stimuli and to initiate the healing process...
.
>-
|rowspan=2| Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
The erythrocyte sedimentation rate , also called a sedimentation rate or Biernacki Reaction, is the rate at which red blood cells sediment in a period of 1 hour...
(ESR)
|-
| Female
|rowspan=2| C-reactive protein
C-reactive protein
C-reactive protein is a protein found in the blood, the levels of which rise in response to inflammation...
(CRP)
|
|rowspan=2| Alpha 1-antitrypsin
Alpha 1-antitrypsin
Alpha 1-Antitrypsin or α1-antitrypsin is a protease inhibitor belonging to the serpin superfamily. It is generally known as serum trypsin inhibitor. Alpha 1-antitrypsin is also referred to as alpha-1 proteinase inhibitor because it inhibits a wide variety of proteases...
(AAT)
|
Isotypes of antibodies
>-
| IgA
Immunoglobulin A
Immunoglobulin A is an antibody that plays a critical role in mucosal immunity. More IgA is produced in mucosal linings than all other types of antibody combined; between three and five grams are secreted into the intestinal lumen each day....
|-
| IgD
Immunoglobulin D
Immunoglobulin D is an antibody isotype that makes up about 1% of proteins in the plasma membranes of immature B-lymphocytes where it is usually coexpressed with another cell surface antibody called IgM. IgD is also produced in a secreted form that is found in very small amounts in blood serum...
| IgE
Immunoglobulin E
Immunoglobulin E is a class of antibody that has been found only in mammals. IgE is a monomeric antibody with 4 Ig-like domains...
| IgG
Immunoglobulin G
Immunoglobulin G are antibody molecules. Each IgG is composed of four peptide chains — two heavy chains γ and two light chains. Each IgG has two antigen binding sites. Other immunoglobulins may be described in terms of polymers with the IgG structure considered the monomer.IgG constitutes 75%...
| IgM
Immunoglobulin M
Immunoglobulin M, or IgM for short, is a basic antibody that is produced by B cells. It is the primary antibody against A and B antigens on red blood cells. IgM is by far the physically largest antibody in the human circulatory system...
Autoantibodies
Autoantibodies are usually absent or very low, so instead of being given in standard reference ranges, the values usually denote where they are said to be present, or whether the test is a positive test. There may also be an equivocal interval, where it is uncertain whether there is a significantly increased level. All included values are given for the ELISAELISA
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay , is a popular format of a "wet-lab" type analytic biochemistry assay that uses one sub-type of heterogeneous, solid-phase enzyme immunoassay to detect the presence of a substance in a liquid sample."Wet lab" analytic biochemistry assays involves detection of an...
test.
>-
| anti-SS-A (Ro)
per
millilitre
(U/mL)
|-
| anti-SS-B (La)
>-
| Anti ds-DNA
>-
| Anti ss-DNA
>-
| Anti-histone antibodies
Anti-histone antibodies
Anti-histone antibodies are autoantibodies that are found in 50%-70% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and in more than 95% of patients with drug-induced lupus erythematosus...
>-
| Cytoplasmic/classical
anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic
antibodies
Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody
Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies are a group of autoantibodies, mainly of the IgG type, against antigens in the cytoplasm of neutrophil granulocytes and monocytes...
(c-ANCA)
>-
| Perinuclear
anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic
antibodies (p-ANCA)
>-
| Anti-mitochondrial antibodies
Anti-mitochondrial antibodies
Anti-mitochondrial antibodies are autoantibodies, consisting of immunoglobulins formed against mitochondria, primarily mitochondria in cells of the liver...
(AMA)
>-
| Rheumatoid factor
Rheumatoid factor
Rheumatoid factor is an autoantibody most relevant in rheumatoid arthritis. It is defined as an antibody against the Fc portion of IgG. RF and IgG join to form immune complexes that contribute to the disease process...
(RF)
>-
| Antistreptolysin O titre
(ASOT) in
preschoolers
>-
| ASOT at school age
>-
| ASOT in adults
>-
| Anti-phospholipid IgG
| Anti-phospholipid IgM
| Anti-phospholipid IgA
| Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies
Other enzymes and proteins
>-
|rowspan=3| Lactate dehydrogenase
Lactate dehydrogenase
Lactate dehydrogenase is an enzyme present in a wide variety of organisms, including plants and animals.Lactate dehydrogenases exist in four distinct enzyme classes. Two of them are cytochrome c-dependent enzymes, each acting on either D-lactate or L-lactate...
(LDH)
| 0.4
| 1.8
Katal
The katal is the SI unit of catalytic activity. It is a derived SI unit for expressing quantity values of catalytic activity of enzymes and other catalysts. Its use is recommended by the General Conference on Weights and Measures and other international organizations. It replaces the non-SI enzyme...
/L
|rowspan=3| Amylase
Amylase
Amylase is an enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of starch into sugars. Amylase is present in human saliva, where it begins the chemical process of digestion. Food that contains much starch but little sugar, such as rice and potato, taste slightly sweet as they are chewed because amylase turns...
| 0.15
Katal
The katal is the SI unit of catalytic activity. It is a derived SI unit for expressing quantity values of catalytic activity of enzymes and other catalysts. Its use is recommended by the General Conference on Weights and Measures and other international organizations. It replaces the non-SI enzyme...
/L
| 200
|rowspan=2| D-dimer
D-dimer
D-dimer is a fibrin degradation product , a small protein fragment present in the blood after a blood clot is degraded by fibrinolysis. It is so named because it contains two crosslinked D fragments of the fibrinogen protein....
|-
| 0.5
| Lipase
Lipase
A lipase is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation or cleavage of fats . Lipases are a subclass of the esterases.Lipases perform essential roles in the digestion, transport and processing of dietary lipids in most, if not all, living organisms...
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme
Angiotensin-converting enzyme
Angiotensin I-converting enzyme , an exopeptidase, is a circulating enzyme that participates in the body's renin-angiotensin system , which mediates extracellular volume , and arterial vasoconstriction...
(ACE)
| Acid phosphatase
Acid phosphatase
Acid phosphatase is a phosphatase, a type of enzyme, used to free attached phosphate groups from other molecules during digestion. It is basically a phosphomonoesterase...
| Eosinophil cationic protein
Eosinophil cationic protein
Eosinophil Cationic Protein also known as ribonuclease 3 is a basic protein located in the eosinophil primary matrix. In humans, the eosinophil cationic protein is encoded by the RNASE3 gene.ECP is released during degranulation of eosinophils...
(ECP)
Other electrolytes and metabolites
ElectrolyteElectrolyte
In chemistry, an electrolyte is any substance containing free ions that make the substance electrically conductive. The most typical electrolyte is an ionic solution, but molten electrolytes and solid electrolytes are also possible....
s and Metabolite
Metabolism
Metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that happen in the cells of living organisms to sustain life. These processes allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. Metabolism is usually divided into two categories...
s:
For iron and copper, some related proteins are also included.
| Test | Patient type | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit | Comments >- | Osmolality Plasma osmolality -Measured osmolality :Osmolality can be measured on an analytical instrument called an osmometer. It works on the method of depression of freezing point.Plasma osmolality is affected by changes in water content... |
275, 280, 281 | 295, 296, 297 | mOsm/kg | >- | Slightly less than osmolality | mOsm/l | >- | 1.2, 3.0 | 3.0, 7.0 | mmol/L | BUN - blood urea nitrogen Blood urea nitrogen The blood urea nitrogen test is a measure of the amount of nitrogen in the blood in the form of urea, and a measurement of renal function. Urea is a by- product from metabolism of proteins by the liver and is removed from the blood by the kidneys.-Physiology:The liver produces urea in the urea... |- | 7 |
18, 21 | >- | 0.18 | 0.48 | mmol/L | >- | 2.0 | 7.0 | mg/dL | >- | 2.1 | 8.5 | mg/dL | >- | male | 60, 68 | 90, 118 | μmol/L | May be complemented with creatinine clearance |- | 0.7, 0.8 |
1.0, 1.3 | >- | 50, 68 | 90, 98 | >- | 1.0, 1.1 | >- | 5 | 35 | >- | 3.8, 4.0 | 6.0, 6.1 | mmol/L | See also glycosylated hemoglobin Glycosylated hemoglobin Glycated hemoglobin is a form of hemoglobin that is measured primarily to identify the average plasma glucose concentration over prolonged periods of time. It is formed in a non-enzymatic glycation pathway by hemoglobin's exposure to plasma glucose... (in hematology) |- | 65, 70, 72 |
100, 110 | >- | 3.3 | 5.6 | >- | 100 | >- | 4.5 | 19.8 | mg/dL | >- | 2.2 | mmol/L | >- | 4.5 | 14.4 | mg/dL | >- | 1.6 | mmol/L | >- | 300 | 900 | μg/dL | >- | 102 | μmol/L | |||||||||||
See also
- Blood testBlood testA blood test is a laboratory analysis performed on a blood sample that is usually extracted from a vein in the arm using a needle, or via fingerprick....
- Cardiology diagnostic tests and proceduresCardiology diagnostic tests and proceduresThe diagnostic tests in cardiology are methods of identifying heart conditions associated with healthy vs. unhealthy, pathologic, heart function.-History:...
- Comprehensive metabolic panelComprehensive metabolic panelThe comprehensive metabolic panel, or chemical screen, is a panel of 14 blood tests which serves as an initial broad screening tool for physicians, nurse practitioners and physician assistants...
- Medical technologistMedical technologistA Medical Laboratory Scientist is a healthcare professional who performs chemical, hematological, immunologic, microscopic, and bacteriological diagnostic analyses on body fluids such as blood, urine, sputum, stool, cerebrospinal fluid , peritoneal fluid, pericardial fluid, and synovial...
- Reference rangeReference rangeIn health-related fields, a reference range or reference interval usually describes the variations of a measurement or value in healthy individuals...