Index of Aboriginal Canadian-related articles

The following is an alphabetical list of topics related to Canadian Aboriginals

Aboriginal peoples in Canada

Aboriginal peoples in Canada comprise the First Nations, Inuit and Métis. The descriptors "Indian" and "Eskimo" have fallen into disuse in Canada and are commonly considered pejorative....

, comprising the First Nations

First Nations

First Nations is a term that collectively refers to various Aboriginal peoples in Canada who are neither Inuit nor Métis. There are currently over 630 recognised First Nations governments or bands spread across Canada, roughly half of which are in the provinces of Ontario and British Columbia. The...

, Inuit

Inuit

The Inuit are a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic regions of Canada , Denmark , Russia and the United States . Inuit means “the people” in the Inuktitut language...

and Métis

Métis people (Canada)

The Métis are one of the Aboriginal peoples in Canada who trace their descent to mixed First Nations parentage. The term was historically a catch-all describing the offspring of any such union, but within generations the culture syncretised into what is today a distinct aboriginal group, with...

peoples.

A

Aatsista-Mahkan
Aatsista-Mahkan
Aatsista-Mahkan or Running rabbit was a chief of the Siksika First Nation. He was the son of Akamukai , chief of the Biters band, and following the death of his father in 1871, Aatsista-Mahkan took control of the band...

(Running rabbit)
Abenaki mythology
Abenaki mythology
The Abenaki people are an indigenous peoples of the Americas located in the northeastern United States and Eastern Canada. Religious ceremonies are led by medicine keepers, called Medeoulin or Mdawinno.-Three ages:...
Aboriginal Christian Television System
Aboriginal Christian Television System
ACTS-TV - Aboriginal Christian Television is a Christian daily broadcast show and the founding program of Cree Cable Channel 66 based in Moose Factory, Ontario Canada. Created in 2007 by Rev...
Aboriginal Curatorial Collective
Aboriginal Curatorial Collective
The Aboriginal Curatorial Collective is a Canadian-based fine arts organization that provides professional development opportunities to the Aboriginal peoples in Canada which include, the First Nations, Inuit and Métis artists and curators.-History:...
Aboriginal Day of Action
Aboriginal Day of Action
The Aboriginal Day of Action was a day of organized protest and demonstration by Canadian First Nations groups on June 29, 2007...
Aboriginal land claim
Aboriginal Multimedia Society of Alberta
Aboriginal peoples in Northern Canada
Aboriginal peoples in Northern Canada
The Aboriginal peoples in Northern Canada consist of the First Nations, Métis, and Inuit located in Canada's three territories: Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon.-Inuit communities:* Inuvik, Northwest Territories* Paulatuk, Northwest Territories...
Aboriginal Nurses Association of Canada
Aboriginal Nurses Association of Canada
The Aboriginal Nurses Association of Canada is a non-governmental, non-profit organization. It is an affiliate group of the Canadian Nurses Association. The ANAC is the only professional nursing organization for aboriginal peoples of Canada....
Aboriginal Peoples Television Network
Aboriginal Peoples Television Network
Aboriginal Peoples Television Network is a Canadian broadcast and cable television network. APTN airs and produces programs made by, for and about Aboriginal Peoples...
Aboriginal People's Party
Aboriginal People's Party
The Aboriginal People's Party was a political party in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan that nominated 10 candidates in the 1982 elections for the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan....
Aboriginal Peoples Party of Canada
Aboriginal Peoples Party of Canada
The Aboriginal Peoples Party of Canada is a Canadian political party that was founded in 2005. Originally conceived by University of Lethbridge student Myron Wolf Child, the party held its founding meeting on August 21, 2005, in St. Albert, Alberta. The APP was headed by interim leader Bill...
Aboriginal police in Canada
Aboriginal Police in Canada
Aboriginal Police in Canada are police forces responsible for public order on First Nations across Canada.The national government created First Nations police forces for greater sensitivity to the First Nations. Past conflicts, with some deaths, have created tension between non-aboriginal police...
Aboriginal title
Aboriginal title
Aboriginal title is a common law doctrine that the land rights of indigenous peoples to customary tenure persist after the assumption of sovereignty under settler colonialism...
Aboriginal rights activist
Aboriginal Voices
Aboriginal Voices
Aboriginal Voices Radio Network is a Canadian national radio network with licensed radio stations in nine Canadian metropolitan areas, all which are licensed under the calls of Toronto flagship station CKAV-FM...
Aboriginal whaling
Aboriginal whaling
Aboriginal whaling is the hunting of whales carried out by aboriginal groups who have a tradition of whaling....
Agreement Respecting a New Relationship Between the Cree Nation and the Government of Quebec
Agreement Respecting a New Relationship Between the Cree Nation and the Government of Quebec
The Agreement Respecting a New Relationship Between the Cree Nation and the Government of Quebec is an agreement between the Government of Quebec, Canada, and the Grand Council of the Crees...
Aleutian tradition
Aleutian tradition
The Aleutian Tradition began around 2500 BC and ended in AD 1800. Aleutian artifacts are made out of chopped stone, unlike the more common slate tools. The tradition is core and flake tradition using bifacially carved projectile points. The Aleutian people lived in semi-subterranean winter...
Allied Tribes of British Columbia
Allied Tribes of British Columbia
The Allied Tribes of British Columbia was an Indigenous rights organization formed following the First World War. There were 16 tribal groups involved, all focused on the issues of land claims and aboriginal title in British Columbia....
Amauti
Amauti
The amauti is the traditional eastern Arctic Inuit parka designed to carry a child in the same garment as the parent so that the child is warm and safe from frostbite, wind and cold. The amauti can be made from a variety of materials including sealskin, caribou skin or duffle with a windproof...

- Inuit parka
Angakkuq
Angakkuq
The Angakkuq , Angatkuq , Angakok or Ilisitsok is the intellectual and spiritual figure among the Inuit and corresponds to a shaman. Not only the Inuit, but also other Eskimo cultures know similar mediator persons...
Anglo-Métis
Anglo-Métis
A 19th-century community of the Métis people of Canada, the Anglo-Métis, more commonly known as Countryborn, were children of fur traders; they typically had Orcadian, Scottish, or English fathers and Aboriginal mothers. Their first languages were generally those of their mothers: Cree, Saulteaux,...
Anishinaabe traditional beliefs
Anishinaabe tribal political organizations
Archaic period in the Americas
Arctic Council
Arctic Council
The Arctic Council is a high-level intergovernmental forum which addresses issues faced by the Arctic governments and the indigenous people of the Arctic.- History of the Arctic Council :...
Arctic small tool tradition
Arctic small tool tradition
The Arctic Small Tool tradition is a broad cultural entity that developed along the Alaska Peninsula, round Bristol Bay, and on the eastern shores of the Bering Strait around 2500 BC...
Assembly of First Nations leadership conventions
Assembly of First Nations leadership conventions
Assembly of First Nations leadership elections are held every three years to elect the national chief of the Assembly of First Nations. Each chief of a First Nation in Canada is eligible to cast a vote. Currently there are 633 eligible voters.AFN rules state that a candidate needs 60% of the...
Athabaskan languages
Athabaskan languages
Athabaskan or Athabascan is a large group of indigenous peoples of North America, located in two main Southern and Northern groups in western North America, and of their language family...
Attorney General of Canada v. Lavell
Attorney General of Canada v. Lavell
Attorney General of Canada v. Lavell; Isaac v. Bédard, [1973] S.C.R. 1349, was a landmark 5-4 Supreme Court of Canada decision holding that Section 12 of the Indian Act did not violate the respondents' right to "equality before the law" under Section 1 of the Canadian Bill of Rights...
Azeban
Azeban
Azeban is a lower-level trickster spirit in Abenaki mythology. The traditional homeland of the Abenaki is Wobanakik , what is now called Northern New England and Southern Quebec. Azeban is a Raccoon, the Abenaki trickster figure. Pronounced ah-zuh-bahn...

B

Band society
Band society
A band society is the simplest form of human society. A band generally consists of a small kin group, no larger than an extended family or clan; it has been defined as consisting of no more than 30 to 50 individuals.Bands have a loose organization...
Battle of Cut Knife
Battle of Cut Knife
The Battle of Cut Knife, fought on May 2, 1885, occurred when a small force of Cree and Assiniboine warriors were attacked by a flying column of mounted police, militia, and Canadian army regulars...
Battle of Duck Lake
Battle of Duck Lake
The Battle of Duck Lake was a skirmish between Métis soldiers of the Provisional Government of Saskatchewan and Canadian government forces that signalled the beginning of the North-West Rebellion.-Prelude:...

Battle of Fallen Timbers
Battle of Fallen Timbers
The Battle of Fallen Timbers was the final battle of the Northwest Indian War, a struggle between American Indian tribes affiliated with the Western Confederacy and the United States for control of the Northwest Territory...
Battle of Fish Creek
Battle of Fish Creek
The Battle of Fish Creek , fought April 24, 1885 at Fish Creek, Saskatchewan, was a major Métis victory over the Dominion forces attempting to quell Louis Riel's North-West Rebellion...
Battle of Fort Pitt
Battle of Fort Pitt
The Battle of Fort Pitt was part of a Cree uprising coinciding with the Métis revolt that started the North-West Rebellion in 1885. Cree warriors began attacking Canadian settlements on April 2...
Battle of Frenchman's Butte
Battle of Frenchman's Butte
The Battle of Frenchman's Butte, fought on May 28, 1885, occurred when a force of Cree, dug in on a hillside near Frenchman's Butte, was unsuccessfully attacked by the Alberta Field Force.-Background:...
Battle of Hudson's Bay
Battle of Hudson's Bay
The Battle of Hudson's Bay, also known as the Battle of York Factory, was a naval battle fought during the War of the Grand Alliance . The battle took place on 5 September 1697, when a French warship commanded by Captain Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville defeated an English squadron commanded by Captain...
Battle of Loon Lake
Battle of Loon Lake
The Battle of Loon Lake concluded the North-West Rebellion on June 3, 1885 and was the last battle fought on Canadian soil. Led by Major Sam Steele, a force of North-West Mounted Police, Alberta Mounted Rifles and Steele's Scouts caught up with and dispersed a band of Plains Cree warriors and...
Battle of Long Sault
Battle of Long Sault
The Battle of Long Sault occurred over a five day period in early May of 1660 during the Beaver Wars. It was fought between French colonial militia, with their Huron and Algonquin allies, against the Iroquois Confederacy. The battle took place along the Ottawa River in Canada next to a series of...
Battle of the Belly River
Battle of the Belly River
The Battle of the Belly River was the last major conflict between the Cree and the Blackfoot Confederacy, and the last major battle between First Nations on Canadian soil....
Battle of Seven Oaks (1816)
Battle of Seven Oaks (1816)
The Battle of Seven Oaks took place on June 19, 1816, during the long dispute between the Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company, rival fur-trading companies in western Canada.-Background:Miles Macdonell had issued the Pemmican Proclamation...
Bannock (food)
Bannock (food)
Bannock is a variety of flat quick bread. The word can also be applied to any large, round article baked or cooked from grain. When a round bannock is cut into wedges, the wedges are often called scones. But in Scotland, the words bannock and scone are often used interchangeably.-Scottish:"Bannock"...
Beaver Wars
Beaver Wars
The Beaver Wars, also sometimes called the Iroquois Wars or the French and Iroquois Wars, commonly refers to a series of conflicts fought in the mid-17th century in eastern North America...
Bell of Batoche
Bell of Batoche
The bell of Batoche is a 20-pound silver church bell seized in 1885 as spoils of war from the Métis community of Batoche by soldiers from Ontario, following their victory in the Battle of Batoche over the North-West Rebellion....
Beothuk
Beothuk
The Beothuk were one of the aboriginal peoples in Canada. They lived on the island of Newfoundland at the time of European contact in the 15th and 16th centuries...
Bibliography of Canada
Bibliography of Canada
This is a bibliography of works on Canada.-Atlases:* Matthews, Geoffrey J. . University of Toronto Press ISBN 0802024955*Schwartzenberger, Tina , , Weigl Educational ISBN 1553881419-Cities and suburbs:...
Big Bear
Big Bear
Big Bear or Mistahi-maskwa was a Cree leader notable for his involvement in the North-West Rebellion and his subsequent imprisonment.-Early life and leadership:...

(mistahi-maskwa)
Birnirk culture
Birnirk culture
The Birnirk culture is a prehistoric Inuit civilization of the north coast of Alaska, dating from 500 AD to 900 AD and disappearing around 1000 AD. It succeeded the Punuk and Old Bering Sea/Okvik cultures and is distinguished from those cultures due to different art and harpoon styles. It preceded...
Blackfoot language
Blackfoot language
Blackfoot, also known as Siksika , Pikanii, and Blackfeet, is the Algonquian language spoken by the Blackfoot tribes of Native Americans, who currently live in the northwestern plains of North America...
Blackfoot music
Blackfoot music
Blackfoot music is the music of the Blackfoot tribes . Singing predominates and was accompanied only by percussion. Bruno Nettl Blackfoot music is the music of the Blackfoot tribes (best translated in the Blackfoot language as nitsínixki - "I sing", from nínixksini - "song"). Singing predominates...
Blackfoot religion
Blond Eskimos
Blond Eskimos
Blond Eskimos is a term first applied to sightings and encounters of light haired indigenous peoples of the Arctic Circle region from the early 20th century, particularly around the Coronation Gulf between mainland Canada and Victoria Island...
Bloody Falls Massacre
Bloody Falls Massacre
The Massacre at Bloody Falls was an incident that took place during Samuel Hearne's exploration of the Coppermine River on 17 July 1771. Chipewyan and "Copper Indian" Dene men led by Hearne's guide and companion Matonabbee attacked a group of Copper Inuit camped by rapids approximately upstream...
Bridge River Rapids
Bridge River Rapids
The Bridge River Rapids, also known as the Six Mile Rapids, the Lower Fountain, the Bridge River Fishing Grounds, and in the St'at'imcets language as Sat or Setl, is a set of rapids on the Fraser River, located in the central Fraser Canyon at the mouth of the Bridge River six miles north of the...
British Columbia aboriginal treaty referendum, 2002
British Columbia aboriginal treaty referendum, 2002
The BC Treaty Referendum was a province-wide referendum on First Nations treaty rights in British Columbia, Canada.In the spring of 2002 the Premier Gordon Campbell and the British Columbia Liberal Party government sent out ballots to registered voters in the province. The referendum proposed eight...
British Columbia Treaty Process
British Columbia Treaty Process
The British Columbia Treaty Process is a land claims negotiation process started in 1993 to resolve outstanding issues - including claims to un-extinguished aboriginal rights - with British Columbia's First Nations....
British North America Acts
British North America Acts
The British North America Acts 1867–1975 are the original names of a series of Acts at the core of the constitution of Canada. They were enacted by the Parliament of the United Kingdom and the Parliament of Canada. In Canada, some of the Acts were amended or repealed by the Constitution Act, 1982....
Brocket 99
Brocket 99
Brocket 99 is the name of an underground comedy audio tape that parodies aboriginal people in Canada and the name of two documentary films about the tape .-1986 tape:...
Burnt Church Crisis
Burnt Church Crisis
The Burnt Church Crisis was a conflict in Canada between the Mi'kmaq people of the Burnt Church First Nation and non-Aboriginal New Brunswick fisheries, from 1999 to 2001. Natives and non-Natives of the area prior to this crisis had a long history of living peacefully together and helping each other...
Bungee language
Bungee language
Bungi is a creole of Scottish English strongly influenced by Orcadian, Gaelic, Cree and Ojibwe, and spoken by the Red River Métis in present-day Manitoba, Canada...

C

Calder v. British Columbia (Attorney General)
Calder v. British Columbia (Attorney General)
Calder v. British Columbia [1973] S.C.R. 313, [1973] 4 W.W.R. 1 was a decision by the Supreme Court of Canada. It was the first time that Canadian law acknowledged that aboriginal title to land existed prior to the colonization of the continent and was not merely derived from statutory law.In...
Canada
Canada
Canada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean...

Canadian Aboriginal law
Canadian Aboriginal law
Canadian Aboriginal law is the body of Canadian law that concerns a variety of issues related to aboriginal peoples in Canada. Aboriginal law provides certain rights to land and traditional practices...
Canadian Aboriginal syllabics
Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics
Canadian Aboriginal syllabic writing, or simply syllabics, is a family of abugidas used to write a number of Aboriginal Canadian languages of the Algonquian, Inuit, and Athabaskan language families....
Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development
Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development
The Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development is a standing committee of the Canadian House of Commons.-Mandate:...
Canadian Indian residential school system
Canadian Polar Commission
Canadian Polar Commission
The Canadian Polar Commission is a Canadian government agency of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada responsible for monitoring, promoting, and disseminating knowledge of the polar regions; contributing to public awareness of the importance of polar science to Canada; enhancing Canada's...
Canadian Senate Standing Committee on Aboriginal Peoples
Canadian Senate Standing Committee on Aboriginal Peoples
The Canadian Senate Standing Committee on Aboriginal Peoples is a Canadian Senate committee of the Government of Canada.It examines legislation and matters relating to the Aboriginal Peoples of Canada.-Membership:...
Caribou Inuit
Caribou Inuit
Caribou Inuit, Barren-ground Caribou hunters, are bands of inland Inuit who lived west of Hudson Bay in northern Canada's Keewatin Region of the Northwest Territories, now the Kivalliq Region of present-day Nunavut between 61° and 65° N and 90° and 102° W...
Centre for Indigenous Theatre
Centre for Indigenous Theatre
Founded in 1974 by the late James H. Buller, the Native Theatre School was started with the vision that Aboriginal people could create change in Canada through theatre. Buller was a noted opera and musical comedy singer....
Center for World Indigenous Studies
Center for World Indigenous Studies
The Center for World Indigenous Studies is a non-profit American organization. It was founded in 1984 by Dr. Rudolph C. Ryser, Ph.D. and Chief George Manuel as an independent research and education organization...
Chief Pontiac
Chief Pontiac
Pontiac or Obwandiyag , was an Ottawa leader who became famous for his role in Pontiac's Rebellion , an American Indian struggle against the British military occupation of the Great Lakes region following the British victory in the French and Indian War. Historians disagree about Pontiac's...

(Obwandiyag)
Chimney Rock (Canada)
Chimney Rock (Canada)
Chimney Rock is a limestone formation in Marble Canyon, British Columbia, Canada. According to a First Nations legend, it was created by the actions of the Transformers, a group of supernatural beings who traveled around the country putting things to right by changing things into stone....
Chippewas of Sarnia Band v. Canada (Attorney General)
Chippewas of Sarnia Band v. Canada (Attorney General)
Chippewas of Sarnia Band v. Canada , 195 D.L.R. 135, was a decision of the Court of Appeal for Ontario rendered on December 21, 2000. The plaintiff, an aboriginal nation, claimed aboriginal title to a four-square-mile parcel of land in and around the city of Sarnia, Ontario...
Christ Church Royal Chapel
Christ Church Royal Chapel
Christ Church, Her Majesty's Chapel Royal of the Mohawk is located near Deseronto, Ontario, and is one of only six Royal chapels outside of the United Kingdom, and one of two in Canada...
CHRS-FM
CHRS-FM
CHRS-FM is a First Nations community radio station that broadcasts at 97.5 FM in Cumberland House, Saskatchewan, Canada.CHRS-FM is owned by the Cumberland House Cree Nation.-External links:*...
Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas
Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas
Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas is based upon cultural regions, geography, and linguistics. Anthropologists have named various cultural regions, with fluid boundaries, that are generally agreed upon with some variation...
- Indigenous languages of the Americas
  Indigenous languages of the Americas
  Indigenous languages of the Americas are spoken by indigenous peoples from Alaska and Greenland to the southern tip of South America, encompassing the land masses which constitute the Americas. These indigenous languages consist of dozens of distinct language families as well as many language...
  - Arctic cultural area
    Inuit
    The Inuit are a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic regions of Canada , Denmark , Russia and the United States . Inuit means “the people” in the Inuktitut language...
    
    - (Eskimo–Aleut languages)
  - Subarctic culture area - (Na-Dene languages
    Na-Dené languages
    Na-Dene is a Native American language family which includes at least the Athabaskan languages, Eyak, and Tlingit languages. An inclusion of Haida is controversial....
    
    - Algic languages
    Algic languages
    The Algic languages are an indigenous language family of North America. Most Algic languages belong to the Algonquian family, dispersed over a broad area from the Rocky Mountains to Atlantic Canada...
    
    )
  - Eastern Woodlands (Northeast) cultural area - (Algic languages
    Algic languages
    The Algic languages are an indigenous language family of North America. Most Algic languages belong to the Algonquian family, dispersed over a broad area from the Rocky Mountains to Atlantic Canada...
    
    and Iroquoian languages
    Iroquoian languages
    The Iroquoian languages are a First Nation and Native American language family.-Family division:*Ruttenber, Edward Manning. 1992 [1872]. History of the Indian tribes of Hudson's River. Hope Farm Press....
    
    )
  - Plains cultural area
    Plains Indians
    The Plains Indians are the Indigenous peoples who live on the plains and rolling hills of the Great Plains of North America. Their colorful equestrian culture and resistance to White domination have made the Plains Indians an archetype in literature and art for American Indians everywhere.Plains...
    
    - (Siouan–Catawban languages)
  - Northwest Plateau cultural area - (Salishan languages
    Salishan languages
    The Salishan languages are a group of languages of the Pacific Northwest...
    
    )
  - Northwest Coast cultural area
    Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast
    The Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast are the pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Pacific Northwest Coast, their descendants, and many ethnic groups who identify with those historical peoples. They are now situated within the Canadian Province of British Columbia and the U.S...
    
    - (Penutian languages
    Penutian languages
    Penutian is a proposed grouping of language families that includes many Native American languages of western North America, predominantly spoken at one time in Washington, Oregon, and California. The existence of a Penutian stock or phylum has been the subject of debate among specialists. Even the...
    
    , Tsimshianic languages
    Tsimshianic languages
    The Tsimshianic languages are a family of languages spoken in northwestern British Columbia and in southern Alaska on Annette Island and Ketchikan. About 2,170 people of the ethnic Tsimshian population in Canada still speak the Tsimshian languages; about 50 of the 1,300 Tsimshian people living in...
    
    and Wakashan languages
    Wakashan languages
    Wakashan is a family of languages spoken in British Columbia around and on Vancouver Island, and in the northwestern corner of the Olympic Peninsula of Washington state, on the south side of the Strait of Juan de Fuca....
    
    )
Coast Salish
Coast Salish
Coast Salish languages are a subgroup of the Salishan language family. These languages are spoken by First Nations or Native American peoples inhabiting the territory that is now the southwest coast of British Columbia around the Strait of Georgia and Washington state around Puget Sound...
Coast Salish art
Coast Salish art
Coast Salish art is an art unique to the Pacific Northwest Coast among the Coast Salish peoples. Coast Salish are peoples from the Pacific Northwest Coast made up of many different languages and cultural characteristics. Coast Salish territory covers the coast of British Columbia and Washington state...
Coast Salish languages
Coast Tsimshian
Coast Tsimshian
Coast Tsimshian, known by its speakers as Sm'algyax, is a Tsimshianic language spoken by the Tsimshian nation in northwestern British Columbia and southeastern Alaska...
Congress of Aboriginal Peoples
Congress of Aboriginal Peoples
Congress of Aboriginal Peoples founded in 1971 as the Native Council of Canada, is a Canadian aboriginal organization, that represents Aboriginal Peoples who live off Indian reserves, either in urban and rural areas across Canada.Each CAP affiliate has its own constitution and is separately...

Constitution Act, 1982
Constitution Act, 1982
The Constitution Act, 1982 is a part of the Constitution of Canada. The Act was introduced as part of Canada's process of "patriating" the constitution, introducing several amendments to the British North America Act, 1867, and changing the latter's name in Canada to the Constitution Act, 1867...
Council of Three Fires
Council of Three Fires
The Council of Three Fires, also known as the People of the Three Fires, the Three Fires Confederacy, the United Nations of Chippewa, Ottawa, and Potawatomi Indians, or Niswi-mishkodewin in the Anishinaabe language, is a long-standing Anishinaabe alliance of the Ojibwe , Ottawa , and Potawatomi...

Section Thirty-five of the Constitution Act, 1982

Section thirty-five of the Constitution Act, 1982 provides constitutional protection to the aboriginal and treaty rights of Aboriginal peoples in Canada. The section, while within the Constitution Act, 1982 and thus the Constitution of Canada, falls outside the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms...

Section Twenty-five of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms

Section Twenty-five of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is the first section under the heading "General" in the Charter, and like other sections within the "General" sphere, it aids in the interpretation of rights elsewhere in the Charter...

Copper Inuit
Copper Inuit
Copper Inuit are a Canadian Inuit group who live north of the tree line, in Nunavut's Kitikmeot Region and the Northwest Territories's Inuvik Region. Most historically lived in the area around Coronation Gulf, on Victoria Island, and southern Banks Island.Their western boundary was Wise Point,...
Corbiere v. Canada (Minister of Indian and Northern Affairs)
Corbiere v. Canada (Minister of Indian and Northern Affairs)
Corbiere v. Canada [1999] 2 S.C.R. 203, is a leading case from the Supreme Court of Canada where the Court expanded the scope of applicable grounds upon which a section 15 Charter claim can be based. This was also the first case to use the framework proposed by Law v...
Cree syllabics
Cree syllabics
Cree syllabics, found in two primary variants, are the versions of Canadian Aboriginal syllabics used to write Cree dialects, including the original syllabics system created for Cree and Ojibwe. Syllabics were later adapted to several other languages...
Crowfoot
Crowfoot
Crowfoot or Isapo-Muxika was a chief of the Siksika First Nation. His parents, Istowun-eh'pata and Axkahp-say-pi , were Kainai. His brother Iron Shield became Chief Bull...

(Isapo-Muxika)
Culture of the Tlingit
Culture of the Tlingit
The culture of the Tlingit, an Indigenous people from Alaska, British Columbia, and the Yukon, is multifaceted and complex, a characteristic of Northwest Coast peoples with access to easily exploited rich resources. In Tlingit culture a heavy emphasis is placed upon family and kinship, and on a...

D

De-ba-jeh-mu-jig Theatre Group
De-ba-jeh-mu-jig Theatre Group
Debajehmujig / De-ba-jeh-mu-jig - Storytellers is a First Nations theatre group based on Wikwemikong Unceded Indian Reserve on Manitoulin Island in Northern Ontario.-History:...
Declaration of the Lillooet Tribe
Declaration of the Lillooet Tribe
The Declaration of the Lillooet Tribe is an important document in the history of relations between First Nations and the governments of the Dominion of Canada and the Province of British Columbia...
Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly during its 62nd session at UN Headquarters in New York City on 13 September 2007....
Definitions and identity of indigenous peoples
Definitions and identity of indigenous peoples
The term indigenous people can be used in the context of with various concepts of indigeneity.Key to a contemporary understanding of 'indigeneity' is the political role an ethnic group plays, for all other criteria usually taken to denote indigenous groups can to a greater or lesser extent also be...
Delgamuukw v. British Columbia
Delgamuukw v. British Columbia
Delgamuukw v. British Columbia [1997] 3 S.C.R. 1010, also known as Delgamuukw vs. the Queen is a famous leading decision of the Supreme Court of Canada where the Court made its most definitive statement on the nature of aboriginal title in Canada....
Disc number
Disc number
Disc numbers or ujamiit in the Inuit language were used by the Government of Canada in lieu of surnames for the Inuit and were similar to dog-tags. The discs were small, made of leather, had a string attached and were supposed to be worn around the neck....
Dorset culture
Dorset culture
The Dorset culture was a Paleo-Eskimo culture that preceded the Inuit culture in Arctic North America. It has been defined as having four phases, with distinct technology related to the people's hunting and tool making...
Douglas Treaties
Douglas Treaties
The Douglas Treaties , Vancouver Island Treaties or the Fort Victoria Treaties were a series of treaties signed between certain First Nations on Vancouver Island and the Colony of Vancouver Island.-Background:...
Dreamcatcher
Dreamcatcher
Dreamcatcher is a Native American cultural object.Dreamcatcher may also refer to:-Entertainment:* Dreamcatcher , a 2001 novel by Stephen King** Dreamcatcher , based on the Stephen King novel...
The Dead Dog Café Comedy Hour
The Dead Dog Café Comedy Hour
The Dead Dog Café Comedy Hour was a radio comedy show on CBC Radio One for four seasons, running from 1997 to 2000.The show was set in a fictional café of the same name, in the equally fictional town of Blossom, Alberta. Both Blossom and the café were originally described in Tom King's...

E

Eastern Woodlands tribes
Eastern Woodlands tribes
The Eastern Woodlands was a cultural area of the indigenous people of North America. The Eastern Woodlands extended roughly from the Atlantic Ocean to the eastern Great Plains, and from the Great Lakes region to the Gulf of Mexico, which is now the eastern United States and Canada...
Egushawa
Egushawa
Egushawa , also spelled Egouch-e-ouay, Agushaway, Agashawa, Negushwa, and many other variants, was a war chief and principal political chief of the Ottawa tribe of North American Indians. His name is loosely translated as "The Gatherer" or "Brings Together"...
Enumclaw and Kapoonis
Enumclaw and Kapoonis
Enumclaw and Kapoonis are mythological twin brothers of ostensible Pacific Northwest Native American origin who wanted to be great medicine men and sought the guardian spirit Sky Father's assistance...
Eskimo
Eskimo
Eskimos or Inuit–Yupik peoples are indigenous peoples who have traditionally inhabited the circumpolar region from eastern Siberia , across Alaska , Canada, and Greenland....
Eskimo–Aleut languages
Eskimo kissing
Eskimo kissing
The act known as eskimo kissing in modern western culture is loosely based on a traditional Inuit greeting called a kunik.A kunik is a form of expressing affection, usually between family members and loved ones, that involves pressing the nose and upper lip against the skin and breathing in,...
European colonization of the Americas
European colonization of the Americas
The start of the European colonization of the Americas is typically dated to 1492. The first Europeans to reach the Americas were the Vikings during the 11th century, who established several colonies in Greenland and one short-lived settlement in present day Newfoundland...

French colonization of the Americas

The French colonization of the Americas began in the 16th century, and continued in the following centuries as France established a colonial empire in the Western Hemisphere. France founded colonies in much of eastern North America, on a number of Caribbean islands, and in South America...

British colonisation of the Americas

Exovedate
Exovedate
Exovedate is the name coined by Métis leader Louis Riel and given by him to his council of the Provisional Government of Saskatchewan during the North-West Rebellion in Canada. Ten years prior to this date on December 8, 1875 after attending a mass in Washington, D. C., Riel had a religious vision...

F

Federal Interlocutor for Métis and Non-Status Indians
Federal Interlocutor for Métis and Non-Status Indians
The position of Federal Interlocutor for Métis and Non-Status Indians was created in 1985 as a portfolio in the Canadian Cabinet. As the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development is officially responsible only for Status Indians and largely with those living on Indian reserves, the new...
Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations
Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations
The Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations is a Saskatchewan-based First Nations organization.The federation grew out of a number of different organizations. Although the Federation of Saskatchewan Indians was organized in 1959 , it grew out of the Union of Saskatchewan Indians, founded...

First Nations
First Nations
First Nations is a term that collectively refers to various Aboriginal peoples in Canada who are neither Inuit nor Métis. There are currently over 630 recognised First Nations governments or bands spread across Canada, roughly half of which are in the provinces of Ontario and British Columbia. The...

(A main article)

First Nations Bank of Canada

First Nations Bank of Canada was established in 1996 after receiving Letters Patent from the Government of Canada. It began as a venture between TD Bank and Saskatchewan Indian Equity Foundation in 1993-94. It began operating on September 23, 1997 with the opening of its first branch in...

First Nations Composer Initiative

The First Nations Composer Initiative is an organization dedicated to the promotion of new music by Native American composers. It is based in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States and affiliated with the American Composers Forum. Its Program Director is Georgia Wettlin-Larsen and its Advisors...

First Nations Government (Canada)

The fundamental legal unit of government for Canadian First Nations is the band.-Band:A band is typically, but not always, composed of a single community. Many bands, especially in British Columbia, control multiple Indian reserves, that is, multiple parcels of land...

First Nations Periodicals

This list of First Nations Periodicals is a list of periodicals edited by First Nations living in Canada. * Aboriginal voices, Toronto 1994 -, Bimonthly, Continues The Runner...

First Nations Police (Ontario)

First Nations Police is a collective of aboriginal police forces in Ontario. FNP agencies are responsible for police duties concerning reserves in Ontario...

First Nations Summit

The First Nations Summit is a First Nations political organization in British Columbia founded in 1992 after the formation of the British Columbia Treaty Commission and the British Columbia Treaty Process. It represents the interests of First Nation band governments involved in the treaty process...

First Nations Technical Institute

First Nations Technical Institute is an Aboriginal owned and controlled post-secondary institution. Established in 1985 through innovative and dynamic partnerships between the Tyendinaga Mohawk Council, FNTI Board of Directors, Indian & Northern Affairs Canada, and the Ontario Ministry of...

First Nations Transportation

First Nations Transportation was a Canadian airline from Gimli, ManitobaFounded in 2003, was operate a fleet of two Curtiss C-46 and two Douglas C-47. It ceased operations in April 2009.-External links:* *...

First Nations University Students' Association

First Nations University of Canada - Students' Association was formed in 1994 by students of the First Nations University of Canada ....

First Nations University of Canada

The First Nations University of Canada is a university in Saskatchewan, Canada with campuses in Regina, Saskatoon, and Prince Albert...

First Nations in Alberta

First Nations in Alberta constitute several dozen nations. Reserves of these First Nations were established in Alberta by a series of treaties, Treaty 6, Treaty 7, and Treaty 8....

First Nations in Atlantic Canada

First Nations in Atlantic Canada constitute several dozen nations. These First Nations are of varying ethnicities, including Mi'kmaq, Innu, and Maliseet.-First Nations in Prince Edward Island:...

First Nations in British Columbia

First Nations in British Columbia constitute a large number of First Nations governments and peoples in the province of British Columbia. Many of these Canadian aboriginal peoples are affiliated in tribal councils...

First Nations in Manitoba

First Nations in Manitoba constitute of over 130,000 registered people. Of those, about 60% live on reserve. There are 63 First Nations in the Province and five First Nations linguistic groups. The languages are Cree, Ojibway, Dakota, Ojibway-Cree and Dene. They are listed by common usage names but...

First Nations in New Brunswick

The First Nations of New Brunswick, Canada number more than 10,000, mostly Mi'kmaq and Maliseet. Although the Passamaquoddy maintain a land claim at St. Andrews, New Brunswick and historically occurred in New Brunswick, they have no reserves in the province,and have no official status in...

First Nations in Ontario

First Nations in Ontario constitute many nations. Common First Nations ethnicities in the province include the Anishinaabe, Haudenosaunee, and the Cree.-First Nations in Ontario:* Aamjiwnaang First Nation* Alderville First Nation...

First Nations in Quebec

First Nations in Saskatchewan

First Nations in Saskatchewan constitute many nations. First Nations ethnicities in the province include the Cree, Assiniboine, Saulteaux, Dene and Dakota. Historically the Atsina and Blackfoot could also be found at various times....

First Nations language

First Nations music

Aboriginal music of Canada encompasses a wide variety of musical genres created by Canada's Aboriginal people. Before European settlers came to what is now Canada, the region was occupied by a large number of aboriginal peoples, including the West Coast Salish and Haida, the centrally located...

First Nations social issues

First Nations studies

First Peoples' Heritage, Language and Culture Council
First Peoples' Heritage, Language and Culture Council
The First Peoples’ Heritage, Language and Culture Council is a First Nations governed Crown Corporation of the province of British Columbia, Canada...
First Battle of Bloody Creek
First Battle of Bloody Creek
The Battle of Bloody Creek was fought on 10/21 June 1711 during Queen Anne's War. An Abenaki militia successfully ambushed British and New England soldiers at a place that became known as Bloody Creek after the battles fought there...
Five Medals
Five Medals
Five Medals first appeared in eastern records after the Battle of Fallen Timbers. He was a leader of the Elkhart River Potawatomi. He disappears from the records shortly after the end of the War of 1812...
Folsom point
Folsom point
Folsom points are a distinct form of chipped stone projectile points associated with the Folsom Tradition of North America. The style of toolmaking was named after Folsom, New Mexico where the first sample was found within the bone structure of a bison in 1927....
Folsom tradition
Folsom tradition
The Folsom Complex is a name given by archaeologists to a specific Paleo-Indian archaeological culture that occupied much of central North America...
Franco-Indian alliance
Franco-Indian alliance
The Franco-Indian alliance was an alliance between American Indians and the French, centered on the Great Lakes and the Illinois country during the French and Indian War . The alliance involved French settlers on the one side, and the Abenaki, Ottawa, Menominee, Winnebago, Mississauga, Illinois,...
Fraser Canyon War
Fraser Canyon War
The Fraser Canyon War, also known as the Canyon War or the Fraser River War, was an incident between the Nlaka'pamux people and white miners in the newly declared Colony of British Columbia, which later became part of Canada, in 1858. It occurred during the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush, which brought a...
French and Indian War
French and Indian War
The French and Indian War is the common American name for the war between Great Britain and France in North America from 1754 to 1763. In 1756, the war erupted into the world-wide conflict known as the Seven Years' War and thus came to be regarded as the North American theater of that war...

Battle of Fort Beauséjour

The Battle of Fort Beauséjour was fought on the Isthmus of Chignecto and marked the end of Father Le Loutre’s War andthe opening of a British offensive in the French and Indian War, which would eventually lead to the end the French Empire in North America...

(June 16, 1755)

Siege of Louisbourg

Siege of Louisbourg (1758)

The Siege of Louisbourg was a pivotal battle of the Seven Years' War in 1758 which ended the French colonial era in Atlantic Canada and led directly to the loss of Quebec in 1759 and the remainder of French North America the following year.-Background:The British government realized that with the...

(June 8–July 26, 1758)

Battle of Fort Frontenac

The Battle of Fort Frontenac took place on August 26–28, 1758 during the Seven Years' War between France and Great Britain. The location of the battle was Fort Frontenac, a French fort and trading post which is located at the site of present-day Kingston, Ontario, at the eastern end of Lake...

(August 25, 1758)

Battle of the Thousand Islands

The Battle of the Thousand Islands was fought 16–24 August 1760, in the upper St. Lawrence River, amongst the Thousand Islands, along the present day Canada–United States border, by British and French forces during the closing phases of the Seven Years' War, as it is called in Canada and Europe, or...

, August 16–25, 1760

Battle of Beauport

The Battle of Beauport, also known as the Battle of Montmorency, fought on 31 July 1759, was an important confrontation between the British and French Armed Forces during the Seven Years' War of the French province of Canada...

(July 31, 1759)

Battle of the Plains of Abraham

The Battle of the Plains of Abraham, also known as the Battle of Quebec, was a pivotal battle in the Seven Years' War...

(September 13, 1759)

Battle of Sainte-Foy

The Battle of Sainte-Foy, sometimes called the Battle of Quebec, was fought on April 28, 1760 near the British-held town of Quebec in the French province of Canada during the Seven Years' War . It was a victory for the French under the Chevalier de Lévis over the British army under General Murray...

(April 28, 1760)

Battle of Restigouche

The Battle of Restigouche was a naval battle fought during the French and Indian War on the Restigouche River between the British Royal Navy and the small flotilla of French Navy vessels. The French vessels had been sent to relieve New France after the fall of Quebec...

, July 3–8, (1760)

Battle of Signal Hill

The Battle of Signal Hill was a small skirmish, the last of the North American theatre of the Seven Years' War. The British under Lieutenant Colonel William Amherst forced the French to surrender St...

September 15, 1762

Food of the Tlingit
Food of the Tlingit
The food of the Tlingit, an indigenous people from Alaska, British Columbia, and the Yukon, is a central part of Tlingit culture, and the land is an abundant provider. A saying amongst the Tlingit is that "when the tide goes out the table is set". This refers to the richness of intertidal life...
Frog Lake Massacre
Frog Lake Massacre
The Frog Lake Massacre was a Cree uprising during the North-West Rebellion in western Canada. Led by Wandering Spirit, young Cree warriors attacked the village of Frog Lake, North-West Territories on 2 April 1885, where they killed nine settlers.- Causes :Angered by what seemed to be unfair...
Fort Defiance (British Columbia)
Fort Defiance (British Columbia)
Fort Defiance was a small outpost built by the crew of the Columbia Rediviva during the winter of 1791-1792. The crew under the command of American merchant and maritime fur trader Captain Robert Gray built the establishment on Meares Island in present day British Columbia, Canada.-History:In early...
Fort Fraser, British Columbia
Fort Fraser, British Columbia
Fort Fraser is an unincorporated community of about 1000 people, situated near the base of Fraser Mountain, close to both Fraser Lake and the Nechako River. It can be found near the geographical centre of British Columbia, Canada, west of Vanderhoof on the Yellowhead Highway...
Fort Garry
Fort Garry
Fort Garry, also known as Upper Fort Garry, was a Hudson's Bay Company trading post at the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers in what is now downtown Winnipeg. It was established in 1822 on or near the site of the North West Company's Fort Gibraltar. Fort Garry was named after Nicholas...
Fort Saint Vrain
Fort Saint Vrain
Fort Saint Vrain was an 1837 fur trading post built by the Bent, St. Vrain Company, and located at the confluence of Saint Vrain Creek and the South Platte River, about 20 miles east of the Rocky Mountains in the unorganized territory of the United States. This area later became part od the State...
Fort Simpson (Columbia Department)
Fort Simpson (Columbia Department)
Fort Simpson was a fur trading post established in 1831 by the Hudson's Bay Company near the mouth of the Nass River in present-day British Columbia, Canada. In 1834 it was moved to the Tsimpsean Peninsula, about halfway between the Nass River and the Skeena River...
Fort St. James, British Columbia
Fort St. James, British Columbia
Fort St. James is a district municipality and former fur trading post in north-central British Columbia, Canada. It is located on the south-eastern shore of Stuart Lake in the Omineca Country, at the northern terminus of Highway 27, which connects to Highway 16 at Vanderhoof...
Fort Stikine
Fort Stikine
Fort Stikine was a fur trade post and fortification in what is now the Alaska Panhandle, at the site of the present-day of Wrangell, Alaska, United States...
Fort Vancouver
Fort Vancouver
Fort Vancouver was a 19th century fur trading outpost along the Columbia River that served as the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company in the company's Columbia District...
Fort Vancouver National Historic Site
Fort Vancouver National Historic Site
Fort Vancouver National Historic Site is a United States National Historic Site located in the states of Washington and Oregon. The National Historic Site consists of two units, one located on the site of Fort Vancouver in modern-day Vancouver, Washington; the other being the former residence of...
Fort Vasquez
Fort Vasquez
-External links:*...
Fort Ware, British Columbia
Fort Ware, British Columbia
Fort Ware, is the former name of the community of Kwadacha. Referred to by locals simply as Ware it is an aboriginal community in northern British Columbia, Canada, located in the Rocky Mountain Trench at the confluence of the Finlay and Warneford Rivers, in the Rocky Mountain Trench upstream from...
The Fur Trade at Lachine National Historic Site
The Fur Trade at Lachine National Historic Site
The Fur Trade at Lachine National Historic Site is a historic building located in the borough of Lachine in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, at the western end of the Lachine Canal...
Fur brigade
Fur brigade
The Fur brigade were convoys of Canadian Indian fur trappers who traveled between their home trading posts and a larger HBC post in order to supply the inland post with goods and supply the HBC post with furs. Travel was usually done on the rivers by canoe or, in certain prairie situations, by horse...
Fred Quilt inquiry
Fred Quilt inquiry
The Fred Quilt Affair was a media scandal involving the November 28, 1971 beating death of Fred Quilt a leader of the Tsilhqot'in First Nation at the hands of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police in the British Columbia Interior...
Fur seal
Fur seal
Fur seals are any of nine species of pinnipeds in the Otariidae family. One species, the northern fur seal inhabits the North Pacific, while seven species in the Arctocephalus genus are found primarily in the Southern hemisphere...

G

Gabriel Dumont
Gabriel Dumont Institute
Gabriel Dumont Institute
The Gabriel Dumont Institute of Native Studies and Applied Research is a post-secondary educational institution in Saskatchewan, Canada. It is administered by and services the Métis population of Saskatchewan...
Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas
- Y-DNA haplogroups in Indigenous peoples of the Americas
  Y-DNA haplogroups in Indigenous peoples of the Americas
  Listed here are notable Indigenous peoples of the Americas by human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups based on relevant studies. The samples are taken from individuals identified with the ethnic and linguistic designations in the first two columns, the fourth column gives the amount of total Sample...
Gradual Civilization Act
Gradual Civilization Act
The Act to Encourage the Gradual Civilization of Indian Tribes in this Province, and to Amend the Laws Relating to Indians was a bill passed by the 5th Parliament of the Province of Canada in 1857....
Grand Council of Treaty 3
Grand Council of Treaty 3
Grand Council of Treaty 3 is a political organization representing 24 First Nation communities across Treaty 3 areas of northern Ontario and southeastern Manitoba, Canada, and additional 4 First Nations in specific regards to their Treaty rights....
Grand River land dispute
Great Peace of Montreal
Great Peace of Montreal
The Great Peace of Montreal was a peace treaty between New France and 40 First Nations of North America. It was signed on August 4, 1701, by Louis-Hector de Callière, governor of New France, and 1300 representatives of 40 aboriginal nations of the North East of North America...
Great Spirit
Great Spirit
The Great Spirit, also called Wakan Tanka among the Sioux, the Creator or the Great Maker in English, and Gitchi Manitou in Algonquian, is a conception of a supreme being prevalent among some Native American and First Nations cultures...
Gitche Manitou
Gitche Manitou
Gitche Manitou means "Great Spirit" in several Algonquian languages. The term was also utilized to signify God by Christian missionaries, when translating scriptures and prayers, etc...
Gitksan language
Gitksan language
Gitxsan is a First Nations language of northwestern British Columbia. It is a Tsimshianic language, closely related to the neighboring Nisga’a language...
Gitxsan Treaty Society
Gitxsan Treaty Society
The Gitxsan Treaty Society handles Treaty negotiations in the BC Treaty Process for a number of First Nations in northwestern British Columbia-Membership:*Gitanmaax Band Council*Gitsegukla Indian Band...
Glooscap
Glooscap
Glooscap is a mythical culture hero, and "transformer" of the Wabanaki peoples...
Gustafsen Lake Standoff
Gustafsen Lake Standoff
The Gustafsen Lake Standoff was an indigenous land dispute involving members of the Secwepemc nation and members of other indigenous groups in British Columbia, Canada which began on June 15, 1995, and lasted until September 17, 1995.-The Standoff begins:...

H

Haplogroup Q1a3a (Y-DNA)
- Haplogroup R1 (Y-DNA)
  Haplogroup R1 (Y-DNA)
  In human genetics, Haplogroup R1 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup, a subgroup of haplogroup R, associated with the M173 mutation. It is dominated in practice by two very common Eurasian clades, R1a and R1b, which together are found all over Eurasia except in Southeast Asia and East Asia...
- Haplogroup C3 (Y-DNA)
  Haplogroup C3 (Y-DNA)
  In human genetics, Haplogroup C3 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup mainly found in indigenous Siberians, Kazakhs and Mongolians. Haplogroup C3 is the most widespread and frequently occurring branch of the greater Haplogroup C...
Haldimand Proclamation
Haldimand Proclamation
The Haldimand Proclamation was a decree that granted land to the Iroquois who had served on the British side during the American Revolution. The decree was issued by the Governor of the Province of Quebec, Frederick Haldimand, on October 25, 1784....
Hamatla Treaty Society
Hamatla Treaty Society
The Hamatla Treaty Society handles Treaty negotiations in the BC Treaty Process for a number of First Nations located in the northern Strait of Georgia of British Columbia.-Membership:*Campbell River Indian Band...
Haida Argillite Carvings
Haida Argillite Carvings
Haida argillite carvings are a sculptural tradition among the Haida indigenous nation of the Northwest Coast of North America, which came into existence in the early 19th century and continues today.-Background:...
Haida language
Haida language
The Haida language is the language of the Haida people. It contains seven vowels and well over 30 consonants.-History:The first documented contact between the Haida and Europeans was in 1774, on Juan Pérez's exploratory voyage. At this time Haidas inhabited the Queen Charlotte Islands, Dall...
Haida manga
Haida Manga
Haida Manga is a new style of Haida comics and print cartoons that explores the elements of both traditional North Pacific indigenous arts and narrative, while also adapting contemporary techniques of artistic design from the Eastern portion of the North Pacific, namely the Japanese manga from...
Haida mythology
Haida mythology
The Haida are one of the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America. Their national territories lie along the west coast of Canada and include parts of south east Alaska....
Haisla language
Haisla language
The Haisla language is a First Nations language spoken by the Haisla people of the North Coast region of the Canadian province of British Columbia, who are based in the village of Kitaamat 10 km from the town of Kitimat at the head of the Douglas Channel, a 120 km fjord that serves as a...
Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump
Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump
Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump is a buffalo jump located where the foothills of the Rocky Mountains begin to rise from the prairie 18 km northwest of Fort Macleod, Alberta, Canada on highway 785...
Heiltsuk language
Heiltsuk language
Heiltsuk , also known as Bella Bella and Haihais, is a dialect of the North Wakashan language Heiltsuk-Oowekyala that is spoken by the Haihai and Bella Bella First Nations peoples of the Central Coast region of the Canadian province of British Columbia, around the communities of Bella Bella and...
High Arctic relocation
High Arctic relocation
The High Arctic relocation took place during the Cold War in the 1950s, when 87 Inuit were moved by the Government of Canada to the High Arctic....
History of Canada
History of Canada
The history of Canada covers the period from the arrival of Paleo-Indians thousands of years ago to the present day. Canada has been inhabited for millennia by distinctive groups of Aboriginal peoples, among whom evolved trade networks, spiritual beliefs, and social hierarchies...
History of Alberta#Pre-Confederation
History of the west coast of North America
History of the west coast of North America
The human history of the west coast of North America is believed to stretch back to the arrival of the earliest people over the Bering Strait, or alternately along a now-submerged coastal plain, through the development of significant pre-Columbian cultures and population densities, to the arrival...
Hivernants
Hivernants
Hiverants are Métis, who travelled the Canadian prairies, often in small temporary villages. The word is French for "winterer," as they would often spend the winter months living in Native American villages fur trapping....
Hopewell tradition
Hudson's Bay Company
Hudson's Bay Company
The Hudson's Bay Company , abbreviated HBC, or "The Bay" is the oldest commercial corporation in North America and one of the oldest in the world. A fur trading business for much of its existence, today Hudson's Bay Company owns and operates retail stores throughout Canada...
Hul’qumi’num Treaty Group
Hul’qumi’num Treaty Group
The Hul'qumi'num Treaty Group was founded in 1993 to negotiate a treaty with the Province of British Columbia and Government of Canada.-Members:The group is made up of 6000 members from the following First Nations:* Chemainus First Nation - Chemainus, BC...

I

Igloo
Igloo
An igloo or snowhouse is a type of shelter built of snow, originally built by the Inuit....
Ihalmiut
Ihalmiut
The Ihalmiut or Ahiarmiut are a group of inland Inuit who lived along the banks of the Kazan River, Ennadai Lake Little Dubawnt Lake , and north of Thlewiaza in northern Canada's Keewatin Region of the Northwest Territories, now the Kivalliq Region of present-day Nunavut...
Indian Act
Indian Act
The Indian Act , R.S., 1951, c. I-5, is a Canadian statute that concerns registered Indians, their bands, and the system of Indian reserves...
Indian Agent (Canada)
Indian Agent (Canada)
Indian Agent is the title of a position in Canada mandated by the Indian Act of that country. An Indian Agent was the chief administrator for Indian affairs in their respective districts, although the title now is largely in disuse in preference to Government Agent. The powers of the Indian...
Indian Department
Indian Department
The Indian Department was established in 1755 to oversee relations between the government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and those First Nations in British North America. At that time of its establishment it was a wing of the British Military.The department was initially led by...
Indian Health Transfer Policy (Canada)
Indian Health Transfer Policy (Canada)
The Indian Health Transfer Policy of Canada, provided a framework for the assumption of control of health services by Aboriginal Canadians and set forth a developmental approach to transfer centred on the concept of self-determination in health. Through this process, the decision to enter into...

Indians of Canada Pavilion
Indians of Canada Pavilion
The Indians of Canada Pavilion was a pavilion at the 1967 International and Universal Exposition in Montreal, Canada. It presented a somewhat different message than what the Canadian government had hoped, emphasizing the First Nations' point of view...
Indian Posse
Indian Register
Indian Register
The Indian Register is the official record of Status Indians or Registered Indians in Canada. Status Indians have rights and benefits that are not granted to unregistered Indians, Inuit, or Métis, the chief benefits of which include the granting of reserves and of rights associated with them, an...
Indian Residential Schools Truth and Reconciliation Commission
Indian Residential Schools Truth and Reconciliation Commission
The Indian Residential Schools Truth and Reconciliation Commission is an impending truth commission organized by the parties to the Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement. The commission is part of an overall holistic and comprehensive response to the Indian residential school legacy...
Indian Reserve (1763)
Indian Reserve (1763)
The Indian Reserve was a territory under British rule in North America set aside in the Royal Proclamation of 1763 for use by American Indians between 1763 and 1783....
Indian settlement
Indian settlement
An Indian settlement is a census subdivision outlined by the Canadian government Department of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada for census purposes. These areas have at least 10 Indian people who live, more or less, permanently in the given area...
Indian and Northern Affairs Canada
Indian and Northern Affairs Canada
The Department of Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development is the department of the government of Canada with responsibility for policies relating to Aboriginal peoples...
Indigenous archaeology
Indigenous archaeology
Indigenous archaeology is a form of archaeology where indigenous peoples are involved in the care of, excavation and analysis of the cultural and bodily remains of their ancestors...
Indigenous Dialogues
Indigenous Dialogues
The Indigenous Dialogues Foundation was an international project which sought to empower organisations of indigenous peoples worldwide to communicate directly, freely, and affordably, allowing them to more effectively work together for their common interests.ID provided internet connectivity and...
Indigenous (ecology)
Indigenous (ecology)
In biogeography, a species is defined as native to a given region or ecosystem if its presence in that region is the result of only natural processes, with no human intervention. Every natural organism has its own natural range of distribution in which it is regarded as native...
Indigenous intellectual property
Indigenous intellectual property
Indigenous intellectual property is an umbrella legal term used in national and international forums to identify indigenous peoples' special rights to claim all that their indigenous groups know now, have known, or will know....
Indigenous knowledge
Indigenous language
Indigenous language
An indigenous language or autochthonous language is a language that is native to a region and spoken by indigenous peoples but has been reduced to the status of a minority language. This language would be from a linguistically distinct community that has been settled in the area for many generations...
Indigenous languages of the Americas
Indigenous languages of the Americas
Indigenous languages of the Americas are spoken by indigenous peoples from Alaska and Greenland to the southern tip of South America, encompassing the land masses which constitute the Americas. These indigenous languages consist of dozens of distinct language families as well as many language...
Indigenous medicine
Indigenous music
Indigenous music
Indigenous music is a term for the traditional music of the indigenous peoples of the world, that is, the music of an "original" ethnic group that inhabits any geographic region alongside more recent immigrants who may be greater in number...
Indigenous peoples by geographic regions
Indigenous peoples by geographic regions
This is a partial list of indigenous, aboriginal, native peoples by geographical regions. Indigenous peoples are any ethnic group of peoples who inhabit a geographic region, with which they have the earliest known historical connection....
Indigenous peoples of the Americas
Indigenous peoples of the Americas
The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the pre-Columbian inhabitants of North and South America, their descendants and other ethnic groups who are identified with those peoples. Indigenous peoples are known in Canada as Aboriginal peoples, and in the United States as Native Americans...
Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast
Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast
The Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast are the pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Pacific Northwest Coast, their descendants, and many ethnic groups who identify with those historical peoples. They are now situated within the Canadian Province of British Columbia and the U.S...
International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs
International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs
The International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs is an independent and non-profit international human rights-based membership organization, whose central charter is to endorse and promote the collective rights of the world's indigenous peoples...
Institute of Indigenous Government
Institute of Indigenous Government
The Institute of Indigenous Government, Canada's First Nations College, is a publicly funded post-secondary education institute located in Burnaby, British Columbia. Established in 1995, the institute was originally located in Gastown not Yaletown neighbourhood of Vancouver...
Inu-Yupiaq
Inu-Yupiaq
Inu-Yupiaq Dancing is a unique way of passing on the Inupiat and Yup’ik Eskimo motion dance stories to a younger generation, which teaches people about the Iñupiaq and Yup’ik Eskimo culture...

Inuit-Aleut

Inuit art

Inuit art refers to artwork produced by Inuit people, that is, the people of the Arctic previously known as Eskimos, a term that is now often considered offensive outside Alaska...

Museum of Inuit Art

The Museum of Inuit Art, located within the historic Queens Quay Terminal at Toronto’s Harbourfront Centre, is Canada’s only public museum south of the Arctic to be devoted exclusively to Inuit art and culture...

Inuit astronomy

The Inuit have traditional names for many constellations, asterisms and stars:*Two Placed Far Apart **The Runners , used for navigation***The Polar Bear ***The Dogs **Nephews and Nieces...

Inuit Boots

Inuit Broadcasting Corporation

The Inuit Broadcasting Corporation is a television broadcasting company based in Nunavut. Its programming is targeted at the Inuit population of Nunavut and almost all of its programs are broadcast in Inuktitut. Select programs are also broadcast in English. In contrast with traditional...

Inuit Circumpolar Council

Inuit Circumpolar Conference

Originally known as the Inuit Circumpolar Conference, the Inuit Circumpolar Council is a multinational non-governmental organization representing the 150,000 Inuit people living in the United States, Canada, Greenland, and Russia.The Conference, which first met in June 1984 in Barrow, Alaska,...

Inuit culture

Inuit describes the various groups of indigenous peoples who live in the central and northeastern Canadian Arctic, as well as in Greenland. The term culture of the Inuit, therefore, refers primarily to these areas; however, parallels to other Eskimo groups can also be drawn.The traditional...

Inuit diet

Inuit consume a diet of foods that are fished, hunted, and gathered locally. This may include walrus, Ringed Seal, Bearded Seal, beluga whale, caribou, polar bear, muskoxen, birds and fish. While it is not possible to cultivate plants for food in the Arctic the Inuit have traditionally gathered...

Inuit Dog

Inuit grammar

The Inuit language, like other Eskimo–Aleut languages, has a very rich morphological system, in which a succession of different morphemes are added to root words to indicate things that, in languages like English, would require several words to express...

Inuit language

The Inuit language is traditionally spoken across the North American Arctic and to some extent in the subarctic in Labrador. The related Yupik languages are spoken in western and southern Alaska and Russian Far East, particularly the Diomede Islands, but is severely endangered in Russia today and...

Inuit mask

Inuit music

Traditional Inuit music, the music of the Inuit, has been based around drums used in dance music as far back as can be known, and a vocal style called katajjaq has become of interest in Canada and abroad....

Inuit mythology

Inuit mythology has many similarities to the religions of other polar regions. Inuit traditional religious practices could be very briefly summarised as a form of shamanism based on animist principles....

Inuit numerals

Kaktovik Inupiaq numeralsInuit, like other Eskimo languages , uses a vigesimal counting system. Inuit counting has sub-bases at 5, 10, and 15....

Inuit phonology

Following standard notation, phonemes are written between two slashes, e.g. ; and phonetic transcriptions are written between square brackets, e.g. .This article is about the phonology of the Inuit language...

Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit

Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit is an Inuktitut phrase that is often translated as Inuit traditional knowledge, Inuit traditional institutions or even Inuit traditional technology...

Inuit snow goggles

Snow goggles are a type of eyewear traditionally used by the Inuit people of the Arctic to prevent snow blindness...

Inuit syllabary

Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami

The Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami is a nonprofit organization in Canada that represents over 50,400 Inuit. It was founded in 1971 by Tagak Curley as the Inuit Tapirisat of Canada...

Inuit throat singing

Inuit throat singing or katajjaq, also known as the generic term overtone singing, is a form of musical performance uniquely found among the Inuit...

Inuit weapons

Inuit weapons were primarily hunting tools which served a dual purpose as weapons, whether against other Inuit groups or against their traditional enemies, the Chipewyan, Tłı̨chǫ Dene, and Cree....

Inuinnaqtun
Inuinnaqtun
Inuinnaqtun , is an indigenous Inuit language of Canada and a dialect of Inuvialuktun. It is related very closely to Inuktitut, and some scholars, such as Richard Condon, believe that Inuinnaqtun is more appropriately classified as a dialect of Inuktitut...
Inuktitut
Inuktitut
Inuktitut or Eastern Canadian Inuktitut, Eastern Canadian Inuit language is the name of some of the Inuit languages spoken in Canada...
Inuktitut writing
Inuktitut writing
The Inuktitut language is written in different ways in different places. In Greenland, Alaska, Labrador, the Inuvik Region of the Northwest Territories and in the western part of the Kitikmeot Region of Nunavut, it is written with the Latin alphabet...
Inuktitut syllabics
Inuktitut syllabics
Inuktitut syllabics is a writing system used by the Inuit in Nunavut and in Nunavik, Quebec...
Inuvialuktun
Inuvialuktun
Inuvialuktun, or Western Canadian Inuit language, Western Canadian Inuktitut, Western Canadian Inuktun comprises three Inuit dialects spoken in the northern Northwest Territories by those Canadian Inuit who call themselves Inuvialuk .Inuvialuktun is spoken by the Inuit of the Mackenzie River delta...
Inuvialuit Settlement Region
Inuvialuit Settlement Region
The Inuvialuit Settlement Region , located in Canada’s western Arctic, was designated in 1984 in the Inuvialuit Final Agreement by the Government of Canada for the Inuvialuit people...
Inukshuk
Inukshuk
An inuksuk is a stone landmark or cairn built by humans, used by the Inuit, Inupiat, Kalaallit, Yupik, and other peoples of the Arctic region of North America. These structures are found from Alaska to Greenland...
Inuktitut (magazine)
Inuktitut (magazine)
Inuktitut is an Canadian Inuit magazine produced by the Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami and Beat Studios. The magazine, now available quarterly , is published in Inuktitut , Inuinnaqtun, English and French.-Overview:...
Isuma
Isuma
Isuma is Canada's first Inuit production company co-founded by Zacharias Kunuk and Norman Cohn in Igloolik, Nunavut in 1990...
Iroquois
Iroquois
The Iroquois , also known as the Haudenosaunee or the "People of the Longhouse", are an association of several tribes of indigenous people of North America...
Iroquois kinship
Iroquois kinship
Iroquois kinship is a kinship system used to define family. Identified by Lewis Henry Morgan in his 1871 work Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family, the Iroquois system is one of the six major kinship systems .-Kinship system:The system has both classificatory and...
Iroquois mythology
Iroquois mythology
Much of the mythology of the Iroquois has been lost. Some of their religious stories have been preserved, including creation stories and some folktales....
Ipperwash Crisis
Ipperwash Crisis
The Ipperwash Crisis was an Indigenous land dispute that took place in Ipperwash Provincial Park, Ontario in 1995. Several members of the Stoney Point Ojibway band occupied the park in order to assert their claim to nearby land which had been expropriated from them during World War II...

J

James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement
James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement
The James Bay And Northern Quebec Agreement was an Aboriginal land claim settlement, approved in 1975 by the Cree and Inuit of northern Quebec, and later slightly modified in 1978 by the Northeastern Quebec Agreement, through which Quebec's Naskapi First Nations joined the treaty...
James Bay Cree hydroelectric conflict
James Bay Cree hydroelectric conflict
The James Bay Cree hydroelectric conflict refers to the resistance by James Bay Cree to the James Bay Hydroelectric Project and the Quebec Government, beginning in 1971.-A brief timeline of the James Bay Cree :...
Jenu
Jenu
In Mi'kmaq folklore, a Jenu is a wild and cannibalistic hairy giant.Jenua are comparable to the Wendigo of Anishinaabe and Cree mythology ....
Jesuit missions in North America
Jesuit missions in North America
Jesuit missions in North America started during the 17th century and faltered at the beginning of the 18th. The missions were established as part of the colonial drive of France and Spain during the period, the "conquest of the souls" being an integral part of the constitution of Nouvelle-France...
Jordan's principle
Jordan's principle
Jordan's Principle is a child first principle to resolve jurisdictional disputes within, and between governments, regarding payment for government services provided to First Nations children...
Journal of Aboriginal Health
Journal of Aboriginal Health
The Journal of Aboriginal Health is a peer-reviewed journal on Aboriginal health published by the National Aboriginal Health Organization of Canada. Launched in 2004, JAH features articles from leading health scholars, academics and Aboriginal community members.JAH was designed with the intent to...
Journal of Indigenous Studies
Journal of Indigenous Studies
The Journal of Indigenous Studies was a multilingual, biannual, peer-reviewed academic journal. It was established in 1989 and was sponsored by the Gabriel Dumont Institute, a Métis-directed educational and cultural entity in Saskatoon , affiliated with the University of Regina...
Juno Award for Aboriginal Recording of the Year
Juno Award for Aboriginal Recording of the Year
The Juno Award for Aboriginal Recording of the Year, formerly known as Best Music of Aboriginal Canada Recording, is an annual award presented by Canada's Juno Awards for the best album by a Aboriginal peoples in Canada....

K

Kabloona
Kabloona
Kabloona is a book by French adventurer Gontran de Poncins, written in collaboration with Lewis Galantiere. It was first published in the USA in 1941 as a selection of the Book-of-the-Month Club , in England in 1942, and in French in 1947...
Kahnawake Gaming Commission
Kahnawake Gaming Commission
The Kahnawake Gaming Commission is a gaming regulatory body that licenses and regulates a large number of online casinos, online poker rooms and online sportsbook sites, as well as three land-based poker rooms that are situated within the Mohawk Territory of Kahnawake.The Commission was first...
Kahnawake Iroquois and the Rebellions of 1837–38
Kamloops Wawa
Kamloops Wawa
The Kamloops Wawa was a publication of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kamloops in British Columbia, Canada, in the 1890s and 1900s. The contents of the Kamloops Wawa were near-entirely written using an adaptation of the French Duployan shorthand writing system...
Kayak
Kayak
A kayak is a small, relatively narrow, human-powered boat primarily designed to be manually propelled by means of a double blade paddle.The traditional kayak has a covered deck and one or more cockpits, each seating one paddler...
Kwak'wala
Kwak'wala
Kwak'wala is the Indigenous language spoken by the Kwakwaka'wakw. It belongs to the Wakashan language family. There are about 250 Kwak'wala speakers today, which amounts to 5% of the Kwakwaka'wakw population...
Kwakwaka'wakw mythology
Kwakwaka'wakw mythology
This article is about the spiritual beliefs, histories and practices in Kwakwaka'wakw mythology. The Kwakwaka'wakw are a group of Indigenous nations, numbering about 5,500, who live in the central coast of British Columbia on northern Vancouver Island and the mainland...
Kwakwaka'wakw art
Kwakwaka'wakw art
Kwakwaka'wakw art describes the art of the Kwakwaka'wakw peoples of the Pacific Northwest. It encompasses a wide variety of woodcarving, sculpture, painting, weaving and dance. Kwakwaka'wakw arts are exemplified in totem poles, masks, wooden carvings, jewelry and woven blankets. Visual arts are...
Kwakwaka'wakw music
Kwakwaka'wakw music
Kwakwaka'wakw music is the ancient art of the Indigenous or Aboriginal Kwakwaka'wakw peoples.. The music is an ancient art form, stretching back thousands of years. The music is used primarily for ceremony and ritual, and is based around percussive instrumentation, especially log, box, and hide...
Kegedonce Press
Kegedonce Press
Kegedonce Press is an Aboriginal publishing house in Neyaashiinigmiing Reserve No. 27 , Ontario, Canada, owned by Kateri Akiwenzie-Damm...
Koyukons
King George's War
King George's War
King George's War is the name given to the operations in North America that formed part of the War of the Austrian Succession . It was the third of the four French and Indian Wars. It took place primarily in the British provinces of New York, Massachusetts Bay, New Hampshire, and Nova Scotia...
King William's War
King William's War
The first of the French and Indian Wars, King William's War was the name used in the English colonies in America to refer to the North American theater of the Nine Years' War...
Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi
Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi
Kwäday Dän Ts'ìnchi , or Canadian Ice Man, is a naturally mummified body found in Tatshenshini-Alsek Park in British Columbia, Canada, by a group of hunters in 1999. Radiocarbon dating of artifacts found with the body placed the age of the body at between 300 and 550 years old...
Kwakwaka'wakw
Kwakwaka'wakw
The Kwakwaka'wakw are an Indigenous group of First Nations peoples, numbering about 5,500, who live in British Columbia on northern Vancouver Island and the adjoining mainland and islands.Kwakwaka'wakw translates as "Those who speak Kwak'wala", describing the collective nations within the area that...
Kwakwaka'wakw art
Kwakwaka'wakw art
Kwakwaka'wakw art describes the art of the Kwakwaka'wakw peoples of the Pacific Northwest. It encompasses a wide variety of woodcarving, sculpture, painting, weaving and dance. Kwakwaka'wakw arts are exemplified in totem poles, masks, wooden carvings, jewelry and woven blankets. Visual arts are...
Kruger and al. v. The Queen
Kruger and al. v. The Queen
Kruger and al. v. The Queen, [1978] 1 S.C.R. 104, was a decision by the Supreme Court of Canada on the relationship between the Indian Act and provincial game laws. The Indian Act is a federal law enacted under the British North America Act, 1867, which gives jurisdiction over Aboriginals to the...
Kudlik
Kudlik
Kudlik or qulliq is a type of oil lamp used by the Inuit. The lamp consists of a crescent-shaped cup of carved soapstone, filled with oil from blubber or seal. Arctic cottongrass, common cottongrass, or moss is used as a wick....

L

Lacrosse
Lacrosse
Lacrosse is a team sport of Native American origin played using a small rubber ball and a long-handled stick called a crosse or lacrosse stick, mainly played in the United States and Canada. It is a contact sport which requires padding. The head of the lacrosse stick is strung with loose mesh...
Lachine massacre
Lachine massacre
The Lachine massacre, part of the Beaver Wars, occurred when 1,500 Mohawk warriors attacked by surprise the small, 375 inhabitant, settlement of Lachine, New France at the upper end of Montreal Island on the morning of August 5, 1689...
Land ownership in Canada
Land ownership in Canada
Land ownership in Canada is held by governments, Native groups, corporations, and individuals. Canada is the second largest country in the world; at 9,093,507 km² or 3,511,085 mi² of land it occupies more than 6% of the Earth's surface...
Laurel Complex
Laurel Complex
The Laurel Complex was a Native American culture in southern Quebec, southern and northwestern Ontario and east-central Manitoba in Canada and northern Michigan, northwestern Wisconsin and northern Minnesota in the United States. They were the first pottery using people of Ontario north of the...
List of Algonquin Chiefs
List of archaeological periods (North America)

Lithic stage

In the sequence of North American prehistoric cultural stages first proposed by Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips in 1958, the Lithic stage was the earliest period of human occupation in the Americas, accruing during the Late Pleistocene period, to time before 8,000 B.C....

(pre 8000 BC)

Archaic stage (c. 8000 - 1000 BC)

Formative stage

The Formative Stage or "Neo-Indian period" is an archaeological term describing a particular developmental level. This stage from 1000 BCE to 500 CE is the third of five stages defined by Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips' 1958 book Method and Theory in American Archaeology.Cultures of the...

(c. 1000 BC - AD 500)

Classic stage

The Classic Stage is an archaeological term describing a particular developmental level dating from AD 500 to 1200. This stage is the fourth of five stages defined by Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips' 1958 book Method and Theory in American Archaeology....

(c. AD 500 - 1200)

Post-Classic stage

The Post-Classic Stage is an archaeological term describing a particular developmental level. This stage is the fifth of five stages defined by Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips' 1958 book Method and Theory in American Archaeology....

(c.1200 - 1900)

List of bibliographical materials on the potlatch
List of Canadians
List of Canadians#Aboriginal leaders

Big Bear

Big Bear or Mistahi-maskwa was a Cree leader notable for his involvement in the North-West Rebellion and his subsequent imprisonment.-Early life and leadership:...

(1825-1888) - Cree leader

Brant, Joseph

Joseph Brant

Thayendanegea or Joseph Brant was a Mohawk military and political leader, based in present-day New York, who was closely associated with Great Britain during and after the American Revolution. He was perhaps the most well-known American Indian of his generation...

(1742-1807) - Mohawk leader

Brant, Mary

Mary Brant

Molly Brant , also known as Mary Brant, Konwatsi'tsiaienni, and Degonwadonti, was a prominent Mohawk woman in the era of the American Revolution. Living in the Province of New York, she was the consort of Sir William Johnson, the influential British Superintendent of Indian Affairs, with whom she...

(1736-1796) - leader of Six Nations women's federation

Riel, Louis

Louis Riel

Louis David Riel was a Canadian politician, a founder of the province of Manitoba, and a political and spiritual leader of the Métis people of the Canadian prairies. He led two resistance movements against the Canadian government and its first post-Confederation Prime Minister, Sir John A....

(1844-1885) - leader of two Métis

Métis people (Canada)

uprisings

Piapot

Piapot, a Chief of First Nations people in southern Saskatchewan in the late 19th century. His name “Payepot” means Hole-in-the-Sioux. He became a well known leader, diplomat, warrior, horse thief, and spiritualist.-Childhood:...

(c.1816 - 1908) - Cree Chief

Tecumseh

Tecumseh was a Native American leader of the Shawnee and a large tribal confederacy which opposed the United States during Tecumseh's War and the War of 1812...

(1768-1813) - Shawnee

Shawnee

The Shawnee, Shaawanwaki, Shaawanooki and Shaawanowi lenaweeki, are an Algonquian-speaking people native to North America. Historically they inhabited the areas of Ohio, Virginia, West Virginia, Western Maryland, Kentucky, Indiana, and Pennsylvania...

leader

Nicola

Nicola (chief)

Nicola , also Nkwala or N'kwala, was an important First Nations political figure in the fur trade era of the British Columbia Interior as well as into the colonial period...

1780/1785 – c. 1865 – Grand chief of the Okanagan people

Okanagan people

The Okanagan people, also spelled Okanogan, are a First Nations and Native American people whose traditional territory spans the U.S.-Canada boundary in Washington state and British Columbia...

, and jointly chief of the Nlaka'pamux

Nlaka'pamux

The Nlaka'pamux , commonly called "the Thompson", and also Thompson River Salish, Thompson Salish, Thompson River Indians or Thompson River people) are an indigenous First Nations/Native American people of the Interior Salish language group in southern British Columbia...

Nicola Athapaskan

Nicola Athapaskans

The Nicola Athapaskans, also known as the Nicola people or Stuwix, were an Athabascan people who arrived in the in the migrated into the Nicola Country of what is now the Southern Interior of British Columbia from the north a few centuries ago but were slowly reduced in number by constant raiding...

alliance in the Nicola Valley and of the Kamloops group of the Secwepemc

Secwepemc

The Secwepemc , known in English as the Shuswap people, are a First Nations people residing in the Canadian province of British Columbia. Their traditional territory ranges from the eastern Chilcotin Plateau and the Cariboo Plateau southeast through the Thompson Country to Kamloops and the Shuswap...

Cumshewa

Cumshewa, also Go'mshewah, Cummashawa, Cummashawaas, Cumchewas, Gumshewa, was an important chief of the Haida people of the Queen Charlotte Islands on the North Coast of British Columbia, Canada. His name is believed to be of either Kwak'wala or Heiltsuk origin, meaning "rich at the mouth of the...

- 18th Century Haida chief at the inlet now bearing his name

Maquinna

Maquinna was the chief of the Nuu-chah-nulth people of Nootka Sound, during the heyday of the maritime fur trade in the 1780s and 1790s on the Pacific Northwest Coast...

- 18th Century Nuu-chah-nulth chief (Yuquot/Mowachaht).

Wickanninish 19th Century Nuu-chah-nulth chief (Opitsaht

Opitsaht

Opitsaht, spelled also as Opitsat and Opitsitah, is a community of the Tla-o-qui-aht people of the Nuu-chah-nulth nation, located at the SW end of Meares Island in Clayoquot Sound. During the era of the Maritime Fur Trade, Opitsaht was the seat of Wickaninnish, chief of the Tla-o-qui-aht, and...

/Tla-o-qui-aht)

August Jack Khatsahlano

August Jack was an Indigenous/Aboriginal chief of the Sḵwxwú7mesh. He was born in the village of Xwayxway on the peninsula that is now Stanley Park, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. In his later years, he lived in multiple Sḵwxwú7mesh villages including Xwemelch'stn, Sta7mes, and, most...

- Skwxwu7mesh

Joe Capilano

Joe Capilano , was a leader of the Sḵwxwú7mesh , who called him Sa7plek . He fought for the recognition of Native rights and lifestyle.Capilano spent his youth fishing and hunting...

- Skwxwu7mesh

Harriet Nahanee

Harriet Nahanee also known as Tseybayotl was an Indigenous rights activist, residential school alumnus, and environmental activist. She was born in British Columbia, Canada. She comes from the Pacheedaht who are part of the Nuu-chah-nulth, Indigenous peoples from the Vancouver Island...

- Skwxwu7mesh and Nuu-chah-nulth (Pacheedaht

Pacheedaht First Nation

The Pacheedaht First Nation is a First Nation based on the west coast of Vancouver Island in British Columbia, Canada. Although the Pacheedaht people are Nuu-chah-nulth-aht by culture and language, they are not a member of the Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council and define themselves differently.Our...

)

Andy Paull

Andy Paull, was a Sḵwxwú7mesh leader, activist, coach, and lawyer.-Early life and family:...

- Skwxwu7mesh

Frank Calder

-External links:*...

- Nisga'a

Nisga'a

The Nisga’a , often formerly spelled Nishga and spelled in the Nisga’a language as Nisga’a, are an Indigenous nation or First Nation in Canada. They live in the Nass River valley of northwestern British Columbia. Their name comes from a combination of two Nisga’a words: Nisk’-"top lip" and...

Elijah Harper

Elijah Harper is an Aboriginal Cree Canadian politician and band chief. He was a key player in the rejection of the Meech Lake Accord, an attempt at Canadian constitutional reform.- Early life :...

- Cree

Cree

The Cree are one of the largest groups of First Nations / Native Americans in North America, with 200,000 members living in Canada. In Canada, the major proportion of Cree live north and west of Lake Superior, in Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and the Northwest Territories, although...

and/or Ojibwe

Guujaaw

Guujaaw is a traditional singer, wood carver, traditional medicine practitioner and political activist. He is a Haida, of the Raven Clan of Skedans.-Background:Beginning in the 1970s, Guujaaw worked to protect Gwaii Haanas from logging activity...

- modern-day Haida leader

Shawn Atleo

Shawn A-in-chut Atleo is a Canadian First Nations activist and the current national chief of the Assembly of First Nations. Formerly the AFN's regional chief in British Columbia, he was selected as the new national chief of the AFN at its leadership convention on July 23, 2009, defeating Perry...

William Beynon

William Beynon was a hereditary chief from the Tsimshian nation and an oral historian who served as ethnographer, translator, and linguistic consultant to many anthropologists....

Arthur Wellington Clah

Arthur Wellington Clah was a Canadian First Nations employee of the Hudson's Bay Company at Lax Kw'alaams , B.C., who was also a hereditary chief in the Tsimshian nation, an anthropological informant, and an extensive diarist....

Heber Clifton

Heber Clifton was an hereditary chief of the Gitga'ata tribe of the Tsimshian nation of British Columbia, Canada. He was from the Tsimshian community of Hartley Bay, B.C...

Harley Desjarlais

Harley Desjarlais is a regional Métis leader in Canada. He is a former president of the Métis Provincial Council of British Columbia, today known as Métis Nation British Columbia. However, he was suspended from that position in September 2004 for unspecified reasons.-References:...

Alfred Dudoward

Alfred Dudoward was an hereditary chief from the Tsimshian nation in British Columbia, Canada, who was instrumental in establishing a Methodist mission in his community of Port Simpson , B.C.Dudoward was a member of the Gitando tribe, one of the nine Tsimshian tribes based in Lax Kw'alaams. His...

Chief Shakes

Chief Shakes is a distinguished Tlingit leadership title passed down through generations.-Origin:The orphan Gush X’een lived at Ch’aal’in. He was a Teikweidí named Joonák’w. The leader of the Naanya.aayí, S.nóok, took a liking to the orphaned boy and raised him as a nephew...

Dan George

Chief Dan George, OC was a chief of the Tsleil-Waututh Nation, a Coast Salish band located on Burrard Inlet in North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. He was also an author, poet, and an Academy Award-nominated actor....

- Tsleil-Waututh First Nation

Tsleil-Waututh First Nation

The Tsleil-Waututh First Nation, also known as the Burrard Indian Band or Burrard Band, is a First Nations government in the Canadian Province of British Columbia...

(Burrard)

Joseph Gosnell

Joseph Arthur Gosnell, Sr., is a distinguished leader of the Nisga'a people of northern British Columbia, Canada.The son of Eli and Mary Gosnell, he was born at Arrandale Cannery and grew up in the village of New Aiyansh where he still lives. He received his formal education at St. Michael's...

- Nisga'a

Nisga'a

Simon Gunanoot

Simon Gunanoot was a prosperous Gitxsan man and a merchant in the Kispiox Valley region of Hazelton, British Columbia, Canada. He lived with his wife and children on a large ranch...

- Gitxsan

Gitxsan

Gitxsan are an indigenous people whose home territory comprises most of the area known as the Skeena Country in English...

Chief Hunter Jack

Chief Hunter Jack was a 19th C. chief of the Lakes Lillooet . His name in St'at'imcets, the Lillooet language, is cited in one source as Tash Poli....

( -d.1905) - St'at'imc

St'at'imc

The St'át'imc are an Interior Salish people located in the southern Coast Mountains and Fraser Canyon region of the Interior of the Canadian province of British Columbia.St'át'imc culture displayed many features typical of Northwest Coast peoples: the...

Mary John, Sr.

Mary John, Sr., CM was a leader of the Carrier people of the central interior of British Columbia in Canada. She was known as "Mary John, Sr." to distinguish her from her daughter-in-law, also named Mary John...

Klattasine

Klattasine was the young chief of the Chilcotin tribe who became famous during the British Columbia gold rush....

- Tsilhqot'in

Tsilhqot'in

The Tsilhqot'in are a Northern Athabaskan First Nations people that live in British Columbia, Canada...

war chief, surrendered on terms of amnesty in times of war, hanged for murder

Koyah

Koyah, also Coya, Coyour, Kower, Kouyer Koyah, also Coya, Coyour, Kower, Kouyer Koyah, also Coya, Coyour, Kower, Kouyer (phonetically /xo’ya/, meaning "raven" (b.?-d. c.1795), was the chief of Ninstints or Skungwai, the main village of the Kunghit-Haida during the era of the Maritime Fur Trade in...

- 18th Century chief of the Haida

George Manuel

George Manuel, OC was an Aboriginal leader in Canada. In the 1970s, he was chief of the National Indian Brotherhood .-Biography:...

Shanawdithit

Shanawdithit , also noted as Shawnadithititis, Shawnawdithit, Nancy April and Nancy Shanawdithit, was the last known living member of the Beothuk people of Newfoundland, Canada. Also remembered for drawings she made towards the end of her life, Shawnawdithit was in her late twenties when she died...

Stewart Phillip

Stewart Phillip is an Okanagan Aboriginal leader who has served as President of the Union of BC Indian Chiefs. Being a chief of the Penticton in British Columbia, he has advocated for Aboriginal rights for the First Nations in that province and particularly in the Okanagan region.In 2002, Phillip...

Steven Point

Steven Lewis Point, is the 28th and current Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia.From 1975 to 1999, Steven Point served as Chief of the Skowkale First Nation...

- modern Sto:lo

Stó:lo

The Sto:lo , alternately written as Stó:lō, Stó:lô or Stó:lõ and historically as Staulo or Stahlo, and historically known and commonly referred to in ethnographic literature as the Fraser River Indians or Lower Fraser Salish, are a group of First Nations peoples inhabiting the Fraser Valley of...

leader, current Lieutenant-Governor of British Columbia

James Sewid

James Aul Sewid, OC was a Canadian fisherman, author and former Chief councillor of the Kwakwaka'wakw at Alert Bay, British Columbia....

- Kwakwaka'wakw

Kwakwaka'wakw

The Kwakwaka'wakw are an Indigenous group of First Nations peoples, numbering about 5,500, who live in British Columbia on northern Vancouver Island and the adjoining mainland and islands.Kwakwaka'wakw translates as "Those who speak Kwak'wala", describing the collective nations within the area that...

Alec Thomas

Alec Thomas was born around 1894 near Alberni, British Columbia, Canada. He was a fisherman, trapper, longshoreman, logger, interpreter, self-taught anthropologist, and Tseshaht politician....

Walter Wright

Walter Wright (oral historian)

Walter George Wright was a Tsimshian hereditary chief from the community of Kitselas, near Terrace, British Columbia, Canada, whose extensive knowledge of oral history was published posthumously in book form as Men of Medeek....

List of Chinook Jargon placenames
List of community radio stations in Canada
List of conflicts in Canada
List of English words from indigenous languages of the Americas
List of First Nations governments
List of First Nations people
List of First Nations peoples
List of Indian reserves in Canada
List of Indian reserves in Canada by population
List of Indian residential schools in Canada
List of indigenous peoples
List of Canadian Inuit
List of Métis people
List of place names in Canada of Aboriginal origin
List of placenames of indigenous origin in the Americas
List of pre-Columbian cultures
List of tribal councils in British Columbia
List of writers from peoples indigenous to the Americas
Looting of Battleford

Louis Riel

(A feature class article)

Trial of Louis Riel

The Trial of Louis Riel is arguably the most famous trial in the history of Canada. In 1885, Louis Riel had been a leader of a resistance movement by the Métis and First Nations people of western Canada against the Canadian government in what is now the modern province of Saskatchewan...

Louis Riel: A Comic-Strip Biography

Louis Riel: A Comic-Strip Biography is a highly acclaimed comic book biography of the Métis rebel leader, Louis Riel, by Chester Brown and published by Drawn and Quarterly...

M

Makah language
Makah language
The Makah language is the Indigenous language spoken by the Makah people. Makah has been extinct as a first language since 2002, when its last fluent native speaker died. However, it survives as a second language, and the Makah tribe is attempting to revive the language, including through preschool...
Malsumis
Malsumis
Malsumis is a highly malevolent spirit or god in Abenaki mythology, an Algonquian people of northeastern North America.-General background:According to legend, after Tabaldak created humans, the dust from his hand created Gluskab and some versions say that he also created Gluskab's twin brother,...
Manitoba Band Operated Schools
Manitoba Band Operated Schools
Band Operated Schools in Manitoba and the rest of Canada are schools that are funded by the Government of Canada. In accordance with the funding arrangements between the federal government and most individual First Nations, Band Operated Schools must be administered by locally elected School...
Manitou
Manitou
Manitou is a general term for spirit beings among many Algonquian Native American groups.Manitou may also refer to:- Geography :* Manitou, Manitoba, Canada* Manitou, Kentucky, USA* Manitou, Oklahoma, USA- Other uses :...
Maritime Archaic
Maritime Archaic
The Maritime Archaic is a North American cultural complex of the Late Archaic along the coast of Newfoundland, the Canadian Martimes and northern New England. The Maritime Archaic began in approximately 7000 BC and lasted into the 18th century. The culture consisted of sea-mammal hunters in the...
McKenna-McBride Royal Commission
McKenna-McBride Royal Commission
The Royal Commission on Indian Affairs for the Province of British Columbia was a Royal Commission established in 1912 to resolve the "Indian reserve question" in British Columbia....
McNally Robinson Aboriginal Book of the Year Award
McNally Robinson Aboriginal Book of the Year Award
The McNally Robinson Aboriginal Book of the Year Award is a Canadian literary award, presented annually since 2005 to a First Nations, Inuit or Métis writer for a work published in English in any literary genre...
Michif language
Michif language
Michif is the language of the Métis people of Canada and the United States, who are the descendants of First Nations women and fur trade workers of European ancestry...
Minister of Aboriginal and Northern Affairs (Manitoba)
Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development (Canada)
Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development (Canada)
The Minister of Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development is the Minister of the Crown in the Canadian Cabinet who heads two different departments...
Mitchell v. M.N.R.
Mitchell v. M.N.R.
Mitchell v. Minister of National Revenue, [2001] 1 S.C.R. 911 is a leading Supreme Court of Canada decision on aboriginal rights under section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982...
Models of migration to the New World
Models of migration to the New World
There have been several models for the human settlement of the Americas proposed by various academic communities. The question of how, when and why humans first entered the Americas is of intense interest to archaeologists and anthropologists, and has been a subject of heated debate for centuries...
Mokotakan
Mokotakan
Mokotakan is an open-air museum located in Saint-Mathieu-du-Parc in the Mauricie region of Quebec, Canada. It traces the presence of aboriginal peoples in Quebec for more than 5000 years. The eleven aboriginal peoples of Quebec represented at the site are Abenakis, Algonquins, Atikamekws, Cree,...
Meech Lake Accord
Meech Lake Accord
The Meech Lake Accord was a package of proposed amendments to the Constitution of Canada negotiated in 1987 by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and ten provincial premiers. It was intended to persuade the government of the Province of Quebec to endorse the 1982 Canadian Constitution and increase...

Anglo-Métis

A 19th-century community of the Métis people of Canada, the Anglo-Métis, more commonly known as Countryborn, were children of fur traders; they typically had Orcadian, Scottish, or English fathers and Aboriginal mothers. Their first languages were generally those of their mothers: Cree, Saulteaux,...

Metis Child and Family Services Society

Métis Child and Family Services Societies are individual, independent, charitable non-profit organizations that exist in areas of high Métis populations.-Lac La Biche:...

Métis Flag

The Métis Flag was first used by Métis resistance fighters in Canada prior to the Battle of Seven Oaks in 1816. The flag is either blue or red with a white infinity symbol superimposed on top. The blue flag is used to associate the Métis employees of the North West Company, while the red...

Métis French

Métis French, along with Michif and Bungi, is one of the traditional languages of the Métis people, and the French-dialect source of Michif.-Michif:...

Metis Comprehensive Land Claim Agreement

Sahtu Dene and Metis Comprehensive Land Claim Agreement

The Sahtu Dene and Metis Comprehensive Land Claim Agreement, signed in September 1993 by Pauline Browes, then Minister of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, the Chiefs of the Sahtu First Nations, and the Presidents of the Métis Councils marking the resolution of the Sahtu Dene and Metis claims to...

Métis National Council

The Métis National Council is the representative of the Northwest Métis people within Canada.-History:The National Council was formed in 1983, following the recognition of the Métis as an aboriginal people in Canada, in Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982...

Métis Nation of Alberta

The Métis Nation of Alberta was formed in 1932 as the Métis Association of Alberta. Its primary goal was to be a political body to lobby the government on behalf of the Métis people. Its primary founding members were Felice Callihoo, Joseph Dion, James P. Brady, Malcolm Norris, Peter Tompkins. ...

Métis in Alberta

Métis in Alberta are Métis people who live in the Canadian province of Alberta. The Métis are the decedents of mixed First Nations/native Indian and White/European families. The Métis are considered an aboriginal group under Canada's constitution but are separate from the First Nations and have...

Métis Nation British Columbia

The Métis Nation British Columbia , formerly Métis Provincial Council of British Columbia, is an aboriginal organization representing Métis people in British Columbia, Canada. Its current president is Bruce Dumont, Vice-president is David Hodgson....

Métis Community Association of Vancouver

Vancouver Métis Community Association

Vancouver Métis Community Association is a Métis community organization in Vancouver, British Columbia. The organization was established in 1995 as the Vancouver Métis Association by Dr...

Manitoba Métis Federation

The Manitoba Métis Federation is an aboriginal organization in Manitoba, Canada. Its current president is David Chartrand. MMF is an affiliate of the Métis National Council.-History:...

Métis Nation - Saskatchewan

The Métis Nation—Saskatchewan is an organization that represents the approximately 80,000 Métis people in the province of Saskatchewan, Canada. It is affiliated with the Métis National Council....

Métis Nation of Ontario

Métis Nation of Ontario is an aboriginal organization for the Métis population in Ontario.It is affiliated with the Métis National Council.-External links:*...

Métis Population Betterment Act

The Métis Population Betterment Act was an Act of the Government of Alberta in Canada, which created a committee of members of the Métis and the government to plot out lands for allocation to the Métis...

Métis-sur-Mer, Quebec

Métis-sur-Mer is a village in the La Mitis Regional County Municipality within the Bas-Saint-Laurent region of Quebec.This area was first settled by Scottish immigrants during the early 19th century....

Métis people (United States)

Metis of Maine

The Maine Eastern Tribal Indian Society , often referred to as The Métis of Maine is a cultural and educational organization based in Dayton, Maine...

Miss Six Nations
Miss Six Nations
Miss Six Nations is an annual cultural ambassador competition associated with the Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation. The pageant has been part of the Six Nations Fall Fair since the 1940s. It is held on the first Thursday after Labour Day...
Mixed-blood
Mixed-blood
The term mixed-blood in the United States is most often employed for individuals of mixed European and Native American ancestry who are not of Hispanic descent . Some of the most prominent in the 19th century were mixed-blood or mixed-race children born of marriages and unions between fur traders...
Mohawk language
Mohawk language
Mohawk is an Iroquoian language spoken by around 2,000 people of the Mohawk nation in the United States and Canada . Mohawk has the largest number of speakers of the Northern Iroquoian languages; today it is the only one with greater than a thousand remaining...
Mukluk
Mukluk
Mukluks or Kamik are a soft boot traditionally made of reindeer skin or sealskin and were originally worn by Arctic aboriginal people, including the Inuit and Yupik. The term mukluk is often used for any soft boot designed for cold weather and modern designs are often similar to high-top athletic...
Music of Nunavut
Music of Nunavut
Early European immigration brought new styles and instruments to Nunavut, including country music, bluegrass, square dancing, the button accordion and the fiddle....

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Na-Dene languages
Na-Dené languages
Na-Dene is a Native American language family which includes at least the Athabaskan languages, Eyak, and Tlingit languages. An inclusion of Haida is controversial....
Nanfan Treaty
Nanfan Treaty
Deed from the Five Nations to the King, of their Beaver Hunting Ground, more commonly known as the Nanfan Treaty, was an agreement made between the representatives of the Iroquois Confederacy with John Nanfan, the acting colonial governor of New York, on behalf of the The Crown...
Nahnebahwequa
Nahnebahwequa
Nahnebahwequa or Catherine Bunch was an Ojibwa spokeswoman and Christian Missionary. -Early life:...
Nanook
Nanook
In Inuit mythology, Nanook or Nanuq , which is from the Inuit language for polar bear, was the master of bears, meaning he decided if hunters had followed all applicable taboos and if they deserved success in hunting bears....
Nanook of the North
Nanook of the North
Nanook of the North is a 1922 silent documentary film by Robert J. Flaherty. In the tradition of what would later be called salvage ethnography, Flaherty captured the struggles of the Inuk Nanook and his family in the Canadian arctic...
National Aboriginal Achievement Awards
National Aboriginal Achievement Awards
The National Aboriginal Achievement Awards are annual awards presented by the National Aboriginal Achievement Foundation in Canada. The awards are intended to celebrate and encourage excellence in the Aboriginal community.-About:...
National Aboriginal Achievement Foundation
National Aboriginal Achievement Foundation
The National Aboriginal Achievement Foundation is a nationally registered non-profit organization dedicated to raising funds to deliver programs that provide the tools necessary for Aboriginal peoples in Canada, especially youth to achieve their potential.-About:To date the Foundation through its...
National Aboriginal Day
National Aboriginal Day
National Aboriginal Day is a day recognizing and celebrating the cultures and contributions of the First Nations, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada. The day was first celebrated in 1996, after it was proclaimed that year by then Governor General of Canada Roméo LeBlanc, to be celebrated on June 21...
National Aboriginal Health Organization
National Aboriginal Health Organization
The National Aboriginal Health Organization is an Aboriginal-designed and -controlled not-for-profit body in Canada that works to influence and advance the health and well-being of Aboriginal Peoples....
Native American cuisine
Native American cuisine
Native American cuisine includes all food practices of the indigenous peoples of the Americas. Information about Native American cuisine comes from a great variety of sources. Modern-day native peoples retain a rich body of traditional foods, some of which have become iconic of present-day Native...
Native American art
Native American art
Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas encompasses the visual artistic traditions of the indigenous peoples of the Americas from ancient times to the present...
Native Education Centre
Native Education Centre
The NEC Native Education College is a registered private aboriginal college based in Vancouver, British Columbia. It is governed by non-profit society and is a registered charitable organization.Programs and courses offered include:...
Native Friendship Centre
Native Friendship Centre
A Friendship Centre is a non-profit community centre and Aboriginal program/service delivery organization located in many towns and cities in Canada to provide services to urban Aboriginals: Inuit, Métis, First Nations Non-Status and Non-Aboriginal people who live in urban areas...
Native Women's Association of Canada
Native Women's Association of Canada
The Native Women's Association of Canada, or NWAC, is one of Canada's National Aboriginal Organizations, and represents Aboriginal women, particularly First Nations and Métis women. Inuit women are represented by the separate organization, Pauktuutit...
New World
New World
The New World is one of the names used for the Western Hemisphere, specifically America and sometimes Oceania . The term originated in the late 15th century, when America had been recently discovered by European explorers, expanding the geographical horizon of the people of the European middle...
Nicola (chief)
Nicola (chief)
Nicola , also Nkwala or N'kwala, was an important First Nations political figure in the fur trade era of the British Columbia Interior as well as into the colonial period...
Nicola language
Nicola language
Nicola is the name used for an extinct Athabascan language formerly spoken in the Similkameen and Nicola Countries of British Columbia by the group known to linguists and ethnographers as the Nicola people, although that name in modern usage refers to an alliance of Interior Salishan bands living...
Nine Years' War
Nisga'a Final Agreement
Nisga'a Final Agreement
The Nisga'a Final Agreement, also known as the Nisga'a Treaty, is a treaty settled between the , the government of British Columbia, and the Government of Canada. As part of the settlement in the Nass River valley nearly 2,000 square kilometres of land was officially recognized as , and a 300,000...
Nisga'a language
Nisga'a language
Nisga’a is a Tsimshianic language of the Nisga'a people of northwestern British Columbia. Nisga'a people, however, do not like the term Tshimshianic as they feel that it gives precedence to Coast Tsimshian. Nisga’a is very closely related to Gitksan...
Notable Aboriginal people of Canada
Notable Aboriginal people of Canada
Over the course of centuries, many Aboriginal Canadians have played a critical role in shaping the history of Canada. From art and music, to law and government, to sports and war; Aboriginal customs and culture have had a strong influences on defining Canadian culture...
North American fur trade
North American Fur Trade
The North American fur trade was the industry and activities related to the acquisition, exchange, and sale of animal furs in the North American continent. Indigenous peoples of different regions traded among themselves in the Pre-Columbian Era, but Europeans participated in the trade beginning...
Northwest Coast art
Northwest Coast art
Northwest Coast art is the term commonly applied to a style of art created primarily by artists from Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian, Kwakwaka'wakw, Nuu-chah-nulth and other First Nations and Native American tribes of the Northwest Coast of North America, from pre-European-contact times up to the...
Northwest Indian War
Northwest Indian War
The Northwest Indian War , also known as Little Turtle's War and by various other names, was a war fought between the United States and a confederation of numerous American Indian tribes for control of the Northwest Territory...
Northern Regional Negotiations Table
Northern Regional Negotiations Table
The Northern Regional Negotiations Table handles treaty negotiations in the British Columbia Treaty Process for a number of First Nations located in the far north of British Columbia and the south of the Yukon Territory in Canada.-Membership:...
North West Company
North West Company
The North West Company was a fur trading business headquartered in Montreal from 1779 to 1821. It competed with increasing success against the Hudson's Bay Company in what was to become Western Canada...

- North West fur Company (1779 to 1821)
North-West Rebellion
North-West Rebellion
The North-West Rebellion of 1885 was a brief and unsuccessful uprising by the Métis people of the District of Saskatchewan under Louis Riel against the Dominion of Canada...
Norton tradition
Norton tradition
The Norton tradition is an archaeological culture that developed in the Western Arctic along the Alaskan shore of the Bering Strait around 1000 BCE and lasted through about 800 CE...

Numbered Treaties
Numbered Treaties
The numbered treaties are a series of eleven treaties signed between the aboriginal peoples in Canada and the reigning Monarch of Canada from 1871 to 1921. It was the Government of Canada who created the policy, commissioned the Treaty Commissioners and ratified the agreements...

Treaty 1

Treaty 1 is a controversial agreement established August 3, 1871 between Queen Victoria and various First Nations in South Eastern Manitoba including the Chippewa and Swampy Cree tribes.-History:...

- August 1871

Treaty 2

Treaty 2 was an agreement established August 21, 1871, between the Queen Victoria and various First Nations in southwest Manitoba and a small part of southeast Saskatchewan; treaty signatories from this region included the Ojibway tribes.-History:...

- August 1871

Treaty 3

Treaty 3 was an agreement entered into on October 3, 1873, by the Ojibway Nation and Queen Victoria. The treaty ceded a vast tract of Ojibway territory, including large parts of what is now northwestern Ontario and a small part of eastern Manitoba, to the Government of Canada...

- October 1873

Treaty 4

Treaty 4 was a treaty established between Queen Victoria and the Cree and Saulteaux First Nations. The area covered by Treaty 4 represents most of current day southern Saskatchewan, plus small portions of what are today western Manitoba and southeastern Alberta....

- September 1874

Treaty 5

Treaty 5 is a treaty that was first established in September, 1875, between Queen Victoria and Saulteaux and Swampy Cree non-treaty tribes and peoples around Lake Winnipeg in the District of Keewatin. Much of what is today central and northern Manitoba was covered by the treaty, as were a few small...

- September 1875 (adhesions from 1908-1910)

Treaty 6

Treaty 6 is an agreement between the Canadian monarch and the Plain and Wood Cree Indians and other tribes of Indians at Fort Carlton, Fort Pitt and Battle River. The area agreed upon by the Plain and Wood Cree represents most of the central area of the current provinces of Saskatchewan and...

- August–September 1876 (adhesions in February 1889)

Treaty 7

Treaty 7 was an agreement between Queen Victoria and several mainly Blackfoot First Nations tribes in what is today the southern portion of Alberta. It was concluded on September 22, 1877. The agreement was signed at the Blackfoot Crossing of the Bow River, at the present-day Siksika Nation...

- September 1877

Treaty 8

Treaty 8 was an agreement signed on June 21, 1899, between Queen Victoria and various First Nations of the Lesser Slave Lake area. The Treaty was signed just south of present-day Grouard, Alberta.-Treaty:...

- June 1899 (with further signings and adhesions until 1901)

Treaty 9

Treaty 9 was an agreement established in July, 1905, between the Government of Canada in the name of King Edward VII and various First Nations in northern Ontario. One First Nation community in the bordering Abitibi region of northwestern Quebec is included in this treaty...

- July 1905

Treaty 10

Treaty 10 was an agreement established beginning 19 August 1906, between King Edward VII and various First Nations in northern Saskatchewan and a small portion of eastern Alberta...

- August 1906

Treaty 11

Treaty 11, the last of the Numbered Treaties, was an agreement established between 1921 and 1922 between King George V and various First Nations in what is today the Northwest Territories....

- June 1921

Nunamiut
Nunamiut
The Nunamiut people are a semi-nomadic inland Inupiaq Eskimos located in northern and northwestern Alaska, mostly around the Anaktuvuk Pass, Alaska, whose ancestors date back hundreds of years.-History:...
Nunatsiavummiutut
Nunatsiavummiutut
The Nunatsiavummiut dialect, or Nunatsiavummiutut, also known as Labradorimiutut and called Inuttut by its speakers, is a dialect of the Inuit language...
Nunavut Arctic College
Nunavut Arctic College
Nunavut Arctic College is a Crown corporation that is funded by the Government of Nunavut and has several campuses and centres spread out throughout Nunavut, Canada.-History:...
Nunavut Land Claims Agreement
Nunavut Land Claims Agreement
The Nunavut Land Claims Agreement is a 1993 land claims agreement between the Inuit of the Nunavut Settlement Area and the Government of Canada subject to the Constitution Act of 1982...
Nuk-luk
Nuk-luk
The Nuk-luk is a cryptozoological hominid reported in the Nahanni National Park Reserve near Nahanni Butte, Northwest Territories, Canada, between April and June of 1964, by John Baptist, several men, and a boy named Jerry. Several Dene from Fort Liard who were trapping at a river reportedly came...
Nuu-chah-nulth
Nuu-chah-nulth mythology
Nuu-chah-nulth mythology
Nuu-chah-nulth mythology is the historical oral history of the Nuu-chah-nulth, an Indigenous nation living on Vancouver Island in British Columbia....
Nuxálk language
Nuxálk language
Nuxálk is a Salishan language spoken in the vicinity of the Canadian town Bella Coola, British Columbia by approximately 20-30 elders...

O

Ogemawahj Tribal Council
Ogemawahj Tribal Council
Ogemawahj Tribal Council is a non-profit Regional Chiefs' Council representing Mississaugas, Ojibwa and Potawatomi First Nations in southern Ontario, Canada...
Ojibwe writing systems
Ojibwe writing systems
Ojibwe is an Native American language of the Algonquian family. Ojibwe is one of the largest Native American languages north of Mexico in terms of number of speakers, and is characterized by a series of dialects, some of which differ significantly...
Oowekyala language
Oowekyala language
Oowekyala is a dialect of Heiltsuk-Oowekyala, a Northern Wakashan language spoken around Rivers Inlet and Owikeno Lake in the Central Coast region of the Canadian province...
Oka Crisis
Oka Crisis
The Oka Crisis was a land dispute between a group of Mohawk people and the town of Oka, Quebec, Canada which began on July 11, 1990 and lasted until September 26, 1990. At least one person died as a result...
Okichitaw
Okichitaw
Okichitaw is a martial art based on the fighting techniques of the Plains Cree First Nations. It was founded and developed by Canadian martial artist, George J. Lépine.- Origins :In his youth, founder George J...
Old Copper Complex
Old Copper Complex
Old Copper Complex is a term used for ancient Native North American societies known to have been heavily involved in the utilization of copper for weaponry and tools. It is to be distinguished from the Copper Age , when copper use becomes systematic.The Old Copper Complex of the Western Great Lakes...
Old Crow Flats
Old Crow Flats
Old Crow Flats is a wetland complex in northern Yukon, Canada. It is north of the Arctic Circle and south of the Beaufort Sea, and is nearly surrounded by mountains. The site is protected by the Yukon Wildlife Ordinance and Migratory Birds Convention Act...
One Dead Indian
One Dead Indian
One Dead Indian: The Premier, the Police, and the Ipperwash Crisis is a book by Canadian investigative journalist Peter Edwards about the 1995 Ipperwash Crisis and the shooting death of aboriginal land claims protester Dudley George by the Ontario Provincial Police on September 7, 1995...
Onkweonwe
Onkweonwe
Onkweonwe was a Mohawk language newspaper conceived, compiled, edited, and published by Charles Angus Cooke . Cooke was an Iroquois civil servant in the Government of Canada whose career coincided with that of Deputy Superintendent of Indian Affairs , Duncan Campbell Scott...
Ontario Minamata disease
Ontario Minamata disease
Ontario Minamata disease is a neurological syndrome caused by severe mercury poisoning. It occurred in the Canadian province of Ontario in 1970 and severely affected two First Nation communities located in Northwestern Ontario following consumption of local fish that were contaminated with mercury...
Ozette Indian Village Archeological Site
Ozette Indian Village Archeological Site
The Ozette Indian Village Archeological Site is the site of an archaeological excavation at Ozette on the Olympic Peninsula near La Push, Washington, USA. The site was a village occupied by the Makah people until a mudslide inundated the site around 1700....

P

Paleo-Eskimo
Paleo-Eskimo
The Paleo-Eskimo were the peoples who inhabited the Arctic region from Chukotka in present-day Russia across North America to Greenland prior to the rise of the modern Inuit and/or Eskimo and related cultures...
Paleo-Indians
Payipwat
Payipwat
Payipwat was a Plains Cree chief. He was one of the five major leaders of the Plains Cree after 1860.- Early life :...

(Piapot
Piapot
Piapot, a Chief of First Nations people in southern Saskatchewan in the late 19th century. His name “Payepot” means Hole-in-the-Sioux. He became a well known leader, diplomat, warrior, horse thief, and spiritualist.-Childhood:...

)
Paulette Caveat
Paulette Caveat
In 1973, a group of Dene chiefs filed a caveat at the land titles office in Yellowknife, Northwest Territories to gain a legal interest in of land in northern Canada...
Petun
Petun
The Petún , or Tionontati in their language, were an Iroquoian-speaking First Nations people closely related to the Wendat Confederacy. Their homeland was located along the southwest edge of Georgian Bay, in the area immediately to the west of the Huron territory in Southern Ontario of...
Penetanguishene Bay Purchase
Penetanguishene Bay Purchase
The Penetanguishene Bay Purchase, registered as Crown Treaty Number Five, was signed May 22, 1798 between the Chippeway and the government of Upper Canada...
Pitikwahanapiwiyin
Pitikwahanapiwiyin
Pitikwahanapiwiyin , commonly known as Poundmaker, was a Plains Cree chief known as a peacemaker and defender of his people.-Name:...

(Poundmaker)

Poundmaker Cree Nation

The Poundmaker Cree Nation is a Cree First Nation, located near Cut Knife, Saskatchewan. It is a Treaty 6 nation, started by the famous Cree Chief Pitikwahanapiwiyin. The band has 1281 members with 505 living on the reserve. Its location is Northwest of North Battleford and Saskatoon. Veteran actor...

Plano culture
Plank house
Plank House
The indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest constructed their homes, a plank house from the biodegradable cedar tree.The American Heritage Dictionary defines longhouse as "a long communal dwelling, especially of certain Native American, Polynesian, and Indonesian peoples." The homes commonly...
Plastic shaman
Plastic shaman
Plastic shaman is a pejorative colloquialism applied to individuals who are attempting to pass themselves off as shamans, holy people, or other traditional spiritual leaders, but who have no genuine connection to the traditions or cultures they claim to represent...
Pittailiniit
Pittailiniit
Pittailiniit refers to ritual prohibitions and taboos within Inuit culture.The Canadian Translation Bureau uses the term to refer to legal prohibitions in general....
Plains Indians
Plains Indians
The Plains Indians are the Indigenous peoples who live on the plains and rolling hills of the Great Plains of North America. Their colorful equestrian culture and resistance to White domination have made the Plains Indians an archetype in literature and art for American Indians everywhere.Plains...
Point Peninsula Complex
Point Peninsula Complex
The Point Peninsula Complex was an indigenous culture located in Ontario and New York from 300 BCE to 700 CE . The people are thought to have been influenced by the Hopewell traditions of the Ohio River valley...
Population history of American indigenous peoples
Population history of American indigenous peoples
The population figures for Indigenous peoples in the Americas before the 1492 voyage of Christopher Columbus have proven difficult to establish and rely on archaeological data and written records from European settlers...
Potlatch
Potlatch
A potlatch is a gift-giving festival and primary economic system practiced by indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast of Canada and United States. This includes Heiltsuk Nation, Haida, Nuxalk, Tlingit, Makah, Tsimshian, Nuu-chah-nulth, Kwakwaka'wakw, and Coast Salish cultures...
Pontiac's Rebellion
Pontiac's Rebellion
Pontiac's War, Pontiac's Conspiracy, or Pontiac's Rebellion was a war that was launched in 1763 by a loose confederation of elements of Native American tribes primarily from the Great Lakes region, the Illinois Country, and Ohio Country who were dissatisfied with British postwar policies in the...
Pow-wow
Pow-wow
A pow-wow is a gathering of North America's Native people. The word derives from the Narragansett word powwaw, meaning "spiritual leader". A modern pow-wow is a specific type of event where both Native American and non-Native American people meet to dance, sing, socialize, and honor American...
Powley ruling
Powley ruling
R v. Powley is a Supreme Court of Canada case defining Métis Aboriginal rights under section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982.-Facts and Procedural History:...
Pierre de Troyes, Chevalier de Troyes
Pierre de Troyes, Chevalier de Troyes
Pierre de Troyes, Chevalier de Troyes , a captain in the French army arrived at Quebec in August 1685 with reinforcements for the colony...
Pitikwahanapiwiyin
Pitikwahanapiwiyin
Pitikwahanapiwiyin , commonly known as Poundmaker, was a Plains Cree chief known as a peacemaker and defender of his people.-Name:...
Prince Albert Volunteers
Prince Albert Volunteers
The Prince Albert Volunteers or Prince Albert Rifles were a historical body of militia organized in Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, which served as Canadian government militia during the North-West Rebellion....
Pre-Columbian
Pre-Columbian
The pre-Columbian era incorporates all period subdivisions in the history and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European influences on the American continents, spanning the time of the original settlement in the Upper Paleolithic period to European colonization during...
Pwi-Di-Goo-Zing Ne-Yaa-Zhing Advisory Services
Pwi-Di-Goo-Zing Ne-Yaa-Zhing Advisory Services
Pwi-Di-Goo-Zing Ne-Yaa-Zhing Advisory Services is a non-profit Regional Chiefs' Council located in the Rainy River District, Ontario, Canada, serving seven First Nations by providing advisory services and training which will enhance the overall management skills and opportunities of the area's...

R

R. v. Badger
R. v. Badger
R. v. Badger, [1996] 1 S.C.R. 771 is a leading Supreme Court of Canada decision on the scope of aboriginal treaty rights. The Court set out a number of principles regarding the interpretation of treaties between the Crown and aboriginal peoples in Canada....
R. v. Marshall; R. v. Bernard
R. v. Marshall; R. v. Bernard
R. v. Marshall; R. v. Bernard 2005 SCC 43 is a leading Aboriginal rights decision of the Supreme Court of Canada where the Court narrowed the test from R. v. Marshall for determining the extent of constitutional protection upon aboriginal practices...
R. v. Marshall
R. v. Marshall
R. v. Marshall [1999] 3 S.C.R. 456 and R. v. Marshall [1999] 3 S.C.R. 533 are two decisions given by the Supreme Court of Canada on a single case regarding a treaty right to fish.-Decisions:...
R. v. Drybones
R. v. Drybones
R. v. Drybones, [1970] S.C.R. 282, is a landmark 6-3 Supreme Court of Canada decision holding that the Canadian Bill of Rights "empowered the courts to strike down federal legislation which offended its dictates." Accordingly, the Supreme Court of Canada held that section 94 of the Indian Act is...
R. v. Gladstone
R. v. Gladstone
R. v. Gladstone, [1996] 2 S.C.R. 723 is a leading Supreme Court of Canada decision on non-treaty aboriginal rights under section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982...
R. v. Gonzales
R. v. Gonzales
R. v. Gonzales , 37 C.R. 56, was a landmark decision by the British Columbia Court of Appeal holding that Section 94 of the Indian Act did not violate the respondent's equality before the law, guaranteed under section 1 of the Canadian Bill of Rights, because all Indians were treated in the same way...
R. v. Guerin
R. v. Guerin
Guerin v. The Queen [1984] 2 S.C.R. 335 was a landmark Supreme Court of Canada decision on aboriginal rights where the Court first stated that the government has a fiduciary duty towards the First Nations of Canada and established aboriginal title to be a sui generis right.-Background:The Musqueam...
R. v. Sparrow
R. v. Sparrow
R. v. Sparrow, [1990] 1 S.C.R. 1075 was an important decision of the Supreme Court of Canada concerning the application of Aboriginal rights under section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982...
R. v. Van der Peet
R. v. Van der Peet
R. v. Van der Peet, [1996] 2 S.C.R. 507 is a leading case on aboriginal rights under section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982. The Supreme Court held that aboriginal fishing rights did not extend to commercial selling of fish. From this case came the Van der Peet test for determining if an...
Rancherie
Rancherie
A Rancherie is a First Nations residential area of an Indian Reserve in colloquial English throughout the Canadian province of British Columbia...
Re Eskimos
Re Eskimos
Re Eskimos [1939] S.C.R. 104, is a decision by the Supreme Court of Canada regarding the constitutional status of Canada's Inuit people, then called "Eskimos." The case concerned section 91 of the Constitution Act, 1867, then the British North America Act, 1867, which assigns jurisdiction over...
Red Paint People
Red Paint People
The Red Paint People are a pre-Columbian culture indigenous to the New England and Atlantic Canada regions of North America. They were named after their burials, which used large quantities of ochre, normally red, to cover both bodies and grave goods...
Red River Rebellion
Red River Rebellion
The Red River Rebellion or Red River Resistance was the sequence of events related to the 1869 establishment of a provisional government by the Métis leader Louis Riel and his followers at the Red River Settlement, in what is now the Canadian province of Manitoba.The Rebellion was the first crisis...
Red River ox cart
Red River ox cart
The Red River cart was a large two-wheeled cart made entirely of non-metallic materials. Often drawn by oxen, though also by horses or mules, these carts were used throughout most of the 19th century in the fur trade and in westward expansion in Canada and the United States, in the area of the Red...
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples
The Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples was a Canadian Royal Commission established in 1991 to address many issues of aboriginal status that had come to light with recent events such as the Oka Crisis and the Meech Lake Accord. The commission culminated in a final report of 4000 pages,...
Royal Proclamation of 1763
Royal Proclamation of 1763
The Royal Proclamation of 1763 was issued October 7, 1763, by King George III following Great Britain's acquisition of French territory in North America after the end of the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War...
Rupert's Land
Rupert's Land
Rupert's Land, or Prince Rupert's Land, was a territory in British North America, consisting of the Hudson Bay drainage basin that was nominally owned by the Hudson's Bay Company for 200 years from 1670 to 1870, although numerous aboriginal groups lived in the same territory and disputed the...

Rupert's Land Act 1868

S

St. Catherines Milling v. The Queen
St. Catherines Milling v. The Queen
St. Catherine's Milling and Lumber Co. v. The Queen 14 App. Cas. 46 was the leading case on aboriginal title in Canada for more than 80 years...
St. Jude's Cathedral (Iqaluit)
St. Jude's Cathedral (Iqaluit)
St. Jude's Cathedral may refer to:Canada*St. Jude's Cathedral United States*Cathedral of Saint Jude the Apostle...
St. Lawrence Iroquoians
St. Lawrence Iroquoians
The St. Lawrence Iroquoians were a prehistoric First Nations/Native American indigenous people who lived from the 14th century until about 1580 CE along the shores of the St. Lawrence River in present-day Quebec and Ontario, Canada, and New York State, United States. They spoke Laurentian...
Salishan languages
Salishan languages
The Salishan languages are a group of languages of the Pacific Northwest...
Saskatchewan Indian Institute of Technologies
Saskatchewan Indian Institute of Technologies
The Saskatchewan Indian Institute of Technologies is a post-secondary institution offering training and educational programs to First Nations adults in Saskatchewan, Canada.-Governance:...
Saugeen Complex
Saugeen Complex
The Saugeen Complex was a Native American culture located around the southeast shores of Lake Huron and the Bruce Peninsula, around the London area, and possibly as far east as the Grand River...
Saugeen Tract Agreement
Saugeen Tract Agreement
Saugeen Tract Agreement, registered as Crown Treaty Number 45, was signed August 9, 1836 between the Saugeen Ojibwa and Ottawa and the government of Upper Canada...
Section Thirty-five of the Constitution Act, 1982
Section Thirty-five of the Constitution Act, 1982
Section thirty-five of the Constitution Act, 1982 provides constitutional protection to the aboriginal and treaty rights of Aboriginal peoples in Canada. The section, while within the Constitution Act, 1982 and thus the Constitution of Canada, falls outside the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms...
Section Twenty-five of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
Section Twenty-five of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
Section Twenty-five of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is the first section under the heading "General" in the Charter, and like other sections within the "General" sphere, it aids in the interpretation of rights elsewhere in the Charter...

Secwepemc Cultural Education Society
Secwepemc Museum and Heritage Park
Secwepemc Museum and Heritage Park
The Secwepemc Museum & Heritage Park is located in Kamloops, British Columbia. The inside of the museum has four different galleries showcasing the cultural and traditional lives of the Secwepemc People...
Seven Nations of Canada
Seven Nations of Canada
The Seven Nations of Canada were a historic confederation of Canadian First Nations living in and around the Saint Lawrence River valley beginning in the eighteenth century. They were allied to New France and often included substantial numbers of Roman Catholic converts. During the Seven Years War...
Shamanism among Eskimo peoples
Shamanism among Eskimo peoples
Shamanism among Eskimo peoples refers to those aspects of the various Eskimo cultures that are related to the shamans’ role as a mediator between people and spirits, souls, and mythological beings...
Shingwauk Kinoomaage Gamig
Shingwauk Kinoomaage Gamig
Shingwauk Kinoomaage Gamig is a proposed Anishinaabe university to be run in conjunction with a newly-independent Algoma University in Sault Ste. Marie and the Shingwauk Education Trust. In 2006, Shingwauk Kinoomaage Gamig and Algoma University signed a covenant that promised to assist each...
Siqqitiq
Siqqitiq
Siqqitiq is the ritual of converting Inuit with shamanist beliefs to Christianity. This is usually accompanied by ritualistic consumption of foods held taboo by shamanist belief , to underscore the fact that such taboos no longer apply...
Sisiutl
Sisiutl
The Sisiutl is one of the most powerful crests, and mythological creatures in the mythology of the Kwakwaka’wakw, Nuu-chah-nulth, Skwxwu7mesh and various other Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, and figures prominently in their art, dances and songs...
Sixty Years' War
Sixty Years' War
The Sixty Years' War was a military struggle for control of the Great Lakes region in North America, encompassing a number of wars over several generations. The term Sixty Years' War is not widely known, and is used primarily by academic historians who specialize in various aspects of the conflict...

(1754–1814)

A military struggle for control of the Great Lakes region

Great Lakes region (North America)

The Great Lakes region of North America, occasionally known as the Third Coast or the Fresh Coast , includes the eight U.S. states of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin as well as the Canadian province of Ontario...

in North America

North America

North America is a continent wholly within the Northern Hemisphere and almost wholly within the Western Hemisphere. It is also considered a northern subcontinent of the Americas...

, encompassing several generations

French and Indian War

The French and Indian War is the common American name for the war between Great Britain and France in North America from 1754 to 1763. In 1756, the war erupted into the world-wide conflict known as the Seven Years' War and thus came to be regarded as the North American theater of that war...

(1754-1763)

Pontiac's Rebellion

Pontiac's War, Pontiac's Conspiracy, or Pontiac's Rebellion was a war that was launched in 1763 by a loose confederation of elements of Native American tribes primarily from the Great Lakes region, the Illinois Country, and Ohio Country who were dissatisfied with British postwar policies in the...

(1763-1765)

Lord Dunmore's War (1774)

Frontier warfare during the American Revolution (1775-1783)

Northwest Indian War

The Northwest Indian War , also known as Little Turtle's War and by various other names, was a war fought between the United States and a confederation of numerous American Indian tribes for control of the Northwest Territory...

(1786-1794)

War of 1812

The War of 1812 was a military conflict fought between the forces of the United States of America and those of the British Empire. The Americans declared war in 1812 for several reasons, including trade restrictions because of Britain's ongoing war with France, impressment of American merchant...

(1812-1814)

Skaay
Skaay
Skaay was a blind, crippled storyteller of the Haida village of Ttanuu born c. 1827 at Qquuna. Skaay could neither read nor write, but his stories of Haida mythology have survived in the form of written transcriptions taken down by John Swanton with the aide of Henry Moody over the winter of 1900...
Sk'elep
Sk'elep
Sk'elep or Coyote is the traditional trickster figure in the pantheon of Secwepemc mythology. He is featured in many legends and has many powers, including the ability to die and come back to life. Like the animal his character is enjoined to, he is very clever...
Skookum
Skookum
Skookum is a Chinook jargon word that has come into general use in the Pacific Northwest region of North America.The word skookum has three meanings:# a word in regional English that has a variety of positive connotations;...
Sḵwx̱wú7mesh
Sḵwx̱wú7mesh culture
Sḵwx̱wú7mesh history
Sḵwx̱wú7mesh language
Sled dog
Sled dog
Sled dogs, known also as sleigh man dogs, sledge dogs, or sleddogs, are highly trained types of dogs that are used to pull a dog sled, a wheel-less vehicle on runners also called a sled or sleigh, over snow or ice, by means of harnesses and lines.Sled dogs have become a popular winter recreation...
Spoken languages of Canada#Aboriginal languages
Squaw
Squaw
Squaw is an English language loan-word, used as a noun or adjective, whose present meaning is an indigenous woman of North America. It is derived from the eastern Algonquian morpheme meaning 'woman' that appears in numerous Algonquian languages variously spelled squa, skwa, esqua, sqeh, skwe, que,...
St'at'imcets language
St'at'imcets language
Lillooet or Lilloet, also known as St’át’imcets , is the Interior Salishan language of the St’át’imc, spoken in southern British Columbia, Canada around the middle Fraser and Lillooet rivers. The dialect of the Lower Lillooet people uses the name Ucwalmícwts as St’át’imcets properly means "the...
Status of First Nations treaties in British Columbia
Status of First Nations treaties in British Columbia
The status of the First Nations, aboriginal people of British Columbia , Canada, is a long-standing problem that has become a major issue in recent years. In 1763 the British Crown declared that only it could acquire land from First Nations through treaties. Historically only two treaties were...
Stereotypes of Native Americans
Stó:lō
Stó:lo
The Sto:lo , alternately written as Stó:lō, Stó:lô or Stó:lõ and historically as Staulo or Stahlo, and historically known and commonly referred to in ethnographic literature as the Fraser River Indians or Lower Fraser Salish, are a group of First Nations peoples inhabiting the Fraser Valley of...
Slahal
Slahal
Slahal is the Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast gambling game known as stickgame, bonegame, bloodless war game, handgame, or a name specific to each language. It is played throughout the western United States and Canada by indigenous peoples. The name of the game is a Chinook...
Soulcatcher
Soulcatcher
A Soulcatcher is an amulet used by the shaman of the Tsimshian, Haida, Heiltsuk, and Tlingit tribes of the Pacific Northwest Coast of British Columbia and Alaska...
Spirit of Haida Gwaii
Spirit of Haida Gwaii
The Spirit of Haida Gwaii is a sculpture by British Columbia Haida artist Bill Reid . It is featured on the Canadian $20 bill. -Background:...
Sun Dance
Sun Dance
The Sun Dance is a religious ceremony practiced by a number of Native American and First Nations peoples, primarily those of the Plains Nations. Each tribe has its own distinct practices and ceremonial protocols...

T

The Canadian Crown and Aboriginal peoples (Main political article)
Teiaiagon
Teiaiagon
Teiaiagon was an Iroquoian village on the east bank of the Humber River in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was located along the Toronto Carrying-Place Trail. The site is currently near the intersection of Jane Street and Annette Street or the community of Baby Point.-History:The establishment of the...
Terres en vues/Land InSights
Terres en vues/Land InSights
Terres en Vues/Land InSights is a Montreal-based association that promotes Indigenous cultures and encourages intercultural communication by drawing attention to First Peoples’ artistic and cultural creations in various media, such as: films and documentaries, literature, traditional legends and...
The Great Peacemaker
The Great Peacemaker
The Great Peacemaker, sometimes referred to as Deganawida or Dekanawida was, along with Hiawatha, by tradition the founder of the Haudenosaunee, commonly called the Iroquois Confederacy, a political and cultural union of several Native American tribes residing...
Three Sisters (agriculture)
Three Sisters (agriculture)
The Three Sisters are the three main agricultural crops of various Native American groups in North America: squash, maize, and climbing beans ....
Thunderbird Park
Thunderbird Park
Thunderbird Park is a park in Victoria, British Columbia next to the Royal British Columbia Museum. The park is home to many totem poles and other First Nations monuments...
Thule people
Thule people
The Thule or proto-Inuit were the ancestors of all modern Inuit. They developed in coastal Alaska by AD 1000 and expanded eastwards across Canada, reaching Greenland by the 13th century. In the process, they replaced people of the earlier Dorset culture that had previously inhabited the region...
Tlingit language
Tlingit language
The Tlingit language ) is spoken by the Tlingit people of Southeast Alaska and Western Canada. It is a branch of the Na-Dené language family. Tlingit is very endangered, with fewer than 140 native speakers still living, all of whom are bilingual or near-bilingual in English...
Toggling harpoon
Toggling harpoon
The toggling harpoon is an ancient weapon and tool used in whaling to impale a whale when thrown. Unlike earlier harpoon versions which had only one point, a toggling harpoon has a two-part point...
Totem pole
Totem pole
Totem poles are monumental sculptures carved from large trees, mostly Western Red Cedar, by cultures of the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America...
Travois
Travois
A travois is a frame used by indigenous peoples, notably the Plains Indians of North America, to drag loads over land...
Treaty of 1818
Treaty of 1818
The Convention respecting fisheries, boundary and the restoration of slaves between the United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, also known as the London Convention, Anglo-American Convention of 1818, Convention of 1818, or simply the Treaty of 1818, was a...
Treaty of Fort Niagara
Treaty of Fort Niagara
The Treaty of Fort Niagara is one of several treaties signed between the British Crown and various indigenous peoples of North America.-Treaty of Fort Niagara :...
Treaty of Hartford
Treaty of Hartford
The term Treaty of Hartford applies to three historic agreements negotiated at Hartford, Connecticut. The 1638 treaty divided the spoils of the Pequot War. The 1650 treaty defined a border between the Dutch Nieuw Amsterdam and English settlers in Connecticut...
Tribal College Librarians Institute
Tribal College Librarians Institute
The Tribal College Librarians Institute is a week long professional development experience for tribal college librarians from all over the United States and Canada, normally held in Bozeman, Montana.-History:...
Tikigaq
Tikigaq
The Tikiġaġmiut, an Inuit people, live two hundred miles north of the Arctic Circle, southwest of Barrow, Alaska, in an Inupiaq village of Point Hope, Alaska . The Tikigaq are the oldest continuously settled Native American site on the continent...
Treaty of Fort Niagara
Treaty of Fort Niagara
The Treaty of Fort Niagara is one of several treaties signed between the British Crown and various indigenous peoples of North America.-Treaty of Fort Niagara :...
Tribal Council
Tribal Council
A Tribal Council is either: an association of Native American bands in the United States or First Nations governments in Canada, or the governing body for certain tribes within the United States or elsewhere...
Tsimshian mythology
Tsimshian mythology
Tsimshian mythology is the mythology of the Tsimshian, a First Nations Native American people in Canada and the United States. The majority of Tsimshian people live in British Columbia, while others live in Alaska....
Tunngavik Federation of Nunavut
Tunngavik Federation of Nunavut
The Tunngavik Federation of Nunavut was the organization officially recognized from 1982 to 1993 as representing the Inuit of what is now Nunavut, but was then part of the Northwest Territories, for the purpose of negotiating treaties and land claims settlements...
Two-Spirit
Two-Spirit
Two-Spirit People , is an English term that emerged in 1990 out of the third annual inter-tribal Native American/First Nations gay/lesbian American conference in Winnipeg. It describes Indigenous North Americans who fulfill one of many mixed gender roles found traditionally among many Native...

U

Ulu
Ulu
An ulu is an all-purpose knife traditionally used by Eskimo women, both Yupik and Inuit. It is utilized in applications as diverse as skinning and cleaning animals, cutting a child's hair, cutting food and, if necessary, trimming blocks of snow and ice used to build an igloo...
Urban Indian reserve
Urban Indian reserve
An urban Indian reserve is land that the Canadian federal government has designated as a First Nations reserve that is situated within an urban area. Such lands allow for aboriginal commercial ventures which enjoy the tax exemptions offered to traditional reserves...
Umiak
Umiak
The umiak, umialak, umiaq, umiac, oomiac or oomiak is a type of boat used by Eskimo people, both Yupik and Inuit, and was originally found in all coastal areas from Siberia to Greenland. First arising in Thule times, it has traditionally been used in summer to move people and possessions to...
Unceded territory
Union of Ontario Indians
Union of Ontario Indians
The Union of Ontario Indians is an Aboriginal political organization representing 42 member First Nations in the Canadian province of Ontario. It was formed in 1919 and incorporated in 1949, to serve as a political advocate and secretariat for the Anishinabek Nation...
Uu-a-thluk
Uu-a-thluk
Uu-a-thluk means "taking care of" in the Nuu-chah-nulth language spoken on the west coast of Vancouver Island and is the Nuu-chah-nulth aquatic management organization. This organization was established with financial support from the federal government in recognition of the need to manage aquatic...

V

Vancouver Aboriginal Child and Family Services Society
Vancouver Aboriginal Child and Family Services Society
Vancouver Aboriginal Child and Family Services Society is a non-profit society that provides free social services to Aboriginal people living in the Metro Vancouver area of British Columbia, Canada...
Vancouver Métis Community Association
Vancouver Métis Community Association
Vancouver Métis Community Association is a Métis community organization in Vancouver, British Columbia. The organization was established in 1995 as the Vancouver Métis Association by Dr...

W

Waabnoong Bemjiwang Association of First Nations
Waabnoong Bemjiwang Association of First Nations
The Waabnoong Bemjiwang Association of First Nations is a tribal council of First Nations in the Georgian Bay region of Ontario, Canada. The council consists of the Dokis, Henvey Inlet, Magnetawan and Wasauksing First Nations in the Parry Sound District, the Wahnapitae First Nation near Sudbury and...
Wampum
Wampum
Wampum are traditional, sacred shell beads of the Eastern Woodlands tribes of the indigenous people of North America. Wampum include the white shell beads fashioned from the North Atlantic channeled whelk shell; and the white and purple beads made from the quahog, or Western North Atlantic...
Wakashan languages
Wakashan languages
Wakashan is a family of languages spoken in British Columbia around and on Vancouver Island, and in the northwestern corner of the Olympic Peninsula of Washington state, on the south side of the Strait of Juan de Fuca....
Wawatay Native Communications Society
Wawatay Native Communications Society
Wawatay Native Communications Society was formed in 1974 by the people of Northern Ontario's Nishnawbe Aski Nation, as a source of communications technology, namely radio, television, and print media services for the Oji-cree communities. Its mandate is to preserve the indigenous language and...
War of 1812
War of 1812
The War of 1812 was a military conflict fought between the forces of the United States of America and those of the British Empire. The Americans declared war in 1812 for several reasons, including trade restrictions because of Britain's ongoing war with France, impressment of American merchant...

Chronology of the War of 1812

-Origins:-1812:-1813:-1814:-1815:-External links:********...

War of 1812 Campaigns

The following is a synopsis of the Land Campaigns of the War of 1812. The source is the United States Army Center of Military History-Canada, 18 June 1812 — 17 February 1815:...

Niagara campaign

The Niagara campaign was the final campaign launched by the United States to invade Canada during the War of 1812. It occurred in 1814.The American forces were commanded by General Jacob Brown and General Winfield Scott.The U.S...

Results of the War of 1812

Results of the war between Britain and the United States involved no geographical changes, and no major policy changes. However all the causes of the war had disappeared with the end of the war between Britain and France and with the destruction of the power of First Nation Indian tribes. American...

Tecumseh

Tecumseh was a Native American leader of the Shawnee and a large tribal confederacy which opposed the United States during Tecumseh's War and the War of 1812...

Tecumseh's War

Tecumseh's War or Tecumseh's Rebellion are terms sometimes used to describe a conflict in the Old Northwest between the United States and an American Indian confederacy led by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh...

War canoe
War Canoe
A war canoe is a watercraft of the canoe type designed and outfitted for warfare, and which is found in various forms in many world cultures. In modern times, such designs have become adapted as a sport, and "war canoe" can mean a type of flatwater racing canoe.-War canoes as sport:War canoe is...
Western Confederacy
Western Confederacy
The Western Confederacy, also known as Western Indian Confederacy, was a loose confederacy of North American Natives in the Great Lakes region following the American Revolutionary War...
Wiigwaasabak
Winalagalis Treaty Group
Winalagalis Treaty Group
The Winalagalis Treaty Group is a group of four First Nations band governments on Vancouver Island in the Canadian province of British Columbia, Canada. The group was formed to coordinate and administer negotiations with the government of the Province of British Columbia relating to unresolved...
Windigo First Nations Council
Windigo First Nations Council
Windigo First Nations Council is a non-political Chiefs Council in northwestern Ontario, Canada, serving its seven member-First Nations. The council was organized in 1983. The organization is directed by the Chiefs of the member First Nations who form the Board of Directors...
Wolseley Expedition
Wolseley Expedition
The Wolseley Expedition was a military force authorized by Sir John A. Macdonald to confront Louis Riel and the Métis in 1870, during the Red River Rebellion, at the Red River Settlement in what is now the Canadian province of Manitoba...
World Council of Indigenous Peoples
World Council of Indigenous Peoples
The World Council of Indigenous Peoples was a formal international body dedicated to having concepts of aboriginal rights accepted on a worldwide scale...
Working Group on Indigenous Populations
Working Group on Indigenous Populations
The Working Group on Indigenous Populations was a subsidiary body within the structure of the United Nations. It was established in 1982, and was one of the six working groups overseen by the Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, the main subsidiary body of the United...
Wyandot religion

Y

Yellowquill College
Yellowquill College
Yellowquill College is Manitoba's first Indian-controlled post-secondary institution. The First Nation owned and operated college was founded in October, 1984, by the Dakota Ojibway Tribal Council.-Governance:...
Yupik languages
Yukon River Inter-Tribal Watershed Council
Yukon River Inter-Tribal Watershed Council
The Yukon River Inter-Tribal Watershed Council is made up of 66 First Nations and tribes in Alaska and Canada, living along the Yukon River. The council serves as a lobby group for protecting and cleaning up the Yukon....

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