Codex Tischendorfianus III
Encyclopedia
Codex Tischendorfianus III – designated by siglum Λ or 039 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 77 (von Soden) – is a Greek uncial
manuscript
of the Gospels on parchment. Palaeographically
it has been assigned to the 9th or 10th century.
It is one of very few uncial manuscripts of the New Testament with full marginal apparatus.
The manuscript was brought from the East by Constantin von Tischendorf
(hence the name of the codex), who also examined, described, and was the first scholar to collate its text. The manuscript was also examined by scholars like Samuel Prideaux Tregelles
, Ernst von Dobschütz
, and Gächler. It is housed in the Bodleian Library
.
and the Gospel of John
on 157 parchment leaves (21 centimetres (8.3 in) by 16.5 centimetres (6.5 in)). The leaves are arranged in quarto, that is four leaves folded in quires. The text is written in two columns per page, 23 lines per page. There are no spaces between letters, and the words are not separate but written in scriptio continua. The uncial letters are small, not beautiful and slanting. The letters are characterized by Slavonic uncials. The writing is similar to that of Codex Cyprius
.
It has breathings and accents,
diaeresis, there is no interrogative sign. The errors of iotacism
are rare, it has iota adscript
um.
All errors are infrequent and it has good grammar.
It has the ornamented headpieces before each Gospel and the decorated initial letters.
Before Gospel of Luke it contains subscription to Mark.
The nomina sacra
are written in an abbreviated way; all abbreviations are written in a usual way. In the end of each Gospel stands the Jerusalem Colophon
.
The text is divided according to the κεφαλαια (chapters), whose numbers are given at the left margin of the text, and their τιτλοι (titles) at the top of the pages. The lists of the κεφαλαια are placed before each Gospel. There is also a division according to the smaller Ammonian Sections
, with a references to the Eusebian Canons (in red).
It contains lectionary
markings in the margin; thus the manuscript could be useful for Church reading. The marginal apparatus (marginal equipment) of the codex is full, indicating two systems of text division and lectionary directions.
It has also occasional scholia in uncials at the margin, with some critical notes.
Before Gospel of Luke stands a subscription to the Gospel of Mark.
It has Jerusalem colophon at the end of each Gospel. At the en of Matthew we read:
At the end of Mark:
At the end of Luke:
At the end of John:
is a representative of the Byzantine text-type
, but slightly different than typical Byzantine text. It has some Caesarean
readings. Tischendorf as the first found some textual affinities to the textual family today known as f13
. Tischendorf found its text is of the same type as the manuscripts: Basilensis, Boreelianus
, Seidelianus I
, Seidelianus II
, Cyprius
, Campianus
, Vaticanus 354
, Nanianus
, and Mosquensis II
. Hermann von Soden classified it to the textual family Ir. It is close to the textual family E
.
Kurt Aland
placed it in Category V. According to the Claremont Profile Method it represents textual family Kx
in Luke 10 and Luke 20. In Luke 1 its text is mixed.
According to Tischendorf in John 5:1-36 in 17 places it 13 times agrees with Alexandrinus, twice with Vaticanus, one with Ephraemi, and one with G H M U V.
It contains text of Luke 22:43-44
and John 5:4, but text of John 5:4 is marked by an obelus as a doubtful.
, Minuscule 199
, 262, 899, 1187, 1555, and 2586.
In Luke 3:22 after γενεσθαι added phrase προς αυτον, as the codices Minuscule 13
, Minuscule 69
, Minuscule 119
, Minuscule 229
, and Minuscule 262
; but phrase εξ ουρανου changed into απ ουρανου.
In Luke 3:27 it reads ζορομβαβελ for ζοροβαβελ.
John 1:28 it reads Βηθεβαρα, supported by minuscule 346
; Alexandrian manuscripts have βηθανια, majority of manuscripts have βηθαβαρα
;
John 4:31 it reads παρεκαλουν;
John 5:1 it reads εορτη των αζυμων for εορτη των Ιουδαιων; the reading is not supported by any known Greek manuscript, or version;
In John 5:11 before word αρχην article την is omitted, as in codices: Alexandrinus, Vaticanus, Regius, Minuscule 1, Minuscule 33, and Minuscule 262;
John 5:12 it has εμεινεν for εμειναν as in codices A F G 1
124
;
John 5:24 reads επιστευσεν for επιστευεν as in minuscule 235
;
John 5:36 reads μειζων for μειζω.
In John 8:7 and in 8:10 it reads αναβλεψας instead of ανακυψας, the readings are supported by the manuscripts: Codex Nanianus
(only in 8:7), textual family f13
, and 700
;
In John 8:10 it reads Ιησους ειδεν αυτην και along with Codex Nanianus
, f13, 225
, 700, 1077, 1443, Lectionary 185
mg, Ethiopic mss. Majority of the manuscripts read: Ιησους και μηδενα θεασαμενος πλην της γυναικος or: Ιησους.
In John 8:57 it has singular reading τεσσερακοντα (forty) instead of πεντηκοντα (fifty).
, being about nine parts Kappa to one part Iota. According to von Soden it is not an important group and has a little significance for the reconstruction of the original text of the New Testament. The early date of some its members places the origin of the group in or before the 9th century. According to Wisse the group is fairly close to Kx
.
According to the Claremont Profile Method it has the following profile:
The word before the bracket is the reading of the UBS
edition. The reading after bracket are the reading of the manuscript. The readings which are not bold are those of the Textus Receptus
.
According to Frederick Wisse following 23 manuscripts belong to this group in at least a part of Luke: 039, 161
, 164
, 166
, 173
(Luke 20), 174
, 199
, 211
, 230
, 262
, 710
(Luke 20), 899, 1187, 1205, 1301 (Luke 20), 1502 (Luke 20), 1555, 1573, (Luke 10 and 20), 2465, 2585 (Luke 1 and 20) 2586, and 2725 (Luke 20).
grounds to the 9th century or to the 10th century. The 8th century is also possible palaeographically, but it is excluded by full marginal equipment, breathings and accents.
The place of origin is still speculative. According to Gregory it is possible that the manuscript was written and corrected in Jerusalem. It is very difficult to prove, but Palestine
is still shown as the one of the possible places. Nothing is known of the early history of the codex until its discovery by Tischendorf in 1853.
Formerly it was bounded with the codex 566
in one manuscript. 556 contains Gospel of Matthew
and Gospel of Mark
, it is written in minuscule letters. The two parts of the manuscript agree in form (two columns, 23 lines per column), in signatures, in the writing of the scholia, and text-type. The marginal notes are written in the same small uncial letters. The nomina sacra are abbreviated in the same way. Also errors (e.g. itacisms, N ephelkystikon, iota adscript
um, no iota subscript
um etc.) are of the same kind. It is sure that these two parts were written by the same hand. Alfred Rahlfs
noted that codex E of the Septuagint was also written partly in uncials and partly in minuscules, in the ninth or tenth century when the change from one style of writing to the other was taking place.
The codex was held at Sinai
and was found by Constantin von Tischendorf
in 1853, who took away only the uncial text (Luke-John) — along with Codex Tischendorfianus IV
— and brought it to the Bodleian Library
in Oxford
, where it is now located. Formerly it was housed under the shelf number "Misc. 310", but is now under shelf number "Auctarium T. infr 1.1". It is one of the popular attractions for visitors to the Bodleian Library.
Tischendorf published his description of the minuscule part of the codex in 1860. In 1861 Tischendorf carried out a new examination of the entire codex, with detailed attention to Luke 3:19-36 and John 5:1-36.
The text of the codex was later collated by Tischendorf and Tregelles. Tischendorf used its text in 1858 in his edition of the Novum Testamentum Graece et Latine and in every later edition of the text of the New Testament. In the present day it is infrequently quoted in editions of Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece
.
Tischendorf removed the minuscule text in 1859. It is now housed in the National Library of Russia in Saint Petersburg
.
P. Gächler in 1934 found some textual similarities between the manuscript and Codex Bezae, which represents the Western text.
Uncial
Uncial is a majuscule script commonly used from the 3rd to 8th centuries AD by Latin and Greek scribes. Uncial letters are written in either Greek, Latin, or Gothic.-Development:...
manuscript
Manuscript
A manuscript or handwrite is written information that has been manually created by someone or some people, such as a hand-written letter, as opposed to being printed or reproduced some other way...
of the Gospels on parchment. Palaeographically
Palaeography
Palaeography, also spelt paleography is the study of ancient writing. Included in the discipline is the practice of deciphering, reading, and dating historical manuscripts, and the cultural context of writing, including the methods with which writing and books were produced, and the history of...
it has been assigned to the 9th or 10th century.
It is one of very few uncial manuscripts of the New Testament with full marginal apparatus.
The manuscript was brought from the East by Constantin von Tischendorf
Constantin von Tischendorf
Lobegott Friedrich Constantin Tischendorf was a noted German Biblical scholar. He deciphered the Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus, a 5th century Greek manuscript of the New Testament, in the 1840s, and rediscovered the Codex Sinaiticus, a 4th century New Testament manuscript, in 1859.Tischendorf...
(hence the name of the codex), who also examined, described, and was the first scholar to collate its text. The manuscript was also examined by scholars like Samuel Prideaux Tregelles
Samuel Prideaux Tregelles
Samuel Prideaux Tregelles was an English biblical scholar, textual critic, and theologian.- Life :Tregelles was born at Wodehouse Place, Falmouth, of Quaker parents, but he himself for many years was in communion with the Plymouth Brethren and then later in life became a Presbyterian...
, Ernst von Dobschütz
Ernst von Dobschütz
Ernst Adolf Alfred Oskar Adalbert von Dobschütz was a German theologian, textual critic, author of numerous books and professor at the University of Halle, the University of Breslau, and the University of Strasbourg...
, and Gächler. It is housed in the Bodleian Library
Bodleian Library
The Bodleian Library , the main research library of the University of Oxford, is one of the oldest libraries in Europe, and in Britain is second in size only to the British Library...
.
Description
The codex contains the complete text of the Gospel of LukeGospel of Luke
The Gospel According to Luke , commonly shortened to the Gospel of Luke or simply Luke, is the third and longest of the four canonical Gospels. This synoptic gospel is an account of the life and ministry of Jesus of Nazareth. It details his story from the events of his birth to his Ascension.The...
and the Gospel of John
Gospel of John
The Gospel According to John , commonly referred to as the Gospel of John or simply John, and often referred to in New Testament scholarship as the Fourth Gospel, is an account of the public ministry of Jesus...
on 157 parchment leaves (21 centimetres (8.3 in) by 16.5 centimetres (6.5 in)). The leaves are arranged in quarto, that is four leaves folded in quires. The text is written in two columns per page, 23 lines per page. There are no spaces between letters, and the words are not separate but written in scriptio continua. The uncial letters are small, not beautiful and slanting. The letters are characterized by Slavonic uncials. The writing is similar to that of Codex Cyprius
Codex Cyprius
Codex Cyprius, designated by Ke or 017 , ε 71 , is a Greek uncial manuscript of the four Gospels, on parchment. It was variously dated in the past , currently it is dated to the 9th century. It was brought from Cyprus to Paris...
.
It has breathings and accents,
diaeresis, there is no interrogative sign. The errors of iotacism
Iotacism
Iotacism is the process by which a number of vowels and diphthongs in Ancient Greek converged in pronunciation so that they all sound like iota in Modern Greek....
are rare, it has iota adscript
Iota adscript
In Greek polytonic orthography, the iota adscript is a iota written after a long vowel in a long diphthong, as opposed to below the vowel as a small vertical stroke ....
um.
All errors are infrequent and it has good grammar.
It has the ornamented headpieces before each Gospel and the decorated initial letters.
Before Gospel of Luke it contains subscription to Mark.
The nomina sacra
Nomina sacra
Nomina sacra means "sacred names" in Latin, and can be used to refer to traditions of abbreviated writing of several frequently occurring divine names or titles in early Greek language Holy Scripture...
are written in an abbreviated way; all abbreviations are written in a usual way. In the end of each Gospel stands the Jerusalem Colophon
Jerusalem Colophon
The Jerusalem Colophon is a colophon found in a number of New Testament manuscripts, including Λ , 20, 153, 157, 164, 215, 262, 300, 376, 428, 565, 566, 686, 718, 728, 748, 829, 899, 901, 922, 980, 1032, 1071, 1118, 1121, 1124, 1187, 1198, 1355, 1422, 1521, 1545, 1555, 1682, 2145, and 2245...
.
The text is divided according to the κεφαλαια (chapters), whose numbers are given at the left margin of the text, and their τιτλοι (titles) at the top of the pages. The lists of the κεφαλαια are placed before each Gospel. There is also a division according to the smaller Ammonian Sections
Ammonian Sections
Eusebian canons or Eusebian sections, also known as Ammonian Sections, are the system of dividing the four Gospels used between late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. The divisions into chapters and verses used in modern texts date only from the 13th and 16th centuries, respectively...
, with a references to the Eusebian Canons (in red).
It contains lectionary
Lectionary
A Lectionary is a book or listing that contains a collection of scripture readings appointed for Christian or Judaic worship on a given day or occasion.-History:...
markings in the margin; thus the manuscript could be useful for Church reading. The marginal apparatus (marginal equipment) of the codex is full, indicating two systems of text division and lectionary directions.
It has also occasional scholia in uncials at the margin, with some critical notes.
Before Gospel of Luke stands a subscription to the Gospel of Mark.
It has Jerusalem colophon at the end of each Gospel. At the en of Matthew we read:
- Gospel according to Matthew: written and corrected from the ancient manuscripts in Jerusalem: those kept in the holy mountain: in 2514 lines and 355 chapters
At the end of Mark:
- Gospel according to Mark: written and corrected likewise from the carefully prepared ones in 1056 lines, 237 chapters
At the end of Luke:
- Gospel according to Luke: written and corrected likewise in 2677 lines, 342 chapters
At the end of John:
- Gospel according to John: written and corrected likewise from the same copies in 2210 lines, 232 chapters.
Text type
The Greek text of this codexCodex
A codex is a book in the format used for modern books, with multiple quires or gatherings typically bound together and given a cover.Developed by the Romans from wooden writing tablets, its gradual replacement...
is a representative of the Byzantine text-type
Byzantine text-type
The Byzantine text-type is one of several text-types used in textual criticism to describe the textual character of Greek New Testament manuscripts. It is the form found in the largest number of surviving manuscripts, though not in the oldest...
, but slightly different than typical Byzantine text. It has some Caesarean
Caesarean text-type
Caesarean text-type is the term proposed by certain scholars to denote a consistent pattern of variant readings that is claimed to be apparent in certain Greek manuscripts of the four Gospels, but which is not found in any of the other commonly recognized New Testament text-types; the Byzantine...
readings. Tischendorf as the first found some textual affinities to the textual family today known as f13
Family 13
Family 13, also known Ferrar Group , is a group of Greek Gospel manuscripts, varying in date from the 11th to the 15th century, which display a distinctive pattern of variant readings — especially in placing the story of Jesus and the woman taken in adultery in the Gospel of Luke, rather than in...
. Tischendorf found its text is of the same type as the manuscripts: Basilensis, Boreelianus
Codex Boreelianus
Codex Boreelianus, Codex Boreelianus Rheno-Trajectinus , designated by Fe or 09 in the Gregory-Aland numbering and ε 86 in von Soden numbering, is a 9th century uncial manuscript of the four Gospels in Greek. The manuscript, written on parchment, is full of lacunae , many of which arose between...
, Seidelianus I
Codex Seidelianus I
Codex Seidelianus I, designated by siglum Ge or 011 , ε 87 is a Greek uncial manuscript of the Gospels, dated palaeographically to the 9th century . The codex contains 252 parchment leaves...
, Seidelianus II
Codex Seidelianus II
Codex Seidelianus II designated by He or 013 , ε 88 , is a Greek uncial manuscript of the four Gospels, dated palaeographically to the 9th century. The manuscript is lacunose.- Description :...
, Cyprius
Codex Cyprius
Codex Cyprius, designated by Ke or 017 , ε 71 , is a Greek uncial manuscript of the four Gospels, on parchment. It was variously dated in the past , currently it is dated to the 9th century. It was brought from Cyprus to Paris...
, Campianus
Codex Campianus
Codex Campianus designated by M or 021 , ε 72 , is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated palaeographically to the 9th century...
, Vaticanus 354
Codex Vaticanus 354
Codex Vaticanus, designated by S or 028 , ε 1027 , formerly called Codex Guelpherbytanus, is a Greek manuscript of the four Gospels which can be dated to a specific year instead of an estimated range. The colophon of the codex lists the date as 949...
, Nanianus
Codex Nanianus
Codex Nanianus, designated by siglum U or 030 , ε 90 , is a Greek uncial manuscripts of the New Testament on parchment, dated palaeographically to the 9th century. The manuscript has complex contents, with full marginalia . The codex is named after its last owner...
, and Mosquensis II
Codex Mosquensis II
Codex Mosquensis II designated by V or 031 , ε 75 , is a Greek uncial manuscript of the Gospels, dated palaeographically to the 9th century...
. Hermann von Soden classified it to the textual family Ir. It is close to the textual family E
Family E
Family E is a textual group of the New Testament manuscripts. It belongs to the Byzantine text-type as one of its textual families, it is one of the primary early families of the Byzantine text-type...
.
Kurt Aland
Kurt Aland
Kurt Aland was a German Theologian and Professor of New Testament Research and Church History. He founded the Institut für neutestamentliche Textforschung in Münster and served as its first director for many years...
placed it in Category V. According to the Claremont Profile Method it represents textual family Kx
Family Kx
Family Kx is a large group of the New Testament manuscripts. It belongs to the Byzantine text-type as one of the textual families of this group. It includes uncials, and although hundreds of minuscules, no early ones.- Description :...
in Luke 10 and Luke 20. In Luke 1 its text is mixed.
According to Tischendorf in John 5:1-36 in 17 places it 13 times agrees with Alexandrinus, twice with Vaticanus, one with Ephraemi, and one with G H M U V.
Questionable texts
It contains the questionable text of the Pericope Adulterae (John 7:53-8:11), but at the margin of verse 8:11 (not 7:53) it has questionable scholion: τα οβελισμενα εν τισιν αντιγραφαις ου κειται, ουδε Απολιναριου εν δε τοις αρχαις ολα μνημονευουσιν της περικοπης ταυτης και οι αποστολοι παντες εν αις εξεθεντο διαταξεσιν εις οικοδομην της εκκλησιας (Marked by an obelus in some copies, and Apollinary, on of the ancient, argued that all apostles ordered to read it for edification of the church).It contains text of Luke 22:43-44
Christ's agony at Gethsemane
Christ's agony at Gethsemane is a passage in the Gospel of Luke , describing a prayer of Jesus, after which he receives strength from an angel, on the Mount of Olives prior to his betrayal and arrest...
and John 5:4, but text of John 5:4 is marked by an obelus as a doubtful.
Textual variants
In Luke 1:28 – αυτην + ευηγγελισατο αυτην και, the reading is supported by the codices: Minuscule 164Minuscule 164
Minuscule 164 , ε 116 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. It is dated by its colophon to the year 1039. It has complex contents, with full marginalia.- Description :...
, Minuscule 199
Minuscule 199
Minuscule 199 , ε 1254 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th century. It has complex contents and full marginalia.- Description :...
, 262, 899, 1187, 1555, and 2586.
In Luke 3:22 after γενεσθαι added phrase προς αυτον, as the codices Minuscule 13
Minuscule 13
Minuscule 13 , ε 368 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on a parchment, dated to the 13th century. The manuscript is lacunose. The text of the manuscript is important for the textual critic...
, Minuscule 69
Minuscule 69
Minuscule 69 , δ 505 , known as Codex Leicester, or Codex Leicestrensis, is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament on paper and parchment leaves. The manuscript palaeographically has been assigned to the 15th century. Some leaves of the codex were lost. The text-type is eclectic...
, Minuscule 119
Minuscule 119
Minuscule 119 , ε 1290 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment leaves. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 13th century. It has complex contents with marginalia.- Description :...
, Minuscule 229
Minuscule 229
Minuscule 229 , ε 1206 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. It is dated by a colophon to 1140.- Description :...
, and Minuscule 262
Minuscule 262
Minuscule 262 , ε 1020 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 10th century. It has marginalia.- Description :...
; but phrase εξ ουρανου changed into απ ουρανου.
In Luke 3:27 it reads ζορομβαβελ for ζοροβαβελ.
John 1:28 it reads Βηθεβαρα, supported by minuscule 346
Minuscule 346
Minuscule 346 , ε 226 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Paleographically it has been assigned to the 12th century.It has marginalia.- Description :...
; Alexandrian manuscripts have βηθανια, majority of manuscripts have βηθαβαρα
Bethabara
This entry incorporates text from the International Standard Bible Encyclopedia with some modernisation.Bethabara , in modern-day Jordan: According to the King James Version This entry incorporates text from the International Standard Bible Encyclopedia with some modernisation.Bethabara...
;
John 4:31 it reads παρεκαλουν;
John 5:1 it reads εορτη των αζυμων for εορτη των Ιουδαιων; the reading is not supported by any known Greek manuscript, or version;
In John 5:11 before word αρχην article την is omitted, as in codices: Alexandrinus, Vaticanus, Regius, Minuscule 1, Minuscule 33, and Minuscule 262;
John 5:12 it has εμεινεν for εμειναν as in codices A F G 1
Minuscule 1
Codex Basilensis A. N. IV. 2, Minuscule 1 , δ 254 ; formerly it was designated by 1eap...
124
Minuscule 124
Minuscule 124 , ε 1211 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on 188 thick parchment leaves . Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 11th century. It has marginalia....
;
John 5:24 reads επιστευσεν for επιστευεν as in minuscule 235
Minuscule 235
Minuscule 235 , ε 456 , known as Codex Havniensis 2 is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on paper. It is dated by a colophon to the year 1314. The manuscript has complex contents. It has marginalia....
;
John 5:36 reads μειζων for μειζω.
In John 8:7 and in 8:10 it reads αναβλεψας instead of ανακυψας, the readings are supported by the manuscripts: Codex Nanianus
Codex Nanianus
Codex Nanianus, designated by siglum U or 030 , ε 90 , is a Greek uncial manuscripts of the New Testament on parchment, dated palaeographically to the 9th century. The manuscript has complex contents, with full marginalia . The codex is named after its last owner...
(only in 8:7), textual family f13
Family 13
Family 13, also known Ferrar Group , is a group of Greek Gospel manuscripts, varying in date from the 11th to the 15th century, which display a distinctive pattern of variant readings — especially in placing the story of Jesus and the woman taken in adultery in the Gospel of Luke, rather than in...
, and 700
Minuscule 700
Minuscule 700 , ε 133 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the Gospels. Formerly it was labelled as 604 in all catalogues , Gregory gave it the number 700....
;
In John 8:10 it reads Ιησους ειδεν αυτην και along with Codex Nanianus
Codex Nanianus
Codex Nanianus, designated by siglum U or 030 , ε 90 , is a Greek uncial manuscripts of the New Testament on parchment, dated palaeographically to the 9th century. The manuscript has complex contents, with full marginalia . The codex is named after its last owner...
, f13, 225
Minuscule 225
Minuscule 225 , ε 1210 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. It is dated by a colophon to the year 1192. It was adapted for liturgical use.- Description :...
, 700, 1077, 1443, Lectionary 185
Lectionary 185
Lectionary 185, designated by siglum ℓ 185 is a Greek manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment leaves...
mg, Ethiopic mss. Majority of the manuscripts read: Ιησους και μηδενα θεασαμενος πλην της γυναικος or: Ιησους.
In John 8:57 it has singular reading τεσσερακοντα (forty) instead of πεντηκοντα (fifty).
Group Λ
It creates textual group Λ. The group was identified and described by Hermann von Soden, who designated it by Ir. Soden considered it the most diluted form of the Iota text-typeCaesarean text-type
Caesarean text-type is the term proposed by certain scholars to denote a consistent pattern of variant readings that is claimed to be apparent in certain Greek manuscripts of the four Gospels, but which is not found in any of the other commonly recognized New Testament text-types; the Byzantine...
, being about nine parts Kappa to one part Iota. According to von Soden it is not an important group and has a little significance for the reconstruction of the original text of the New Testament. The early date of some its members places the origin of the group in or before the 9th century. According to Wisse the group is fairly close to Kx
Family Kx
Family Kx is a large group of the New Testament manuscripts. It belongs to the Byzantine text-type as one of the textual families of this group. It includes uncials, and although hundreds of minuscules, no early ones.- Description :...
.
According to the Claremont Profile Method it has the following profile:
- Luke 1: 6, 8, (9), 22, (28), (29), 34, (36), (41).
- Luke 10: 3, 15, 18, 23, 33, 35, 44, 57.
- Luke 20: 4, 13, 17, 19, 32, 35, 39, 54, 55, 57, 62.
The word before the bracket is the reading of the UBS
United Bible Societies
The United Bible Societies is a worldwide association of Bible societies. In 1946 delegates from 13 countries formed the UBS, as an effort to coordinate the activities of the bible societies. The first headquarters were London and in Geneva...
edition. The reading after bracket are the reading of the manuscript. The readings which are not bold are those of the Textus Receptus
Textus Receptus
Textus Receptus is the name subsequently given to the succession of printed Greek texts of the New Testament which constituted the translation base for the original German Luther Bible, the translation of the New Testament into English by William Tyndale, the King James Version, and for most other...
.
- Luke 1:10 — ην του λαου ] του λαου ην
- Luke 1:14 — γενεσει ] γεννεσει
- Luke 1:15 — του ] omit
- Luke 1:26 — Ναζαρεθ ] Ναζαρετ
- Luke 1:34 — εσται ] εσται μοι
- Luke 1:35 — γεννωμενον ] γεννωμενον εκ του
- Luke 1:44 — εν αγαλλιασει το βρεφος ] το βρεφος εν αγαλλιασει
- Luke 1:50 — γενεας και γενεας ] γενεαν και γενεαν; Textus ReceptusTextus ReceptusTextus Receptus is the name subsequently given to the succession of printed Greek texts of the New Testament which constituted the translation base for the original German Luther Bible, the translation of the New Testament into English by William Tyndale, the King James Version, and for most other...
reads: γενεας και γενεαν - Luke 1:61 — εκ της συγγενειας ] εν τη συγγενεια
- Luke 10:1 — ημελλεν ] εμελλεν
- Luke 10:6 — εαν ] εαν μεν
- Luke 10:8 — ην ] δ'
- Luke 10:12 — λεγω ] λεγω δε
- Luke 10:17 — εβδομηκοντα ] εβδομηκοντα μαθηται
- Luke 10:21 — αυτη ] αυτη δε
- Luke 10:30 — εκδυσαντες ] εξεδυσαν
- Luke 10:36 — πλησιον δοκει σοι ] δοκει σοι πλησιον
- Luke 20:1 — αρχιερεις ] ιερεις
- Luke 20:5 — δια τι ] πας ο λαος
- Luke 20:7 — ποθεν ] 'omit
- Luke 20:9 — τις ] omit
- Luke 20:18 — επ ] εις
- Luke 20:19 — τον λαον ] omit
- Luke 20:22 — φορον ] φορους
- Luke 20:31 — ωσαυτως ] ωσαυτως ως αυτως
- Luke 20:31 — επτα ] επτα και
- Luke 20:32 — υστερον ] υστερον παντων
- Luke 20:35 — γαμιζονται ] εκγαμιζονται (Τextus Receptus reads: εκγαμισκονται).
According to Frederick Wisse following 23 manuscripts belong to this group in at least a part of Luke: 039, 161
Minuscule 161
Minuscule 161 , ε 1005 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 10th century...
, 164
Minuscule 164
Minuscule 164 , ε 116 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. It is dated by its colophon to the year 1039. It has complex contents, with full marginalia.- Description :...
, 166
Minuscule 166
Minuscule 166 , ε 306 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 11th or 12th centuries. It has marginalia.- Description :...
, 173
Minuscule 173
Minuscule 173 , ε 209 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th century. It has marginalia.- Description :...
(Luke 20), 174
Minuscule 174
Minuscule 174 , ε 109 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. It is dated by a colophon to the 1052...
, 199
Minuscule 199
Minuscule 199 , ε 1254 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th century. It has complex contents and full marginalia.- Description :...
, 211
Minuscule 211
Minuscule 211 , ε 234 , is a Greek-Arabic diglot minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th century. The manuscript is lacunose...
, 230
Minuscule 230
Minuscule 230 , ε 173 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. It is dated by a colophon to the year 1013.- Description :...
, 262
Minuscule 262
Minuscule 262 , ε 1020 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 10th century. It has marginalia.- Description :...
, 710
Minuscule 710
Minuscule 710 , ε348 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 13th century. The manuscript is lacunose...
(Luke 20), 899, 1187, 1205, 1301 (Luke 20), 1502 (Luke 20), 1555, 1573, (Luke 10 and 20), 2465, 2585 (Luke 1 and 20) 2586, and 2725 (Luke 20).
History
Scrivener and Tischendorf dated the manuscript to the 8th century, Gregory to the 9th century. In the present time the manuscript has been assigned on palaeographicalPalaeography
Palaeography, also spelt paleography is the study of ancient writing. Included in the discipline is the practice of deciphering, reading, and dating historical manuscripts, and the cultural context of writing, including the methods with which writing and books were produced, and the history of...
grounds to the 9th century or to the 10th century. The 8th century is also possible palaeographically, but it is excluded by full marginal equipment, breathings and accents.
The place of origin is still speculative. According to Gregory it is possible that the manuscript was written and corrected in Jerusalem. It is very difficult to prove, but Palestine
Palestine
Palestine is a conventional name, among others, used to describe the geographic region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River, and various adjoining lands....
is still shown as the one of the possible places. Nothing is known of the early history of the codex until its discovery by Tischendorf in 1853.
Formerly it was bounded with the codex 566
Minuscule 566
Minuscule 566 , ε 93 , also known as the Empress Theodora's Codex. It is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment, dated palaeographically to the 9th century.- Description :...
in one manuscript. 556 contains Gospel of Matthew
Gospel of Matthew
The Gospel According to Matthew is one of the four canonical gospels, one of the three synoptic gospels, and the first book of the New Testament. It tells of the life, ministry, death, and resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth...
and Gospel of Mark
Gospel of Mark
The Gospel According to Mark , commonly shortened to the Gospel of Mark or simply Mark, is the second book of the New Testament. This canonical account of the life of Jesus of Nazareth is one of the three synoptic gospels. It was thought to be an epitome, which accounts for its place as the second...
, it is written in minuscule letters. The two parts of the manuscript agree in form (two columns, 23 lines per column), in signatures, in the writing of the scholia, and text-type. The marginal notes are written in the same small uncial letters. The nomina sacra are abbreviated in the same way. Also errors (e.g. itacisms, N ephelkystikon, iota adscript
Iota adscript
In Greek polytonic orthography, the iota adscript is a iota written after a long vowel in a long diphthong, as opposed to below the vowel as a small vertical stroke ....
um, no iota subscript
Iota subscript
Iota subscript in Greek polytonic orthography is a way of writing the letter iota as a small vertical stroke beneath a vowel. It was used in the so-called "long diphthongs" in Ancient Greek, that is, diphthongs the first part of which is a long vowel: and...
um etc.) are of the same kind. It is sure that these two parts were written by the same hand. Alfred Rahlfs
Alfred Rahlfs
Alfred Rahlfs was born in Linden, Hannover, Germany. He studied Protestant Theology, Philosophy, and Oriental Languages in Halle and Göttingen, from where he received a Dr. Phil. in 1881...
noted that codex E of the Septuagint was also written partly in uncials and partly in minuscules, in the ninth or tenth century when the change from one style of writing to the other was taking place.
The codex was held at Sinai
Saint Catherine's Monastery, Mount Sinai
Saint Catherine's Monastery lies on the Sinai Peninsula, at the mouth of a gorge at the foot of Mount Sinai in the city of Saint Catherine in Egypt's South Sinai Governorate. The monastery is Orthodox and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site...
and was found by Constantin von Tischendorf
Constantin von Tischendorf
Lobegott Friedrich Constantin Tischendorf was a noted German Biblical scholar. He deciphered the Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus, a 5th century Greek manuscript of the New Testament, in the 1840s, and rediscovered the Codex Sinaiticus, a 4th century New Testament manuscript, in 1859.Tischendorf...
in 1853, who took away only the uncial text (Luke-John) — along with Codex Tischendorfianus IV
Codex Tischendorfianus IV
Codex Tischendorfianus IV – designated by Γ or 036 , ε 70 – is a Greek uncial manuscript of the Gospels, dated palaeographically to the 10th century...
— and brought it to the Bodleian Library
Bodleian Library
The Bodleian Library , the main research library of the University of Oxford, is one of the oldest libraries in Europe, and in Britain is second in size only to the British Library...
in Oxford
Oxford
The city of Oxford is the county town of Oxfordshire, England. The city, made prominent by its medieval university, has a population of just under 165,000, with 153,900 living within the district boundary. It lies about 50 miles north-west of London. The rivers Cherwell and Thames run through...
, where it is now located. Formerly it was housed under the shelf number "Misc. 310", but is now under shelf number "Auctarium T. infr 1.1". It is one of the popular attractions for visitors to the Bodleian Library.
Tischendorf published his description of the minuscule part of the codex in 1860. In 1861 Tischendorf carried out a new examination of the entire codex, with detailed attention to Luke 3:19-36 and John 5:1-36.
The text of the codex was later collated by Tischendorf and Tregelles. Tischendorf used its text in 1858 in his edition of the Novum Testamentum Graece et Latine and in every later edition of the text of the New Testament. In the present day it is infrequently quoted in editions of Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece
Novum Testamentum Graece
Novum Testamentum Graece is the Latin name editions of the original Greek-language version of the New Testament.The first printed edition was the Complutensian Polyglot Bible by Cardinal Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, printed in 1514, but not published until 1520...
.
Tischendorf removed the minuscule text in 1859. It is now housed in the National Library of Russia in Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea...
.
P. Gächler in 1934 found some textual similarities between the manuscript and Codex Bezae, which represents the Western text.
Further reading
- Constantin von TischendorfConstantin von TischendorfLobegott Friedrich Constantin Tischendorf was a noted German Biblical scholar. He deciphered the Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus, a 5th century Greek manuscript of the New Testament, in the 1840s, and rediscovered the Codex Sinaiticus, a 4th century New Testament manuscript, in 1859.Tischendorf...
, Anecdota Sacra et Profana (Leipzig 1861), pp. 4–5 - C. Tischendorf, Notitia editionis codicis Bibliorum Sinaitici (Leipzig: 1860), pp. 58–59
- Ernst von DobschützErnst von DobschützErnst Adolf Alfred Oskar Adalbert von Dobschütz was a German theologian, textual critic, author of numerous books and professor at the University of Halle, the University of Breslau, and the University of Strasbourg...
, Zwei Bibelhandschriften mit doppelter Schriftart, Theologische Literaturzeitung, 1899, Nr. 3, 4. Febr. pp. 74–75 - P. Gächler, Codex D and Λ, JTSThe Journal of Theological StudiesThe Journal of Theological Studies is an academic journal established in 1899 and now published by Oxford University Press in April and October each year. It publishes theological research, scholarship, and interpretation, and hitherto unpublished ancient and modern texts, inscriptions, and documents...
XXXV (1934), pp. 248–266
External links
- Codex Tischendorfianus Λ (039) at the Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism
- Manuscripts Auctarium at the Bodleian Library