Codex Boreelianus
Encyclopedia
Codex Boreelianus, Codex Boreelianus Rheno-Trajectinus (full name), designated by Fe or 09 in the Gregory-Aland numbering and ε 86 in von Soden numbering, is a 9th (or 10th) century uncial
Uncial
Uncial is a majuscule script commonly used from the 3rd to 8th centuries AD by Latin and Greek scribes. Uncial letters are written in either Greek, Latin, or Gothic.-Development:...

 manuscript
Manuscript
A manuscript or handwrite is written information that has been manually created by someone or some people, such as a hand-written letter, as opposed to being printed or reproduced some other way...

 of the four Gospel
Gospel
A gospel is an account, often written, that describes the life of Jesus of Nazareth. In a more general sense the term "gospel" may refer to the good news message of the New Testament. It is primarily used in reference to the four canonical gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John...

s in Greek
Greek language
Greek is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages. Native to the southern Balkans, it has the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, spanning 34 centuries of written records. Its writing system has been the Greek alphabet for the majority of its history;...

. The manuscript, written on parchment
Parchment
Parchment is a thin material made from calfskin, sheepskin or goatskin, often split. Its most common use was as a material for writing on, for documents, notes, or the pages of a book, codex or manuscript. It is distinct from leather in that parchment is limed but not tanned; therefore, it is very...

, is full of lacuna
Lacuna (manuscripts)
A lacunaPlural lacunae. From Latin lacūna , diminutive form of lacus . is a gap in a manuscript, inscription, text, painting, or a musical work...

e (or gaps), many of which arose between 1751 and 1830. The codex was named Boreelianus after Johannes Boreel (1577–1629), who brought it from the East.

The text of the codex represents the majority of the text (Byzantine text-type
Byzantine text-type
The Byzantine text-type is one of several text-types used in textual criticism to describe the textual character of Greek New Testament manuscripts. It is the form found in the largest number of surviving manuscripts, though not in the oldest...

), but with numerous alien readings (non-Byzantine). Some of its readings do not occur in any other manuscript (so called singular readings). According to the present textual critics its text is not a very important manuscript, but it is quoted in all modern editions of the Greek New Testament.

The manuscript was brought from the East at the beginning of the 17th century. It was in private hands for over 100 years. Since 1830 it has been housed at the Utrecht University
Utrecht University
Utrecht University is a university in Utrecht, Netherlands. It is one of the oldest universities in the Netherlands and one of the largest in Europe. Established March 26, 1636, it had an enrollment of 29,082 students in 2008, and employed 8,614 faculty and staff, 570 of which are full professors....

.

Description

The codex
Codex
A codex is a book in the format used for modern books, with multiple quires or gatherings typically bound together and given a cover.Developed by the Romans from wooden writing tablets, its gradual replacement...

 contains the text of the four Gospel
Gospel
A gospel is an account, often written, that describes the life of Jesus of Nazareth. In a more general sense the term "gospel" may refer to the good news message of the New Testament. It is primarily used in reference to the four canonical gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John...

s, on 204 parchment leaves (size ), with numerous lacunae
Lacuna (manuscripts)
A lacunaPlural lacunae. From Latin lacūna , diminutive form of lacus . is a gap in a manuscript, inscription, text, painting, or a musical work...

 (or gaps). The text of the existing codex begins with Matthew 9:1 and ends with John 13:34. Luke is even more incomplete. In 1751 Wettstein
Johann Jakob Wettstein
Johann Jakob Wettstein was a Swiss theologian, best known as a New Testament critic.-Youth and study:...

 remarked that the codex started at Matthew 7:6
Matthew 7:6
Matthew 7:6 is the sixth verse of the seventh chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament and is part of the Sermon on the Mount. This verse contains an ambiguous warning about placing "pearls before swine."...

 and that only the folia with Matthew 8:25 and Mark 11:6–16 were missing. It means that in his time the manuscript was far more complete than at present. At present, lacunae of the manuscript include:
Matthew 1:1–9:1; 12:1–44, 13:55–14:9, 15:20–31, 20:18–21:5;
Mark 1:43–2:8, 2:23–3:5, 11:6–26, 14:54–15:5, 15:39–16:19;
Luke – at least 24 gaps;
John 3:5–14, 4:23–38, 5:18–38, 6:39–63, 7:28–8:10, 10:32–11:3, 12:14–25, 13:34-end.


The leaves are unbound and are kept in loose quires. The text is written in late uncial script, in two columns per page, with mostly 19 lines per column, in large uncial letters. Palaeographically
Palaeography
Palaeography, also spelt paleography is the study of ancient writing. Included in the discipline is the practice of deciphering, reading, and dating historical manuscripts, and the cultural context of writing, including the methods with which writing and books were produced, and the history of...

 the writing is close to the Codex Seidelianus I
Codex Seidelianus I
Codex Seidelianus I, designated by siglum Ge or 011 , ε 87 is a Greek uncial manuscript of the Gospels, dated palaeographically to the 9th century . The codex contains 252 parchment leaves...

.

The letters Η, Μ, Ν, and Π, are square, the letters Ε, Θ, Ο, Σ, and Φ have a round shape. The letters Δ, Ε, Θ, Ο, and especially Ψ in cruciform
Cruciform
Cruciform means having the shape of a cross or Christian cross.- Cruciform architectural plan :This is a common description of Christian churches. In Early Christian, Byzantine and other Eastern Orthodox forms of church architecture this is more likely to mean a tetraconch plan, a Greek cross,...

, are of the form characteristic for the late uncial script. Φ is large and bevelled at both ends. The letters were written by an 'elegant and careful' hand.

The nomina sacra
Nomina sacra
Nomina sacra means "sacred names" in Latin, and can be used to refer to traditions of abbreviated writing of several frequently occurring divine names or titles in early Greek language Holy Scripture...

 (or sacred names) are written in an abbreviated way: ΘΣ for θεος, ΙΣ for Ιησους, ΧΣ for χριστος, ΚΣ for κυριος, ΥΣ for υιος, ΣΗΡ for σωτηρ, ΣΡΑ for σωτηρια, ΣΡΙΟΣ for σωτηριος, ΟΥΝΟΣ for ουρανος, ΟΥΝΙΟΣ for ουρανιος, ΠΝΑ for πνευμα, ΠΗΡ for πατηρ, ΜΗΡ for μητηρ, ΑΝΟΣ for ανθρωπος, ΣΤΡΣ for σταυρος, ΔΑΔ for δαβιδ, ΙΗΛ for ισραηλ, ΙΛΗΜ for ιερουσαλημ, etc. The words at the end of lines are sometimes abbreviated too. It uses typographic ligatures.

The codex has a lot of grammar errors, like hiatus (e.g. νηστευουσιν in Matthew 9:14, ελεγεν in Matthew 9:21, ειπεν in Matthew 9:22, etc.) and N ephelkystikon. The error of iotacism
Iotacism
Iotacism is the process by which a number of vowels and diphthongs in Ancient Greek converged in pronunciation so that they all sound like iota in Modern Greek....

 occurs infrequently.

The breathings (rough and smooth breathing) and accents (see e.g. Greek diacritics
Greek diacritics
Greek orthography has used a variety of diacritics starting in the Hellenistic period. The complex polytonic orthography notates Ancient Greek phonology...

) are given fully and usually correctly. The breathings are indicated by sigla ⊢ and ⊣, often used in codices from the 9th and 10th century. In some cases breathings are given incorrectly (e.g. Matthew 9,7.16).

The text is divided according to the Ammonian Sections, with the usual number of sections, are written on the left margin, but there are given without references to the Eusebian Canons. There is no division according to the (chapters), but the τιτλοι (titles) are given at the top of the pages, sometimes also at the bottom. The capitals at the beginning of the sections stand out in the margin to indicate new sections (as in codices Alexandrinus
Codex Alexandrinus
The Codex Alexandrinus is a 5th century manuscript of the Greek Bible,The Greek Bible in this context refers to the Bible used by Greek-speaking Christians who lived in Egypt and elsewhere during the early history of Christianity...

, Ephraemi, and Basilensis. Although there is no division according to the (chapters), the tables of the κεφαλαια (tables of contents) are placed before each Gospel (except Matthew – because of its defective character). It has some lectionary
Lectionary
A Lectionary is a book or listing that contains a collection of scripture readings appointed for Christian or Judaic worship on a given day or occasion.-History:...

 markings at the margin.

The headpieces are decorated, with headings written in gold and red; in some places nicely decorated initial letters can be found (in red or gold). The Ammonian sections are written in red. The pages are numbered; the Greek quire numbers are still found at the top right of some pages. At the top left of the first page of most quires in Gospel of Matthew, Arabic quire numbers are found.

There are several different correctors, among which the "first hand" worked on the codex, but the total number of corrections is not high.

Text

The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Byzantine text-type
Byzantine text-type
The Byzantine text-type is one of several text-types used in textual criticism to describe the textual character of Greek New Testament manuscripts. It is the form found in the largest number of surviving manuscripts, though not in the oldest...

, but with a number of singular readings. According to Bruce M. Metzger it is typical Byzantine text. According to Kurt
Kurt Aland
Kurt Aland was a German Theologian and Professor of New Testament Research and Church History. He founded the Institut für neutestamentliche Textforschung in Münster and served as its first director for many years...

 and Barbara Aland
Barbara Aland
Barbara Aland, née Ehlers is a German theologian and was a Professor of New Testament Research and Church History at Westphalian Wilhelms-University of Münster until 2002.- Biography :...

 it agrees with the Byzantine standard text 156 times, and 78 times with the Byzantine when it has the same reading as the original text. It does not support the "original" text against the Byzantine. It has 11 independent or distinctive readings. Alands placed it in Category V of New Testament manuscripts. It is not a very important codex, but it is an important witness of the Byzantine text-type. Hermann von Soden classified it as Ki (now it is known as textual family E
Family E
Family E is a textual group of the New Testament manuscripts. It belongs to the Byzantine text-type as one of its textual families, it is one of the primary early families of the Byzantine text-type...

). According to the Claremont Profile Method it has mixed Byzantine text in Luke 1; in Luke 10 and Luke the manuscript is defective.

Textual variants (against Textus Receptus)

The words before the bracket are the readings of the Textus Receptus
Textus Receptus
Textus Receptus is the name subsequently given to the succession of printed Greek texts of the New Testament which constituted the translation base for the original German Luther Bible, the translation of the New Testament into English by William Tyndale, the King James Version, and for most other...

 (received text used in the West from the 16th century until to the end of the 19th century), the words after are the readings of the codex.


Matthew 9:1 εμβας ] εμβας ο Ιησους (unique reading)
Matthew 9:1 ιδιαν ] υδαιαν
Matthew 9:5 αφεωνται σοι ] αφεωνται σου
Matthew 9:5 εγειραι ] εγειρε
Matthew 9:13 ηλθον ] εληλυθα
Matthew 9:18 αρχων ελθων ] αρχων προσηλθεν τω Ιησου
Matthew 9:18 αυτω λεγων ] αυτω λεγω
Matthew 9:18 οτι η θυγατηρ ] τι η θυγατηρ
Matthew 9:32 εξερχομενων ] διεξερχομενων
Matthew 9:33 οτι ] absent (codices: B C D E G K L S)
Matthew 9:36 εκλελυμενοι ] εσκυλμενοι (codices: B C D E F G K S)
Matthew 10:4 κανανιτης ] κανατης
Matthew 10:5 αποστειλας ] απεστειλεν
Matthew 10:8 νεκρους εγειρετε ] absent (codices: E K L M S)
Matthew 11:7 (also in Matthew 11:8; 11:9) εξελθετε ] εξεληλυθατε (Alexandrian manuscripts have εξελθατε)
Matthew 13:43 ακουετω ] absent
Matthew 13:54 εκπληττεσθαι ] εκπλησεσθαι
Matthew 14:19 και λαβων ] λαβων (codices: B D E F K L M P S)
Matthew 14:22 τους οχλους ] τον οχλον (later hand corrected into τους οχλους)
Matthew 14:23 μονος ] absent
Matthew 14:34 γεννησαρετ ] γενησαρεθ (codices: K L)
Matthew 15:4 σου ] absent (codices: B D E F G S)
Matthew 15:14 πεσουνται ] εμπεσουνται
Matthew 15:36 μαθηταις ] ματαις (corrected by several later hands)
Matthew 16:3 μεν ] absent
Matthew 16:27 την πραξιν ] τα εργα
Matthew 16:28 των ωδε εστηκοτων ] ωδε εστωτες
Matthew 17:9 απο ] εκ (B C D E F H K L M S)
Matthew 18:14 υμων ] μου (B H)
Matthew 18:8 σκανδαλιζει ] σκανδαλιζη
Matthew 19:5 προσκολληθησεται ] κοληθησεται (κολληθησεται B D F G H S)
Matthew 19:18 Ιησους ] absent
Matthew 21:30 δευτερω ] ετερω (D E F H K)
Matthew 22:24 αναστησει ] εξαναστησει (F G)
Matthew 22:37 ειπεν ] εφη (B D E F G K L M S)
Matthew 23:25 ακρασιας ] αδικιας (C E F G H K S)
Matthew 23:27 absent ] τοις ανθρωποις
Matthew 23:33 πως φυγητε απο της κρισεως της γεεννης ] πως φυγητε της κρισεως της γεεννης
Matthew 26:15 καγω ] και εγω
Matthew 26:17 πασχα ] πασα
Matthew 26:26 ευλογησας ] ευχαριστησας (A E F H K M S)
Matthew 26:33 εγω ουδεποτε σκανδαλισθησομαι ] εγω ουδεποτε σκανδαλισθησομαι εν σοι
Matthew 26:40 τω πετρω ] αυτοις (F K M)
Matthew 27:17 πιλατος ] πηλατος
Matthew 27:41 πρεσβυτερων ] πρεσβυτερων και φαρισαιων (E F K M S)
Matthew 28:13 οι μαθηται αυτου νυκτος ελθοντες εκλεψαν αυτον, ημων κοιμωμενων ] ημων κοιμωμενων οι ματηται αυτου ελθοντες εκλεψαν αυτον
Matthew 27:55 τω Ιησου ] αυτου
Mark 1:9 ναζαρετ ] ναζαρεθ
Mark 1:16 βαλλοντας ] αμφιβαλλοντας (A B D F G H L S)
Mark 2:9 κραββατον ] κραβαττον
Mark 4:3 σπειραι ] σπειραι τον σπορον αυτου (unique reading)
Mark 5:6 προσεκυνεσεν ] προσεπεσεν
Mark 6:23 ωμοσεν ] ωμολογησεν
Mark 7:3 κρατουντες την παραδοσιν των πρεσβυτερων ] κρατουντες των πρεσβυτερων
Mark 9:1 εως αν ιδωσι την βασιλειαν του θεου ] εως αν ιδωσι την βασιλειαν του θεου
Mark 9:8 Ιησουν μονον μεθ' εαυτων ] Ιησουν μεθ' εαυτων
Mark 9:43 (the same in Mark 9:45) εις την γεενναν, εις το πυρ το ασβεστον ] εις τεν γεενναν του πυρος
Mark 9:47 εις την γεενναν, εις το πυρ το ασβεστον ] εις το πυρ το ασβεστον
Mark 10:26 οι δε περισσως εξεπλησσοντο ] οι δε εξεπλησσοντο
Mark 12:28 εις των γραμματεων ] εις γραμματεων
Luke 1:64 ανεωχθη δε το στομα αυτου ] ανεωχθη δε και το στομα αυτου
Luke 1:78 δια σπλαγχνα ελεους θεου ημων ] absent
Luke 7:47 αφεωνται ] αφιονται
Luke 8:2 δαιμονια επτα εξεληλυθει ] δαιμονια εξεληλυθει
Luke 8:22 αυτος ανεβη ] αυτος ο Ιησους ανεβη
Luke 8:30 επηρωτησε ] επερωτησε (lack of augmentum
Augment (linguistics)
In linguistics, the augment is a syllable added to the beginning of the word in certain Indo-European languages, most notably Greek, Armenian, and the Indo-Iranian languages such as Sanskrit, to form the past tenses.-Indo-European languages:...

)
Luke 9:45 περι του ρηματος τουτου ] περι τουτου
Luke 9:46 εισηλθεν δε διαλογισμος ] εισηλθεν διαλογισμος
Luke 10:13 και σποδω ] absent
John 2:3 υστερησαντος ] οιστερησαντος
John 9:1 ειδεν ] ο ις ειδεν (G H)
John 10:8 προ εμου ] absent
John 13:17 αποκρινεται ο ιξσους εκεινος εστιν ] absent

Against Kr

The words before the bracket are the readings of the Kr
Family Kr
Family Kr is a large group of the New Testament manuscripts. It belongs to the Byzantine text-type as one of the textual families of this group. It has no uncials, no early minuscules, it has only hundreds of minuscules.- Description :...

 (traditional text used in Constantinople and still used by Orthodox Church), the words after are the readings of the codex.


John 5:44 ανθρωπων ] αλληλων
John 5:46 εμου γαρ ] γαρ εμου
John 6:2 ηκολουθει ] ηκολουθησεν
John 6:5 αγορασομεν ] αγορασωμεν
John 6:10 αναπεσον ] αναπεσαν
John 10:8 ηλθον προ εμου ] ηλθον

History

H. Deane, a paleographer, in 1876 dated the manuscript to the 8th century, Tischendorf
Constantin von Tischendorf
Lobegott Friedrich Constantin Tischendorf was a noted German Biblical scholar. He deciphered the Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus, a 5th century Greek manuscript of the New Testament, in the 1840s, and rediscovered the Codex Sinaiticus, a 4th century New Testament manuscript, in 1859.Tischendorf...

 and Gregory to the 9th century; Doedes and Tregelles
Samuel Prideaux Tregelles
Samuel Prideaux Tregelles was an English biblical scholar, textual critic, and theologian.- Life :Tregelles was born at Wodehouse Place, Falmouth, of Quaker parents, but he himself for many years was in communion with the Plymouth Brethren and then later in life became a Presbyterian...

 to the 10th century. As of 1995, it is dated by the Institute for New Testament Textual Research
Institute for New Testament Textual Research
The Institute for New Testament Textual Research at the University of Münster, Westphalia, Germany, is an institute for the investigation of the text of the New Testament. The INTF was founded in Münster in 1959 by Professor Kurt Aland , the first director of the Institute...

 (INTF) to the 9th century.

The Codex Boreelianus is named after Johann Boreel (1577–1629), Dutch Ambassador at the Court of James I of England
James I of England
James VI and I was King of Scots as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the English and Scottish crowns on 24 March 1603...

. There is no record of Boreel's obtaining the codex, but it is generally believed that he brought it to the Netherlands from one of his travels to the Middle East. The connection to Boreel is indicated by Wettstein
Johann Jakob Wettstein
Johann Jakob Wettstein was a Swiss theologian, best known as a New Testament critic.-Youth and study:...

, who was given a partial collation of the codex in 1730. The collation was made by Izaak Verburg, rector of the Amsterdam gymnasium, and contained text from Matthew 7:2 to Luke 11. Wettstein adds that he was not aware of its current location. Wettstein cited the codex in his Novum Testamentum Graecum (1751), also in these parts, which do not survive to the present day (e.g. Matthew 7:9).
Wettstein designated the codex by siglum F, Gregory designated it by 09 (because number of New Testament manuscripts increased), von Soden gave for it siglum ε 86.

After Johann Boreel's death in 1629, the codex itself was in private hands. Boreel’s library was sold in 1632, but the manuscript may not have been among the items for sale. It could have remained in the possession of Boreel’s family, for example, in the hands of his younger brother, the theologian Adam Boreel
Adam Boreel
Adam Boreel was a Dutch theologian and Hebrew scholar. He was one of the founders of the Amsterdam College; the Collegiants were also often called Boreelists, and regarded as a small sect...

 (1602–54). On folio 168 recto of the codex is written the monogram NLB with date "February 9, 1756". On pages 40 recto and 40 verso Dutch notes can found, but they are almost illegible.

The codex resurfaced almost two centuries later, in 1823, and was identified as the Boreelianus by the Utrecht professor Jodocus Heringa (1765–1840). Its leaves had become disordered, and some of them were lost. Scrivener even stated: "Few manuscripts have fallen into such unworthy hands". The manuscript was now in the private hands of Johannes Michaelis Roukens in Arnhem
Arnhem
Arnhem is a city and municipality, situated in the eastern part of the Netherlands. It is the capital of the province of Gelderland and located near the river Nederrijn as well as near the St. Jansbeek, which was the source of the city's development. Arnhem has 146,095 residents as one of the...

. In a letter of 11 March 1830 Roukens explained that the manuscript had been in the possession of his father, Arend Anton Roukens, who had inherited it from his father, Johannes Michaelis Roukens.

In 1841 Tischendorf
Constantin von Tischendorf
Lobegott Friedrich Constantin Tischendorf was a noted German Biblical scholar. He deciphered the Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus, a 5th century Greek manuscript of the New Testament, in the 1840s, and rediscovered the Codex Sinaiticus, a 4th century New Testament manuscript, in 1859.Tischendorf...

 wanted to see and examine the codex, but he was allowed to read only Heringa’s papers on it because Heringa was preparing his collation. Heringa’s papers were edited and published by Vinke in 1843 under the title Jodoci Heringa El. Fil. Disputatio de codice Boreeliano, nunc Rheno-Trajectino ab ipso in lucem protracto, which includes a full and exact collation of the text.

In 1850 Samuel Prideaux Tregelles
Samuel Prideaux Tregelles
Samuel Prideaux Tregelles was an English biblical scholar, textual critic, and theologian.- Life :Tregelles was born at Wodehouse Place, Falmouth, of Quaker parents, but he himself for many years was in communion with the Plymouth Brethren and then later in life became a Presbyterian...

, though with some difficulty, examined the codex.

Philipp Schaff in Introduction to the American Edition of Westcott-Hort (1881) wrote that it is not an important manuscript. The same opinion gave biblical scholar Frederic G. Kenyon
Frederic G. Kenyon
Sir Frederic George Kenyon GBE KCB TD FBA FSA was a British paleographer and biblical and classical scholar. He occupied from 1889 to 1931 a series of posts at the British Museum...

, according to whom the text of the codex has "comparatively little authority". Despite these opinions, the codex continues to be cited in critical editions of Novum Testamentum Graece
Novum Testamentum Graece
Novum Testamentum Graece is the Latin name editions of the original Greek-language version of the New Testament.The first printed edition was the Complutensian Polyglot Bible by Cardinal Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, printed in 1514, but not published until 1520...

. Edition of Nestle-Aland cited the codex from its first verse – i.e. Matthew 9:1 – in critical apparatus.

Since 1830, the codex has been located in the library of the Utrecht University
Utrecht University
Utrecht University is a university in Utrecht, Netherlands. It is one of the oldest universities in the Netherlands and one of the largest in Europe. Established March 26, 1636, it had an enrollment of 29,082 students in 2008, and employed 8,614 faculty and staff, 570 of which are full professors....

 (Ms. 1). In March 2007 David Trobisch visited Utrecht and viewed the manuscript with a number of colleagues. In October 2007 the manuscript was digitized
Digitizing
Digitizing or digitization is the representation of an object, image, sound, document or a signal by a discrete set of its points or samples. The result is called digital representation or, more specifically, a digital image, for the object, and digital form, for the signal...

.

Articles on Codex Boreelianus

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