Argentine beef
Encyclopedia
Beef
Beef is the culinary name for meat from bovines, especially domestic cattle. Beef can be harvested from cows, bulls, heifers or steers. It is one of the principal meats used in the cuisine of the Middle East , Australia, Argentina, Brazil, Europe and the United States, and is also important in...
is a key component of traditional Argentine cuisine
Cuisine of Argentina
Argentine cuisine may be described as a cultural blending of indigenous Mediterranean influences with the wide scope of livestock and agricultural products that are abundant in the country...
.
Current situation
ArgentinaArgentina
Argentina , officially the Argentine Republic , is the second largest country in South America by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires...
has the world's second highest consumption rate of beef, at 55 kg a year per capita. In 2006, livestock farmers kept between 50 and 55 million head of cattle, mostly in the fertile pastures of the Pampa
Pampa
The Pampas are the fertile South American lowlands, covering more than , that include the Argentine provinces of Buenos Aires, La Pampa, Santa Fe, Entre Ríos and Córdoba, most of Uruguay, and the southernmost Brazilian State, Rio Grande do Sul...
s. The country is currently the third largest beef export
Export
The term export is derived from the conceptual meaning as to ship the goods and services out of the port of a country. The seller of such goods and services is referred to as an "exporter" who is based in the country of export whereas the overseas based buyer is referred to as an "importer"...
er in the world after Brazil
Brazil
Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...
and Australia
Australia
Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area...
. The national government applies a 15% tax on beef exports and has applied further restrictions since March 2006 to keep domestic prices low.
Current export restrictions
On 8 March 2006, after unsuccessfully trying to control the rising prices of beef in the internal market (26% since the beginning of that year), the Argentine government banned beef exports for 180 days (with the exception of pre-arranged shipments and the Hilton QuotaHilton Quota
The Hilton Quota is the informal name of the Tariff Quota regulated by the Commission Regulation No 936/97 of 27 May 1997 for the European Union.-Beef supplies:...
). On 26 May, the ban was replaced by a quota, to be in force between June and November, equivalent to 40% of the amount of beef exported in the same period of 2005.
These measures met harsh criticism from livestock farmers, the meat processing industry, and the export sector; some analysts have said that it will be useless in the long term and harm Argentina's international image, besides causing large monetary losses. Other analysts have said it is the only adequate measure that deals with inflation and that the industry is the only one in Argentina profitable enough to sustain such a policy.
History
CattleCattle
Cattle are the most common type of large domesticated ungulates. They are a prominent modern member of the subfamily Bovinae, are the most widespread species of the genus Bos, and are most commonly classified collectively as Bos primigenius...
were first introduced into Argentina in 1536 by Spanish
Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
Conquistadors. Due to the geographic conditions on the Pampas and an insufficiently large internal market, the cattle multiplied rapidly. Railway construction within Argentina and the invention of refrigerated trains and ships in the late 19th century created an external export market and Argentina's beef export industry started to thrive. The reversed seasons between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres meant that Argentine beef came onto the market at a time of year when beef was less readily available in the Northern Hemisphere, which further increased the potential export market in the United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
and Europe
Europe
Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...
an markets.
Following the increasing demand for high quality beef, new breeds and selective crossbreeding have been developed.
Argentine beef and its production have played a major part in the Culture of Argentina
Culture of Argentina
The culture of Argentina is as varied as the country's geography and mix of ethnic groups. Modern Argentine culture has been largely influenced by European immigration although there are lesser elements of Amerindian and African influences, particularly in the fields of music and art...
, from the asado
Asado
Asado is a term used both for a range of barbecue techniques and the social event of having or attending a barbecue in Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Chile and southern Brazil. In the former countries asado is also the standard word for barbecue. An asado usually consists of beef alongside various...
to the history of the gaucho
Gaucho
Gaucho is a term commonly used to describe residents of the South American pampas, chacos, or Patagonian grasslands, found principally in parts of Argentina, Uruguay, Southern Chile, and Southern Brazil...
s of the Pampas. Landowners became wealthy from beef production and export, and estancia
Estância
Estância is a municipality located in the Brazilian state of Sergipe. Its population was 62,218 and its area is 642 km². The city is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Estância....
owners built large houses, important buildings in Buenos Aires and elsewhere, and contributed to politics, philanthropy and society. The agricultural show
Agricultural show
An agricultural show is a public event showcasing the equipment, animals, sports and recreation associated with agriculture and animal husbandry. The largest comprise a livestock show , a trade fair, competitions, and entertainment...
La Rural
La Rural
La Exposición Rural , is an annual agricultural and livestock show held in the Palermo section of Buenos Aires, Argentina...
each winter in Buenos Aires became a major part of the social season since it started in 1886.
In Chile
Chile
Chile ,officially the Republic of Chile , is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow coastal strip between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far...
heightened taxes for the import of Argentine cattle in 1905 led to the Meat riots
Meat riots
The Meat riots in Santiago, Chile in October 1905 were the earliest and one of the biggest riots to take place in Chile.-Background:The price of meat was kept artificially high by the government, by means of the combination of a special tariff applied to cattle imports from Argentina, in order to...
, one of the first massive protests in Santiago
Santiago, Chile
Santiago , also known as Santiago de Chile, is the capital and largest city of Chile, and the center of its largest conurbation . It is located in the country's central valley, at an elevation of above mean sea level...
. The price of meat
Meat
Meat is animal flesh that is used as food. Most often, this means the skeletal muscle and associated fat and other tissues, but it may also describe other edible tissues such as organs and offal...
was kept artificially high by the government, by means of the combination of a special tariff applied to cattle imports from Argentina, in order to protect the domestic producers, and a runaway inflation. The riots lasted from October 22 until October 27, and between 200 and 250 people were killed over this period, while more than 500 were injured. The financial losses were staggering. This revolt emphasized that the social problems were far more serious than what the authorities believed. http://www.biografiadechile.cl/contenido.php?IdContenido=278&IdCategoria=8&IdArea=32
Foot-and-mouth disease crisis
Argentina's cattle industry had become one of the most important economic factors of the country, as worldwide, Argentina had become the fourth largest beef exporter. As such, it was devastating news when, in 2001, for the first time after 60 years, new cases of foot-and-mouth diseaseFoot-and-mouth disease
Foot-and-mouth disease or hoof-and-mouth disease is an infectious and sometimes fatal viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals, including domestic and wild bovids...
s (FMD) were announced. Although FMD is in most cases harmless to people, it is a highly contagious (between animals) viral disease which requires the slaughter of infected animals. Argentine beef was banned by more than 60 countries, including the United States and Canada
Canada
Canada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean...
, as they were afraid of allowing the disease to spread among their own cattle.
After an aggressive vaccination programme, the OIE (Office International des Epizooties
Office international des épizooties
The World Organisation for Animal Health is the intergovernmental organisation responsible for improving animal health worldwide and was created by an international agreement as the International Office of Epizootics on 25 January 1924...
) declared in 2003 that Argentina had regained "foot-and-mouth free with vaccination" status. A few years later, new cases of FMD were discovered in a herd of cattle in a northern province of Argentina. As a result, Chile
Chile
Chile ,officially the Republic of Chile , is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow coastal strip between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far...
banned the import of Argentine meat.
Labelling
Food Safety or Quality labels are rarely used in Argentina and a major initiative has been called for on this issue. There is no label certified by the government. The unsatisfactory situation concerning Food Safety becomes immediately clear by looking at the fact that the Argentine National Inspection Services audited and approved only 35 slaughterhouses in 2003 on Good Manufacturing Practices and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP).However, farmers as well as the export industry started to realize that there is a steadily increasing demand for safer and more reliable brands. To meet customer expectations, several initiatives have been taken. There are certificates handed out by private organizations, such as breed associations. For instance, the Argentine Angus Association established a Carne Angus Certificada to ensure that only meat coming from an Angus is described as Angus. Furthermore, the association supports other certificates like the Ternero Angus Certificado.
Besides the breed associations, different pilot projects have been initiated. The Pampas Del Salado project is an example of these; its approach has been to ear-tag calves in order to assure their origin and quality. However, most of those projects have only scant participation; certificates and labels will only gain reputation and acceptance among consumers only if there is a sufficiently large percentage of producers participating.
Promotion of Argentine beef
In order to increase sales in foreign countries and to improve the production and reliability of beef produced in Argentina, a public non-governmental organizationNon-governmental organization
A non-governmental organization is a legally constituted organization created by natural or legal persons that operates independently from any government. The term originated from the United Nations , and is normally used to refer to organizations that do not form part of the government and are...
, the IPCVA (Instituto de Promoción de la Carne Vacuna Argentina— The Argentine Beef Promotion Institute) was founded in December 2001. Furthermore, the IPCVA is also concerned with promotional work in Argentina itself.
The IPCVA is made up of a range of partners involved in Argentine Beef production and export, from experienced cattle farmers to managers. This broad expertise in various fields aims to allow the IPCVA to organize beef production and beef sales professionally. As a fairly young institution, the IPCVA has had to define an image which allows the identification of the main product, beef. Three key factors influence this image: history, tradition, and prestige. All of them are considered to be USP's (Unique selling proposition
Unique selling proposition
The Unique Selling Proposition is a marketing concept that was first proposed as a theory to explain a pattern among successful advertising campaigns of the early 1940s. It states that such campaigns made unique propositions to the customer and that this convinced them to switch brands...
s).
International and national promotion
Several activities have been undertaken to make Argentine beef better known in the world:- The IPCVA participated in the International Food and Drink Exhibition (IFE) held in LondonLondonLondon is the capital city of :England and the :United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its...
, United KingdomUnited KingdomThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
in March.
- An Argentine Beef Festival was arranged last February in HelsinkiHelsinkiHelsinki is the capital and largest city in Finland. It is in the region of Uusimaa, located in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The population of the city of Helsinki is , making it by far the most populous municipality in Finland. Helsinki is...
, FinlandFinlandFinland , officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden in the west, Norway in the north and Russia in the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.Around 5.4 million people reside...
. In order to promote the product, a big Banquet was held at the Helsinki Oasis Hotel with the Argentine Ambassador. - Representatives of the IPCVA traveled to Washington DC, USA to negotiate a special contract to ease export of Argentine Beef to the North AmericaNorth AmericaNorth America is a continent wholly within the Northern Hemisphere and almost wholly within the Western Hemisphere. It is also considered a northern subcontinent of the Americas...
n market. - Qualitative soundings are being developed in the main cities of the European UnionEuropean UnionThe European Union is an economic and political union of 27 independent member states which are located primarily in Europe. The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and Steel Community and the European Economic Community , formed by six countries in 1958...
to better know consumers' preferences in order to design specific promotion campaigns.
However, with the export restrictions for beef set by the Argentine government, these measures may be of little use. Therefore, the IPCVA also focuses on promotion work in Argentina:
- The IPCVA is developing the first beef consumption map in Argentina. Through complete research of the domestic market, an "X-Ray" of the beef consumption in the whole country will be set up and used for marketing and promotion purposes
- "Las Leonas' Secret"—Las LeonasLas LeonasArgentina national women's field hockey team represents Argentina in women's field hockey. They are also known by the nickname Las Leonas, meaning "The Lionesses"...
, the Argentine women's field hockeyField hockeyField Hockey, or Hockey, is a team sport in which a team of players attempts to score goals by hitting, pushing or flicking a ball into an opposing team's goal using sticks...
team, has a contract with the IPCVA to eat Argentine beef. This prestigious sport is seen as key to promoting the meat, especially because prestige is one of the key factors of the Argentine beef image.
Funding of the IPCVA
These huge promotions are expensive. Therefore the IPCVA arranged to get the following contributions for its budget:- 1.25 Argentine pesos from producers per killed animal
- 0.55 Argentine pesos from packers per packed animal
This adds up to 1.80 Argentine pesos per slaughtered animal. At a killing rate of 13 million animals per year, it totals 23,400,000 Argentine pesos. This is a budget of around €6,325,000 per year (March 28, 2006).
Goals of the IPCVA
The long term goals of the IPCVA are described as follows on their website:- Identify and create demand for Argentine beef products in domestic and foreign markets.
- Design and develop marketing strategies to improve Argentine beef products' competitiveness overseas.
- Plan and develop promotion strategies to contribute to the improvement of domestic consumption levels.
- Work to consolidate Argentine beef quality and security, contributing to the efficiency of productive and industrial processes."
The IPCVA has become a major instrument to improve the international competitiveness of Argentine beef.
Quality of Argentine beef
Beef quality is dependent on the diet provided to cattle and their living conditions. The two different farming regimes used for beef production in Argentina are grass pasture and feedlot-based farming.Argentina's rainfall and largely temperate climate result in high quality pastures, which may, however, not be suitable for more intensive agriculture. The Humid Pampa
Humid Pampa
The Humid Pampa is an extensive region of flat, fertile grassland of loessic origin in Argentina. It has a precipitation average of 900 mm per year, in contrast with the Dry Pampas to the west, which average less than 700 mm.-Setting:...
(Pampa Húmeda) is the most important and best-known cattle-producing region, as it has vast and open pastures. Grass-fed beef is believed to be healthier than beef from feedlots, as it contains less saturated fat
Saturated fat
Saturated fat is fat that consists of triglycerides containing only saturated fatty acids. Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between the individual carbon atoms of the fatty acid chain. That is, the chain of carbon atoms is fully "saturated" with hydrogen atoms...
and more omega 3 fatty acid
Fatty acid
In chemistry, especially biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with a long unbranched aliphatic tail , which is either saturated or unsaturated. Most naturally occurring fatty acids have a chain of an even number of carbon atoms, from 4 to 28. Fatty acids are usually derived from...
s than grain-fed beef, and so does not contribute so much to raising cholesterol
Cholesterol
Cholesterol is a complex isoprenoid. Specifically, it is a waxy steroid of fat that is produced in the liver or intestines. It is used to produce hormones and cell membranes and is transported in the blood plasma of all mammals. It is an essential structural component of mammalian cell membranes...
in humans. Although the latter diet is increasing, grass-fed beef is still the most popular in Argentina.
Grass-fed cattle are living under more natural conditions, and are less likely to have hormone
Hormone
A hormone is a chemical released by a cell or a gland in one part of the body that sends out messages that affect cells in other parts of the organism. Only a small amount of hormone is required to alter cell metabolism. In essence, it is a chemical messenger that transports a signal from one...
implants. On the other hand, the technique requires large amounts of expensive land and a larger number of trained staff. Additionally, it takes longer to raise the animal.
As beef is increasingly mass-produced, farming techniques with the ultimate goal of fattening the animals are evolving; the most common of these is grain-fed beef cattle held in feedlots. But as the animals, denied physical effort and stocked together, get fatter; beer
Beer
Beer is the world's most widely consumed andprobably oldest alcoholic beverage; it is the third most popular drink overall, after water and tea. It is produced by the brewing and fermentation of sugars, mainly derived from malted cereal grains, most commonly malted barley and malted wheat...
is often used to calm them. In order to prevent disease on farms and feedlots, the animals are fed antibiotic
Antibiotic
An antibacterial is a compound or substance that kills or slows down the growth of bacteria.The term is often used synonymously with the term antibiotic; today, however, with increased knowledge of the causative agents of various infectious diseases, antibiotic has come to denote a broader range of...
s. The feedlot diet guarantees constant and controlled results, year-round productivity as it is not as dependent on climate and does not require so much land. Taking into consideration all these factors, it is thus the cheaper diet, but there are suggestions it is less beneficial for the welfare of the animals and for the health-giving qualities and flavour of the meat.
Statistics
| Gross domestic product Gross domestic product Gross domestic product refers to the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period. GDP per capita is often considered an indicator of a country's standard of living.... of Argentina (PPP Purchasing power parity In economics, purchasing power parity is a condition between countries where an amount of money has the same purchasing power in different countries. The prices of the goods between the countries would only reflect the exchange rates... ) |
US$537 billion |
| GDP share of agriculture | 10.5% |
| Total revenue on beef | US$5 billion |
| Beef export revenue | US$500–700 million |
| Percentage of beef exports over total Argentine exports | 3% |
| Percentage of worldwide beef exports | 7.36% |
| Total slaughter | 13 million head/year |
| Beef production | 2.8 million tonnes/year |
| Consumption per capita | 55 kg/person/year |
It can be said that Argentina produces annually about two 240-gram steaks per person worldwide and has six steaks more standing on its pastures.
Domestic market and export
The high consumption per capita shows that beef is profoundly integrated into traditional Argentine cuisine. However, as can be seen, beef exports are not an essential part of the Argentine economy. This is in large part because Argentina consumes most of its beef and the industry has been prevented from orienting itself to an export industry. Secondary reasons include the restrictive rules and regulations on beef of importing countries. For instance, Argentina agreed with the United StatesUnited States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
on an annual restriction of 20,000 tons.
While these rules were not always in place in previous years/decades, Argentina still has not become a massive exporter of beef, but an exporter nonetheless.
Even while beef exports are not fully developed for a larger contribution to the Argentine economy, Argentina has been a major player in the world beef market for many years, due in large part to the reputation of Argentine beef.
Shorthorn
Originally from northeast EnglandNorth East England
North East England is one of the nine official regions of England. It covers Northumberland, County Durham, Tyne and Wear, and Teesside . The only cities in the region are Durham, Newcastle upon Tyne and Sunderland...
, the shorthorn
Shorthorn
The Shorthorn breed of cattle originated in the North East of England in the late 18th century. The breed was developed as dual purpose, suitable for both dairy and beef production; however there were always certain blood lines within the breed which emphasised one quality or the other...
was introduced to Argentina in 1826 and was the first foreign breed to enter the country. As in many other countries, Argentina's selection was designated to produce not only meat but milk as well.
Nowadays, Argentina's Shorthorn breed has been bred to greatly improve its meat quality thanks to hybridisation (crossbreeding) as has been demonstrated at the National Agropecuarian Technology Center.
Characteristics: considerable size; wide back and forequarters. A couple of centuries ago, they used to lack symmetry and uniformity.
http://www.embryoplus.com/cattle_shorthorn.html
Hereford
Produced with the objective of responding to EnglandEngland
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
's food market expansion during Britain
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom during the period when what is now the Republic of Ireland formed a part of it....
's industrial revolution the Hereford
Hereford (cattle)
Hereford cattle are a beef cattle breed, widely used both in intemperate areas and temperate areas, mainly for meat production.Originally from Herefordshire, England, United Kingdom, more than five million pedigree Hereford Cattle now exist in over 50 countries...
is known for its high yield of beef. It was first introduced to Argentina in 1858, and is characterized by its juice and flavor consistency.
Just as the Argentina's Shorthorn has evolved, so did the Argentine Hereford through crossbreeding with local breeds.
Characteristics: high yield of beef; wide back; early maturity; rustling ability and hardiness.
http://www.embryoplus.com/cattle_hereford.html
Aberdeen Angus
Originally from ScotlandScotland
Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the...
, the Aberdeen Angus were first introduced to Argentina by Don Carlos Guerrero in 1879. They are generally found in temperate climates. Instead of focusing on crossbreeding in order to strength their qualities, Argentine farmers decided to focus on a purebred evolution based on natural and high-quality nutrition.
Characteristics: maternal skills; highly fertile; growth capacity; climate adaptation; thin skin; short and smooth hair.
http://www.angus.org.ar/
Holando-Argentina
Derived from the HolsteinHolstein (cattle)
Holstein cattle is a breed of cattle known today as the world's highest production dairy animal. Originating in Europe, Holsteins were bred in what is now the Netherlands and more specifically in the two northern provinces of North Holland and Friesland...
, it was first introduced from The Netherlands in 1880, to the fertile regions the Pampas, and devoted to the production of both beef and milk.
Zebu
Originally from IndiaIndia
India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world...
, the Zebu
Zebu
Zebu , sometimes known as humped cattle, indicus cattle, Cebu or Brahmin cattle are a type of domestic cattle originating in South Asia, particularly the Indian subcontinent. They are characterised by a fatty hump on their shoulders, drooping ears and a large dewlap...
is an animal used for pulling loads. Many different breeds can be found spread over the world since they were crossbred in order to pass on their tolerance to hot weather and strength.
Characteristics: light colored; clear hump between the shoulders; large horns; hot climate and insect tolerance.
http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/
Charolais
Brought to Argentina around 1910, the CharolaisCharolais cattle
Charolais cattle are a beef breed of cattle which originated in Charolais, around Charolles, in France. They are raised for their meat and are known for their composite qualities when crossed with other breeds, most notably Angus and Hereford cattle...
breed is originally from France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
. Focusing on size and strength, farmers paid little attention to their quality of meat and therefore to refinement.
Characteristics: wide opened and round horns; long and tall; projecting shoulders and deep hips.
http://www.lavache.com/vamonde/images/france/charol/charolais.jpg
Recipes with Argentine beef
Beef is traditionally cooked over charcoal flame (as an asadoAsado
Asado is a term used both for a range of barbecue techniques and the social event of having or attending a barbecue in Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Chile and southern Brazil. In the former countries asado is also the standard word for barbecue. An asado usually consists of beef alongside various...
) and served often as part of a wider selection of grilled meat, with chimichurri
Chimichurri
Chimichurri or Chimmichurri is a variant of green sauce, though there is a red version as well , also used as a marinade, for grilled meat...
as a relish.
General Treatment and cooking of beef meat
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- To ease cooking and to make the meat lighter, fat should be removed except for pieces that are to be grilled.
- For the eye round, totally separate the outside fat, and remove the film that covers it with a sharp knife. Then season the beef before cooking it.
- To cook beef brown the meat on all sides. Then take it out of the pan, and add it again once the liquid of the recipe is being added.
- In order not to lose the beef's natural juices once arranged in the platter, paint the meat with its own juice, or use the juice as ingredient for the sauce.
- When doing the beef in the oven always seal the meat first. This stops the loss of juices. (Seal in a Frying pan, or in the oven at high heat)
- To freeze beef, freeze quantities that you will be able to use for future meals. Preferably cut the beef in small pieces to freeze it. This way it will be easier to defrost it, and the fibres will not break.
- Cooked meat should be frozen with its sauce.
External links
http://www.carilat.de/suedamerika/argentinien/landwirtschaft.htm TED Case Studies- http://www.pampasplains.com
- http://www.ifama.org/conferences/2003Conference/papers/jatibFOOD.pdf
- http://www.angus.org.ar
- http://www.ifama.org/conferences/2005Conference/Symp_Presentations/CaseConference/2I_Palau.ppt#270,14,7) Final remarks
- http://www.angus.org.ar/carne.htm
- http://www.viarural.com.ar/viarural.com.ar/ganaderia/asociaciones/shorthorn/default.htm
- http://www.spectrumcommodities.com/education/commodity/statistics/cattle.html
- http://www.inta.gov.ar/ins/en/agriculture.htm
- http://www.hereford.org.ar/
- http://www.viarural.com.ar/viarural.com.ar/ganaderia/asociaciones/charolais/ingles.html
- http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/
- http://www.lavache.com/vamonde/images/france/charol/charolais.jpg
- http://www2.onleben.t-online.de/dyn/c/90/58/24/9058246.html
- http://www.argentinebeef.org.ar
- http://www.ipcva.com.ar/eng/
- http://www.napavintners.com/news/Temporary%20stuff/150%20dpi/Beef%20Tenderloin150.jpg
- http://www.slowfoodsiena.it/foto2/ungheria_olga_gulash.JPG
Books and newspapers
- Pauli Classical Cooking the Modern Way
- The Wall Street JournalThe Wall Street JournalThe Wall Street Journal is an American English-language international daily newspaper. It is published in New York City by Dow Jones & Company, a division of News Corporation, along with the Asian and European editions of the Journal....
, New YorkNew YorkNew York is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east...
, February 13, 2006 - The EconomistThe EconomistThe Economist is an English-language weekly news and international affairs publication owned by The Economist Newspaper Ltd. and edited in offices in the City of Westminster, London, England. Continuous publication began under founder James Wilson in September 1843...
, LondonLondonLondon is the capital city of :England and the :United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its...
, March 18, 2006, pg 69 - Wall Street Journal (Eastern Edition): Argentine Cows Plan Moved to Feedlots: Turner, Taos; New York, NY; September 1, 2004; pg. 1