Trondheim
Encyclopedia
Trondheim (ˈtrɔnhæjm), historically, Nidaros and Trondhjem, is a city and municipality in Sør-Trøndelag
county, Norway
. With a population of 173,486, it is the third most populous municipality and city in the country, although the fourth largest metropolitan area
. It is the administrative centre of Sør-Trøndelag county. Trondheim lies on the south shore of the Trondheimsfjord
at the mouth of the river Nidelva
. The city is dominated by the Norwegian University of Science and Technology
(NTNU), SINTEF
, St. Olavs University Hospital
and other technology-oriented institutions.
The settlement was founded in 997 as a trading post, and was the capital of Norway during the Viking Age
until 1217. From 1152 to 1537, the city was the seat of the Archdiocese of Nidaros
; since it has remained the seat of the Diocese of Nidaros
and the Nidaros Cathedral
. It was incorporated in 1838. The current municipality dates from 1964, when Trondheim merged with Byneset
, Leinstrand
, Strinda
and Tiller
.
Trondheim was named Kaupangen (market place or trading place) by Viking
King Olav Tryggvason in 997. Fairly soon, it came to be called Nidaros
. In the beginning it was frequently used as a military retainer (Old Norse
: "hird"-man) of King Olav. It was frequently used as the seat of the king, and was capital of Norway until 1217.
People have been living in the region for thousands of years as evidenced by the rock carvings in central Norway
, the Nøstvet and Lihult cultures
and the Corded Ware culture
. In ancient times, the Kings of Norway were hailed at Øretinget in Trondheim, the place for the assembly of all free men by the mouth of the river Nidelva
. Harald Fairhair (865–933) was hailed as the king here, as was his son, Haakon I
– called 'the Good'. The battle of Kalvskinnet
took place in Trondheim in 1179: King Sverre Sigurdsson and his Birkebeiner
warriors were victorious against Erling Skakke
(a rival to the throne). Some scholars believe that the famous Lewis chessmen
, 12th century chess pieces carved from walrus ivory found in the Hebrides
and now at the British Museum
, may have been made in Trondheim.
Trondheim was the seat of the (Catholic) Archdiocese of Nidaros
for Norway from 1152. Due to the introduction of Lutheran
Protestantism in 1537, the last Archbishop, Olav Engelbrektsson
, had to flee from the city to the Netherlands
, where he died in present-day Lier, Belgium
.
The city has experienced several major fires. Since it was a city of log buildings, out of wood, most fires caused severe damage. Great fires ravaged the city in 1598, 1651, 1681, 1708, twice in 1717, 1742, 1788, 1841 and 1842; these were only the worst cases. The 1651 fire destroyed 90% of all buildings within the city limits. The fire in 1681 (the "Horneman Fire") led to an almost total reconstruction of the city, overseen by General Johan Caspar von Cicignon
, originally from Luxembourg
. Broad avenues like Munkegaten were created, with no regard for property rights, in order to stop the next fire. At the time, the city had a population of roughly 8000 inhabitants. After the Treaty of Roskilde
on 26 February 1658, Trondheim and the rest of Trøndelag
, became Swedish territory for a brief period, but the area was reconquered after 10 months. The conflict was finally settled by the Treaty of Copenhagen on 27 May 1660.
During World War II, Trondheim was occupied by Nazi Germany
from 9 April 1940, the first day of the invasion of Norway
, until the end of the war in Europe, 8 May 1945. The home of the most notorious Norwegian Gestapo agent, Henry Rinnan, it was also subject to harsh treatment by the occupying powers, including imposition of martial law
in October 1942. During this time the Germans turned the city and its environs into a major base for submarines (DORA 1
), and also contemplated a scheme to build a new city for 300,000 inhabitants, Nordstern ("Northern Star"), centred 15 km (10 mi) southwest of Trondheim, near the wetlands of Øysand in the outskirts of Melhus
municipality. This new metropolis was to be accompanied by a massively expanded version of the already existing naval base, which was intended to become the primary future stronghold of the German Kriegsmarine
. Today there are few physical remains of this enormous construction project.
). On 1 January 1864, part of Strinda
(population: 1,229) was transferred to Trondheim. Then on 1 January 1893, another part of Strinda
(population: 4,097) was transferred to Trondheim. On 1 January 1952, the Lade
area of Strinda (population: 2,230) was transferred to Trondheim. On 1 January 1964, a major municipal merger took place: the neighbouring municipalities of Leinstrand
(population: 4,193), Byneset
(population: 2,049), Strinda
(population: 44,600), and Tiller
(population: 3,595) were all merged together with the city of Trondheim (population: 56,982), which just about doubled the population of the municipality.
Following the example set by the renaming of the capital Kristiania to Oslo
, Nidaros was reintroduced as the official name of the city for a brief period from 1 January 1930 until 6 March 1931. The name was restored in order to reaffirm the city's link with its glorious past, despite the fact that a 1928 referendum
on the name of the city had given this result: 17,163 votes in favour of Trondhjem and 1,508 votes in favour of Nidaros. Public outrage later in the same year, even taking the form of riot
s, forced the Storting to settle for the medieval city name Trondheim. The name of the diocese was, however, changed from Trondhjem stift to Nidaros bispedømme (Diocese of Nidaros
) in 1918.
Historically, Trondheimen indicates the area around the Trondheimsfjord
. The spelling Trondhjem was officially rejected, but many still prefer that spelling of the city's name. Today, most inhabitants still refer to their city as Trånnhjæm.
dates back to the 13th century. To the left, there is an archbishop
with his staff and mitre
in a church archway. On the right, a crowned king holding scales in a castle archway. These two pictures rest on a base which forms an arch. Underneath that arch, are three male heads which symbolize the city's rank as Norway's first capital and the archbishop's place of residence. The scales symbolize justice and the motif is based on the political philosophy of the 13th century, where the balance of power between king and church was an important issue. The three heads at the bottom may symbolize the city council. The motif is unique in Norwegian municipal heraldry, but similar motifs are found in bishopric cities on the continent. The design of the coat-of-arms that was adopted in 1897, and is still used today, was made by Håkon Thorsen.
en with an excellent harbour and sheltered condition. The river used to be deep enough for most boats in the Middle Ages. An avalanche of mud and stones made it less navigable and partly ruined the harbour in the mid-17th century.
The municipality's top elevation is the Storheia
hill, 565 metres (1,853.7 ft) above sea level
. At summer solstice
, the sun rises at 03:00 and sets at 23:40, but stays just below the horizon–there is no darkness from 20 May to 20 July. At winter solstice, the sun rises at 10:00, stays very low above the horizon, and sets at 14:30.
, but borders on humid continental and subarctic climate
. The part of the municipality further away from the fjord has colder winters and is subarctic (January mean at Klett 1961-90 is -5.5 °C). The part close to the fjord, such as the city center, has milder winters (January mean Trondheim city center 58 m amsl 1961-90 is -2.5 °C. Trondheim is mostly sheltered from the strong winds which can occour along the outer seabord. The warmest temperature ever recorded is 35 °C (95 °F) on 22 July 1901, and the coldest is -26.1 °C in February 1899. Trondheim experiences moderate snowfall from November to March, but mixed with mild weather and rainfall. There are on average 14 days each winter with at least 25 cm snow cover on the ground and 22 days with daily minimum temperature -10 °C or colder. There is often substantially more snow in suburban areas at somewhat higher elevation, such as Byåsen
and Heimdal
, with good skiing conditions in Bymarka
. Spring often sees much sunshine, but nights can be chilly or cold. The daily high temperature can exceed 20 °C (68 °F) from late April to late September, but not reliably so; on average are 34 days each summer warmer than 20 °C (68 °F). October is the most typical autumn month with cool temperatures and fall foliage, while November is considerably darker and colder. Average annual precipitation is 892 millimetres (35.1 in) fairly evenly spread out over the year, although September and October typically sees twice as much precipitation as March, April and May. Temperatures have tended to be warmer in recent years. The Trøndelag
area has seen average temperatures increase by almost 2 C-change in the last 25 years.
s can be found within the city limits. The Gaulosen is one of these. Here you will find a newly built observation tower and information on the birdlife that can be found.
Despite Trondheim being Norway's third largest city, wild animals can be seen. Otter
s and beaver
s thrive in Nidelva and Bymarka. Badger
s and fox
es are not uncommon sights. Moose
and deer
are common in the hills surrounding the city, and might wander into the city, especially in May when the one year olds are chased away by their mothers, or in late winter when food grows scarce in the snow-covered higher regions. Since 2002, a wolverine
has stayed in Bymarka.
Most of the downtown area is scattered with small specialty stores and shops, however a considerable part of the downtown shopping area is concentrated around the pedestrian street Nordre gate (Northern street) and the Olav Tryggvasons gate even though the rest of the city center also is riddled with everything from old, well established companies to new, hip and trendy shops.
In the mid- to late 1990s, the area surrounding the old drydock and ship construction buildings of the defunct Trondhjems mekaniske Værksted
shipbuilding company at the Nedre Elvehavn
were renovated and old industrial buildings were torn down to make way for condominiums. A shopping mall was also built, known as Solsiden (The Sunny Side). This is a popular residential and shopping area, especially for young people.
DORA 1
is a German submarine base that housed the 13th U-boat Flotilla during the World War II occupation of Norway. Today the bunker houses various archives, among them the city archives, the university and state archives. More recently, DORA has been used as a concert venue.
Kristiansten Fortress
, built 1681–1684, is located on a hill east in Trondheim. It repelled the invading Swedes
in 1718, but was decommissioned in 1816 by Crown Prince Regent Charles John
.
A statue of Olav Tryggvason
, the founder of Trondheim, is located in the city's central plaza, mounted on top of an obelisk. The statue base is also a sun dial
, but it is calibrated to UTC+1 so that the reading is inaccurate by one hour in the summer.
The islet Munkholmen is a popular tourist attraction and recreation site. The islet has served as a place of execution, a monastery
, a fortress, prison
, and a World War II anti-aircraft gun station.
Stiftsgården
is the royal residence in Trondheim, originally constructed in 1774 by Cecilie Christine Schøller. At 140 rooms constituting 4000 square metres (4,784 sq yd), it is possibly the largest wooden building in Northern Europe, and has been used by royals and their guests since 1800.
A statue of Leif Ericson
is located at the seaside, close to the old Customs Building, the cruise ship facilities and the new swimming Hall. The statue is a replica, the original being located at a Seattle marina
.
The Nidaros Cathedral
and the Archbishop's Palace are located side by side in the middle of the city centre. The cathedral, built from 1070 on, is the most important Gothic
monument in Norway and was Northern Europe's most important Christian pilgrimage
site during the Middle Ages, with pilgrimage routes from Oslo
in southern Norway and from the Jämtland
and Värmland
regions of Sweden
. Today, it is the northernmost medieval cathedral in the world, and the second largest in Scandinavia
.
During the Middle Ages, and again after independence was restored in 1814, the Nidaros Cathedral was the coronation
church of the Norwegian kings. King Haakon VII
was the last monarch to be crowned there, in 1906. Starting with King Olav V
in 1957, coronation was replaced by consecration
. In 1991, the present King Harald V
and Queen Sonja
were consecrated in the cathedral. On 24 May 2002, their daughter Princess Märtha Louise
married the writer Ari Behn
in the cathedral.
The Pilgrim's Route
(Pilegrimsleden) to the site of Saint Olufs's tomb at Nidaros
Cathedral, has recently been re-instated. Also known as St. Olav's Way, (Sankt Olavs vei), the main route, which is approximately 640 kilometres (397.7 mi) long, starts in Oslo
and heads North, along the Lake Mjøsa
, up the valley Gudbrandsdalen, over the mountain range Dovrefjell
and down the Oppdal
valley to end at Nidaros Cathedral
in Trondheim. There is a Pilgrim's Office in Oslo which gives advice to pilgrims, and a Pilgrim Centre in Trondheim, under the aegis
of the cathedral, which awards certificates to successful pilgrims
upon the completion of their journey.
. Sverresborg
, also named Zion
after King David's castle in Jerusalem, was a fortification built by Sverre Sigurdsson. It is now an open air museum, consisting of more than 60 buildings. The castle was originally built in 1182–1183, but did not last for long as it was burned down in 1188. However, the Sverresaga indicates it had been restored by 1197.
Trondheim Science Museum
is a scientific hands-on experience center. The Museum of Natural History and Archaeology is part of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology
. There are also a variety of small history, science and natural history
museums, such as the Trondheim Maritime Museum, the Armoury, adjacent to the Archbishops's Palace, the music and musical instrument museum Ringve National Museum, Ringve Botanical Garden, the Trondheim Tramway Museum
, and the Jewish Museum, co-located with the city's synagogue, which is among the northernmost in the world.
Rockheim (National Center of Pop and Rock Culture) opened at the Pier in August 2010. It is located inside an old building, but characterized by an easily recognizable roof the shape of a box. "The box" is decorated by thousands of tiny lights that changes in a variety of coulours and patterns, and is a landmark in the cityscape - especially in dark winter evenings.
has 21 churches within the municipality of Trondheim. They are all a part of the Diocese of Nidaros
, which is based in Trondheim at the Nidaros Cathedral
. Many of the churches are several hundred years old, with a couple that were built almost 1000 years ago.
(44,967 inhabitants), Østbyen
(42,707 inhabitants), Lerkendal
(46,603 inhabitants) and Heimdal
(30,744) inhabitants. Population statistics are as of 1 January 2008.
Prior to 2005, Trondheim was divided into the boroughs Sentrum, Strinda, Nardo, Byåsen and Heimdal.
There are 11 high schools in the city. Trondheim katedralskole
("Trondheim Cathedral School") was founded in 1152 and is the oldest gymnasium
-level school of Norway, while Brundalen videregående skole is the largest in Sør-Trøndelag with its 1100 students and 275 employees.
The Norwegian university of science and technology (NTNU) and the College of Sør-Trøndelag (HiST) are also situated here.
One regional hospital, the St. Olavs University Hospital
, is located in Trondheim. The university hospital, cooperates closely with the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU). A new hospital is currently being built, with a projected cost of 12 billion NOK
.
SINTEF
, the largest independent research organisation in Scandinavia
, has 1800 employees with 1300 of these located in Trondheim. The Air Force Academy of the Royal Norwegian Air Force
is located at Kuhaugen in Trondheim.
is the largest regional newspaper and the oldest active newspaper in Norway, having been established in 1767. The newspaper owns the regional television channel TVAdressa and the radio channel RadioAdressa. The two Headquarters of The Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK) are located at Tyholt in Trondheim and Oslo. The student milieu of Trondheim features three types of media. Under Dusken
is the student paper, Radio Revolt
is the student radio, and Student-TV broadcasts videos online.
, situated in Stjørdal
, which is Norway's fourth largest airport in terms of passenger traffic.
Major railway connections are the northbound Nordland Line, the eastbound Meråker Line to Åre
and Östersund
in Sweden, and two southbound connections to Oslo, the Røros Line and Dovre Line.
The Coastal Express ships (Hurtigruten
: Covering the Bergen
–Kirkenes
stretch of the coast) call at Trondheim, as do many cruise ship
s during the summer season. Since 1994 there is also a fast commuter boat service to Kristiansund
, the closest coastal city to the southwest.
Trondheim also boasts the northernmost (since closure of Arkhangelsk
tram in 2004) tram
way line in the world: the Gråkallen Line, the last remaining segment of the Trondheim Tramway
, is an 8.8 kilometres (5.5 mi) route (which is mostly single-track outside the inner most parts of the city; except the stretch between Breidablikk and Nordre Hoem stations) which runs from the city centre, through the Byåsen
district, and up to Lian, in the large recreation area Bymarka
. Trondheim boasts the world's only bicycle lift, Trampe
.
The bus network, operated by AtB
, runs throughout most of the city and its suburbs. In addition, the Nattbuss (Night Bus) service ensures cheap and effective transport for those enjoying nightlife in the city centre during the weekends. Note that the Nattbus has other prices than ordinary busses. The European route E6
highway passes through the city centre of Trondheim in addition to a motorway bypass along the eastern rim of the city.
, is situated in Trondheim. The theatre is the oldest theatre in Scandinavia; still in use from 1816. The city also features an alternative theatre house, called Avant Garden.
Trondheim has a broad music scene, and is known for its strong communities committed to rock, jazz
and classical music, the latter two spearheaded by the music conservatory at NTNU
and the municipal music school, Trondheim Kommunale Musikk- og Kulturskole, with the Trondheim Symphony Orchestra and the Trondheim Soloists
being the best-known arenas. Classical artists hailing from Trondheim include violinist Arve Tellefsen
, Elise Båtnes and Marianne Thorsen. Also the Nidaros Cathedral Boys' Choir
.
Pop/rock artists and bands associated with Trondheim include Åge Aleksandersen
, Margaret Berger
, DumDum Boys
, Gåte
, Keep Of Kalessin
, Lumsk
, Motorpsycho
, Kari Rueslåtten
, The 3rd and the Mortal
, TNT
, Tre Små Kinesere
, The Kids
, Casino Steel (of The Boys
), Atrox, Bloodthorn, Manes, child prodigy Malin Reitan
and Aleksander With. The most popular punk scene is UFFA
.
Georg Kajanus
, creator of the bands Eclection
, Sailor
and DATA
, was born in Trondheim. The music production team Stargate
started out in Trondheim.
Granåsen
, a Nordic skiing
venue located in Byåsen, regularly hosts World Cup competitions in ski jumping
, biathlon
and cross-country skiing
, as well as the 1997 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships
. Trondheim attempted but failed to become the Norwegian candidate for the 2018 Winter Olympics
. Hiking and recreational skiing is available around the city, particularly in Bymarka
, which can be reached by the tramway. Trondheim Golfklubb
has a nine-hole golf course in Byåsen. The World Allround Speed Skating Championships
has been hosted at Øya Stadion
in 1907, 1911, 1926, 1933 and 1937.
Rosenborg BK is the city's premier football club and plays their home matches at Lerkendal Stadion
. They have won the Norwegian Premier League
twentytwo times from 1967 to 2010, and had until 2007 played eleven times in UEFA Champions League
. Byåsen IL plays in the Women's handball league, and is a regular in EHF Women's Champions League, playing their home games at Trondheim Spektrum. Rosenborg IHK
plays in the premier ice hockey league, with their home games played at Leangen Ishall
.
With students comprising almost a fifth of the population, the city of Trondheim is heavily influenced by student culture. Most noticeable is Studentersamfundet i Trondhjem
, the city's student society. Its characteristic round, red building from 1929 sits at the head of the bridge crossing the river southwards from the city centre. As the second largest university in Norway, the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) is the host of some 24,000 students. Sør-Trøndelag University College
has 6,000 students.
Student culture in Trondheim is characterized by a long-standing tradition of volunteer work. The student society is for example run by more than 1,200 volunteers. NTNUI
, Norway's largest sports club, is among the other volunteer organizations that dominate student culture in Trondheim. Students of Trondheim are also behind two major Norwegian culture festivals, UKA
and The International Student Festival in Trondheim (ISFiT). NTNU lists over 200 student organizations with registered web pages at its servers alone.
Sør-Trøndelag
- References :...
county, Norway
Norway
Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic unitary constitutional monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jan Mayen, and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard and Bouvet Island. Norway has a total area of and a population of about 4.9 million...
. With a population of 173,486, it is the third most populous municipality and city in the country, although the fourth largest metropolitan area
Metropolitan area
The term metropolitan area refers to a region consisting of a densely populated urban core and its less-populated surrounding territories, sharing industry, infrastructure, and housing. A metropolitan area usually encompasses multiple jurisdictions and municipalities: neighborhoods, townships,...
. It is the administrative centre of Sør-Trøndelag county. Trondheim lies on the south shore of the Trondheimsfjord
Trondheimsfjord
The Trondheimsfjord , an inlet of the Norwegian Sea, is Norway's third longest fjord at long. It is located in the west central part of the country, and it stretches from Ørland in west to Steinkjer in north, passing the city of Trondheim on its way...
at the mouth of the river Nidelva
Nidelva
Nidelva or Nidelven is a river in the county Sør-Trøndelag, Norway. Elva or Elven is Norwegian for river, so the name translates to "Nid River".-Location:...
. The city is dominated by the Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Norwegian University of Science and Technology
The Norwegian University of Science and Technology , commonly known as NTNU, is located in Trondheim. NTNU is the second largest of the eight universities in Norway, and, as its name suggests, has the main national responsibility for higher education in engineering and technology...
(NTNU), SINTEF
SINTEF
SINTEF , headquartered in Trondheim, Norway, is the largest independent research organisation in Scandinavia. Every year, SINTEF supports research and development at 2,000 or so Norwegian and overseas companies via its research and development activity....
, St. Olavs University Hospital
St. Olavs University Hospital
St. Olav’s University Hospital is the hospital in Trondheim, Norway located at Øya. It is part of St. Olavs Hospital Trust that operates all the hospitals in Sør-Trøndelag and thus indirectly state owned. It cooperates closely with the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in research and...
and other technology-oriented institutions.
The settlement was founded in 997 as a trading post, and was the capital of Norway during the Viking Age
Viking Age
Viking Age is the term for the period in European history, especially Northern European and Scandinavian history, spanning the late 8th to 11th centuries. Scandinavian Vikings explored Europe by its oceans and rivers through trade and warfare. The Vikings also reached Iceland, Greenland,...
until 1217. From 1152 to 1537, the city was the seat of the Archdiocese of Nidaros
Archdiocese of Nidaros
The Archdiocese of Nidaros was the metropolitan see covering Norway in the later Middle Ages. The see was the Nidaros Cathedral, in the city of Nidaros...
; since it has remained the seat of the Diocese of Nidaros
Diocese of Nidaros
Nidaros is a diocese in the Lutheran Church of Norway. It covers Nord-Trøndelag and Sør-Trøndelag counties and its cathedral city is Trondheim, which houses the well-known Nidaros Cathedral. The diocese is divided into 12 deaneries . Finn Wagle was the bishop from 1991 to 2008...
and the Nidaros Cathedral
Nidaros Cathedral
Nidaros Cathedral is a Church of Norway cathedral located in the city of Trondheim in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. It was the cathedral of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Nidaros from its establishment in 1152 until its abolition in 1537. Since the Reformation, it has been the cathedral of the...
. It was incorporated in 1838. The current municipality dates from 1964, when Trondheim merged with Byneset
Byneset
Byneset is a former municipality in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. The largest village in Byneset is Spongdal, other villages include Byneset and Langørjan. The municipality of Byneset encompassed the western part of present-day Trondheim municipality. It sits along an arm of the Trondheimsfjord,...
, Leinstrand
Leinstrand
Leinstrand is a former municipality in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. The area of Leinstrand encompasses the south central part of the city of Trondheim. The local Leinstrand Church was built in 1673.-History:...
, Strinda
Strinda
Strinda is a former municipality in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. The area encompassed the eastern part of the present-day municipality of Trondheim south and east of the main city center all the way southeast to the lake Jonsvatnet.-History:...
and Tiller
Tiller, Norway
Tiller is a former municipality in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. Tiller encompassed part of the south central part of the present-day municipality of Trondheim...
.
History
- For the ecclesiastical history, see Archiepiscopate of Nidaros
Trondheim was named Kaupangen (market place or trading place) by Viking
Viking
The term Viking is customarily used to refer to the Norse explorers, warriors, merchants, and pirates who raided, traded, explored and settled in wide areas of Europe, Asia and the North Atlantic islands from the late 8th to the mid-11th century.These Norsemen used their famed longships to...
King Olav Tryggvason in 997. Fairly soon, it came to be called Nidaros
Nidaros
Nidaros or Niðarós was during the Middle Ages, the old name of Trondheim, Norway . Until the Reformation, Nidaros remained the centre of the spiritual life of the country...
. In the beginning it was frequently used as a military retainer (Old Norse
Old Norse
Old Norse is a North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements during the Viking Age, until about 1300....
: "hird"-man) of King Olav. It was frequently used as the seat of the king, and was capital of Norway until 1217.
People have been living in the region for thousands of years as evidenced by the rock carvings in central Norway
Rock carvings in Central Norway
Central Norway is a region in Norway, comprising the two Trøndelag-counties, Nord- and Sør-Trøndelag as well as parts of the Nordland and Møre og Romsdal counties....
, the Nøstvet and Lihult cultures
Nøstvet and Lihult cultures
The Nøstvet culture and the Lihult culture are two very similar Mesolithic cultures in Scandinavian prehistory derived from the earlier Fosna-Hensbacka cultures...
and the Corded Ware culture
Corded Ware culture
The Corded Ware culture , alternatively characterized as the Battle Axe culture or Single Grave culture, is an enormous European archaeological horizon that begins in the late Neolithic , flourishes through the Copper Age and culminates in the early Bronze Age.Corded Ware culture is associated with...
. In ancient times, the Kings of Norway were hailed at Øretinget in Trondheim, the place for the assembly of all free men by the mouth of the river Nidelva
Nidelva
Nidelva or Nidelven is a river in the county Sør-Trøndelag, Norway. Elva or Elven is Norwegian for river, so the name translates to "Nid River".-Location:...
. Harald Fairhair (865–933) was hailed as the king here, as was his son, Haakon I
Haakon I of Norway
Haakon I , , given the byname the Good, was the third king of Norway and the youngest son of Harald Fairhair and Thora Mosterstang.-Early life:...
– called 'the Good'. The battle of Kalvskinnet
Kalvskinnet
Kalvskinnet is an area of Trondheim, Norway, southwest in city centre, Midtbyen bordering the river Nidelva in the south. In Sverris saga the place is called akeren. The city is dominated by public offices, including such institutions as the Norwegian University of Science and Technology,...
took place in Trondheim in 1179: King Sverre Sigurdsson and his Birkebeiner
Birkebeiner
The Birkebein Party or Birkebeinar was the name for a rebellious party in Norway, formed in 1174 around the pretender to the Norwegian throne, Eystein Meyla...
warriors were victorious against Erling Skakke
Erling Skakke
Erling Skakke was a Norwegian Jarl during the 12th century. He was the father of Magnus V, who reigned as King of Norway from 1161 to 1184....
(a rival to the throne). Some scholars believe that the famous Lewis chessmen
Lewis chessmen
The Lewis Chessmen are a group of 78 12th-century chess pieces, most of which are carved in walrus ivory...
, 12th century chess pieces carved from walrus ivory found in the Hebrides
Hebrides
The Hebrides comprise a widespread and diverse archipelago off the west coast of Scotland. There are two main groups: the Inner and Outer Hebrides. These islands have a long history of occupation dating back to the Mesolithic and the culture of the residents has been affected by the successive...
and now at the British Museum
British Museum
The British Museum is a museum of human history and culture in London. Its collections, which number more than seven million objects, are amongst the largest and most comprehensive in the world and originate from all continents, illustrating and documenting the story of human culture from its...
, may have been made in Trondheim.
Trondheim was the seat of the (Catholic) Archdiocese of Nidaros
Archdiocese of Nidaros
The Archdiocese of Nidaros was the metropolitan see covering Norway in the later Middle Ages. The see was the Nidaros Cathedral, in the city of Nidaros...
for Norway from 1152. Due to the introduction of Lutheran
Lutheranism
Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the theology of Martin Luther, a German reformer. Luther's efforts to reform the theology and practice of the church launched the Protestant Reformation...
Protestantism in 1537, the last Archbishop, Olav Engelbrektsson
Olav Engelbrektsson
Olav Engelbrektsson was the last Catholic Archbishop of Norway. As well as being a religious leader, Olav was also a political figure;...
, had to flee from the city to the Netherlands
Seventeen Provinces
The Seventeen Provinces were a personal union of states in the Low Countries in the 15th century and 16th century, roughly covering the current Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, a good part of the North of France , and a small part of Western Germany.The Seventeen Provinces were originally held by...
, where he died in present-day Lier, Belgium
Lier, Belgium
Lier is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp. The municipality comprises the city of Lier proper and the village of Koningshooikt. On January 1, 2010 Lier had a total population of 33,930. The total area is 49.70 km² which gives a population density of 669 inhabitants per...
.
The city has experienced several major fires. Since it was a city of log buildings, out of wood, most fires caused severe damage. Great fires ravaged the city in 1598, 1651, 1681, 1708, twice in 1717, 1742, 1788, 1841 and 1842; these were only the worst cases. The 1651 fire destroyed 90% of all buildings within the city limits. The fire in 1681 (the "Horneman Fire") led to an almost total reconstruction of the city, overseen by General Johan Caspar von Cicignon
Johan Caspar von Cicignon
Johan Caspar von Cicignon was a Luxembourg born soldier and military engineer who spent most of his career in the service of Denmark–Norway...
, originally from Luxembourg
Luxembourg
Luxembourg , officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg , is a landlocked country in western Europe, bordered by Belgium, France, and Germany. It has two principal regions: the Oesling in the North as part of the Ardennes massif, and the Gutland in the south...
. Broad avenues like Munkegaten were created, with no regard for property rights, in order to stop the next fire. At the time, the city had a population of roughly 8000 inhabitants. After the Treaty of Roskilde
Treaty of Roskilde
The Treaty of Roskilde was concluded on 26 February or 8 March 1658 during the Second Northern War between Frederick III of Denmark–Norway and Charles X Gustav of Sweden in the Danish city of Roskilde...
on 26 February 1658, Trondheim and the rest of Trøndelag
Trøndelag
Trøndelag is the name of a geographical region in the central part of Norway, consisting of the two counties Nord-Trøndelag and Sør-Trøndelag. The region is, together with Møre og Romsdal, part of a larger...
, became Swedish territory for a brief period, but the area was reconquered after 10 months. The conflict was finally settled by the Treaty of Copenhagen on 27 May 1660.
During World War II, Trondheim was occupied by Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany , also known as the Third Reich , but officially called German Reich from 1933 to 1943 and Greater German Reich from 26 June 1943 onward, is the name commonly used to refer to the state of Germany from 1933 to 1945, when it was a totalitarian dictatorship ruled by...
from 9 April 1940, the first day of the invasion of Norway
Operation Weserübung
Operation Weserübung was the code name for Germany's assault on Denmark and Norway during the Second World War and the opening operation of the Norwegian Campaign...
, until the end of the war in Europe, 8 May 1945. The home of the most notorious Norwegian Gestapo agent, Henry Rinnan, it was also subject to harsh treatment by the occupying powers, including imposition of martial law
Martial law in Trondheim in 1942
During the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany, the occupying powers imposed martial law in Trondheim and surrounding areas effective October 6, 1942 through October 12, 1942. During this time, 34 Norwegians were murdered by extrajudicial execution...
in October 1942. During this time the Germans turned the city and its environs into a major base for submarines (DORA 1
DORA 1
Dora 1 is a former German submarine base and bunker built during World War II in Trondheim, Norway. Trondheim was traditionally referred to as Drontheim in German, and the name DORA is the letter "D" in the German phonetic alphabet.-Backgound:...
), and also contemplated a scheme to build a new city for 300,000 inhabitants, Nordstern ("Northern Star"), centred 15 km (10 mi) southwest of Trondheim, near the wetlands of Øysand in the outskirts of Melhus
Melhus
Melhus is a village and municipality in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. It is part of the Gauldalen region. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Melhus...
municipality. This new metropolis was to be accompanied by a massively expanded version of the already existing naval base, which was intended to become the primary future stronghold of the German Kriegsmarine
Kriegsmarine
The Kriegsmarine was the name of the German Navy during the Nazi regime . It superseded the Kaiserliche Marine of World War I and the post-war Reichsmarine. The Kriegsmarine was one of three official branches of the Wehrmacht, the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany.The Kriegsmarine grew rapidly...
. Today there are few physical remains of this enormous construction project.
Municipal history
The city of Trondheim was established on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistriktFormannskapsdistrikt
Formannskapsdistrikt was the name for a Norwegian local self-government districts put into force in 1838. This system of municipality was created in a bill approved by the Storting and signed into law by King Carl Johan on 14 January 1837...
). On 1 January 1864, part of Strinda
Strinda
Strinda is a former municipality in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. The area encompassed the eastern part of the present-day municipality of Trondheim south and east of the main city center all the way southeast to the lake Jonsvatnet.-History:...
(population: 1,229) was transferred to Trondheim. Then on 1 January 1893, another part of Strinda
Strinda
Strinda is a former municipality in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. The area encompassed the eastern part of the present-day municipality of Trondheim south and east of the main city center all the way southeast to the lake Jonsvatnet.-History:...
(population: 4,097) was transferred to Trondheim. On 1 January 1952, the Lade
Lade, Trondheim
Lade is a community in Trondheim, Norway. It is located on a peninsula north-east of the city centre, north of the community of Lademoen. It was the site of the historic Lade farm.-History:...
area of Strinda (population: 2,230) was transferred to Trondheim. On 1 January 1964, a major municipal merger took place: the neighbouring municipalities of Leinstrand
Leinstrand
Leinstrand is a former municipality in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. The area of Leinstrand encompasses the south central part of the city of Trondheim. The local Leinstrand Church was built in 1673.-History:...
(population: 4,193), Byneset
Byneset
Byneset is a former municipality in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. The largest village in Byneset is Spongdal, other villages include Byneset and Langørjan. The municipality of Byneset encompassed the western part of present-day Trondheim municipality. It sits along an arm of the Trondheimsfjord,...
(population: 2,049), Strinda
Strinda
Strinda is a former municipality in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. The area encompassed the eastern part of the present-day municipality of Trondheim south and east of the main city center all the way southeast to the lake Jonsvatnet.-History:...
(population: 44,600), and Tiller
Tiller, Norway
Tiller is a former municipality in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. Tiller encompassed part of the south central part of the present-day municipality of Trondheim...
(population: 3,595) were all merged together with the city of Trondheim (population: 56,982), which just about doubled the population of the municipality.
Toponymy
Oslo
Oslo is a municipality, as well as the capital and most populous city in Norway. As a municipality , it was established on 1 January 1838. Founded around 1048 by King Harald III of Norway, the city was largely destroyed by fire in 1624. The city was moved under the reign of Denmark–Norway's King...
, Nidaros was reintroduced as the official name of the city for a brief period from 1 January 1930 until 6 March 1931. The name was restored in order to reaffirm the city's link with its glorious past, despite the fact that a 1928 referendum
Referendum
A referendum is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. This may result in the adoption of a new constitution, a constitutional amendment, a law, the recall of an elected official or simply a specific government policy. It is a form of...
on the name of the city had given this result: 17,163 votes in favour of Trondhjem and 1,508 votes in favour of Nidaros. Public outrage later in the same year, even taking the form of riot
Riot
A riot is a form of civil disorder characterized often by what is thought of as disorganized groups lashing out in a sudden and intense rash of violence against authority, property or people. While individuals may attempt to lead or control a riot, riots are thought to be typically chaotic and...
s, forced the Storting to settle for the medieval city name Trondheim. The name of the diocese was, however, changed from Trondhjem stift to Nidaros bispedømme (Diocese of Nidaros
Diocese of Nidaros
Nidaros is a diocese in the Lutheran Church of Norway. It covers Nord-Trøndelag and Sør-Trøndelag counties and its cathedral city is Trondheim, which houses the well-known Nidaros Cathedral. The diocese is divided into 12 deaneries . Finn Wagle was the bishop from 1991 to 2008...
) in 1918.
Historically, Trondheimen indicates the area around the Trondheimsfjord
Trondheimsfjord
The Trondheimsfjord , an inlet of the Norwegian Sea, is Norway's third longest fjord at long. It is located in the west central part of the country, and it stretches from Ørland in west to Steinkjer in north, passing the city of Trondheim on its way...
. The spelling Trondhjem was officially rejected, but many still prefer that spelling of the city's name. Today, most inhabitants still refer to their city as Trånnhjæm.
Coat-of-arms and seal
The coat-of-armsCoat of arms
A coat of arms is a unique heraldic design on a shield or escutcheon or on a surcoat or tabard used to cover and protect armour and to identify the wearer. Thus the term is often stated as "coat-armour", because it was anciently displayed on the front of a coat of cloth...
dates back to the 13th century. To the left, there is an archbishop
Archbishop
An archbishop is a bishop of higher rank, but not of higher sacramental order above that of the three orders of deacon, priest , and bishop...
with his staff and mitre
Mitre
The mitre , also spelled miter, is a type of headwear now known as the traditional, ceremonial head-dress of bishops and certain abbots in the Roman Catholic Church, as well as in the Anglican Communion, some Lutheran churches, and also bishops and certain other clergy in the Eastern Orthodox...
in a church archway. On the right, a crowned king holding scales in a castle archway. These two pictures rest on a base which forms an arch. Underneath that arch, are three male heads which symbolize the city's rank as Norway's first capital and the archbishop's place of residence. The scales symbolize justice and the motif is based on the political philosophy of the 13th century, where the balance of power between king and church was an important issue. The three heads at the bottom may symbolize the city council. The motif is unique in Norwegian municipal heraldry, but similar motifs are found in bishopric cities on the continent. The design of the coat-of-arms that was adopted in 1897, and is still used today, was made by Håkon Thorsen.
Geography
Trondheim is situated where the river Nidelva meets TrondheimsfjordTrondheimsfjord
The Trondheimsfjord , an inlet of the Norwegian Sea, is Norway's third longest fjord at long. It is located in the west central part of the country, and it stretches from Ørland in west to Steinkjer in north, passing the city of Trondheim on its way...
en with an excellent harbour and sheltered condition. The river used to be deep enough for most boats in the Middle Ages. An avalanche of mud and stones made it less navigable and partly ruined the harbour in the mid-17th century.
The municipality's top elevation is the Storheia
Storheia
Storheia is the highest mountain in Bymarka in the municipality of Trondheim in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. The tall mountain lies about east of the village of Langørjan...
hill, 565 metres (1,853.7 ft) above sea level
Above mean sea level
The term above mean sea level refers to the elevation or altitude of any object, relative to the average sea level datum. AMSL is used extensively in radio by engineers to determine the coverage area a station will be able to reach...
. At summer solstice
Solstice
A solstice is an astronomical event that happens twice each year when the Sun's apparent position in the sky, as viewed from Earth, reaches its northernmost or southernmost extremes...
, the sun rises at 03:00 and sets at 23:40, but stays just below the horizon–there is no darkness from 20 May to 20 July. At winter solstice, the sun rises at 10:00, stays very low above the horizon, and sets at 14:30.
Climate
Trondheim city has a predominantly Oceanic climateOceanic climate
An oceanic climate, also called marine west coast climate, maritime climate, Cascadian climate and British climate for Köppen climate classification Cfb and subtropical highland for Köppen Cfb or Cwb, is a type of climate typically found along the west coasts at the middle latitudes of some of the...
, but borders on humid continental and subarctic climate
Subarctic climate
The subarctic climate is a climate characterized by long, usually very cold winters, and short, cool to mild summers. It is found on large landmasses, away from the moderating effects of an ocean, generally at latitudes from 50° to 70°N poleward of the humid continental climates...
. The part of the municipality further away from the fjord has colder winters and is subarctic (January mean at Klett 1961-90 is -5.5 °C). The part close to the fjord, such as the city center, has milder winters (January mean Trondheim city center 58 m amsl 1961-90 is -2.5 °C. Trondheim is mostly sheltered from the strong winds which can occour along the outer seabord. The warmest temperature ever recorded is 35 °C (95 °F) on 22 July 1901, and the coldest is -26.1 °C in February 1899. Trondheim experiences moderate snowfall from November to March, but mixed with mild weather and rainfall. There are on average 14 days each winter with at least 25 cm snow cover on the ground and 22 days with daily minimum temperature -10 °C or colder. There is often substantially more snow in suburban areas at somewhat higher elevation, such as Byåsen
Byåsen
Byåsen is a district in the city of Trondheim, Norway, situated to the west of the city centre. This is mainly a residential area, with 32 136 residents as of January 1, 2003. The name Byåsen can be translated into "City Hill", which describes its elevated position, overlooking the rest of...
and Heimdal
Heimdal
Heimdal is the southernmost borough in Trondheim, Norway named after the god Heimdall in Norse mythology. The area has been continuously inhabited since at least the Iron Age, and is rich in archaeological sites....
, with good skiing conditions in Bymarka
Bymarka
Bymarka is the recreation ground of the city of Trondheim, Norway.- Location and use :Bymarka is situated to the west of the city center and has an area of 80 km², with more than 200 km of walking tracks. Bymarka is very popular for cross-country skiing in the winter, and for walks, hiking or...
. Spring often sees much sunshine, but nights can be chilly or cold. The daily high temperature can exceed 20 °C (68 °F) from late April to late September, but not reliably so; on average are 34 days each summer warmer than 20 °C (68 °F). October is the most typical autumn month with cool temperatures and fall foliage, while November is considerably darker and colder. Average annual precipitation is 892 millimetres (35.1 in) fairly evenly spread out over the year, although September and October typically sees twice as much precipitation as March, April and May. Temperatures have tended to be warmer in recent years. The Trøndelag
Trøndelag
Trøndelag is the name of a geographical region in the central part of Norway, consisting of the two counties Nord-Trøndelag and Sør-Trøndelag. The region is, together with Møre og Romsdal, part of a larger...
area has seen average temperatures increase by almost 2 C-change in the last 25 years.
Fauna
Several wetland habitatHabitat
* Habitat , a place where a species lives and grows*Human habitat, a place where humans live, work or play** Space habitat, a space station intended as a permanent settlement...
s can be found within the city limits. The Gaulosen is one of these. Here you will find a newly built observation tower and information on the birdlife that can be found.
Despite Trondheim being Norway's third largest city, wild animals can be seen. Otter
Otter
The Otters are twelve species of semi-aquatic mammals which feed on fish and shellfish, and also other invertebrates, amphibians, birds and small mammals....
s and beaver
Beaver
The beaver is a primarily nocturnal, large, semi-aquatic rodent. Castor includes two extant species, North American Beaver and Eurasian Beaver . Beavers are known for building dams, canals, and lodges . They are the second-largest rodent in the world...
s thrive in Nidelva and Bymarka. Badger
Badger
Badgers are short-legged omnivores in the weasel family, Mustelidae. There are nine species of badger, in three subfamilies : Melinae , Mellivorinae , and Taxideinae...
s and fox
Fox
Fox is a common name for many species of omnivorous mammals belonging to the Canidae family. Foxes are small to medium-sized canids , characterized by possessing a long narrow snout, and a bushy tail .Members of about 37 species are referred to as foxes, of which only 12 species actually belong to...
es are not uncommon sights. Moose
Moose
The moose or Eurasian elk is the largest extant species in the deer family. Moose are distinguished by the palmate antlers of the males; other members of the family have antlers with a dendritic configuration...
and deer
Deer
Deer are the ruminant mammals forming the family Cervidae. Species in the Cervidae family include white-tailed deer, elk, moose, red deer, reindeer, fallow deer, roe deer and chital. Male deer of all species and female reindeer grow and shed new antlers each year...
are common in the hills surrounding the city, and might wander into the city, especially in May when the one year olds are chased away by their mothers, or in late winter when food grows scarce in the snow-covered higher regions. Since 2002, a wolverine
Wolverine
The wolverine, pronounced , Gulo gulo , also referred to as glutton, carcajou, skunk bear, or quickhatch, is the largest land-dwelling species of the family Mustelidae . It is a stocky and muscular carnivore, more closely resembling a small bear than other mustelids...
has stayed in Bymarka.
Cityscape
In the mid- to late 1990s, the area surrounding the old drydock and ship construction buildings of the defunct Trondhjems mekaniske Værksted
Trondhjems mekaniske Værksted
Trondhjems mekaniske Værksted or TMV was a major shipbuilding company in Trondheim, Norway.-History:It was founded in 1872 by engineer and industrialist, Sophus August Weidemann. Weidemann had started in 1864 as manager of one of the pioneer companies in Trondheim...
shipbuilding company at the Nedre Elvehavn
Nedre Elvehavn
Nedre Elvehavn is a borough of Trondheim, Norway located east of Nidelven opposite Midtbyen . The borough is located north of Bakklandet, west of Møllenberg and south of Nyhavna...
were renovated and old industrial buildings were torn down to make way for condominiums. A shopping mall was also built, known as Solsiden (The Sunny Side). This is a popular residential and shopping area, especially for young people.
DORA 1
DORA 1
Dora 1 is a former German submarine base and bunker built during World War II in Trondheim, Norway. Trondheim was traditionally referred to as Drontheim in German, and the name DORA is the letter "D" in the German phonetic alphabet.-Backgound:...
is a German submarine base that housed the 13th U-boat Flotilla during the World War II occupation of Norway. Today the bunker houses various archives, among them the city archives, the university and state archives. More recently, DORA has been used as a concert venue.
Kristiansten Fortress
Kristiansten Fortress is located on a hill east of the city of Trondheim in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. It was built after the city fire of Trondheim in 1681 to protect the city against attack from the east. Construction was finished in 1685. It fulfilled its purpose in 1718 when Swedish forces...
, built 1681–1684, is located on a hill east in Trondheim. It repelled the invading Swedes
Sweden
Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund....
in 1718, but was decommissioned in 1816 by Crown Prince Regent Charles John
Charles XIV John of Sweden
Charles XIV & III John, also Carl John, Swedish and Norwegian: Karl Johan was King of Sweden and King of Norway from 1818 until his death...
.
A statue of Olav Tryggvason
Olav Tryggvason (statue)
A statue of Olav Tryggvason, the founder of Trondheim, is located in the city's central plaza, mounted on top of an obelisk. The statue base is also a sun dial, but it is calibrated to UTC+1 so that the reading is inaccurate by one hour in the summer....
, the founder of Trondheim, is located in the city's central plaza, mounted on top of an obelisk. The statue base is also a sun dial
Sun Dial
Sun Dial is a British space rock band formed in 1990 by Gary Ramon.-History:The precursor to Sun Dial was Ramon's the Modern Art, formed in the mid-'80s with a loose lineup that never played gigs but did see the release of two studio albums...
, but it is calibrated to UTC+1 so that the reading is inaccurate by one hour in the summer.
The islet Munkholmen is a popular tourist attraction and recreation site. The islet has served as a place of execution, a monastery
Monastery
Monastery denotes the building, or complex of buildings, that houses a room reserved for prayer as well as the domestic quarters and workplace of monastics, whether monks or nuns, and whether living in community or alone .Monasteries may vary greatly in size – a small dwelling accommodating only...
, a fortress, prison
Prison
A prison is a place in which people are physically confined and, usually, deprived of a range of personal freedoms. Imprisonment or incarceration is a legal penalty that may be imposed by the state for the commission of a crime...
, and a World War II anti-aircraft gun station.
Stiftsgården
Stiftsgården
Stiftsgården is the royal residence in Trondheim, Norway. It is centrally situated on the city’s most important thoroughfare, Munkegaten. At 140 rooms constituting 4000 m² , it is possibly the largest wooden building in Northern Europe, and it has been used by royals and their guests since...
is the royal residence in Trondheim, originally constructed in 1774 by Cecilie Christine Schøller. At 140 rooms constituting 4000 square metres (4,784 sq yd), it is possibly the largest wooden building in Northern Europe, and has been used by royals and their guests since 1800.
A statue of Leif Ericson
Leif Ericson
Leif Ericson was a Norse explorer who is regarded as the first European to land in North America , nearly 500 years before Christopher Columbus...
is located at the seaside, close to the old Customs Building, the cruise ship facilities and the new swimming Hall. The statue is a replica, the original being located at a Seattle marina
Marina
A marina is a dock or basin with moorings and supplies for yachts and small boats.A marina differs from a port in that a marina does not handle large passenger ships or cargo from freighters....
.
Nidaros Cathedral
Nidaros Cathedral
Nidaros Cathedral is a Church of Norway cathedral located in the city of Trondheim in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. It was the cathedral of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Nidaros from its establishment in 1152 until its abolition in 1537. Since the Reformation, it has been the cathedral of the...
and the Archbishop's Palace are located side by side in the middle of the city centre. The cathedral, built from 1070 on, is the most important Gothic
Gothic architecture
Gothic architecture is a style of architecture that flourished during the high and late medieval period. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture....
monument in Norway and was Northern Europe's most important Christian pilgrimage
Pilgrimage
A pilgrimage is a journey or search of great moral or spiritual significance. Typically, it is a journey to a shrine or other location of importance to a person's beliefs and faith...
site during the Middle Ages, with pilgrimage routes from Oslo
Oslo
Oslo is a municipality, as well as the capital and most populous city in Norway. As a municipality , it was established on 1 January 1838. Founded around 1048 by King Harald III of Norway, the city was largely destroyed by fire in 1624. The city was moved under the reign of Denmark–Norway's King...
in southern Norway and from the Jämtland
Jämtland
Jämtland or Jamtland is a historical province or landskap in the center of Sweden in northern Europe. It borders to Härjedalen and Medelpad in the south, Ångermanland in the east, Lapland in the north and Trøndelag and Norway in the west...
and Värmland
Värmland
' is a historical province or landskap in the west of middle Sweden. It borders Västergötland, Dalsland, Dalarna, Västmanland and Närke. It is also bounded by Norway in the west. Latin name versions are Vermelandia and Wermelandia. Although the province's land originally was Götaland, the...
regions of Sweden
Sweden
Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund....
. Today, it is the northernmost medieval cathedral in the world, and the second largest in Scandinavia
Scandinavia
Scandinavia is a cultural, historical and ethno-linguistic region in northern Europe that includes the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, characterized by their common ethno-cultural heritage and language. Modern Norway and Sweden proper are situated on the Scandinavian Peninsula,...
.
During the Middle Ages, and again after independence was restored in 1814, the Nidaros Cathedral was the coronation
Coronation
A coronation is a ceremony marking the formal investiture of a monarch and/or their consort with regal power, usually involving the placement of a crown upon their head and the presentation of other items of regalia...
church of the Norwegian kings. King Haakon VII
Haakon VII of Norway
Haakon VII , known as Prince Carl of Denmark until 1905, was the first king of Norway after the 1905 dissolution of the personal union with Sweden. He was a member of the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg...
was the last monarch to be crowned there, in 1906. Starting with King Olav V
Olav V of Norway
Olav V was the king of Norway from 1957 until his death. A member of the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, Olav was born in the United Kingdom as the son of King Haakon VII of Norway and Queen Maud of Norway...
in 1957, coronation was replaced by consecration
Consecration
Consecration is the solemn dedication to a special purpose or service, usually religious. The word "consecration" literally means "to associate with the sacred". Persons, places, or things can be consecrated, and the term is used in various ways by different groups...
. In 1991, the present King Harald V
Harald V of Norway
Harald V is the king of Norway. He succeeded to the throne of Norway upon the death of his father Olav V on 17 January 1991...
and Queen Sonja
Queen Sonja of Norway
Queen Sonja of Norway is the wife of King Harald V of Norway.-Prior to marriage:Sonja was born in Oslo on 4 July 1937 as the daughter of clothing merchant Karl August Haraldsen and Dagny Ulrichsen .Queen Sonja grew up in the district of Vinderen in Oslo and completed her lower secondary schooling...
were consecrated in the cathedral. On 24 May 2002, their daughter Princess Märtha Louise
Princess Märtha Louise of Norway
Princess Märtha Louise of Norway is the only daughter of King Harald V and Queen Sonja. She is fourth in the line of succession to the Norwegian throne, after her brother and his two children.-Early life:...
married the writer Ari Behn
Ari Behn
Ari Mikael Behn is a Norwegian author, and is best known as the husband of Princess Märtha Louise of Norway. He has written two novels, a collection of short stories and a book about his wedding...
in the cathedral.
The Pilgrim's Route
Pilgrim's Route
The Pilgrim's Route, also known as St. Olav's Way or the Old Kings' Road, was a pilgrimage route to the Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim, Norway, the site of the tomb of St. Olav. The main route is approximately long...
(Pilegrimsleden) to the site of Saint Olufs's tomb at Nidaros
Nidaros
Nidaros or Niðarós was during the Middle Ages, the old name of Trondheim, Norway . Until the Reformation, Nidaros remained the centre of the spiritual life of the country...
Cathedral, has recently been re-instated. Also known as St. Olav's Way, (Sankt Olavs vei), the main route, which is approximately 640 kilometres (397.7 mi) long, starts in Oslo
Oslo
Oslo is a municipality, as well as the capital and most populous city in Norway. As a municipality , it was established on 1 January 1838. Founded around 1048 by King Harald III of Norway, the city was largely destroyed by fire in 1624. The city was moved under the reign of Denmark–Norway's King...
and heads North, along the Lake Mjøsa
Mjøsa
Mjøsa is Norway's largest lake, as well as one of the deepest lakes in Norway and in Europe as a whole, after Hornindalsvatnet. It is located in the southern part of Norway, about 100 km north of Oslo...
, up the valley Gudbrandsdalen, over the mountain range Dovrefjell
Dovrefjell
Dovrefjell is a mountain range in central Norway that forms a natural barrier between Eastern Norway and Trøndelag, the area around Trondheim. As a result, it has been heavily trafficked during and probably preceding historical times...
and down the Oppdal
Oppdal
is a village and municipality in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. It is part of the Dovre region. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Oppdal. Other villages in the municipality include Lønset, Vognillan, Fagerhaug, and Holan...
valley to end at Nidaros Cathedral
Nidaros Cathedral
Nidaros Cathedral is a Church of Norway cathedral located in the city of Trondheim in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. It was the cathedral of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Nidaros from its establishment in 1152 until its abolition in 1537. Since the Reformation, it has been the cathedral of the...
in Trondheim. There is a Pilgrim's Office in Oslo which gives advice to pilgrims, and a Pilgrim Centre in Trondheim, under the aegis
Aegis
An aegis is a large collar or cape worn in ancient times to display the protection provided by a high religious authority or the holder of a protective shield signifying the same, such as a bag-like garment that contained a shield. Sometimes the garment and the shield are merged, with a small...
of the cathedral, which awards certificates to successful pilgrims
Pilgrims
Pilgrims , or Pilgrim Fathers , is a name commonly applied to early settlers of the Plymouth Colony in present-day Plymouth, Massachusetts, United States...
upon the completion of their journey.
Museums
Trondheim Museum of Arts has Norway's third largest public art collection, mainly Norwegian art from the last 150 years. The National Museum of Decorative Arts boasts a large collection of decorative arts and design, including a great number of tapestries from the Norwegian tapestry artist Hannah Ryggen, as well as Norway's only permanent exhibibition of Japanese arts and craftsArts and crafts
Arts and crafts comprise a whole host of activities and hobbies that are related to making things with one's hands and skill. These can be sub-divided into handicrafts or "traditional crafts" and "the rest"...
. Sverresborg
Sverresborg
Sverresborg or Sverre Sigurdsson's castle was a fortification built in the medieval city of Nidaros by Sverre Sigurdsson....
, also named Zion
Zion
Zion is a place name often used as a synonym for Jerusalem. The word is first found in Samuel II, 5:7 dating to c.630-540 BCE...
after King David's castle in Jerusalem, was a fortification built by Sverre Sigurdsson. It is now an open air museum, consisting of more than 60 buildings. The castle was originally built in 1182–1183, but did not last for long as it was burned down in 1188. However, the Sverresaga indicates it had been restored by 1197.
Trondheim Science Museum
Trondheim Science Museum
Trondheim Science Museum is a scientific hands-on experience center located in the Kongens gate area of Trondheim, Norway....
is a scientific hands-on experience center. The Museum of Natural History and Archaeology is part of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Norwegian University of Science and Technology
The Norwegian University of Science and Technology , commonly known as NTNU, is located in Trondheim. NTNU is the second largest of the eight universities in Norway, and, as its name suggests, has the main national responsibility for higher education in engineering and technology...
. There are also a variety of small history, science and natural history
Natural history
Natural history is the scientific research of plants or animals, leaning more towards observational rather than experimental methods of study, and encompasses more research published in magazines than in academic journals. Grouped among the natural sciences, natural history is the systematic study...
museums, such as the Trondheim Maritime Museum, the Armoury, adjacent to the Archbishops's Palace, the music and musical instrument museum Ringve National Museum, Ringve Botanical Garden, the Trondheim Tramway Museum
Trondheim Tramway Museum
Trondheim Tramway Museum is a tram museum located in Trondheim, Norway. The museum offers in addition to a display of the tramway history of Trondheim also heritage trips with old trams on the sole remains of the tramway in Trondheim, Gråkallbanen...
, and the Jewish Museum, co-located with the city's synagogue, which is among the northernmost in the world.
Rockheim (National Center of Pop and Rock Culture) opened at the Pier in August 2010. It is located inside an old building, but characterized by an easily recognizable roof the shape of a box. "The box" is decorated by thousands of tiny lights that changes in a variety of coulours and patterns, and is a landmark in the cityscape - especially in dark winter evenings.
Churches
The Church of NorwayChurch of Norway
The Church of Norway is the state church of Norway, established after the Lutheran reformation in Denmark-Norway in 1536-1537 broke the ties to the Holy See. The church confesses the Lutheran Christian faith...
has 21 churches within the municipality of Trondheim. They are all a part of the Diocese of Nidaros
Diocese of Nidaros
Nidaros is a diocese in the Lutheran Church of Norway. It covers Nord-Trøndelag and Sør-Trøndelag counties and its cathedral city is Trondheim, which houses the well-known Nidaros Cathedral. The diocese is divided into 12 deaneries . Finn Wagle was the bishop from 1991 to 2008...
, which is based in Trondheim at the Nidaros Cathedral
Nidaros Cathedral
Nidaros Cathedral is a Church of Norway cathedral located in the city of Trondheim in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. It was the cathedral of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Nidaros from its establishment in 1152 until its abolition in 1537. Since the Reformation, it has been the cathedral of the...
. Many of the churches are several hundred years old, with a couple that were built almost 1000 years ago.
| Deanery (Prosti) | Parish (Sokn) | Church Name | Year Built | Location of the Church |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nidaros | Nidaros Domkirke og Vår Frue | Nidaros Cathedral Nidaros Cathedral Nidaros Cathedral is a Church of Norway cathedral located in the city of Trondheim in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. It was the cathedral of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Nidaros from its establishment in 1152 until its abolition in 1537. Since the Reformation, it has been the cathedral of the... |
1070–1300 | Midtbyen Midtbyen, Trondheim Midtbyen is a borough and comprises much of the city centre of Trondheim, Norway. Midtbyen proper is located north and east of the river Nidelva, south of the Trondheim Canal and east of Ila, thus being north of Øya and Elgeseter, east of Bakklandet and south of Brattøra... |
| Vår Frue Church Vår Frue Church Vår Frue Church is a parish church in the municipality of Trondheim in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located in the Midtbyen area of Trondheim, just a few blocks north of the Nidaros Cathedral.... |
1200 | Midtbyen Midtbyen, Trondheim Midtbyen is a borough and comprises much of the city centre of Trondheim, Norway. Midtbyen proper is located north and east of the river Nidelva, south of the Trondheim Canal and east of Ila, thus being north of Øya and Elgeseter, east of Bakklandet and south of Brattøra... |
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| Bakklandet | Bakke Church Bakke Church Bakke Church is a parish church in the municipality of Trondheim in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located in the Bakklandet area of the city of Trondheim, and the church serves the Bakklandet, Møllenberg, Rosenborg, and Nedre Elvehavn areas of Østbyen in Trondheim... |
1715 | Bakklandet | |
| Lade | Lade Church Lade Church Lade Church is located in the Lade neighborhood in the city of Trondheim in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway, just southeast of Korsvika and east of Ladehammeren. The church is part of the Lade parish in the Nidaros deanery in the Diocese of Nidaros.... |
1190 | Lade Lade, Trondheim Lade is a community in Trondheim, Norway. It is located on a peninsula north-east of the city centre, north of the community of Lademoen. It was the site of the historic Lade farm.-History:... |
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| Lademoen | Lademoen Church Lademoen Church Lademoen Church is a parish church in the municipality of Trondheim in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located in the Lademoen area of the city of Trondheim, just north of the old European route E6 highway.... |
1905 | Lademoen Lademoen Lademoen is a residential area in Trondheim, Norway about two kilometers east of the city centre located just east of Nedre Elvehavn, west of Leangen, south of Nyhavna and north of Rosenborg.... |
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| Byåsen | Byåsen | Byåsen Church Byåsen Church Byåsen Church is a parish church in the municipality of Trondheim in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located in Hallset in the Byåsen area of the city of Trondheim, on the western side of the Nidelva river... |
1974 | Byåsen Byåsen Byåsen is a district in the city of Trondheim, Norway, situated to the west of the city centre. This is mainly a residential area, with 32 136 residents as of January 1, 2003. The name Byåsen can be translated into "City Hill", which describes its elevated position, overlooking the rest of... |
| Ilen | Ilen Church Ilen Church Ilen Church is a parish church in the municipality of Trondheim in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located in the Ila area in the city of Trondheim, on the wide isthmus between the river Nidelva and the Trondheimsfjord.... |
1889 | Ila Ila, Trondheim Ila is an area of Trondheim, Norway in the western part of the city centre, Midtbyen, limited by the river Nidelva in the south, Skansen in the north and Steinberget, Bymarka and Ilsvikøra in the west... |
|
| Sverresborg | Havstein Church Havstein Church Havstein Church is a parish church in the municipality of Trondheim in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located in the Sverresborg area on the western side of the Nidelva river in the city of Trondheim. The church is part of the Havstein parish in the Byåsen deanery in the Diocese of... |
1857 | Sverresborg Sverresborg Sverresborg or Sverre Sigurdsson's castle was a fortification built in the medieval city of Nidaros by Sverre Sigurdsson.... |
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| Heimdal | Byneset | Byneset Church Byneset church Byneset Church is a medieval church in the Byneset area of the city of Trondheim in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. The church was consecrated to the saint Michael. The year consecration is not exactly known, but it is assumed that it was about 1180... |
1180 | Byneset Byneset Byneset is a former municipality in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. The largest village in Byneset is Spongdal, other villages include Byneset and Langørjan. The municipality of Byneset encompassed the western part of present-day Trondheim municipality. It sits along an arm of the Trondheimsfjord,... |
| Heimdal | Heimdal Church Heimdal Church Heimdal Church is a parish church in the municipality of Trondheim in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located in the village of Heimdal, about south of Kolstad Church. The church is part of the Heimdal parish in the Heimdal deanery in the Diocese of Nidaros.The concrete church building was... |
1960 | Heimdal Heimdal Heimdal is the southernmost borough in Trondheim, Norway named after the god Heimdall in Norse mythology. The area has been continuously inhabited since at least the Iron Age, and is rich in archaeological sites.... |
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| Kolstad | Kolstad Church Kolstad Church Kolstad Church is a parish church in the municipality of Trondheim in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located in the Kolstad area of the city of Trondheim, about from the nearby Heimdal Church. The church is part of the Kolstad parish in the Heimdal deanery in the Diocese of Nidaros.The... |
1986 | Kolstad | |
| Leinstrand | Leinstrand Church Leinstrand Church Leinstrand Church is a parish church in the municipality of Trondheim in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located in the Leinstrand area in the city of Trondheim. The church is part of the Leinstrand parish in the Heimdal deanery in the Diocese of Nidaros.... |
1673 | Leinstrand Leinstrand Leinstrand is a former municipality in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. The area of Leinstrand encompasses the south central part of the city of Trondheim. The local Leinstrand Church was built in 1673.-History:... |
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| Tiller | Tiller Church Tiller Church Tiller Church is a parish church in the municipality of Trondheim in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located in the Tiller area in the city of Trondheim. The church is part of the Tiller parish in the Heimdal deanery in the Diocese of Nidaros.... |
1901 | Tiller Tiller, Norway Tiller is a former municipality in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. Tiller encompassed part of the south central part of the present-day municipality of Trondheim... |
|
| Strinda | Berg | Berg Church Berg Church Berg Church is a parish church in the municipality of Trondheim in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located in the Berg area in the city of Trondheim. The church is part of the Strinda parish in the Strinda deanery in the Diocese of Nidaros. The brick church was built in 1972 and was... |
1972 | Berg |
| Bratsberg | Bratsberg Church Bratsberg Church Bratsberg Church is a parish church in the municipality of Trondheim in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located in the Bratsberg area southeast of the city of Trondheim and east of Heimdal. The church is part of the Bratsberg parish in the Strinda deanery in the Diocese of Nidaros. The... |
1850 | Bratsberg Bratsberg, Sør-Trøndelag Bratsberg is a village in Trondheim municipality, Norway. Its population is 211. It is located between Tanem and the lake Jonsvatnet.... |
|
| Charlottenlund | Charlottenlund Church Charlottenlund Church Charlottenlund Church is a parish church in the municipality of Trondheim in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located in the Charlottenlund area in the city of Trondheim. The church is part of the Strinda parish in the Strinda deanery in the Diocese of Nidaros. The church was built in 1973,... |
1973 | Charlottenlund | |
| Hoeggen | Hoeggen Church Hoeggen Church Hoeggen Church is a parish church in the municipality of Trondheim in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located in the Lerkendal area in the city of Trondheim. The church is part of the Hoeggen parish in the Strinda deanery in the Diocese of Nidaros. The church was built in 1997.... |
1997 | Lerkendal Lerkendal, Trondheim Lerkendal is an area and borough in Trondheim, Norway.The area is located south of Gløshaugen and Elgeseter, west of Berg, north of Tempe and east of the river Nidelva. The area is dominated by the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, SINTEF and the home stadium of Rosenborg, Lerkendal... |
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| Ranheim | Ranheim Church Ranheim Church Ranheim Church is a parish church in the municipality of Trondheim in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located in the village of Ranheim, east of the city of Trondheim. The church is part of the Ranheim parish in the Strinda deanery in the Diocese of Nidaros.The first church in Ranheim was... |
1933 | Ranheim Ranheim Ranheim is a residential area located approximately 6 kilometers to the east of the centre of Trondheim, Norway. It comprises places such as Olderdalen, Væretrøa, Reppe and Vikåsen.... |
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| Strinda | Strinda Church Strinda Church Strinda Church is a parish church in the municipality of Trondheim in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located in the Strinda area in the city of Trondheim. The church is part of the Strinda parish in the Strinda deanery in the Diocese of Nidaros. The church was built in 1900 and consecrated... |
1900 | Strinda Strinda Strinda is a former municipality in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. The area encompassed the eastern part of the present-day municipality of Trondheim south and east of the main city center all the way southeast to the lake Jonsvatnet.-History:... |
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| Strindheim | Strindheim Church Strindheim Church Strindheim Church is a parish church in the municipality of Trondheim in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located in the Strindheim area in the city of Trondheim. The church is part of the Strindheim parish in the Strinda deanery in the Diocese of Nidaros. The modern brick church was... |
1979 | Strindheim | |
| Tempe | Tempe Church Tempe Church Tempe Church is a parish church in the municipality of Trondheim in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located in the Lerkendal area in the city of Trondheim, between the old European route E6 highway and Lerkendal Stadion... |
1960 | Lerkendal Lerkendal, Trondheim Lerkendal is an area and borough in Trondheim, Norway.The area is located south of Gløshaugen and Elgeseter, west of Berg, north of Tempe and east of the river Nidelva. The area is dominated by the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, SINTEF and the home stadium of Rosenborg, Lerkendal... |
Political structure
On 1 January 2005, the city was reorganized from five boroughs into four, with each of these having separate social services offices. The current boroughs are MidtbyenMidtbyen, Trondheim
Midtbyen is a borough and comprises much of the city centre of Trondheim, Norway. Midtbyen proper is located north and east of the river Nidelva, south of the Trondheim Canal and east of Ila, thus being north of Øya and Elgeseter, east of Bakklandet and south of Brattøra...
(44,967 inhabitants), Østbyen
Østbyen
Østbyen is a borough of the city of Trondheim, Norway consisting of the areas of Møllenberg, Nedre Elvehavn, Rosenborg, Lade, Strindheim, Jakobsli, Ranheim and Vikåsen. It has 39,171 residents....
(42,707 inhabitants), Lerkendal
Lerkendal, Trondheim
Lerkendal is an area and borough in Trondheim, Norway.The area is located south of Gløshaugen and Elgeseter, west of Berg, north of Tempe and east of the river Nidelva. The area is dominated by the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, SINTEF and the home stadium of Rosenborg, Lerkendal...
(46,603 inhabitants) and Heimdal
Heimdal
Heimdal is the southernmost borough in Trondheim, Norway named after the god Heimdall in Norse mythology. The area has been continuously inhabited since at least the Iron Age, and is rich in archaeological sites....
(30,744) inhabitants. Population statistics are as of 1 January 2008.
Prior to 2005, Trondheim was divided into the boroughs Sentrum, Strinda, Nardo, Byåsen and Heimdal.
Education and research
- See also the list of primary schools in Trondheim.
There are 11 high schools in the city. Trondheim katedralskole
Trondheim Katedralskole
Trondheim katedralskole is an upper secondary school located next to the Nidaros Cathedral in the center of Trondheim, Norway....
("Trondheim Cathedral School") was founded in 1152 and is the oldest gymnasium
Gymnasium (school)
A gymnasium is a type of school providing secondary education in some parts of Europe, comparable to English grammar schools or sixth form colleges and U.S. college preparatory high schools. The word γυμνάσιον was used in Ancient Greece, meaning a locality for both physical and intellectual...
-level school of Norway, while Brundalen videregående skole is the largest in Sør-Trøndelag with its 1100 students and 275 employees.
The Norwegian university of science and technology (NTNU) and the College of Sør-Trøndelag (HiST) are also situated here.
One regional hospital, the St. Olavs University Hospital
St. Olavs University Hospital
St. Olav’s University Hospital is the hospital in Trondheim, Norway located at Øya. It is part of St. Olavs Hospital Trust that operates all the hospitals in Sør-Trøndelag and thus indirectly state owned. It cooperates closely with the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in research and...
, is located in Trondheim. The university hospital, cooperates closely with the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU). A new hospital is currently being built, with a projected cost of 12 billion NOK
Norwegian krone
The krone is the currency of Norway and its dependent territories. The plural form is kroner . It is subdivided into 100 øre. The ISO 4217 code is NOK, although the common local abbreviation is kr. The name translates into English as "crown"...
.
SINTEF
SINTEF
SINTEF , headquartered in Trondheim, Norway, is the largest independent research organisation in Scandinavia. Every year, SINTEF supports research and development at 2,000 or so Norwegian and overseas companies via its research and development activity....
, the largest independent research organisation in Scandinavia
Scandinavia
Scandinavia is a cultural, historical and ethno-linguistic region in northern Europe that includes the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, characterized by their common ethno-cultural heritage and language. Modern Norway and Sweden proper are situated on the Scandinavian Peninsula,...
, has 1800 employees with 1300 of these located in Trondheim. The Air Force Academy of the Royal Norwegian Air Force
Royal Norwegian Air Force
The Royal Norwegian Air Force is the air force of Norway. It was established as a separate arm of the Norwegian armed forces on 10 November 1944. The RNoAF's peace force is approximately 1,430 employees . 600 personnel also serve their draft period in the RNoAF...
is located at Kuhaugen in Trondheim.
Media
AdresseavisenAdresseavisen
Adresseavisen is a regional newspaper published daily, except Sundays, in Trondheim, Norway. It is an independent, conservative newspaper with a daily circulation of approximately 85,000. It is also informally known as Adressa. The newspaper covers the areas of Trøndelag and Nordmøre.Adresseavisen...
is the largest regional newspaper and the oldest active newspaper in Norway, having been established in 1767. The newspaper owns the regional television channel TVAdressa and the radio channel RadioAdressa. The two Headquarters of The Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK) are located at Tyholt in Trondheim and Oslo. The student milieu of Trondheim features three types of media. Under Dusken
Under dusken
Under Dusken is the official student newspaper in Trondheim, Norway, with a circulation of 10,000 copies.Founded in 1914, it is Scandinavia's oldest student newspaper, and the second largest student newspaper in Norway after Oslo's Universitas....
is the student paper, Radio Revolt
Radio Revolt
Radio Revolt , is the student radio in Trondheim, Norway. It airs 55 hours a week on 100 and 106,2 FM, and 24 hours a day on the internet...
is the student radio, and Student-TV broadcasts videos online.
Transport
Trondheim has an international airport, Trondheim Airport, VærnesTrondheim Airport, Værnes
Trondheim Airport, Værnes is an international airport located in Stjørdal, east of Trondheim, Norway. Operated by the state-owned Avinor, it shares facilities with Værnes Air Station of the Royal Norwegian Air Force. In 2010, the airport had 3,521,734 passengers and 55,747 air movements,...
, situated in Stjørdal
Stjørdal
is a municipality in Nord-Trøndelag county, Norway. It is part of the Stjørdalen region. The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Stjørdal, also called Stjørdalshalsen...
, which is Norway's fourth largest airport in terms of passenger traffic.
Åre
Åre is a locality and one of the leading Scandinavian ski resorts situated in Åre Municipality, Jämtland County, Sweden with 1,260 inhabitants in 2005. It is however, not the seat of the municipality, which is Järpen. 25% of the municipal industry is based on tourism, most notably the downhill...
and Östersund
Östersund
Östersund is an urban area in Jämtland in the middle of Sweden. It is the seat of Östersund Municipality and the capital of Jämtland County. Östersund is located at the shores of Sweden's fifth largest lake, Storsjön, opposite the island Frösön, and is the only city in Jämtland. Östersund is the...
in Sweden, and two southbound connections to Oslo, the Røros Line and Dovre Line.
The Coastal Express ships (Hurtigruten
Hurtigruten
Hurtigruten or Hurtigruta is a Norwegian passenger and freight line with daily sailings along Norway's western and northern coast. Sometimes referred to in English as Norwegian Coastal Express, Hurtigruten ships sail almost the entire length of the country, completing the roundtrip journey in 11...
: Covering the Bergen
Bergen
Bergen is the second largest city in Norway with a population of as of , . Bergen is the administrative centre of Hordaland county. Greater Bergen or Bergen Metropolitan Area as defined by Statistics Norway, has a population of as of , ....
–Kirkenes
Kirkenes
is a town in the municipality of Sør-Varanger in the county of Finnmark in the far northeast of Norway...
stretch of the coast) call at Trondheim, as do many cruise ship
Cruise ship
A cruise ship or cruise liner is a passenger ship used for pleasure voyages, where the voyage itself and the ship's amenities are part of the experience, as well as the different destinations along the way...
s during the summer season. Since 1994 there is also a fast commuter boat service to Kristiansund
Kristiansund
Kristiansund is a city and municipality on the western coast of Norway, in the Nordmøre district of Møre og Romsdal county. It was officially awarded township status in 1742, and it is still the major town for the region. The administrative center of the municipality is the city of Kristiansund...
, the closest coastal city to the southwest.
Trondheim also boasts the northernmost (since closure of Arkhangelsk
Arkhangelsk
Arkhangelsk , formerly known as Archangel in English, is a city and the administrative center of Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. It lies on both banks of the Northern Dvina River near its exit into the White Sea in the north of European Russia. The city spreads for over along the banks of the river...
tram in 2004) tram
Tram
A tram is a passenger rail vehicle which runs on tracks along public urban streets and also sometimes on separate rights of way. It may also run between cities and/or towns , and/or partially grade separated even in the cities...
way line in the world: the Gråkallen Line, the last remaining segment of the Trondheim Tramway
Trondheim Tramway
Trondheim Tramway located in Trondheim, Norway consists presently of one 8.8 km tramway line, Gråkallbanen, from St. Olav's Gate in the city centre through Byåsen to Lian Station in Bymarka...
, is an 8.8 kilometres (5.5 mi) route (which is mostly single-track outside the inner most parts of the city; except the stretch between Breidablikk and Nordre Hoem stations) which runs from the city centre, through the Byåsen
Byåsen
Byåsen is a district in the city of Trondheim, Norway, situated to the west of the city centre. This is mainly a residential area, with 32 136 residents as of January 1, 2003. The name Byåsen can be translated into "City Hill", which describes its elevated position, overlooking the rest of...
district, and up to Lian, in the large recreation area Bymarka
Bymarka
Bymarka is the recreation ground of the city of Trondheim, Norway.- Location and use :Bymarka is situated to the west of the city center and has an area of 80 km², with more than 200 km of walking tracks. Bymarka is very popular for cross-country skiing in the winter, and for walks, hiking or...
. Trondheim boasts the world's only bicycle lift, Trampe
Trampe bicycle lift
The Trampe bicycle lift is the first, and currently only, bicycle lift in the world. The prototype was built in 1993 in Trondheim, and it is still in service as of 2005. Trampe is a Norwegian verb meaning "to stomp".- Usage :...
.
The bus network, operated by AtB
ATB
ATB may refer to:*The US Reorder tone is often referred to as an ATB, for All Trunks Busy*Active Time Battle system is a feature of role-playing games*Mountain bike is an off-road bicycle...
, runs throughout most of the city and its suburbs. In addition, the Nattbuss (Night Bus) service ensures cheap and effective transport for those enjoying nightlife in the city centre during the weekends. Note that the Nattbus has other prices than ordinary busses. The European route E6
European route E6
European route E 6 is the designation for the main north-south road in Norway, and the west coast of Sweden, running from the southern tip of Sweden, at Trelleborg, into Norway and through almost all of the country north to Finnmark. The route ends close to the Norwegian border with Russia...
highway passes through the city centre of Trondheim in addition to a motorway bypass along the eastern rim of the city.
Stage
The main regional theatre, Trøndelag TeaterTrøndelag Teater
Trøndelag Teater is a large theater in the city of Trondheim, in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway.-Background:Trøndelag Teater stages large-scale dance and musical performances. Originally built in 1816, the theater is the oldest stage in Scandinavia in continuous use...
, is situated in Trondheim. The theatre is the oldest theatre in Scandinavia; still in use from 1816. The city also features an alternative theatre house, called Avant Garden.
Music
Jazz
Jazz is a musical style that originated at the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States. It was born out of a mix of African and European music traditions. From its early development until the present, jazz has incorporated music from 19th and 20th...
and classical music, the latter two spearheaded by the music conservatory at NTNU
Norwegian University of Science and Technology
The Norwegian University of Science and Technology , commonly known as NTNU, is located in Trondheim. NTNU is the second largest of the eight universities in Norway, and, as its name suggests, has the main national responsibility for higher education in engineering and technology...
and the municipal music school, Trondheim Kommunale Musikk- og Kulturskole, with the Trondheim Symphony Orchestra and the Trondheim Soloists
Trondheim Soloists
Trondheim Soloists are a musical chamber ensemble of string players based in Trondheim, Norway. The ensemble was founded in 1988 and has been an arena for professional concert training for string-players at the Music Conservatory at the Norwegian University of Science and...
being the best-known arenas. Classical artists hailing from Trondheim include violinist Arve Tellefsen
Arve Tellefsen
Arve Tellefsen is a Norwegian violinist.He was born and raised in Trondheim, Norway. When he was 6 years old, he began playing the violin in 'Trondheims musikkskole'...
, Elise Båtnes and Marianne Thorsen. Also the Nidaros Cathedral Boys' Choir
Nidaros Cathedral Boys' Choir
The Nidaros Cathedral Boys' Choir is a Norwegian choir in Trondheim, consisting of 76 boys and men as of spring 2008. It represents a tradition of boy and men cathedral choristers in Nidaros Cathedral stretching back almost 900 years...
.
Pop/rock artists and bands associated with Trondheim include Åge Aleksandersen
Åge Aleksandersen
Åge Aleksandersen is a Norwegian singer, songwriter and guitarist. He is one of his country's most famous singer/songwriters, musicians....
, Margaret Berger
Margaret Berger
Margaret Berger is an electropop singer and songwriter. She made her debut on Sony BMG after she placed second on the second season of Norwegian Idol....
, DumDum Boys
DumDum Boys
DumDum Boys is a Norwegian rock band from Trondheim. They started up in the late 1970s as a punk band under the name "Wannskrækk", and released a few singles under that name before they reinvented themselves with a new name and a somewhat new sound in 1985....
, Gåte
Gåte
Gåte was a band from Trøndelag, Norway playing Norwegian folk music bred with metal and electronica. Their style has been referred to as progressive folk-rock...
, Keep Of Kalessin
Keep of Kalessin
Keep of Kalessin is an extreme metal band from Trondheim, Norway formed in 1993. The group's early lineup consisted of Ghash on vocals, Obsidian C. on guitars and keyboards, Warach on bass, and Vyl on drums. They released two albums under this lineup: Through Times of War in 1997, and Agnen: A...
, Lumsk
Lumsk
Lumsk is a folk metal band from Trondheim, Norway. It combines traditional Norwegian folk music and folklore with rock, progressive rock and metal...
, Motorpsycho
Motorpsycho
Motorpsycho is a band from Trondheim, Norway. Their music can generally be defined as psychedelic rock, but they also mix in elements from metal, jazz, rock, pop and many other musical styles. The members of the band are Bent Sæther , Hans Magnus "Snah" Ryan and Kenneth Kapstad...
, Kari Rueslåtten
Kari Rueslåtten
Kari Rueslåtten is a solo singer, who has also worked with other artists.-Musical History:After taking part of some local bands, she was only 19 when she joined the cult progressive doom metal band The 3rd and the Mortal with whom she recorded the demo The 3rd And The Mortal in 1993, the EP Sorrow...
, The 3rd and the Mortal
The 3rd and the Mortal
The 3rd and the Mortal were a Norwegian experimental metal-band, founded in the city of Trondheim, Norway, in 1992 by Rune Hoemsnes, Finn Olav Holthe, Geir Nilssen, Trond Engum and singer Kari Rueslåtten...
, TNT
TNT (band)
TNT is a Norwegian hard rock/glam metal band from Trondheim, formed in 1982. The band has released twelve studio albums, three EPs and two live albums while going through numerous line-up changes since its formation...
, Tre Små Kinesere
Tre Små Kinesere
Tre Små Kinesere are a pop group based in Trondheim, Norway which, since their beginning in the 1990s, defined their own acoustic style. They recorded nine albums between then and 2004 Comeback in 2010...
, The Kids
The Kids (Norwegian band)
The Kids was a Norwegian band from Trondheim founded in 1979, not to be confused with the eponymous Belgian punk rock band. Their most familiar hit was "Forelska i lærer'n" , in 1980. Norske jenter was also a hit and the band were released in Sweden with Swedish language versions of the songs...
, Casino Steel (of The Boys
The Boys (UK Band)
The Boys are an English punk rock band formed in London in 1976.Members of the band had previously played in other groups, such as London SS and Hollywood Brats. After recording four studio albums and eight singles, as well as recording Christmas themed music under the name The Yobs, they disbanded...
), Atrox, Bloodthorn, Manes, child prodigy Malin Reitan
Malin Reitan
Malin is a Norwegian singer. She finished 3rd in Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2005 with her song Sommer og skolefri. She is also a recording artist with two released albums. She sings in her regional dialect.-Biography:Malin's career as a singer started when she was nine years old...
and Aleksander With. The most popular punk scene is UFFA
UFFA
UFFA is an anarchist youth house in Trondheim, Norway. The house provides a location where youths are free to hang out, spending their time by attending concerts, playing Foosball and socializing with their friends...
.
Georg Kajanus
Georg Kajanus
Georg Kajanus is a Norwegian composer and pop musician, best known as the lead singer and songwriter of the British pop group, Sailor.-Early years:...
, creator of the bands Eclection
Eclection
Eclection were a British-based folk rock band, originally formed in 1967 in London by Norwegian-born Georg Kajanus , Canadian Michael Rosen, Australians Trevor Lucas and Kerrilee Male, and Britisher Gerry Conway...
, Sailor
Sailor (band)
Sailor are a British pop group, best known in the 1970s for their hit singles "Glass of Champagne" and "Girls Girls Girls", written by the group's lead singer and 12-string guitar player, Georg Kajanus.-In the 1970s:...
and DATA
DATA (band)
DATA were an electronic music band created in the late 1970s by Georg Kajanus, creator of such bands as Eclection, Sailor and Noir...
, was born in Trondheim. The music production team Stargate
Stargate (production team)
This is a list of songs written and produced by the Norwegian production team Stargate.-Produced singles:-1999:5ive - Invincible*05. "Two Sides to Every Story"*06. "You Make Me a Better Man"Noora Noor - Curious*01. "Curious"...
started out in Trondheim.
Film
Trondheim features a lively film scene, including three filmfests: Minimalen Short Film Fest and Kosmorama International Film Fest in March, and Trondheim Documentarfestival in November.Sports and recreation
Granåsen
Granåsen is a ski jumping hill, located in Granåsen skicenter in Trondheim, Norway. The hill frequently hosts World Cup and Continental Cup competitions arranged by FIS. The hill sports one K-90 hill and one K-124 hill....
, a Nordic skiing
Nordic skiing
Nordic skiing is a winter sport that encompasses all types of skiing where the heel of the boot cannot be fixed to the ski, as opposed to Alpine skiing....
venue located in Byåsen, regularly hosts World Cup competitions in ski jumping
Ski jumping
Ski jumping is a sport in which skiers go down a take-off ramp, jump and attempt to land as far as possible down the hill below. In addition to the length of the jump, judges give points for style. The skis used for ski jumping are wide and long...
, biathlon
Biathlon
Biathlon is a term used to describe any sporting event made up of two disciplines. However, biathlon usually refers specifically to the winter sport that combines cross-country skiing and rifle shooting...
and cross-country skiing
Cross-country skiing
Cross-country skiing is a winter sport in which participants propel themselves across snow-covered terrain using skis and poles...
, as well as the 1997 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships
1997 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships
The FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 1997 took place February 21-March 2, 1997 in Trondheim, Norway. This event was the first time in consecutive championships that the number or type of events did not change since 1966 and 1970...
. Trondheim attempted but failed to become the Norwegian candidate for the 2018 Winter Olympics
2018 Winter Olympics
The 2018 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXIII Olympic Winter Games, is a winter multi-sport event scheduled to take place in Pyeongchang, South Korea, between 9 and 25 February 2018. The elected host city was announced on 6 July 2011 by the International Olympic Committee , after the...
. Hiking and recreational skiing is available around the city, particularly in Bymarka
Bymarka
Bymarka is the recreation ground of the city of Trondheim, Norway.- Location and use :Bymarka is situated to the west of the city center and has an area of 80 km², with more than 200 km of walking tracks. Bymarka is very popular for cross-country skiing in the winter, and for walks, hiking or...
, which can be reached by the tramway. Trondheim Golfklubb
Trondheim Golfklubb
Trondheim Golfklubb is a 9-hole golf course located 3 km outside the city centre of Trondheim, Norway . The golf club was established on October 27 1950, and has 1100 members . The club house and offices are situated in an old, well-maintained farm called Sommerseter...
has a nine-hole golf course in Byåsen. The World Allround Speed Skating Championships
World Allround Speed Skating Championships
The World Allround Speed Skating Championships are a series of speed skating events held annually to determine the best allround speed skater of the world...
has been hosted at Øya Stadion
Øya stadion
Øya stadion, also known as Trondheim stadion, is an athletics facility in Nidarø, Trondheim, Norway. The field was established as "Øen stadion" in 1900 as a combined athletics field and skating rink.-Skating:...
in 1907, 1911, 1926, 1933 and 1937.
Rosenborg BK is the city's premier football club and plays their home matches at Lerkendal Stadion
Lerkendal stadion
Lerkendal Stadion is an all-seater football stadium located at Lerkendal in Trondheim, Norway. The home ground of the Tippeligaen side Rosenborg BK, it has a capacity for 21,116 spectators, making it the second-largest football stadium in the country....
. They have won the Norwegian Premier League
Norwegian Premier League
Tippeligaen is a Norwegian professional league for association football clubs. At the top of the Norwegian football league system, it is the country's primary football competition. The league is also unofficially known under its neutral name Eliteserien , although the name has never been official...
twentytwo times from 1967 to 2010, and had until 2007 played eleven times in UEFA Champions League
UEFA Champions League
The UEFA Champions League, known simply the Champions League and originally known as the European Champion Clubs' Cup or European Cup, is an annual international club football competition organised by the Union of European Football Associations since 1955 for the top football clubs in Europe. It...
. Byåsen IL plays in the Women's handball league, and is a regular in EHF Women's Champions League, playing their home games at Trondheim Spektrum. Rosenborg IHK
Rosenborg IHK
Rosenborg Ishockeyklubb Elite is a Norwegian ice hockey club located in Trondheim, Norway. Rosenborg have been playing in the Norwegian first division, the league below the GET-ligaen. In March, 2010, Rosenborg IHKE was promoted to the GET-ligaen, and are currently playing in GET-ligaen, Norway's...
plays in the premier ice hockey league, with their home games played at Leangen Ishall
Leangen Ishall
Leangen Ishall is an indoor ice hockey arena located in Leangen, Trondheim, Norway. The capacity of the arena is 3,000 and it was opened in 1977. It is the home arena of the Rosenborg ice hockey team...
.
Student culture
Studentersamfundet i Trondhjem
The Student Society in Trondheim is Norway's largest student society.Besides housing two cafés and frequently hosting concerts and other activities , it is an independent organization for all students and teachers in Trondheim, owned fully by its members...
, the city's student society. Its characteristic round, red building from 1929 sits at the head of the bridge crossing the river southwards from the city centre. As the second largest university in Norway, the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) is the host of some 24,000 students. Sør-Trøndelag University College
Sør-Trøndelag University College
Sør-Trøndelag University College or HiST is a Norwegian university college located in Trondheim. The school offers higher education within nursing, teaching, economics, food science, engineering and information technology...
has 6,000 students.
Student culture in Trondheim is characterized by a long-standing tradition of volunteer work. The student society is for example run by more than 1,200 volunteers. NTNUI
NTNUI
Norges Teknisk-naturvitenskapelige Universitets Idrettsforening, NTNUI, is the largest sports club in Norway with more than 10,000 members and a variety of participators on all levels of skills in more than 50 different sports. The athletic association is formally connected to the Norwegian...
, Norway's largest sports club, is among the other volunteer organizations that dominate student culture in Trondheim. Students of Trondheim are also behind two major Norwegian culture festivals, UKA
UKA
UKA is the largest cultural festival in Norway and is arrangedevery other year entirely by volunteer students from Trondheim. In 2007, 1394 students did volunteer work, while 78,000 event tickets were sold....
and The International Student Festival in Trondheim (ISFiT). NTNU lists over 200 student organizations with registered web pages at its servers alone.
Twin towns – Sister cities
Trondheim is twinned with:| Darmstadt Darmstadt Darmstadt is a city in the Bundesland of Hesse in Germany, located in the southern part of the Rhine Main Area.The sandy soils in the Darmstadt area, ill-suited for agriculture in times before industrial fertilisation, prevented any larger settlement from developing, until the city became the seat... , Germany (since 1968) Dunfermline Dunfermline Dunfermline is a town and former Royal Burgh in Fife, Scotland, on high ground from the northern shore of the Firth of Forth. According to a 2008 estimate, Dunfermline has a population of 46,430, making it the second-biggest settlement in Fife. Part of the town's name comes from the Gaelic word... , Fife Fife Fife is a council area and former county of Scotland. It is situated between the Firth of Tay and the Firth of Forth, with inland boundaries to Perth and Kinross and Clackmannanshire... , Scotland (since 1945) Graz Graz The more recent population figures do not give the whole picture as only people with principal residence status are counted and people with secondary residence status are not. Most of the people with secondary residence status in Graz are students... , Austria (since 1964) Kópavogur Kópavogur Kópavogur is a city and Iceland's second largest municipality, with a population of 30,779.It lies immediately south of Reykjavík and is part of the Greater Reykjavík Area. The name literally means seal pup bay... , Iceland (since 1946) Östersund Östersund Östersund is an urban area in Jämtland in the middle of Sweden. It is the seat of Östersund Municipality and the capital of Jämtland County. Östersund is located at the shores of Sweden's fifth largest lake, Storsjön, opposite the island Frösön, and is the only city in Jämtland. Östersund is the... , Sweden (since 1946) |
Norrköping Norrköping Norrköping is a city in the province of Östergötland in eastern Sweden and the seat of Norrköping Municipality, Östergötland County. The city has a population of 87,247 inhabitants in 2010, out of a municipal total of 130,050, making it Sweden's tenth largest city and eighth largest... , Sweden (since 1946) Klaksvík Klaksvík Klaksvík is the second largest town of the Faroe Islands.The town is located on Borðoy, which is one of the northernmost islands .... , Faroe Islands Faroe Islands The Faroe Islands are an island group situated between the Norwegian Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, approximately halfway between Scotland and Iceland. The Faroe Islands are a self-governing territory within the Kingdom of Denmark, along with Denmark proper and Greenland... Odense Odense Municipality Odense Municipality, is a Danish municipality in Region of Southern Denmark on the island of Funen in central Denmark. The municipality covers an area of , and has a total population of 190,245... , Denmark (since 1946) Petah Tikva Petah Tikva Petah Tikva known as Em HaMoshavot , is a city in the Center District of Israel, east of Tel Aviv.According to the Central Bureau of Statistics, at the end of 2009, the city's population stood at 209,600. The population density is approximately... , Israel (since 1975) Ramallah Ramallah Ramallah is a Palestinian city in the central West Bank located 10 kilometers north of Jerusalem, adjacent to al-Bireh. It currently serves as the de facto administrative capital of the Palestinian National Authority... , Palestinian territories Palestinian territories The Palestinian territories comprise the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Since the Palestinian Declaration of Independence in 1988, the region is today recognized by three-quarters of the world's countries as the State of Palestine or simply Palestine, although this status is not recognized by the... (since 2004) |
Split Split (city) Split is a Mediterranean city on the eastern shores of the Adriatic Sea, centered around the ancient Roman Palace of the Emperor Diocletian and its wide port bay. With a population of 178,192 citizens, and a metropolitan area numbering up to 467,899, Split is by far the largest Dalmatian city and... , Croatia (since 1956) Tampere/Tammerfors Tampere Tampere is a city in southern Finland. It is the most populous inland city in any of the Nordic countries. The city has a population of , growing to approximately 300,000 people in the conurbation and over 340,000 in the metropolitan area. Tampere is the third most-populous municipality in... , Finland (since 1946) Tiraspol Tiraspol Tiraspol is the second largest city in Moldova and is the capital and administrative centre of the unrecognized Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic . The city is located on the eastern bank of the Dniester River... , Moldova (since 1987) Vallejo, California Vallejo, California Vallejo is the largest city in Solano County, California, United States. The population was 115,942 at the 2010 census. It is located in the San Francisco Bay Area on the northeastern shore of San Pablo Bay... , US (since 1956) |
See also
- List of mayors of Trondheim
- Tyholt TowerTyholttårnetTyholttårnet is a 124 metre high radio tower with an observation deck at Trondheim, Norway. Tyholttårnet was built in 1985. The tower features a revolving restaurant, 80 metres up, which makes one complete revolution per hour.-External links:...
External links
- Municipal fact sheet from Statistics NorwayStatistics NorwayStatistics Norway is the Norwegian statistics bureau. It was established in 1876.Relying on a staff of about 1,000, Statistics Norway publish about 1,000 new statistical releases every year on its web site. All releases are published both in Norwegian and English...
- Municipality website
- Trondheim.no, Trondheim's official website in Norwegian and English