The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to ethics:

Ethics

Ethics

Ethics, also known as moral philosophy, is a branch of philosophy that addresses questions about morality—that is, concepts such as good and evil, right and wrong, virtue and vice, justice and crime, etc.Major branches of ethics include:...

– major branch of philosophy

Philosophy

Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected with existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. Philosophy is distinguished from other ways of addressing such problems by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on rational...

, encompassing right conduct and good life. It is significantly broader than the common conception of analyzing right and wrong. A central aspect of ethics is "the good life", the life worth living or life that is simply satisfying, which is held by many philosophers to be more important than moral

Morality

Morality is the differentiation among intentions, decisions, and actions between those that are good and bad . A moral code is a system of morality and a moral is any one practice or teaching within a moral code...

 conduct.

Nature of ethics

Main article: Ethics

Ethics can be described as:

• a branch of philosophy
  Philosophy
  Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected with existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. Philosophy is distinguished from other ways of addressing such problems by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on rational...
  
  

Applied ethics

Applied ethics

Applied ethics

Applied ethics is, in the words of Brenda Almond, co-founder of the Society for Applied Philosophy, "the philosophical examination, from a moral standpoint, of particular issues in private and public life that are matters of moral judgment"...

 – using philosophical methods, attempts to identify the morally correct course of action in various fields of human life.

• Business ethics
  Business ethics
  Business ethics is a form of applied ethics or professional ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that arise in a business environment. It applies to all aspects of business conduct and is relevant to the conduct of individuals and entire organizations.Business...
  
   – concerns questions such as the limits on managers in the pursuit of profit, or the duty of 'whistleblowers' to the general public as opposed to their employers.
• Medical ethics
  Medical ethics
  Medical ethics is a system of moral principles that apply values and judgments to the practice of medicine. As a scholarly discipline, medical ethics encompasses its practical application in clinical settings as well as work on its history, philosophy, theology, and sociology.-History:Historically,...
  
   (aka clinical ethics) – ethics to improve fulfillment of basic health needs.
  • Bioethics
    Bioethics
    Bioethics is the study of controversial ethics brought about by advances in biology and medicine. Bioethicists are concerned with the ethical questions that arise in the relationships among life sciences, biotechnology, medicine, politics, law, and philosophy....
    
     – concerned with identifying the correct approach to matters such as euthanasia, or the allocation of scarce health resources, or the use of human embryos in research.
    • Ethics of cloning
      Ethics of cloning
      In bioethics, the ethics of cloning refers to a variety of ethical positions regarding the practice and possibilities of cloning, especially human cloning...
      
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• Decision ethics – ethical theories and ethical decision processes.
• Organizational ethics
  Organizational Ethics
  Organizational Ethics is the ethics of an organization, and it is how an organization ethically responds to an internal or external stimulus. Organizational ethics is interdependent with the organizational culture...
  
   – ethics among organizations.
• Professional ethics
  Professional ethics
  Professional ethics encompass the personal and corporate standards of behaviour expected of professionals.- Professional ethics :Professional people and those working in acknowledged professions exercise specialist knowledge and skill...
  
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  • Accounting ethics
    Accounting ethics
    Accounting ethics is primarily a field of applied ethics, the study of moral values and judgments as they apply to accountancy. It is an example of professional ethics. Accounting ethics were first introduced by Luca Pacioli, and later expanded by government groups, professional organizations, and...
    
     – study of moral values and judgments as they apply to accountancy.
  • Archaeological ethics
    Archaeological ethics
    Archaeological ethics refers to a number of moral issues raised through the study of the material past.In common with other academic disciplines, archaeologists are bound to conduct their investigations to a high standard and observe intellectual property laws, Health and Safety regulations and...
    
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  • Computer ethics
    Computer ethics
    Computer Ethics is a branch of practical philosophy which deals with how computing professionals should make decisions regarding professional and social conduct....
    
     – deals with how computing professionals should make decisions regarding professional and social conduct.
  • Research ethics
    Research ethics
    Research ethics involves the application of fundamental ethical principles to a variety of topics involving scientific research. These include the design and implementation of research involving human experimentation, animal experimentation, various aspects of academic scandal, including scientific...
    
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  • Legal ethics
    Legal ethics
    Legal ethics encompasses an ethical code governing the conduct of persons engaged in the practice of law and persons more generally in the legal sector.-In the United States:...
    
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• Social ethics – ethics among nations and as one global unit.
• Other
  • Bridge ethics
    Bridge ethics
    Contract bridge is at a same time a social game intended for all ages, and a competitive mind-sport. As such, while streaming for success, players are expected to conduct ethically and courteously towards each other...
    
     – codes of ethics applied during play of the card game known as contact bridge.
  • Environmental ethics
    Environmental ethics
    Environmental ethics is the part of environmental philosophy which considers extending the traditional boundaries of ethics from solely including humans to including the non-human world...
    
     – concerned with issues such as the duties of humans towards landscapes and species.
    • Animal rights
      Animal rights
      Animal rights, also known as animal liberation, is the idea that the most basic interests of non-human animals should be afforded the same consideration as the similar interests of human beings...
      
       – also known as animal liberation, is the idea that the most basic interests of non-human animals should be afforded the same consideration as the similar interests of human beings.
    • Climate ethics
      Climate ethics
      Climate Ethics is a new and growing area of research that focuses on the ethical dimensions of climate change, and concepts such as climate justice....
      
       – concerned with the ethical dimensions of climate change, and concepts such as climate justice.

Meta-ethics

• Meta-ethics
  Meta-ethics
  In philosophy, meta-ethics is the branch of ethics that seeks to understand the nature of ethical properties, statements, attitudes, and judgments. Meta-ethics is one of the three branches of ethics generally recognized by philosophers, the others being normative ethics and applied ethics. Ethical...
  
   – concerns the nature of moral statements, that is, it studies what ethical terms and theories actually refer to.

Non-cognitivism

Non-cognitivism

Non-cognitivism

Non-cognitivism is the meta-ethical view that ethical sentences do not express propositions and thus cannot be true or false...

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• Emotivism
  Emotivism
  Emotivism is a meta-ethical view that claims that ethical sentences do not express propositions but emotional attitudes. Influenced by the growth of analytic philosophy and logical positivism in the 20th century, the theory was stated vividly by A. J. Ayer in his 1936 book Language, Truth and...
  
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• Prescriptivism
  Prescriptivism
  Prescriptivism may refer to:* Linguistic prescription, the prescribing of rules for language* Universal prescriptivism, a meta-ethical theory of the meaning of moral statements...
  
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Cognitivism

Cognitivism

Cognitivism (ethics)

Cognitivism is the meta-ethical view that ethical sentences express propositions and can therefore be true or false , which noncognitivists deny...

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• Realism
  Realism
  Realism, Realist or Realistic are terms that describe any manifestation of philosophical realism, the belief that reality exists independently of observers, whether in philosophy itself or in the applied arts and sciences. In this broad sense it is frequently contrasted with Idealism.Realism in the...
  
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• Naturalism
  Naturalism (philosophy)
  Naturalism commonly refers to the philosophical viewpoint that the natural universe and its natural laws and forces operate in the universe, and that nothing exists beyond the natural universe or, if it does, it does not affect the natural universe that we know...
  
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• Non-naturalism –

Moral epistemology

Moral epistemology –

• Moral skepticism
  Moral skepticism
  "Moral skepticism" denotes a class of metaethical theories all members of which entail that no one has any moral knowledge. Many moral skeptics also make the stronger, modal, claim that moral knowledge is impossible...
  
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• Nihilism
  Nihilism
  Nihilism is the philosophical doctrine suggesting the negation of one or more putatively meaningful aspects of life. Most commonly, nihilism is presented in the form of existential nihilism which argues that life is without objective meaning, purpose, or intrinsic value...
  
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• Particularism
  Particularism
  Particularism may refer to:* Epistemological particularism, an approach in philosophy* Historical particularism, an approach in anthropology* Literary particularism, a literary genre that emphasizes details...
  
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• Rationalism
  Rationalism
  In epistemology and in its modern sense, rationalism is "any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification" . In more technical terms, it is a method or a theory "in which the criterion of the truth is not sensory but intellectual and deductive"...
  
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• Conventionalism
  Conventionalism
  Conventionalism is the philosophical attitude that fundamental principles of a certain kind are grounded on agreements in society, rather than on external reality...
  
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• Relativism
  Relativism
  Relativism is the concept that points of view have no absolute truth or validity, having only relative, subjective value according to differences in perception and consideration....
  
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Metaphysics of morals

Metaphysics of morals

Metaphysics of Morals

The Metaphysics of Morals is a major work of moral and political philosophy by Immanuel Kant. It was not as well known or as widely read as his earlier works, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals and the Critique of Practical Reason, but it experienced a renaissance in the English-speaking...

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• Value realism –
• Prescriptive realism –

Normative ethics

Normative ethics

Normative ethics

Normative ethics is the study of ethical action. It is the branch of philosophical ethics that investigates the set of questions that arise when considering how one ought to act, morally speaking...

 – concerns what people should believe to be right and wrong.

• Consequentialism
  Consequentialism
  Consequentialism is the class of normative ethical theories holding that the consequences of one's conduct are the ultimate basis for any judgment about the rightness of that conduct...
  
   – moral theories that hold that the consequences of one's conduct are the true basis for any judgement about the morality of that conduct. Thus, a morally right act (or omission) is one that will produce a good outcome (the end justifies the means).
• Deontological ethics
  Deontological ethics
  Deontological ethics or deontology is the normative ethical position that judges the morality of an action based on the action's adherence to a rule or rules. It is sometimes described as "duty" or "obligation" or "rule" -based ethics, because rules "bind you to your duty"...
  
   – approach that judges the morality of an action based on the action's adherence to a rule or rules.
  • Moral absolutism
    Moral absolutism
    Moral absolutism is an ethical view that certain actions are absolutely right or wrong, regardless of other contexts such as their consequences or the intentions behind them. Thus stealing, for instance, might be considered to be always immoral, even if done to promote some other good , and even if...
    
     – view that certain actions are absolutely right or wrong, regardless of other contexts such as their consequences or the intentions behind them. Thus stealing, for instance, might be considered to be always immoral, even if done to promote some other good (e.g., stealing food to feed a starving family), and even if it does in the end promote such a good.
  • Graded absolutism
    Graded absolutism
    Graded absolutism is a theory of moral absolutism which resolves the objection to absolutism that in moral conflicts we are obligated to opposites. Moral absolutism is the ethical view that certain actions are absolutely right or wrong regardless of other contexts such as their consequences or the...
    
    
• Pragmatic ethics
  Pragmatic ethics
  Pragmatic ethics is a theory of normative philosophical ethics. Ethical pragmatists, such as John Dewey, believe that societies have progressed morally in much the way they have attained progress in science...
  
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• Virtue ethics
  Virtue ethics
  Virtue ethics describes the character of a moral agent as a driving force for ethical behavior, rather than rules , consequentialism , or social context .The difference between these four approaches to morality tends to lie more in the way moral dilemmas are...
  
   – describes the character of a moral agent as a driving force for ethical behavior.
  • Aristotelian ethics
    Aristotelian ethics
    Ethics as a subject begins with the works of Aristotle. In its original form, this subject is concerned with the question of virtue of character , or in other words having excellent and well-chosen habits. The acquisition of an excellent character is in turn aimed at living well and eudaimonia, a...
    
     – the beginning of ethics as a subject, in the form of a systematic study of how individuals should best live. Aristotle believed one's goal should be living well and "eudaimonia", a Greek word often translated as "well-being" or "happiness". This could be achieved by the acquisition of a virtuous character, or in other words having well-chosen excellent habits.
    • Nicomachean Ethics
      Nicomachean Ethics
      The Nicomachean Ethics is the name normally given to Aristotle's best known work on ethics. The English version of the title derives from Greek Ἠθικὰ Νικομάχεια, transliterated Ethika Nikomacheia, which is sometimes also given in the genitive form as Ἠθικῶν Νικομαχείων, Ethikōn Nikomacheiōn...
      
      – most popular ethics treatise by Aristotle
    • Eudemian Ethics
      Eudemian Ethics
      The Eudemian Ethics is a work of philosophy by Aristotle. Its primary focus is on Ethics, making it one of the primary sources available for study of Aristotelian Ethics. It is named for Eudemus of Rhodes, a pupil of Aristotle who may also have had a hand in editing the final work...
      
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    • Magna Moralia
      Magna Moralia
      The Magna Moralia is a treatise on ethics traditionally attributed to Aristotle, though the consensus now is that it represents an epitome of his ethical thought by a later, if sympathetic, writer. Several scholars have disagreed with this, taking the Magna Moralia to be an authentic work by...
      
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• Religious ethics –
  • Divine command theory
    Divine command theory
    Divine command theory is the meta-ethical view about the semantics or meaning of ethical sentences, which claims that ethical sentences express propositions, some of which are true, about the attitudes of God...
    
     – claims that ethical sentences express the attitudes of God. Thus, the sentence "charity is good" means "God commands charity".
  • Ethics in the Bible
    Ethics in the Bible
    Ethics is the branch of philosophy which examines the question of what actions are morally right or wrong and why. The Bible contains numerous prescriptions or laws and many narrative accounts of ethical relevance.-Ethics in the Hebrew Bible:...
    
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  • Ayyavazhi ethics
    Ayyavazhi ethics
    The ethics of Ayyavazhi are found scattered throughout the primary scripture, Akilattirattu Ammanai. They are also integrated with the meta-narrative mythography. However, regarding ethics, Arul Nool is considered as an accumulation and prophecy of the core concepts found in Akilam...
    
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  • Buddhist ethics
    Buddhist ethics
    Ethics in Buddhism are traditionally based on what Buddhists view as the enlightened perspective of the Buddha, or other enlightened beings who followed him. Moral instructions are included in Buddhist scriptures or handed down through tradition...
    
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    • Buddhist ethics (discipline)
      Buddhist Ethics (discipline)
      Buddhist ethics as an academic discipline is relatively new, blossoming in the mid 1990s. Much like Critical Buddhism and Buddhist modernism, it is a result of recent exchanges of Eastern and Western thought...
      
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  • Christian ethics
    Christian ethics
    The first recorded meeting on the topic of Christian ethics, after Jesus' Sermon on the Mount, Great Commandment, and Great Commission , was the Council of Jerusalem , which is seen by most Christians as agreement that the New Covenant either abrogated or set aside at least some of the Old...
    
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  • Islamic ethics
    Islamic ethics
    Islamic ethics , defined as "good character," historically took shape gradually from the 7th century and was finally established by the 11th century...
    
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    • Islamic bioethics
      Islamic bioethics
      Islamic bioethics, or Islamic medical ethics, refers to Islamic guidance on ethical or moral issues relating to medical and scientific fields, in particular, those dealing with human life.-Introduction :...
      
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  • Jewish ethics
    Jewish ethics
    Jewish ethics stands at the intersection of Judaism and the Western philosophical tradition of ethics. Like other types of religious ethics, the diverse literature of Jewish ethics primarily aims to answer a broad range of moral questions and, hence, may be classified as a normative ethics...
    
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    • Jewish business ethics
      Jewish business ethics
      Jewish Business Ethics is a form of applied Jewish ethics that examines ethical issues that arise in a business environment.-Textual sources for Jewish business ethics:...
      
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    • Jewish medical ethics
      Jewish medical ethics
      Jewish medical ethics is a modern scholarly and clinical approach to medical ethics that draws upon Jewish thought and teachings. Pioneered by Rabbi Immanuel Jakobovits in the 1950s, Jewish medical ethics centers mainly around an applied ethics drawing upon traditional rabbinic law...
      
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Other

• Eudaimonism – system of ethics that measures happiness in relation to morality.
• Utilitarianism
  Utilitarianism
  Utilitarianism is an ethical theory holding that the proper course of action is the one that maximizes the overall "happiness", by whatever means necessary. It is thus a form of consequentialism, meaning that the moral worth of an action is determined only by its resulting outcome, and that one can...
  
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• Cyberethics
  CyberEthics
  Cyberethics is the study of ethics pertaining to computer networks, encompassing user behavior and what networked computers are programmed to do, and how this affects individuals and society...
  
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• Descriptive ethics
  Descriptive ethics
  Descriptive ethics, also known as comparative ethics, is the study of people's beliefs about morality. It contrasts with prescriptive or normative ethics, which is the study of ethical theories that prescribe how people ought to act, and with meta-ethics, which is the study of what ethical terms...
  
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• Development ethics
  Development ethics
  Development Ethics is a field of enquiry that reflects on both the ends and the means of development. It typically takes a normative stance asking and answering questions about the nature of ethically desirable development, what ethics means for achieving development, and discusses various ethical...
  
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• Discourse ethics
  Discourse ethics
  Discourse ethics, sometimes called argumentation ethics, refers to a type of argument that attempts to establish normative or ethical truths by examining the presuppositions of discourse.-Habermas and Apel:...
  
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• Engineering ethics
  Engineering ethics
  Engineering ethics is the field of applied ethics and system of moral principles that apply to the practice of engineering. The field examines and sets the obligations by engineers to society, to their clients, and to the profession...
  
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• Environmental virtue ethics
  Environmental virtue ethics
  Environmental virtue ethics is, as the name suggests, a way of approaching environmental ethics through the lens of virtue ethics. It is paradoxically both a very new and a relatively old or established approach. It is old or established because, as Louke Van Wensveen points out, almost all...
  
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• Ethics in management
  Ethics in management
  Ethics and ethical behavior are the essential parts of healthy management. From a management perspective, behaving ethically is an integral part of long - term career success...
  
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• Ethics in pharmaceutical sales
  Ethics in Pharmaceutical Sales
  The ethics involved within pharmaceutical sales is built from the organizational ethics, which is a matter of system compliance, accountability and culture...
  
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• Ethics in public administration
  Ethics in public administration
  Ethics in the public sector is a broad topic. In general, ethics is a branch of philosophy which seeks to address morality. In the public sector, ethics addresses the fundamental premise of a public administrators duty as a "steward" to the public...
  
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• Ethics of artificial intelligence
  Ethics of artificial intelligence
  The ethics of artificial intelligence is the part of the ethics of technology specific to robots and other artificially intelligent beings. It is typically divided into roboethics, a concern with the moral behavior of humans as they design, construct, use and treat artificially intelligent beings,...
  
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  • Machine ethics
    Machine ethics
    Machine Ethics is the part of the ethics of artificial intelligence concerned with the moral behavior of Artificial Moral Agents...
    
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• Ethics of belief
  Ethics of belief
  The ethics of belief discusses questions at the intersection of epistemology, philosophy of mind, psychology, Freudian psychoanalysis, and ethics. It has been said that Bad faith wish fulfillment is central to these questions....
  
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• Ethics of care
  Ethics of care
  The ethics of care is a normative ethical theory; that is, a theory about what makes actions right or wrong. It is one of a cluster of normative ethical theories that were developed by feminists in the second half of the twentieth century...
  
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• Ethics of circumcision –
• Ethics of eating meat
  Ethics of eating meat
  In many societies, controversy and debate have arisen over the ethics of eating animals. Ethical objections are generally divided into opposition to the act of killing in general, and opposition to certain agricultural practices surrounding the production of meat...
  
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• Ethics of justice
  Ethics of justice
  Ethics of justice, also known as morality of justice, is the term used by Carol Gilligan in In a Different Voice to describe the ethics and moral reasoning common to men and preferred by Kohlberg's stages of moral development...
  
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• Ethics of technology
  Ethics of technology
  Ethics in technology is a subfield of ethics addressing the ethical questions specific to the Technology Age. Some prominent works of philosopher Hans Jonas are devoted to ethics of technology. It is often held that technology itself is incapable of possessing moral or ethical qualities, since...
  
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• Ethics of terraforming
  Ethics of terraforming
  The ethics of terraforming has constituted a philosophical debate within biology, ecology, and environmental ethics as to whether terraforming other worlds is an ethical endeavor.-Support:...
  
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• Eudemian Ethics
  Eudemian Ethics
  The Eudemian Ethics is a work of philosophy by Aristotle. Its primary focus is on Ethics, making it one of the primary sources available for study of Aristotelian Ethics. It is named for Eudemus of Rhodes, a pupil of Aristotle who may also have had a hand in editing the final work...
  
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• Evidence-based medical ethics
  Evidence-based medical ethics
  Evidence-based medical ethics is a form of medical ethics that uses knowledge from ethical principles, legal precedent, and evidence-based medicine to draw solutions to ethical dilemmas in the health care field. Sometimes this is also referred to as argument-based medical ethics. It is also the...
  
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• Evolutionary ethics
  Evolutionary ethics
  Evolutionary ethics could be either a form of descriptive ethics or normative ethics.Descriptive evolutionary ethics consists of biological approaches to ethics based on the role of evolution in shaping human psychology and behavior...
  
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• Feminist ethics
  Feminist ethics
  Feminist ethics is an approach to ethics that builds on the belief that traditionally ethical theorising has under-valued and/or under-appreciated women's moral experience and it therefore chooses to reimagine ethics through a holistic feminist approach to transform it.-Concept:Feminist...
  
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• Formal ethics
  Formal ethics
  Formal ethics is a formal logical system for describing and evaluating the form as opposed to the content of ethical principles. Formal ethics was introduced by Harry J...
  
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• Genethics
  Genethics
  Genethics: The Clash between the New Genetics and Human Values is a 1990 book by David Suzuki and Peter Knudtson, published by Harvard University Press. Genethics is a guide for general readers to modern genetic technology and the myriad ethical issues it raises.David Suzuki is a well-known...
  
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• Government ethics
  Government ethics
  Government ethics constitutes the application of ethical rules to government. It is that part of practical jurisprudence or the philosophy of law that governs the operation of government and its relationship with the people that it governs...
  
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• Information ethics
  Information ethics
  Information ethics has been defined as "the branch of ethics that focuses on the relationship between the creation, organization, dissemination, and use of information, and the ethical standards and moral codes governing human conduct in society". It provides a critical framework for considering...
  
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• International Ethics
  International Ethics
  International Ethics is an area of international relations theory which concerns the extent and scope of ethical obligations between states in an era of globalization. Schools of thought include cosmopolitanism and anti-cosmopolitanism....
  
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• Internet ethics
  Internet ethics
  In January 1989 the Internet Architecture Board issued a statement of policy concerning Internet ethics. This document is referred to as RFC 1087 'Ethics and the Internet'.An extract of RFC 1087 follows:...
  
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  • Internet research ethics
    Internet research ethics
    Internet research ethics involves the research ethics of social science, humanities, and scientific research carried out via the Internet.Of particular interest is the example of Wikipedia and research ethics. The usual view is that private and public spaces become blurred on the Internet...
    
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• Legal ethics
  Legal ethics
  Legal ethics encompasses an ethical code governing the conduct of persons engaged in the practice of law and persons more generally in the legal sector.-In the United States:...
  
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• Lifeboat ethics
  Lifeboat ethics
  Lifeboat ethics is a metaphor for resource distribution proposed by the ecologist Garrett Hardin in 1974.Hardin's metaphor describes a lifeboat bearing 50 people, with room for ten more. The lifeboat is in an ocean surrounded by a hundred swimmers...
  
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• Living Ethics –
• Marketing ethics
  Marketing ethics
  Marketing ethics is the area of applied ethics which deals with the moral principles behind the operation and regulation of marketing. Some areas of marketing ethics overlap with media ethics....
  
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• Media ethics
  Media ethics
  Media ethics is the subdivision of applied ethics dealing with the specific ethical principles and standards of media, including broadcast media, film, theatre, the arts, print media and the internet...
  
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• Military medical ethics
  Military medical ethics
  Military medical ethics is a specialized branch of medical ethics with implications for military ethics. Both are primarily fields of applied ethics, the study of moral values and judgments as they apply to the specific contexts of medicine and military affairs, respectively...
  
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• Neuroethics
  Neuroethics
  Neuroethics is the ethics of neuroscience, and the neuroscience of ethics.The ethics of neuroscience deals with matters as a subclass of bioethics...
  
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• Nursing ethics
  Nursing ethics
  Nursing ethics is a branch of applied ethics that concerns itself with activities in the field of nursing. Nursing ethics shares many principles with medical ethics, such as beneficence, non-maleficence and respect for autonomy...
  
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• Phonethics
  Phonethics
  Phonethics Mobile Media is an India based character creation and network marketing company that creates short form video animation content based on unique character properties. The company has around 20 characters currently....
  
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• Population ethics
  Population ethics
  Population ethics is the philosophical study of the ethical problems concerning population.-External links:** in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy...
  
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• Practical Ethics
  Practical Ethics
  The book Practical Ethics is an introduction to applied ethics written by modern bioethical philosopher Peter Singer. It was originally published in 1979 and has since been translated into a number of languages. The book caused outrage in Germany, Austria and Switzerland...
  
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• Public sector ethics
  Public sector ethics
  -Ethics in the public sector:Ethics in the public sector is a broad topic. In general, ethics is a branch of philosophy which seeks to address morality. In the public sector, ethics addresses the fundamental premise of a public administrators duty as a "steward" to the public...
  
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• Regulatory ethics
  Regulatory ethics
  Regulatory ethics is a body of law and practical political philosophy that governs the conduct of civil servants and the members of regulatory agencies...
  
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• Research ethics
  Research ethics
  Research ethics involves the application of fundamental ethical principles to a variety of topics involving scientific research. These include the design and implementation of research involving human experimentation, animal experimentation, various aspects of academic scandal, including scientific...
  
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• Rights Ethics
  Rights Ethics
  The rights ethics is a protest towards absolutist ethics. It acknowledges the existence of moral rights. Those rights include: liberty rights and welfare rights.- Works :Two important relevant documents were written in 1789:...
  
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• Roboethics
  Roboethics
  The term roboethics was coined by roboticist Gianmarco Veruggio in 2002, who also served as chair of an Atleier funded by the European Robotics Research Network to outline areas where research may be needed...
  
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• Secular ethics
  Secular ethics
  Secular ethics is a branch of moral philosophy in which ethics is based solely on human faculties such as logic, reason or moral intuition, and not derived from purported supernatural revelation or guidance...
  
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• Sexual ethics
  Sexual ethics
  Sexual ethics refers to those aspects of ethics that deal with issues arising from all aspects of sexuality and human sexual behavior...
  
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• Situated ethics
  Situated ethics
  Situated ethics, often confused with situational ethics, is a view of applied ethics in which abstract standards from a culture or theory are considered to be far less important than the ongoing processes in which one is personally and physically involved, e.g. climate, ecosystem, etc...
  
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• Situational ethics –
• Technoethics
  Technoethics
  Technoethics is an interdisciplinary research area concerned with all moral and ethical aspects of technology in society. It draws on theories and methods from multiple knowledge domains to provide insights on ethical dimensions of technological systems and practices for advancing a technological...
  
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• Trail ethics
  Trail ethics
  Trail ethics deals with ethics as it applies to the use of trails. It is similar to both environmental ethics and human rights in that it deals with the shared interaction of humans and nature. There are multiple agencies and groups that support and encourage ethical behavior on...
  
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• Utilitarian bioethics
  Utilitarian Bioethics
  Utilitarian bioethics is a branch of utilitarian ethics and bioethics that recommends directing medical resources where they will have most long-term effect for good....
  
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• Veterinary ethics
  Veterinary ethics
  Veterinary Ethics is a system of moral principles that apply values and judgements to the practice of veterinary medicine. As a scholarly discipline, veterinary ethics encompasses its practical application in clinical settings as well as work on its history, philosophy, theology, and sociology. ...
  
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• Viper Ethics
  Viper Ethics
  Viper Ethics is the first full-length studio album that Disco Ensemble made, released in 2003 in Finland by Fullsteam Records. The songs "Zombies" and "Videotapes" were released off it.-Track listing:# "Dynamite Days" - 3:54# "Zombies" - 3:02...
  
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• Visual ethics
  Visual ethics
  Visual ethics is an emerging interdisciplinary field of scholarship that brings together religious studies, philosophy, photo and video journalism, visual arts, and cognitive science in order to explore the ways human beings relate to others ethically through visual perception...
  
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• Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
  Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
  The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act , Pub. L. 101-601, 25 U.S.C. 3001 et seq., 104 Stat. 3048, is a United States federal law passed on 16 November 1990 requiring federal agencies and institutions that receive federal funding to return Native American "cultural items" to...
  
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Related areas

• Value theory
  Value theory
  Value theory encompasses a range of approaches to understanding how, why and to what degree people should value things; whether the thing is a person, idea, object, or anything else. This investigation began in ancient philosophy, where it is called axiology or ethics. Early philosophical...
  
  
• Philosophy of economics
  Philosophy of economics
  Philosophy and economics may refer to the branch of philosophy that studies issues relating to economics or, alternatively, to the branch of economics that studies its own foundations and status as a moral science....
  
  
• Political philosophy
  Political philosophy
  Political philosophy is the study of such topics as liberty, justice, property, rights, law, and the enforcement of a legal code by authority: what they are, why they are needed, what, if anything, makes a government legitimate, what rights and freedoms it should protect and why, what form it...
  
  
• Philosophy of law
• Deontic logic
  Deontic logic
  Deontic logic is the field of logic that is concerned with obligation, permission, and related concepts. Alternatively, a deontic logic is a formal system that attempts to capture the essential logical features of these concepts...
  
  
• Religious ethics
• Action theory
  Action theory
  Action theory is an area in philosophy concerned with theories about the processes causing willful human bodily movements of more or less complex kind. This area of thought has attracted the strong interest of philosophers ever since Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics...
  
  
• Practical reasoning

History of ethics

Main article: History of ethics

History of ethics

Ethics is the branch of philosophy that examines the question of what actions are morally right or wrong and why. There has been a very wide range of views on the question among different civilizations and among different philosophers.-Origins:...

• History of ethics in Ancient Greece
• History of business ethics
  • Compliance and ethics program
    Compliance and ethics program
    There has been a long history of business and government excesses and subsequent legal, public and political reaction. Response to criminal misconduct has resulted in legal sanctions, governance practices, compliance standards and cultural transformation...
    
    
• History of animal rights
  • History of animal testing
    History of animal testing
    The history of animal testing goes back to the writings of the Greeks in the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE, with Aristotle and Erasistratus among the first to perform experiments on living animals...
    
    
• History of medical ethics
• History of computer ethics

General ethics concepts

• The Golden Rule –
• Silver Rule
  Silver rule
  The Silver Rule, "Do not do unto others what you would not have them do unto you", is a standard of behaviour found in the writings of amongst others Hillel the Elder. It is related to the ethical principle of the Golden Rule....
  
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• Harm principle
  Harm principle
  The harm principle holds that the actions of individuals should only be limited to prevent harm to other individuals. John Stuart Mill first articulated this principle in On Liberty, where he argued that "the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized...
  
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• Non-aggression principle
  Non-aggression principle
  The non-aggression principle , or NAP for short, is a moral stance which asserts that aggression is inherently illegitimate...
  
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• Morality
  Morality
  Morality is the differentiation among intentions, decisions, and actions between those that are good and bad . A moral code is a system of morality and a moral is any one practice or teaching within a moral code...
  
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• Political freedom
• Autonomy
  Autonomy
  Autonomy is a concept found in moral, political and bioethical philosophy. Within these contexts, it is the capacity of a rational individual to make an informed, un-coerced decision...
  
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• Rights
  Rights
  Rights are legal, social, or ethical principles of freedom or entitlement; that is, rights are the fundamental normative rules about what is allowed of people or owed to people, according to some legal system, social convention, or ethical theory...
  
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• Conscience
  Conscience
  Conscience is an aptitude, faculty, intuition or judgment of the intellect that distinguishes right from wrong. Moral judgement may derive from values or norms...
  
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• Responsibility
  Moral responsibility
  Moral responsibility usually refers to the idea that a person has moral obligations in certain situations. Disobeying moral obligations, then, becomes grounds for justified punishment. Deciding what justifies punishment, if anything, is a principle concern of ethics.People who have moral...
  
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• Care
  Ethics of care
  The ethics of care is a normative ethical theory; that is, a theory about what makes actions right or wrong. It is one of a cluster of normative ethical theories that were developed by feminists in the second half of the twentieth century...
  
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• Justice
  Justice
  Justice is a concept of moral rightness based on ethics, rationality, law, natural law, religion, or equity, along with the punishment of the breach of said ethics; justice is the act of being just and/or fair.-Concept of justice:...
  
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• Principle
  Principle
  A principle is a law or rule that has to be, or usually is to be followed, or can be desirably followed, or is an inevitable consequence of something, such as the laws observed in nature or the way that a system is constructed...
  
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• Virtue
  Virtue
  Virtue is moral excellence. A virtue is a positive trait or quality subjectively deemed to be morally excellent and thus is valued as a foundation of principle and good moral being....
  
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• Happiness
  Happiness
  Happiness is a mental state of well-being characterized by positive emotions ranging from contentment to intense joy. A variety of biological, psychological, religious, and philosophical approaches have striven to define happiness and identify its sources....
  
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• Norm
  Norm (philosophy)
  Norms are concepts of practical import, oriented to effecting an action, rather than conceptual abstractions that describe, explain, and express. Normative sentences imply “ought-to” types of statements and assertions, in distinction to sentences that provide “is” types of statements and assertions...
  
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• Suffering or Pain
  Suffering
  Suffering, or pain in a broad sense, is an individual's basic affective experience of unpleasantness and aversion associated with harm or threat of harm. Suffering may be qualified as physical or mental. It may come in all degrees of intensity, from mild to intolerable. Factors of duration and...
  
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• Equality
  Egalitarianism
  Egalitarianism is a trend of thought that favors equality of some sort among moral agents, whether persons or animals. Emphasis is placed upon the fact that equality contains the idea of equity of quality...
  
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• Trust –
• Free will
  Free will
  "To make my own decisions whether I am successful or not due to uncontrollable forces" -Troy MorrisonA pragmatic definition of free willFree will is the ability of agents to make choices free from certain kinds of constraints. The existence of free will and its exact nature and definition have long...
  
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• Consent
  Consent
  Consent refers to the provision of approval or agreement, particularly and especially after thoughtful consideration.- Types of consent :*Implied consent is a controversial form of consent which is not expressly granted by a person, but rather inferred from a person's actions and the facts and...
  
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• Moral right –
• Human rights
  Human rights
  Human rights are "commonly understood as inalienable fundamental rights to which a person is inherently entitled simply because she or he is a human being." Human rights are thus conceived as universal and egalitarian . These rights may exist as natural rights or as legal rights, in both national...
  
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• Just War
  Just War
  Just war theory is a doctrine of military ethics of Roman philosophical and Catholic origin, studied by moral theologians, ethicists and international policy makers, which holds that a conflict ought to meet philosophical, religious or political criteria.-Origins:The concept of justification for...
  
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• Axiology
  Axiology
  Axiology is the philosophical study of value. It is either the collective term for ethics and aesthetics—philosophical fields that depend crucially on notions of value—or the foundation for these fields, and thus similar to value theory and meta-ethics...
  
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• Consequentialism
  Consequentialism
  Consequentialism is the class of normative ethical theories holding that the consequences of one's conduct are the ultimate basis for any judgment about the rightness of that conduct...
  
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• Deontology
  Deontological ethics
  Deontological ethics or deontology is the normative ethical position that judges the morality of an action based on the action's adherence to a rule or rules. It is sometimes described as "duty" or "obligation" or "rule" -based ethics, because rules "bind you to your duty"...
  
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• Buddhist ethics (discipline)
  Buddhist Ethics (discipline)
  Buddhist ethics as an academic discipline is relatively new, blossoming in the mid 1990s. Much like Critical Buddhism and Buddhist modernism, it is a result of recent exchanges of Eastern and Western thought...
  
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• Ethical egoism
  Ethical egoism
  Ethical egoism is the normative ethical position that moral agents ought to do what is in their own self-interest. It differs from psychological egoism, which claims that people can only act in their self-interest. Ethical egoism also differs from rational egoism, which holds merely that it is...
  
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• Ethical subjectivism
  Ethical subjectivism
  Ethical subjectivism is the meta-ethical view which claims that:# Ethical sentences express propositions.# Some such propositions are true.# Those propositions are about the attitudes of people.This makes ethical subjectivism a form of cognitivism...
  
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• Fallibilism
  Fallibilism
  Fallibilism is the philosophical principle that human beings could be wrong about their beliefs, expectations, or their understanding of the world...
  
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• Foucault–Habermas debate –
• Journalism ethics and standards
  Journalism ethics and standards
  Journalism ethics and standards comprise principles of ethics and of good practice as applicable to the specific challenges faced by journalists. Historically and currently, this subset of media ethics is widely known to journalists as their professional "code of ethics" or the "canons of journalism"...
  
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• Moral absolutism
  Moral absolutism
  Moral absolutism is an ethical view that certain actions are absolutely right or wrong, regardless of other contexts such as their consequences or the intentions behind them. Thus stealing, for instance, might be considered to be always immoral, even if done to promote some other good , and even if...
  
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• Moral nihilism
  Moral nihilism
  Moral nihilism is the meta-ethical view that nothing is moral or immoral. For example, a moral nihilist would say that killing someone, for whatever reason, is neither inherently right nor inherently wrong...
  
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• Moral relativism
  Moral relativism
  Moral relativism may be any of several descriptive, meta-ethical, or normative positions. Each of them is concerned with the differences in moral judgments across different people and cultures:...
  
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• Moral skepticism
  Moral skepticism
  "Moral skepticism" denotes a class of metaethical theories all members of which entail that no one has any moral knowledge. Many moral skeptics also make the stronger, modal, claim that moral knowledge is impossible...
  
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• Moral syncretism
  Moral syncretism
  Moral syncretism consists of the attempt to reconcile disparate or contradictory moral beliefs, often while melding the ethical practices of various schools of thought.-The role of moral syncretism:...
  
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• Religious values
  Religious values
  Religious values are ethical principles founded in religious traditions, texts and beliefs. In contrast to personal values, religious-based values are based on scriptures and a religion's established norms....
  
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• Rationality
  Rationality
  In philosophy, rationality is the exercise of reason. It is the manner in which people derive conclusions when considering things deliberately. It also refers to the conformity of one's beliefs with one's reasons for belief, or with one's actions with one's reasons for action...
  
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• Rationality and power
  Rationality and power
  Rationality and Power: Democracy in Practice is a book authored by Oxford University professor Bent Flyvbjerg and published by The University of Chicago Press . The book is a study of how power influences rationality and democracy. The book's theory and method build on a tradition in power studies...
  
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• Rule According to Higher Law
  Rule according to higher law
  The rule according to a higher law means that no written law may be enforced by the government unless it conforms with certain unwritten, universal principles of fairness, morality, and justice...
  
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• Abolitionism (bioethics)
  Abolitionism (bioethics)
  Abolitionism is a bioethical school and movement which proposes the use of biotechnology to maximize happiness and minimize suffering while working towards the abolition of involuntary suffering...
  
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• Altruism
  Altruism (ethics)
  Altruism is an ethical doctrine that holds that individuals have a moral obligation to help, serve, or benefit others, if necessary at the sacrifice of self interest. Auguste Comte's version of altruism calls for living for the sake of others...
  
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• Biocentrism
  Biocentrism (ethics)
  Biocentrism , in a political and ecological sense, is an ethical point of view which extends inherent value to non-human species, ecosystems, and processes in nature - regardless of their sentience...
  
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• Business Ethics (The Office)
  Business Ethics (The Office)
  "Business Ethics" is the third episode of the fifth season of the television series The Office, and the show's seventy-fifth episode overall...
  
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• Cognitivism
  Cognitivism (ethics)
  Cognitivism is the meta-ethical view that ethical sentences express propositions and can therefore be true or false , which noncognitivists deny...
  
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• Commensurability
  Commensurability (ethics)
  In ethics, two values are incommensurable when they do not share a common standard of measurement.Philosophers argue over the precise nature of value incommensurability, and discussions do not always exhibit a consistent terminology...
  
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• Dual loyalty
  Dual loyalty (ethics)
  In ethics, dual loyalty is loyalty to two separate interests that potentially conflict with each other.A frequently cited example of the term "dual loyalty" is used in connection with physicians who must balance, on the one hand, the physician's loyalty to a patient , and on the other hand, the...
  
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• Ethics (Scientology)
  Ethics (Scientology)
  According to the Church of Scientology, "Ethics may be defined as the actions an individual takes on himself to ensure his continued survival across the dynamics. It is a personal thing. When one is ethical, it is something he does himself by his own choice."...
  
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• Ethics (Star Trek: The Next Generation) –
• Ethics (disambiguation)
  Ethics (disambiguation)
  Ethics, a major branch of philosophy, encompasses right conduct and good living.Ethics may also refer to:-Applied ethics:*Medical ethics, as applied to the field of medicine*Animal ethics, as moral concern towards animals*Business ethics...
  
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• Ethics Bowl
  Ethics Bowl
  The Intercollegiate Ethics Bowl is an activity that combines the excitement of a competitive tournament with a valuable education experience for undergraduate students. Created in 1993 at the Illinois Institute of Technology, the Ethics Bowl has grown steadily over the past few years...
  
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• Ethics in America
  Ethics in America
  Ethics in America was a ten-part television series in which panels of leading politicians, lawyers, journalists, doctors, business people, and philosophers discussed the ethical issues of hypothetical scenarios in politics, the media, medicine, law, and other areas. The panels were moderated by law...
  
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• Ethicspoint
  Ethicspoint
  EthicsPoint, Inc is a US-based corporation dealing in regulatory compliance software. As of 2010, EthicsPoint ranked as the 24th largest company in the Silicon Forest. In 2011, Ethicspoint was selected as the top technology-service company by TechAmerica...
  
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• Evasion
  Evasion (Ethics)
  Evasion is, in ethics, an act that deceives by stating a true statement that is irrelevant or leads to a false conclusion.For instance, a man knows that another man is in a room in the building because he heard him, but in answer to a question, says, "I have not seen him," thereby falsely implying...
  
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• Extrinsic value –
• Ethics and religious culture
  Ethics and religious culture
  Ethics and religious culture is a course taught in all elementary and high schools in Quebec. It replaces the abolished subject of religion in public schools and is compulsory in all schools: private as well as public. The aim of the subject is to adopt a descriptive approach to the religious...
  
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• Feminist Approaches to Bioethics –
• IRB: Ethics & Human Research
  IRB: Ethics & Human Research
  IRB: Ethics & Human Research is a peer reviewed academic journal covering bioethics in the United States. It is published six times each year by the Hastings Center in Garrison, New York since 1979. Karen J. Maschke is the current editor....
  
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• Ideal
  Ideal (ethics)
  An ideal is a principle or value that one actively pursues as a goal. Ideals are particularly important in ethics, as the order in which one places them tends to determine the degree to which one reveals them as real and sincere. It is the application, in ethics, of a universal...
  
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• International Society for Environmental Ethics
  International Society for Environmental Ethics
  Since 1990, The International Society of Environmental Ethics has striven to advance research and education in the field of environmental ethics and philosophy, and to promote appropriate human use, respect, conservation, preservation, and understanding of the natural world...
  
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• Intrinsic value (animal ethics)
  Intrinsic value (animal ethics)
  The intrinsic value of an animal refers to the value it possesses in its own right, as an end-in-itself, as opposed to its Instrumental value, its value to other animals . The phrase has been adopted by animal rights advocates...
  
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• Intrinsic value
  Intrinsic value (ethics)
  Intrinsic value is an ethical and philosophic property. It is the ethical or philosophic value that an object has "in itself" or "for its own sake", as an intrinsic property...
  
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• Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics –

• Journalism ethics and standards
  Journalism ethics and standards
  Journalism ethics and standards comprise principles of ethics and of good practice as applicable to the specific challenges faced by journalists. Historically and currently, this subset of media ethics is widely known to journalists as their professional "code of ethics" or the "canons of journalism"...
  
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• Life sciences, ethics and democracy
  Life sciences, ethics and democracy
  Life sciences, ethics and democracy is a peer reviewed academic book series that was founded in 2011 and is published by Rodopi.The spectacular progress of the life sciences during the last decades poses new ethical, social and political challenges...
  
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• Lindner Ethics Complaint of the 83rd Minnesota Legislative Session
  Lindner Ethics Complaint of the 83rd Minnesota Legislative Session
  In 2004 then State Rep. Keith Ellison and a group of fellow Democratic-Farmer-Labor members of the Minnesota State House of Representatives filed an ethics complaint against State Rep...
  
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• List of ECHR cases concerning legal ethics –
• Maximization –
• Narrative Inquiry in Bioethics –
• Nicomachean Ethics
  Nicomachean Ethics
  The Nicomachean Ethics is the name normally given to Aristotle's best known work on ethics. The English version of the title derives from Greek Ἠθικὰ Νικομάχεια, transliterated Ethika Nikomacheia, which is sometimes also given in the genitive form as Ἠθικῶν Νικομαχείων, Ethikōn Nikomacheiōn...
  
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• Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics & Public Policy
  Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics & Public Policy
  The Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics & Public Policy is a law review published by Notre Dame Law School, founded by Douglas Kmiec. The current editor in chief is Joe Graham. It focuses on modern legal/political problems from a moral/ethical framework...
  
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• Nuffield Council on Bioethics
  Nuffield Council on Bioethics
  The Nuffield Council on Bioethics is a UK-based independent charitable body, which examines and reports on ethical issues raised by new advances in biological and medical research...
  
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• Playing God –
• Reconciling Poetics and Ethics in Architecture Conference 2007
  Reconciling Poetics and Ethics in Architecture Conference 2007
  An international conference hosted by the McGill University School of Architecture and the Canadian Centre for Architecture on September 13 to 15, 2007 in Montreal....
  
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• Religious views on business ethics
  Religious views on business ethics
  Many faiths have extensive literature and legal code on the accumulation and use of wealth; and many businesses rely on these ethical guidelines, both as a result of the religious beliefs of owners and managers, and as a way of ensuring that their actions meet the otherwise unwritten ethical...
  
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• Resources for clinical ethics consultation
  Resources for clinical ethics consultation
  Clinical ethics support services initially developed in the United States of America, following court cases such as the Karen Quinlan case, which stressed the need for mechanisms to resolve ethical disputes within health care...
  
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• Search for Designation or Twenty Seventh Theorem of Ethics
  Search for designation or Twenty seventh theorem of ethics
  Search for Designation, or Twenty Seventh Theorem of Ethics — is a 1994 science fiction novel by Boris Strugatsky , covering the life of a fictional Soviet citizen Krasnogorov with light and bitter truth about that time and including the long chapter "A Happy Boy" about his childhood in sieged...
  
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• Spalding Professor of Eastern Religion and Ethics
  Spalding Professor of Eastern Religion and Ethics
  Spalding Professor of Eastern Religion and Ethics is a chair on Oriental Studies at the University of Oxford.It has been occupied in the past by notable academics including Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, R. C. Zaehner and Bimal Krishna Matilal. The current occupant is Alexis Sanderson...
  
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• Standard Ethics Aei
  Standard Ethics Aei
  Standard Ethics is a Sustainability Rating Agency based in Brussels. It is a European Economic Interest Grouping , a non profit organisation, which aims at promoting company ethics, Corporate Social Responsibility , Socially responsible investing and Corporate Governance according to the...
  
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• Surrism-Phonoethics
  Surrism-Phonoethics
  Surrism-Phonoethics is a Frankfurt, Germany based non-profit netlabel specializing in Experimental music. Some of their releases could be classified as Electronic art music/Electronic music, industrial or experimental music with sub-genres like Electro-Acoustic, Improvisation & Cut-Up.Their...
  
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• Sydney Bioethics Program
  Sydney Bioethics Program
  The Sydney Bioethics Program at the University of Sydney is a joint initiative between the Centre for Values, Ethics and the Law in Medicine in the Sydney Medical School, and the Unit for the History and Philosophy of Science in the Faculty of Science....
  
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• Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics
  Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics
  The Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics were created in 1992 by the Computer Ethics Institute. The commandments were introduced in the paper "In Pursuit of a 'Ten Commandments' for Computer Ethics" by Ramon C...
  
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• Toi Te Taiao: The Bioethics Council
  Toi Te Taiao: The Bioethics Council
  Toi te Taiao: the Bioethics Council was a government-sponsored council of New Zealand that was established in December 2002 and disestablished in 2009....
  
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• Universal code
  Universal Code (Ethics)
  In ethics, a "universal code of ethics" is a system of ethics that can apply to every sentient being.-History:Kant believed that what created the problem of ethical behavior is the duality of human nature. Since humans are both sensible and intellectual, and at the same time motivated by impulse,...
  
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• Value
  Value (ethics)
  In ethics, value is a property of objects, including physical objects as well as abstract objects , representing their degree of importance....
  
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Ethical issues

Problem Areas in Archaeological Ethics

• Human Remains
• Responsibility of the Archaeologist vis-a-vis local traditions and cultures
• Responsibility of the Archaeologist vis-a-vis the architectural remains that have been uncovered during an excavation
• Responsibility of the Archaeologist vis-a-vis dissemination of the material uncovered, not only in academic circles but also to a broader public, both in the area of the excavation and from where the Sponsors come
• Balancing World, National and regional claims to various parts of the archaeological record
• protecting Archaeological sites and objects from illegal trade

Law

• Communist Party of China 52 code of ethics
  Communist Party of China 52 code of ethics
  The Communist Party of China 52 code of ethics or was issued on February 23, 2010 to fight widespread corruption within the Communist Party of China...
  
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• Enron Code of Ethics
  Enron Code of Ethics
  The Enron Code of Ethics was a 64-page booklet allegedly published by Enron Corporation, the last known edition of which was in July 2000.The sale of copies of the booklet on Ebay has passed into internet folklore....
  
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• Ethics in Government Act
  Ethics in Government Act
  The Ethics in Government Act of 1978 is a United States federal law that was passed in the wake of the Nixon Watergate scandal and the Saturday Night Massacre. It created mandatory, public disclosure of financial and employment history of public officials and their immediate family...
  
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• Medical Code of Ethics
  Medical Code of Ethics
  Medical Code of Ethics - in Poland the document, establishing the ethical rules of behaviour of physicians and dental practitioners, defining the priorities of their professional work, showing the principles in the relations with patients, other physicians and the rest of community.The greatest...
  
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• UN Principles of Medical Ethics
  UN Principles of Medical Ethics
  The UN Principles of Medical Ethics is a code of medical ethics relating to the "roles of health personnel in the protection of persons against torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.", adopted by the United Nations on 18 December 1982 at the 111th plenary meeting of...
  
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Government agencies

• Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Access to Information, Privacy and Ethics
  Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Access to Information, Privacy and Ethics
  The Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Access to Information, Privacy and Ethics is a permanent standing committee of the Canadian House of Commons that reports to the Parliament of Canada on issues related to ethics and the Access to Information Act. The committee may be referred to...
  
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• Commission on Federal Ethics Law Reform
  Commission on Federal Ethics Law Reform
  Commission on Federal Ethics Law Reform was a commission established by executive order by President George H. W. Bush to review federal ethics laws, executive orders, and policies and to make recommendations to the president for legislative, administrative, and other reforms needed to ensure full...
  
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• Committee on Publication Ethics
  Committee on Publication Ethics
  The Committee on Publication Ethics is a nonprofit organization whose mission is to define best practice in the ethics of scholarly publishing and to assist editors, publishers, etc. to achieve this.- Mission :...
  
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• District of Columbia Board of Elections and Ethics
  District of Columbia Board of Elections and Ethics
  The District of Columbia Board of Elections & Ethics, or BOEE, is the independent agency of the District government responsible for the administration of elections, ballot access and voter registration...
  
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• Ethics & Religious Liberty Commission –
• Ethics Commission
  Ethics Commission
  In the United States, an Ethics Commission is a commission established by State law or county or city ordinance to investigate dishonest or unethical practices by public employees and elected officials....
  
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• Ethics Commissioner (Canada)
  Ethics Commissioner (Canada)
  The Office of the Conflict of Interest and Ethics Commissioner of Canada is a Canadian government institution. It was created as a result of the Federal Accountability Act, also known as The Federal Accountability Act created the which came into effect on July 9, 2007.The position currently is...
  
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• Ethics Committee (European Union)
  Ethics Committee (European Union)
  The Ethics Committee, according to Directive 2001/20/EC, is an independent body in a Member State of the European Union, consisting of healthcare professionals and non-medical members, whose responsibility it is to protect the rights, safety and well being of human subjects involved in a clinical...
  
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• Ethics committee (disambiguation)
  Ethics committee (disambiguation)
  An ethics committee is a committee dedicated to the rights and well-being of research subjects, also known as an Institutional Review Board and may refer to:...
  
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• Federal Ethics Committee on Non-Human Biotechnology
  Federal Ethics Committee on Non-Human Biotechnology
  Under article 23 of the Gene Technology Act, the Swiss Federal Ethics Committee on Non-Human Biotechnology is an extra-parliamentary advisory committee, appointed to advise the Federal Council and the federal and cantonal authorities on matters of regulations and enforcement of legislation in the...
  
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• International Bioethics Committee
  International Bioethics Committee
  - International Bioethics Committee :The International Bioethics Committee of UNESCO is a body composed of 36 independent experts from all regions and from different disciplines that follows progress in the life sciences and its applications in order to ensure respect for human dignity and human...
  
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• International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants
  International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants
  The International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants develops and promotes ethical standards and guidance for professional accountants...
  
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• Jeffersonville Ethics Commission
  Jeffersonville Ethics Commission
  The Jeffersonville Ethics Commission is a commission formed in 2006 by an ordinance compiled by the City Council of Jeffersonville, Indiana that was passed unanimously on June 30, 2006. Then it was signed by Mayor Rob Waiz on July 13, 2006. The Commission reviews complaints and subjects of...
  
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• Nevada Commission on Ethics
  Nevada commission on ethics
  Nevada Commission on Ethics is a commission that investigates ethics violations by government officials or employees in the state of Nevada in the United States....
  
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• Office of Congressional Ethics
  Office of Congressional Ethics
  The Office of Congressional Ethics , established by the U.S. House of Representatives in March 2008, is an independent, non-partisan entity charged with reviewing allegations of misconduct against members of the House of Representatives and their staff and, when appropriate, referring matters to...
  
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• Oklahoma Ethics Commission
  Oklahoma Ethics Commission
  The Oklahoma Ethics Commission is an agency of the state of Oklahoma that issues rules on the ethical conduct for state elected officials and employees. It also investages and prosecutes violations of its rules. The Ethics Commission was created by a two-to-one vote of the people of the state per...
  
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• Pennsylvania State Ethics Commission
  Pennsylvania State Ethics Commission
  Pennsylvania State Ethics Commission is the main ethics commission for the Government of Pennsylvania.-The Commissioners:The six Commissioners, with one vacancy, are: * Louis W. Fryman, Esq., Chairman* John J. Bolger, Vice Chairman...
  
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• San Francisco Ethics Commission
  San Francisco Ethics Commission
  The San Francisco Ethics Commission is a public agency tasked with maintained city bylaws in San Francisco, California. The commission specifically files and audits campaign finance disclosure statements, handles campaign consultant registration and regulation...
  
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• Texas Ethics Commission
  Texas Ethics Commission
  The Texas Ethics Commission was established in 1991 to "provide guidance on various public ethics laws" within the state of Texas. The agency is headquartered on the 10th Floor of the Sam Houston State Office Building at 201 East 14th Street in Downtown Austin....
  
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• The President's Council on Bioethics
  The President's Council on Bioethics
  The President's Council on Bioethics was a group of individuals appointed by United States President George W. Bush to advise his administration on bioethics. Established on November 28, 2001, by Executive Order 13237, the Council was directed to "advise the President on bioethical issues that may...
  
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• United States House Committee on Ethics –
• United States Office of Government Ethics
  United States Office of Government Ethics
  The United States Office of Government Ethics is a separate agency within the executive branch of the U.S. Federal Government which is responsible for directing executive branch policies relating to the prevention of conflicts of interest on the part of Federal executive branch officers and...
  
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• United States Senate Select Committee on Ethics
  United States Senate Select Committee on Ethics
  The U.S. Senate Select Committee on Ethics is a select committee of the United States Senate charged with dealing with matters related to senatorial ethics. It is also commonly referred to as the Senate Ethics Committee...
  
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Organizations

• Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs
  Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs
  The Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs is a New York City-based a 5013 public charity serving international affairs professionals, teachers and students, and the attentive public. Founded in 1914, and originally named Church Peace Union, Carnegie Council is an independent and...
  
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• Center for Ethics at Yeshiva University
  Center for Ethics at Yeshiva University
  The Center for Ethics at Yeshiva University, located on Yeshiva University’s Wilf Campus in New York’s Washington Heights neighborhood, fosters research on ethical issues and the integration of discourse on ethics into the curriculum among Yeshiva University’s schools...
  
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• Center for International Media Ethics
  Center for International Media Ethics
  The Center for International Media Ethics is a non-profit organization that provides ethics training to journalists worldwide and advocates for the importance of training & discussion on ethics among media professionals.- History and mission :...
  
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• Center for Religion, Ethics and Social Policy
  Center for Religion, Ethics and Social Policy
  Center for Religion, Ethics and Social Policy is a non-profit, nonsectarian, educational organization affiliated with Cornell University...
  
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• Center for bioethics and medical humanities
  Center for bioethics and medical humanities
  The Center for Bioethics and Medical Humanities is located at the University of Mississippi Medical Center in Jackson, Mississippi...
  
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• Center for the Study of Ethics in the Professions
  Center for the Study of Ethics in the Professions
  The Center for the Study of Ethics in the Professions at the Illinois Institute of Technology was established in 1976 to promote research and teaching on practical moral problems in the professions. The first interdisciplinary center for ethics to focus on the professions, CSEP continues to be one...
  
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• Centre for Applied Ethics
  Centre for Applied Ethics
  Centre for Applied Ethics at Hong Kong Baptist University was founded in 1992. It is the first of its kind established in China and one of the earliest in Asia...
  
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• Centre for Applied Philosophy and Public Ethics –
• Centre for Human Bioethics
  Centre for Human Bioethics
  The Centre for Human Bioethics is a research and teaching centre at Monash University, based in the Faculty of Arts. It focusses on the branch of ethics known as bioethics, a field relating to biological science and medicine...
  
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• Centre for Values, Ethics and the Law in Medicine –
• Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington
  Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington
  Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington is a nonprofit 501 organization that describes itself as "dedicated to promoting ethics and accountability in government and public life by targeting government officials – regardless of party affiliation – who sacrifice the common good to...
  
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• Computer Ethics Institute
  Computer Ethics Institute
  The Computer Ethics Institute is a nonprofit research, education, and public policy organization focused on the issues, dilemmas, and challenges of advancing information technology within ethical frameworks...
  
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• Cumberland School of Law's Center for Biotechnology, Law, and Ethics
  Cumberland School of Law's Center for Biotechnology, Law, and Ethics
  The Center for Biotechnology, Law and Ethics is a bioethics, biotechnology, and biotechnology law research center of Cumberland School of Law located on the Samford University campus in Birmingham, Alabama...
  
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• Ethics AdviceLine for Journalists
  Ethics AdviceLine for Journalists
  The Ethics AdviceLine for Journalists is a service that provides free help to professional journalists struggling with an ethical decision while covering the news...
  
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• Ethics Resource Center
  Ethics Resource Center
  The Ethics Resource Center is a non-profit research organization based in Arlington, Virginia, United States, that is devoted to the advancement of high ethical standards and practices in public and private institutions. ERC is said to be the oldest U.S. organization devoted to this purpose and is...
  
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• Ethics and Democracy Network
  Ethics and Democracy Network
  The Ethics and Democracy Network is a political party in Ecuador. For the October 2006 elections, it has entered into an alliance with the Party of the Democratic Left, to support the ticket formed by former Vice-President León Roldós, and Ramiro González, former Prefect of the Province of...
  
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• Ethics and Excellence in Journalism Foundation
  Ethics and Excellence in Journalism Foundation
  The was established in 1982 by Edith Kinney Gaylord . The Foundation is dedicated to upholding the values and interests of its founder. President and CEO Robert J. Ross has led EEJF and the Inasmuch Foundation since 2003. The Foundation is currently headquartered in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma...
  
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• Ethics and Public Policy Center
  Ethics and Public Policy Center
  The Ethics and Public Policy Center is a Washington, D.C.-based conservative advocacy group. Formed in 1976 by Ernest W. Lefever, who was its president until 1989, the group describes itself as "dedicated to applying the Judeo-Christian moral tradition to critical issues of public policy."Since...
  
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• Foundation for Thought and Ethics
  Foundation for Thought and Ethics
  The Foundation for Thought and Ethics is a Christian non-profit organization based in Richardson, Texas, that publishes textbooks and articles promoting intelligent design, abstinence, and Christian nationism. In addition, the foundation's officers and editors are some of the leading proponents...
  
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• Institute for Business and Professional Ethics
  Institute for Business and Professional Ethics
  The Institute for Business and Professional Ethics is a business ethics research and development center within the College of Commerce at DePaul University in Chicago, Illinois...
  
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• Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies
  Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies
  The Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies was founded in 2004 by philosopher Nick Bostrom and bioethicist James Hughes. Incorporated in the United States as a non-profit 501 organization, the IEET is a self-described "technoprogressive think tank" that seeks to contribute to understanding...
  
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• Institute for Global Ethics
  Institute for Global Ethics
  The Institute for Global Ethics is a 501 nonsectarian, nonpartisan, global research and educational member supported non-profit organization based in Rockland, Maine. It also has affiliate offices in London, England and Vancouver, British Columbia.-History:With initial funding provided by the W.K...
  
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• Institute for Science, Ethics and Innovation
  Institute for Science, Ethics and Innovation
  The Institute for Science, Ethics and Innovation is a research institute founded at the University of Manchester in 2007 with a mission to examine the role and moral responsibilities of science, technology and innovation in the contemporary world...
  
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• Institute of Business Ethics
  Institute of Business Ethics
  The Institute of Business Ethics or IBE is a non-profit professional organization based in London, which encourages high standards of business behaviour based on ethical values...
  
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• Kenan Institute for Ethics
  Kenan Institute for Ethics
  The Kenan Institute for Ethics at Duke University is an interdisciplinary "think and do" tank committed to understanding and addressing real-world ethical challenges facing individuals, organizations and societies worldwide...
  
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• Kennedy Institute of Ethics
  Kennedy Institute of Ethics
  The Kennedy Institute of Ethics was established at Georgetown University in 1971 as a bioethics center, think tank and library.Scholars based at the Institute, as of 2009, include Ruth Faden and Tom Beauchamp....
  
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• Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal
  Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal
  The Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal is a quarterly academic journal established in 1991. It is published by the Johns Hopkins University Press on behalf of the Kennedy Institute of Ethics and focuses on questions of bioethics such as those relating to the research of and therapeutic use of...
  
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• Kirby Laing Institute for Christian Ethics
  Kirby Laing Institute for Christian Ethics
  The Kirby Laing Institute for Christian Ethics is an independent, evangelical organisation that promotes the study and understanding of Christian ethics. KLICE was founded in 2006, and is based at Tyndale House in Cambridge, England....
  
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• Maguire Center for Ethics
  Maguire Center for Ethics
  The Cary M. Maguire Center for Ethics and Public Responsibility serves the campus of Southern Methodist University and the greater Dallas community. The center is most recognized for its scholarships awarded to students who display an exceptional capacity to change our world...
  
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• Markkula Center for Applied Ethics
  Markkula Center for Applied Ethics
  The Markkula Center for Applied Ethics at Santa Clara University promotes research and dialogue in five major focus areas: Bioethics, Business Ethics, Campus Ethics, Character Education, and Government Ethics. The Center offers public talks, workshops, and training, as well as sponsoring...
  
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• National Catholic Bioethics Center
  National Catholic Bioethics Center
  The National Catholic Bioethics Center is a research center located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Established in 1972, its mission is promoting and safeguarding the dignity of the human person, thereby sharing in the ministry of Jesus Christ and his Church. The chairman of the Board of Directors...
  
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• National Core for Neuroethics
  National Core for Neuroethics
  The National Core for Neuroethics at the University of British Columbia was established in August 2007, with generous support from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Canada Foundation for Innovation, the British Columbia Knowledge Development Fund,...
  
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• National Tribunal of Journalistic Ethics
  National Tribunal of Journalistic Ethics
  Bolivia's National Tribunal of Journalistic Ethics is an independent advisory body to the press, which monitors the behavior of journalists according to ethical criteria. The tribunal, which forms part of the National Council of Journalist Ethics , accepts and rules on individual complaints...
  
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• Nihon Ethics of Video Association
  Nihon Ethics of Video Association
  The , usually abbreviated as Viderin or Biderin , was a Japanese video rating organization. NEVA was founded in 1972 and had its headquarters in the Chūō ward of Tokyo. It was a voluntary organization to ensure adherence to Japanese obscenity laws which prohibit any display of genitals...
  
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• School for Ethics and Global Leadership
  School for Ethics and Global Leadership
  Located in Washington, DC, The School for Ethics and Global Leadership is a selective, semester-long residential program for intellectually motivated high school juniors from across the United States...
  
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• Society for Business Ethics
  Society for Business Ethics
  The Society for Business Ethics is a non-profit organization established in 1980 to promote the advancement and understanding of ethics in business. Its mission is to provide a forum in which moral, legal, empirical, and philosophical issues of business ethics may be openly discussed and analyzed...
  
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• Society of Corporate Compliance and Ethics
  Society of Corporate Compliance and Ethics
  The Society of Corporate Compliance and Ethics is a nonprofit, individual membership association which provides resources for ethics and compliance professionals from various industries...
  
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• Society of Jewish Ethics
  Society of Jewish Ethics
  The Society of Jewish Ethics is an academic organization which promotes scholarly work in the field of Jewish ethics. Its founding president was Louis E. Newman. Other past presidents have included Elliot Dorff and David Teutsch. The current president is Aaron Mackler....
  
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• St James Ethics Centre
  St James Ethics Centre
  St James Ethics Centre is a fully independent not-for-profit organisation which provides a non-judgemental forum for the promotion and exploration of ethics and ethical decision-making. The Ethics Centre works with business, professions, community groups, governments and individuals to encourage...
  
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• The Soderquist Center for Leadership and Ethics
  The Soderquist Center for Leadership and Ethics
  The Soderquist Center for Leadership and Ethics was founded in 1999 by retired COO and Senior Vice Chairman of Walmart Stores, Inc., Don Soderquist. The Soderquist Center exists to equip men and women with the transforming power of ethical leadership...
  
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• University of Toronto Joint Centre for Bioethics
  University of Toronto Joint Centre for Bioethics
  The University of Toronto Joint Centre for Bioethics, or JCB, is an academic research centre located on the downtown campus of the University of Toronto in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The Joint Centre for Bioethics is a partnership between the University and 15 affiliated health care organizations in...
  
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Persons influential in the field of ethics

• Confucius
  Confucius
  Confucius , literally "Master Kong", was a Chinese thinker and social philosopher of the Spring and Autumn Period....
  
   (551 BC – 479 BC) –
• Socrates
  Socrates
  Socrates was a classical Greek Athenian philosopher. Credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy, he is an enigmatic figure known chiefly through the accounts of later classical writers, especially the writings of his students Plato and Xenophon, and the plays of his contemporary ...
  
   (469 BC – 399 BC) –
• Plato
  Plato
  Plato , was a Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician, student of Socrates, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with his mentor, Socrates, and his student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the...
  
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• Aristippus
  Aristippus
  Aristippus of Cyrene, , was the founder of the Cyrenaic school of Philosophy. He was a pupil of Socrates, but adopted a very different philosophical outlook, teaching that the goal of life was to seek pleasure by adapting circumstances to oneself and by maintaining proper control over both...
  
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• Aristotle
  Aristotle
  Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and polymath, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. His writings cover many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, linguistics, politics, government, ethics, biology, and zoology...
  
   (384 BC – 322 BC) –
• Mencius
  Mencius
  Mencius was a Chinese philosopher who was arguably the most famous Confucian after Confucius himself.-Life:Mencius, also known by his birth name Meng Ke or Ko, was born in the State of Zou, now forming the territory of the county-level city of Zoucheng , Shandong province, only thirty kilometres ...
  
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• Epicurus
  Epicurus
  Epicurus was an ancient Greek philosopher and the founder of the school of philosophy called Epicureanism.Only a few fragments and letters remain of Epicurus's 300 written works...
  
   (341 BCE – 270 BCE) –
• Jesus
  Jesus
  Jesus of Nazareth , commonly referred to as Jesus Christ or simply as Jesus or Christ, is the central figure of Christianity...
  
   (7-2 BC/BCE — 30-36 AD/CE) –
• Epictetus
  Epictetus
  Epictetus was a Greek sage and Stoic philosopher. He was born a slave at Hierapolis, Phrygia , and lived in Rome until banishment when he went to Nicopolis in northwestern Greece where he lived the rest of his life. His teachings were noted down and published by his pupil Arrian in his Discourses...
  
   (AD 55 – AD 135) –
• Augustine of Hippo
  Augustine of Hippo
  Augustine of Hippo , also known as Augustine, St. Augustine, St. Austin, St. Augoustinos, Blessed Augustine, or St. Augustine the Blessed, was Bishop of Hippo Regius . He was a Latin-speaking philosopher and theologian who lived in the Roman Africa Province...
  
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• Thomas Aquinas
  Thomas Aquinas
  Thomas Aquinas, O.P. , also Thomas of Aquin or Aquino, was an Italian Dominican priest of the Catholic Church, and an immensely influential philosopher and theologian in the tradition of scholasticism, known as Doctor Angelicus, Doctor Communis, or Doctor Universalis...
  
   (1225–1274) –
• Baruch Spinoza
  Baruch Spinoza
  Baruch de Spinoza and later Benedict de Spinoza was a Dutch Jewish philosopher. Revealing considerable scientific aptitude, the breadth and importance of Spinoza's work was not fully realized until years after his death...
  
   (1632–1677) –
• David Hume
  David Hume
  David Hume was a Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist, known especially for his philosophical empiricism and skepticism. He was one of the most important figures in the history of Western philosophy and the Scottish Enlightenment...
  
   (1711–1776) –
• Immanuel Kant
  Immanuel Kant
  Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher from Königsberg , researching, lecturing and writing on philosophy and anthropology at the end of the 18th Century Enlightenment....
  
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• Georg W. F. Hegel
  Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
  Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel was a German philosopher, one of the creators of German Idealism. His historicist and idealist account of reality as a whole revolutionized European philosophy and was an important precursor to Continental philosophy and Marxism.Hegel developed a comprehensive...
  
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• Jeremy Bentham
  Jeremy Bentham
  Jeremy Bentham was an English jurist, philosopher, and legal and social reformer. He became a leading theorist in Anglo-American philosophy of law, and a political radical whose ideas influenced the development of welfarism...
  
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• Søren Kierkegaard
  Søren Kierkegaard
  Søren Aabye Kierkegaard was a Danish Christian philosopher, theologian and religious author. He was a critic of idealist intellectuals and philosophers of his time, such as Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling and Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel...
  
   (1813–1855) –
• Arthur Schopenhauer
  Arthur Schopenhauer
  Arthur Schopenhauer was a German philosopher known for his pessimism and philosophical clarity. At age 25, he published his doctoral dissertation, On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason, which examined the four separate manifestations of reason in the phenomenal...
  
   (1788–1860) –
• John Stuart Mill
  John Stuart Mill
  John Stuart Mill was a British philosopher, economist and civil servant. An influential contributor to social theory, political theory, and political economy, his conception of liberty justified the freedom of the individual in opposition to unlimited state control. He was a proponent of...
  
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• Henry Sidgwick
  Henry Sidgwick
  Henry Sidgwick was an English utilitarian philosopher and economist. He was one of the founders and first president of the Society for Psychical Research, a member of the Metaphysical Society, and promoted the higher education of women...
  
   (1838–1900) –
• Friedrich Nietzsche
  Friedrich Nietzsche
  Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche was a 19th-century German philosopher, poet, composer and classical philologist...
  
   (1844–1900) –
• Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914) –
• William James
  William James
  William James was a pioneering American psychologist and philosopher who was trained as a physician. He wrote influential books on the young science of psychology, educational psychology, psychology of religious experience and mysticism, and on the philosophy of pragmatism...
  
   (1842–1910) –
• Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (1869–1948) –
• John Dewey
  John Dewey
  John Dewey was an American philosopher, psychologist and educational reformer whose ideas have been influential in education and social reform. Dewey was an important early developer of the philosophy of pragmatism and one of the founders of functional psychology...
  
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• G. E. Moore (1873–1958) –
• Paul Tillich
  Paul Tillich
  Paul Johannes Tillich was a German-American theologian and Christian existentialist philosopher. Tillich was one of the most influential Protestant theologians of the 20th century...
  
   (1886–1965) –
• Karl Barth
  Karl Barth
  Karl Barth was a Swiss Reformed theologian whom critics hold to be among the most important Christian thinkers of the 20th century; Pope Pius XII described him as the most important theologian since Thomas Aquinas...
  
   (1886–1968) –
• J. L. Mackie
  J. L. Mackie
  John Leslie Mackie was an Australian philosopher, originally from Sydney. He made significant contributions to the philosophy of religion, metaphysics, and the philosophy of language, and is perhaps best known for his views on meta-ethics, especially his defence of moral skepticism.He authored six...
  
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• G.E.M. Anscombe (1919–2001) –
• John Rawls
  John Rawls
  John Bordley Rawls was an American philosopher and a leading figure in moral and political philosophy. He held the James Bryant Conant University Professorship at Harvard University....
  
   (1921–2002) –
• Bernard Williams
  Bernard Williams
  Sir Bernard Arthur Owen Williams was an English moral philosopher, described by The Times as the most brilliant and most important British moral philosopher of his time. His publications include Problems of the Self , Moral Luck , Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy , and Truth and Truthfulness...
  
   (1929–2003) –
• Philippa Foot
  Philippa Foot
  Philippa Ruth Foot was a British philosopher, most notable for her works in ethics. She was one of the founders of contemporary virtue ethics...
  
   (1920–2010) –
• Alasdair MacIntyre
  Alasdair MacIntyre
  Alasdair Chalmers MacIntyre is a British philosopher primarily known for his contribution to moral and political philosophy but known also for his work in history of philosophy and theology...
  
   (1929 - ) –
• Thomas Nagel
  Thomas Nagel
  Thomas Nagel is an American philosopher, currently University Professor of Philosophy and Law at New York University, where he has taught since 1980. His main areas of philosophical interest are philosophy of mind, political philosophy and ethics...
  
   (1937 - ) –
• Derek Parfit
  Derek Parfit
  Derek Parfit is a British philosopher who specializes in problems of personal identity, rationality and ethics, and the relations between them. His 1984 book Reasons and Persons has been very influential...
  
   (1942 - ) –
• Peter Singer
  Peter Singer
  Peter Albert David Singer is an Australian philosopher who is the Ira W. DeCamp Professor of Bioethics at Princeton University and Laureate Professor at the Centre for Applied Philosophy and Public Ethics at the University of Melbourne...
  
   (1946 - ) –

Books

• Nicomachean Ethics
  Nicomachean Ethics
  The Nicomachean Ethics is the name normally given to Aristotle's best known work on ethics. The English version of the title derives from Greek Ἠθικὰ Νικομάχεια, transliterated Ethika Nikomacheia, which is sometimes also given in the genitive form as Ἠθικῶν Νικομαχείων, Ethikōn Nikomacheiōn...
  
  – most popular ethics treatise by Aristotle
• Eudemian Ethics
  Eudemian Ethics
  The Eudemian Ethics is a work of philosophy by Aristotle. Its primary focus is on Ethics, making it one of the primary sources available for study of Aristotelian Ethics. It is named for Eudemus of Rhodes, a pupil of Aristotle who may also have had a hand in editing the final work...
  
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• Magna Moralia
  Magna Moralia
  The Magna Moralia is a treatise on ethics traditionally attributed to Aristotle, though the consensus now is that it represents an epitome of his ethical thought by a later, if sympathetic, writer. Several scholars have disagreed with this, taking the Magna Moralia to be an authentic work by...
  
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• Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics –
• Encyclopedia of Ethics
  Encyclopedia of Ethics
  The Encyclopedia of Ethics is a scholarly work with the original focus on ethical theory. It is published by Routledge. It includes "biographical articles, entries on areas and issues related to ethics, treatment of major traditions in religious ethics, coverage of applied ethical issues of...
  
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• Ethics, Institutions, and the Right to Philosophy
  Ethics, Institutions, and the Right to Philosophy
  Ethics, institutions, and the right to philosophy, is a 2002 English book edited by Peter Pericles Trifonas which contains a lecture and a roundtable discussion by French philosopher Jacques Derrida, and a 50 pages essay by Trifonas himself...
  
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• Ethics
  Ethics (book)
  Ethics is a philosophical book written by Benedict de Spinoza. It was written in Latin. Although it was published posthumously in 1677, it is his most famous work, and is considered his magnum opus....
  
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• How to Observe Morals and Manners
  How to Observe Morals and Manners
  How to Observe Morals and Manners is a sociological treatise on methods of observing manners and morals written by Harriet Martineau in 1837-8 after a tour of America...
  
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• The Ethics of Ambiguity
  The Ethics of Ambiguity
  The Ethics of Ambiguity is Simone de Beauvoir's second major non-fiction work, nearly twice as long as her first, Pyrrhus and Cineas...
  
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• The Ethics of Liberty
  The Ethics of Liberty
  The Ethics of Liberty, by American economist and historian Murray N. Rothbard, first published in 1982, is an exposition of the libertarian political position...
  
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• The Methods of Ethics
  The Methods of Ethics
  The Methods of Ethics is a book on utilitarianism first published in 1874 by the English philosopher Henry Sidgwick. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy indicates that The Methods of Ethics "in many ways marked the culmination of the classical utilitarian tradition." Well-known contemporary...
  
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Journals

• American Journal of Bioethics
  American Journal of Bioethics
  The American Journal of Bioethics , founded in 1999 by bioethicist Dr. Glenn McGee, is a peer reviewed journal published by Taylor and Francis. The journal publishes 12 issues each year, and is available both in print and on the internet, at , the most-visited bioethics website...
  
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• Bioethics
  Bioethics (journal)
  Bioethics is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the International Association of Bioethics. There are 9 issues published each year, which are available both in print and online...
  
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• Business Ethics Quarterly
  Business Ethics Quarterly
  Business Ethics Quarterly is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes theoretical and empirical research relevant to the ethics of business...
  
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• Business and Professional Ethics Journal
  Business and Professional Ethics Journal
  Business and Professional Ethics Journal is a peer-reviewed academic journal that examines ethical issues in business encountered by professionals working in large organizational structures...
  
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• Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics
  Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics
  The Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal in the field of bioethics that was established in 1992. The current editors are Thomasine Kushner and Steve Heilig ....
  
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• Environmental Ethics
  Environmental Ethics (journal)
  Environmental Ethics is a peer-reviewed academic journal devoted to the study of philosophical aspects of environmental problems. Since 1979 the journal has published over 1,400 articles, reviews, and discussions in this field. The journal is edited by Eugene Hargrove, and produced at the Center...
  
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• Ethics & International Affairs
  Ethics & International Affairs (journal)
  Ethics & International Affairs is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering international relations that is published by the Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs. It was established in 1987. Topics covered in the journal range from global justice, democratization, international law,...
  
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• Ethics
  Ethics (journal)
  Ethics is an academic journal founded in 1890 and published by the University of Chicago Press. The journal publishes scholarly work in moral, political, and legal philosophy from a variety of intellectual perspectives, including social and political theory, law, and economics...
  
  (journal) –
• Ethics and Language
  Ethics and Language
  Ethics and Language is a 1944 book by C. L. Stevenson which was influential in furthering the metaethical view of emotivism first espoused by David Hume....
  
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• Experiments in Ethics
  Experiments in Ethics
  Experiments in Ethics is a 2008 book by the Princeton philosopher Kwame Anthony Appiah.Many philosophers have been sceptical about the relevance of empirical moral psychology to ethics. But Appiah points out that philosophy has almost always had an experimental side...
  
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• Journal of Business Ethics
  Journal of Business Ethics
  The Journal of Business Ethics is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by Springer Science+Business Media covering methodological and disciplinary aspects of ethical issues related to business, including systems of production, consumption, marketing, advertising, social and economic...
  
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• Journal of Business Ethics Education
  Journal of Business Ethics Education
  The Journal of Business Ethics Education is a peer-reviewed academic journal that examines the particular challenges facing business ethics educators. It publishes articles, case studies, and reviews intended to help instructors do a better job in the classroom...
  
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• Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics
  Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics
  Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics, subtitled An International Journal, is an ethics journal published by University of California Press, in Berkeley, California. The goals the journal promotes are respect and protection of human subjects and methodology to produce valid and...
  
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• Journal of Ethics & Social Philosophy
  Journal of Ethics & Social Philosophy
  The Journal of Ethics & Social Philosophy is a peer-reviewed open-access, academic journal of moral, political, and legal philosophy published by the University of Southern California....
  
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• Journal of Information Ethics
  Journal of Information Ethics
  The Journal of Information Ethics is an academic journal of philosophy. The editor-in-chief is R. Hauptmann. It has been published biannually since 1992 by McFarland & Company and the Center for Art and Media Karlsruhe....
  
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• Journal of Medical Ethics
  Journal of Medical Ethics
  The Journal of Medical Ethics is a peer-reviewed academic journal in the field of bioethics established in 1975. , its editors are Søren Holm and John Harris ....
  
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• Legal Trends in Bioethics
  Legal Trends in Bioethics
  Legal Trends in Bioethics is a column created by Sigrid Fry-Revere for the Journal of Clinical Ethics. The column "tracks bioethics related issues through all stages of litigation, legislation, and regulation at both the federal and state levels, as well as occasionally mentioning exceptional...
  
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• Professional Ethics
  Professional Ethics (journal)
  Professional Ethics: A Multidisciplinary Journal was a peer-reviewed academic journal that examined ethical issues in the context of the practice of a profession. Established in 1992, the journal published original research on ethics issues in accounting, business, engineering, sports, the...
  
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• Religion & Ethics Newsweekly
  Religion & Ethics Newsweekly
  Religion & Ethics Newsweekly is an American weekly television news-magazine program which airs on PBS-History and content:Premièring in 1997, it is the only television program devoted entirely to the news of religion and spirituality, along with major ethical issues...
  
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• Teaching Ethics
  Teaching Ethics
  Teaching Ethics is a peer-reviewed academic journal devoted to the philosophical examination of ethical issues in all disciplines. The journal is sponsored by the Society for Ethics Across the Curriculum, and members of the society receive the journal as a benefit of membership. All issues are...
  
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• The Economics and Ethics of Private Property
  The Economics and Ethics of Private Property
  The Economics and Ethics of Private Property: Studies in Political Economy and Philosophy by Hans-Hermann Hoppe was first published in 1993 followed by a second edition in 2006.- Brief summary :From the back cover of the second edition:...
  
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• The Freedom Paradox: Towards a Post-Secular Ethics
  The Freedom Paradox: Towards a Post-Secular Ethics
  The Freedom Paradox: Towards a Post-Secular Ethics is a 2008 book by Professor Clive Hamilton. This is a philosophical book related to the nature and consequences of advanced consumer capitalism. In the book Hamilton proposes a system of "post-secular ethics" that will serve as a challenge to...
  
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• The Journal of Ethics
  The Journal of Ethics
  The Journal of Ethics is a philosophical academic journal focusing on ethics. Its editor in chief is J. Angelo Corlett.The journal was established in 1997 and is published by Springer Netherlands. Notable contributors are Simon Blackburn, Gerald Cohen, Ronald Dworkin, Harry Frankfurt, Ted...
  
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See also

• Index of business ethics, political economy, and philosophy of business articles
• Index of ethics articles
• List of topics in sexual ethics
• Outline of philosophy

External links

• An Introduction to Ethics by Paul Newall, aimed at beginners.
• Ethics, 2d ed., 1973. by William Frankena
  William Frankena
  William K. Frankena was an American moral philosopher. Frankena was a member of the University of Michigan's Department of Philosophy for 41 years and chair of the Department for 14 years...
  
  
• Ethics Bites Open University podcast series podcast exploring ethical dilemmas in everyday life.
• University of San Diego - Ethics glossary Useful terms in ethics discussions
• National Reference Center for Bioethics Literature World's largest library for ethical issues in medicine and biomedical research
• Ethics entry in Encyclopædia Britannica by Peter Singer
  Peter Singer
  Peter Albert David Singer is an Australian philosopher who is the Ira W. DeCamp Professor of Bioethics at Princeton University and Laureate Professor at the Centre for Applied Philosophy and Public Ethics at the University of Melbourne...
  
  
• The Philosophy of Ethics on Philosophy Archive
• Ethics updates Provides resources and updates on current literature, both popular and professional, that relate to ethics.
• Kirby Laing Institute for Christian Ethics Resources, events, and research on a range of ethical subjects from a Christian perspective.