The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to domestic violence:

Domestic violence

Domestic violence

Domestic violence, also known as domestic abuse, spousal abuse, battering, family violence, and intimate partner violence , is broadly defined as a pattern of abusive behaviors by one or both partners in an intimate relationship such as marriage, dating, family, or cohabitation...

– pattern of abusive behaviors by one or both partners in an intimate relationship

Intimate relationship

An intimate relationship is a particularly close interpersonal relationship that involves physical or emotional intimacy. Physical intimacy is characterized by romantic or passionate love and attachment, or sexual activity. The term is also sometimes used euphemistically for a sexual...

, such as marriage, dating, family, or cohabitation. It is also known as domestic abuse, spousal abuse, battering, family violence, and intimate partner violence (IPV).

Nature of domestic violence

Domestic violence can be described as all of the following:

• Violence
  Violence
  Violence is the use of physical force to apply a state to others contrary to their wishes. violence, while often a stand-alone issue, is often the culmination of other kinds of conflict, e.g...
  
   – use of physical force to apply a state to others contrary to their wishes and may include some combination of verbal
  Verbal abuse
  Verbal abuse is best described as a negative defining statement told to you or about you; or by withholding any response thus defining the target as non-existant...
  
  , emotional
  Psychological abuse
  Psychological abuse, also referred to as emotional abuse or mental abuse, is a form of abuse characterized by a person subjecting or exposing another to behavior that may result in psychological trauma, including anxiety, chronic depression, or post-traumatic stress disorder...
  
  , economic
  Economic abuse
  Economic abuse is a form of abuse when one intimate partner has control over the other partner's access to economic resources, which diminishes the victim's capacity to support him/herself and forces him/her to depend on the perpetrator financially....
  
  , physical
  Physical abuse
  Physical abuse is abuse involving contact intended to cause feelings of intimidation, injury, or other physical suffering or bodily harm.-Forms of physical abuse:*Striking*Punching*Belting*Pushing, pulling*Slapping*Whipping*Striking with an object...
  
   and sexual abuse
  Sexual abuse
  Sexual abuse, also referred to as molestation, is the forcing of undesired sexual behavior by one person upon another. When that force is immediate, of short duration, or infrequent, it is called sexual assault. The offender is referred to as a sexual abuser or molester...
  
  .
• Control
  Psychological manipulation
  Psychological manipulation is a type of social influence that aims to change the perception or behavior of others through underhanded, deceptive, or even abusive tactics. By advancing the interests of the manipulator, often at the other's expense, such methods could be considered exploitative,...
  
   – Braiker identified the following ways that manipulators control their victims:
  • Positive reinforcement: praise
    Praise
    Praise is the act of making positive statements about a person, object or idea, either in public or privately. Praise is typically, but not exclusively, earned relative to achievement and accomplishment...
    
    , superficial charm
    Superficial charm
    Superficial charm is "the tendency to be smooth, engaging, charming, slick, and verbally facile."The phrase often appears in lists of attributes of psychopathic personalities, such as in Hervey Cleckley's The Mask of Sanity and Robert Hare's Hare Psychopathy Checklist.Associated expressions are...
    
    , superficial sympathy
    Sympathy
    Sympathy is a social affinity in which one person stands with another person, closely understanding his or her feelings. Also known as empathic concern, it is the feeling of compassion or concern for another, the wish to see them better off or happier. Although empathy and sympathy are often used...
    
     (crocodile tears
    Crocodile tears
    Crocodile tears are a false or insincere display of emotion such as a hypocrite crying fake tears of grief. The phrase gives its name to crocodile tears syndrome, an uncommon consequence of recovery from Bell's palsy where faulty regeneration of the facial nerve causes sufferers to shed tears...
    
    ), excessive apologizing; money, approval, gifts; attention, facial expressions such as a forced laugh or smile; public recognition.
  • Negative reinforcement: removing one from a negative situation as a reward. For example: "You won't have to walk home if you allow me to do this to you."
  • Intermittent or partial reinforcement: partial or intermittent negative reinforcement can create an effective climate of fear and doubt. Partial or intermittent positive reinforcement can encourage the victim to persist.
  • Punishment
    Punishment (psychology)
    In operant conditioning, punishment is any change in a human or animal's surroundings that occurs after a given behavior or response which reduces the likelihood of that behavior occurring again in the future. As with reinforcement, it is the behavior, not the animal, that is punished...
    
    : nagging, yelling, the silent treatment, intimidation, threats, swearing
    Profanity
    Profanity is a show of disrespect, or a desecration or debasement of someone or something. Profanity can take the form of words, expressions, gestures, or other social behaviors that are socially constructed or interpreted as insulting, rude, vulgar, obscene, desecrating, or other forms.The...
    
    , emotional blackmail
    Emotional blackmail
    Emotional blackmail is a term used to cover a central form of psychological manipulation - 'the use of a system of threats and punishment on a person by someone close to them in an attempt to control their behavior'. "Emotional blackmail.....
    
    , the guilt
    Guilt
    Guilt is the state of being responsible for the commission of an offense. It is also a cognitive or an emotional experience that occurs when a person realizes or believes—accurately or not—that he or she has violated a moral standard, and bears significant responsibility for that...
    
     trap, sulking, crying, and playing the victim.
  • Traumatic one-trial learning: verbal abuse, explosive anger, or other intimidating behavior to establish dominance or superiority; even one incident of such behavior can condition
    Classical conditioning
    Classical conditioning is a form of conditioning that was first demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov...
    
     or train victims to avoid upsetting, confronting or contradicting the manipulator.

• Oppression
  Oppression
  Oppression is the exercise of authority or power in a burdensome, cruel, or unjust manner. It can also be defined as an act or instance of oppressing, the state of being oppressed, and the feeling of being heavily burdened, mentally or physically, by troubles, adverse conditions, and...
  
   – exercise of authority or power in a burdensome, cruel, or unjust manner. It can also be defined as an act or instance of oppressing, the state of being oppressed, and the feeling of being heavily burdened, mentally or physically, by troubles, adverse conditions, and anxiety.

Epidemiology of domestic violence – Domestic violence

Domestic violence

Domestic violence, also known as domestic abuse, spousal abuse, battering, family violence, and intimate partner violence , is broadly defined as a pattern of abusive behaviors by one or both partners in an intimate relationship such as marriage, dating, family, or cohabitation...

 occurs across the world, in various cultures, and affects people across society, irrespective of economic status.

Types of domestic violence

The following table includes the types of violence typically defined as part of Intimate partner violence, which is domestic violence in an intimate relationship by one's spouse or lover. It also includes a column for other family members or partners.

The rate of occurrence varies considerably based upon one's country, socio-economic class, culture, religion, family history and other factors.

Type of Violence	Intimate Partners / Domestic Violence	Other family members or partners	Specific to Women?
Acid throwing Acid throwing Acid throwing is a form of violent assault.. It is defined as the act of throwing acid onto the body of a person "with the intention of injuring or disfiguring him out of jealousy or revenge"...  – violent assault Assault In law, assault is a crime causing a victim to fear violence. The term is often confused with battery, which involves physical contact. The specific meaning of assault varies between countries, but can refer to an act that causes another to apprehend immediate and personal violence, or in the more...  by throwing acid onto the body of a person "with the intention of injuring or disfiguring out of jealousy or revenge."	√	√	Generally
Birth control sabotage Birth control sabotage Birth control sabotage, or reproductive coercion, refers to efforts to manipulate another person's use of birth control or to undermine efforts to prevent an unwanted pregnancy. Examples include replacing birth control pills with fakes, puncturing condoms and diaphragms, or threats and violence to...  – efforts to manipulate another person's use of birth control Birth control Birth control is an umbrella term for several techniques and methods used to prevent fertilization or to interrupt pregnancy at various stages. Birth control techniques and methods include contraception , contragestion and abortion...  or to undermine efforts to prevent an unwanted pregnancy. Examples include replacing birth control pills with fakes, puncturing condom Condom A condom is a barrier device most commonly used during sexual intercourse to reduce the probability of pregnancy and spreading sexually transmitted diseases . It is put on a man's erect penis and physically blocks ejaculated semen from entering the body of a sexual partner... s and diaphragm Diaphragm (contraceptive) The diaphragm is a cervical barrier type of birth control. It is a soft latex or silicone dome with a spring molded into the rim. The spring creates a seal against the walls of the vagina.-Use:... s, or threats and violence to prevent an individual's attempted use of birth control.	√		Yes
Breast ironing Breast ironing Breast ironing is the pounding and massaging of a pubescent girl's breasts using heated objects in an attempt to make them stop developing or disappear...  – pounding and massaging of a pubescent girl's breasts using heated objects in an attempt to make them stop developing or disappear.		√	Yes
Bride burning Bride burning Bride-burning is a form of domestic violence practiced in India and Pakistan. It is not the same as ancient and long abolished custom of Sati, where widowed women were forcefully placed on a burning pyre of the dead husband and burnt to death.This has been treated as culpable homicide and if...  – form of domestic violence for unresolved dowry issues resulting in death.	√		Yes
Bride-buying Bride-buying Bride-purchasing or bride-buying is the illegal industry or trade of “purchasing a bride” to become property and at times as property that can be resold or repurchased for reselling. Bride-purchasing or bride-selling is practiced by bride-sellers and bride-buyers in parts of countries such as...  – illegal industry or trade of “purchasing a bride Bride A bride is a woman about to be married or newlywed.The word may come from the Proto-Germanic verb root *brū-, meaning 'to cook, brew, or make a broth' which was the role of the daughter-in-law in primitive families... ” to become property that can be resold or repurchased for reselling.	√		Yes
Child abuse Child abuse Child abuse is the physical, sexual, emotional mistreatment, or neglect of a child. In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Department of Children And Families define child maltreatment as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent or...  – physical or psychological/emotional mistreatment of children. It is often distinguished from domestic violence as it's own form of violence.		√	No
Dating abuse Dating abuse Dating abuse or dating violence is defined as the perpetration or threat of an act of violence by at least one member of an unmarried couple on the other member within the context of dating or courtship. It is also when one partner tries to maintain power and control over the other through...  – pattern of abusive behavior exhibited by one or both partners in a dating Dating (activity) Dating is a form of courtship consisting of social activities done by two persons with the aim of each assessing the other's suitability as a partner in an intimate relationship or as a spouse...  relationship.	√	√	Generally
Domestic violence and pregnancy Domestic violence and pregnancy Pregnancy when coupled with domestic violence is a form of intimate partner violence where health risks may be amplified. Abuse during pregnancy, whether physical, verbal or emotional, produces many adverse physical and psychological effects for both the mother and fetus...  – abusive behavior towards a pregnant woman that whether physical, verbal or emotional, produces many adverse physical and psychological effects for the mother and fetus.	√		Yes
Dowry death Dowry death Dowry deaths are the deaths of young women who are murdered or driven to suicide by continuous harassment and torture by husbands and in-laws in an effort to extort an increased dowry. Dowry deaths are reported in various South Asian countries such as India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Dowry death...  – deaths of young women who are murder Murder Murder is the unlawful killing, with malice aforethought, of another human being, and generally this state of mind distinguishes murder from other forms of unlawful homicide... ed or driven to suicide Suicide Suicide is the act of intentionally causing one's own death. Suicide is often committed out of despair or attributed to some underlying mental disorder, such as depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, alcoholism, or drug abuse...  by continuous harassment and torture by husbands and in-laws in an effort to extort an increased dowry Dowry A dowry is the money, goods, or estate that a woman brings forth to the marriage. It contrasts with bride price, which is paid to the bride's parents, and dower, which is property settled on the bride herself by the groom at the time of marriage. The same culture may simultaneously practice both... .	√		Yes
Economic abuse Economic abuse Economic abuse is a form of abuse when one intimate partner has control over the other partner's access to economic resources, which diminishes the victim's capacity to support him/herself and forces him/her to depend on the perpetrator financially....  – form of abuse when one intimate partner has control over the other partner's access to economic resources, which diminishes the victim's earning capacity and forces financial reliance on the perpetrator.	√	√	Generally
Elder abuse Elder abuse Elder abuse is a general term used to describe certain types of harm to older adults. Other terms commonly used include: "elder mistreatment," "senior abuse," "abuse in later life," "abuse of older adults," "abuse of older women," and "abuse of older men."...  – "a single, or repeated act, or lack of appropriate action, occurring within any relationship where there is an expectation of trust which causes harm or distress to an older person."	√	√	No
Female genital mutilation (FGM) – "all procedures that involve partial or total removal of the external female genitalia, or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons."		√	Yes
FGM: Gishiri cutting – performed commonly by the peoples of the Hausa and Fulani Fula people Fula people or Fulani or Fulbe are an ethnic group spread over many countries, predominantly in West Africa, but found also in Central Africa and Sudanese North Africa...  regions of Northern Nigeria Nigeria Nigeria , officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal constitutional republic comprising 36 states and its Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. The country is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in...  and Southern Niger Niger Niger , officially named the Republic of Niger, is a landlocked country in Western Africa, named after the Niger River. It borders Nigeria and Benin to the south, Burkina Faso and Mali to the west, Algeria and Libya to the north and Chad to the east... . The procedure is believed by traditional practitioners to treat a variety of gynecological ailments (difficulty in labor, infertility, dyspareunia Dyspareunia Dyspareunia is painful sexual intercourse, due to medical or psychological causes. The symptom is reported almost exclusively by women, although the problem can also occur in men. The causes are often reversible, even when long-standing, but self-perpetuating pain is a factor after the original...  (pain during sex), pelvic organ prolapse and urinary retention Urinary retention Urinary retention, also known as ischuria, is a lack of ability to urinate. It is a common complication of benign prostatic hyperplasia , although it can also be caused by nerve dysfunction, constipation, infection, or medications... ), although there is no scientific basis for this procedure, and it is considered pseudoscience Pseudoscience Pseudoscience is a claim, belief, or practice which is presented as scientific, but which does not adhere to a valid scientific method, lacks supporting evidence or plausibility, cannot be reliably tested, or otherwise lacks scientific status... .		√	Yes
FGM: Infibulation Infibulation Infibulation is the surgical modification or mutilation of the genitals in males and females, particularly the foreskin, labia minora and labia majora...  – removal of the labia minora (inner lips) and labia majora (outer lips). When the labial tissue heals, it forms a wall of skin and flesh across the vagina Vagina The vagina is a fibromuscular tubular tract leading from the uterus to the exterior of the body in female placental mammals and marsupials, or to the cloaca in female birds, monotremes, and some reptiles. Female insects and other invertebrates also have a vagina, which is the terminal part of the...  and the rest of the pubic area. By inserting a twig or similar before the wound heals, a small hole is created for the passage of urine and menstrual blood Menstruation Menstruation is the shedding of the uterine lining . It occurs on a regular basis in sexually reproductive-age females of certain mammal species. This article focuses on human menstruation.-Overview:... . The procedure is usually accompanied by the removal of the clitoris Clitoris The clitoris is a sexual organ that is present only in female mammals. In humans, the visible button-like portion is located near the anterior junction of the labia minora, above the opening of the urethra and vagina. Unlike the penis, which is homologous to the clitoris, the clitoris does not... .		√	Yes
Foot binding Foot binding Foot binding was the custom of binding the feet of young girls painfully tight to prevent further growth. The practice probably originated among court dancers in the early Song dynasty, but spread to upper class families and eventually became common among all classes. The tiny narrow feet were...  – binding the feet of young girls painfully tight to prevent further growth.		√	Yes
Honor killing Honor killing An honor killing or honour killing is the homicide of a member of a family or social group by other members, due to the belief of the perpetrators that the victim has brought dishonor upon the family or community...  – homicide of a member of a family or social group by other members, due to the belief of the perpetrators that the victim has brought dishonor upon the family or community. Honor killings are directed mostly against women and girls, but have been extended to men. Also spelled "honour killing" (American and British spelling differences).	√	√	Generally
Marital rape – non-consensual sex in which the perpetrator is the victim's spouse, and as such, is a form of domestic violence, and sexual abuse. Although repudiated by international conventions and increasingly criminalized, in many countries, spousal rape either remains legal, or is illegal but widely tolerated and accepted as a husband's prerogative. Also known as "spousal rape".	√		Generally
Murder of pregnant women Murder of pregnant women Murder of pregnant women is a type of homicide often resulting from domestic violence. Domestic violence, or intimate partner violence , is suffered by many people and in the majority of cases where the victim comes forward the victim is a woman . For many of these women the fear of harm includes...  – type of homicide often resulting from domestic violence Domestic violence Domestic violence, also known as domestic abuse, spousal abuse, battering, family violence, and intimate partner violence , is broadly defined as a pattern of abusive behaviors by one or both partners in an intimate relationship such as marriage, dating, family, or cohabitation...  by a spouse or intimate partner violence (IPV).	√		Yes
Psychological abuse Psychological abuse Psychological abuse, also referred to as emotional abuse or mental abuse, is a form of abuse characterized by a person subjecting or exposing another to behavior that may result in psychological trauma, including anxiety, chronic depression, or post-traumatic stress disorder...  – form of abuse Abuse Abuse is the improper usage or treatment for a bad purpose, often to unfairly or improperly gain benefit. Abuse can come in many forms, such as: physical or verbal maltreatment, injury, sexual assault, violation, rape, unjust practices; wrongful practice or custom; offense; crime, or otherwise...  characterized by a person subjecting or exposing another to behavior that may result in psychological trauma, including anxiety, chronic depression, or post-traumatic stress disorder. Such abuse is often associated with situations of power imbalance, such as abusive relationships, bullying, child abuse and workplace bullying. Psychological abuse is also referred to as "emotional abuse" or "mental abuse".	√	√	No
Physical abuse Physical abuse Physical abuse is abuse involving contact intended to cause feelings of intimidation, injury, or other physical suffering or bodily harm.-Forms of physical abuse:*Striking*Punching*Belting*Pushing, pulling*Slapping*Whipping*Striking with an object...  – abuse involving contact intended to cause feelings of intimidation, injury, or other physical suffering or bodily harm.	√	√	No
Sati Sati (practice) For other uses, see Sati .Satī was a religious funeral practice among some Indian communities in which a recently widowed woman either voluntarily or by use of force and coercion would have immolated herself on her husband’s funeral pyre...  – religious funeral Funeral A funeral is a ceremony for celebrating, sanctifying, or remembering the life of a person who has died. Funerary customs comprise the complex of beliefs and practices used by a culture to remember the dead, from interment itself, to various monuments, prayers, and rituals undertaken in their honor...  practice among some India India India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world... n communities in which a recently widow Widow A widow is a woman whose spouse has died, while a widower is a man whose spouse has died. The state of having lost one's spouse to death is termed widowhood or occasionally viduity. The adjective form is widowed... ed woman either voluntarily or by use of force and coercion would have immolated herself Self-immolation Self-immolation refers to setting oneself on fire, often as a form of protest or for the purposes of martyrdom or suicide. It has centuries-long traditions in some cultures, while in modern times it has become a type of radical political protest...  on her husband’s funeral pyre Pyre A pyre , also known as a funeral pyre, is a structure, usually made of wood, for burning a body as part of a funeral rite... .	√		Yes
Sexual violence Sexual violence Sexual violence occurs throughout the world, although in most countries there has been little research conducted on the problem. Due to the private nature of sexual violence, estimating the extent of the problem is difficult...  – any sexual act, attempt to obtain a sexual act, unwanted sexual comments or advances, or acts to traffic, or otherwise directed, against a person’s sexuality using coercion Consent (criminal) In criminal law, consent may be used as an excuse and prevent the defendant from incurring liability for what was done. For a more general discussion, see Dennis J. Baker, "The Moral Limits of Consent as a Defense in the Criminal Law," 12 New Criminal Law Review ; Dennis J... , by any person regardless of their relationship to the victim, in any setting, including but not limited to home and work.	√	√	No
Spiritual abuse Spiritual abuse Spiritual abuse is a serious form of abuse which occurs when a person in a cult-religious authority or a person with a unique spiritual practice misleads and maltreats another person in the name of a deityor church or in the mystery of any spiritual concept...  – serious form of abuse which occurs when a person in religious authority or a person with a unique spiritual practice misleads and maltreats another person in the name of God or church or in the mystery of any spiritual concept.	√	√	No
Stalking Stalking Stalking is a term commonly used to refer to unwanted and obsessive attention by an individual or group to another person. Stalking behaviors are related to harassment and intimidation and may include following the victim in person and/or monitoring them via the internet...  – unwanted and obsessive attention by an individual or group to another person. Stalking behaviors are related to harassment and intimidation and may include following the victim in person and/or monitoring them via the internet.	√	√	No
Teen dating violence Teen dating violence -What is teen dating violence?:Teen dating violence is defined as the physical, sexual, or psychological/emotional violence within a dating relationship. According to the United States' Centers for Disease Control and Prevention the prevalence of teen dating violence is often misunderstood...  – physical, sexual, or psychological / emotional violence within a dating relationship.		√	Generally
Verbal abuse Verbal abuse Verbal abuse is best described as a negative defining statement told to you or about you; or by withholding any response thus defining the target as non-existant...  – often used to control the victim and can lead to significant detriment to one's self-esteem Self-esteem Self-esteem is a term in psychology to reflect a person's overall evaluation or appraisal of his or her own worth. Self-esteem encompasses beliefs and emotions such as triumph, despair, pride and shame: some would distinguish how 'the self-concept is what we think about the self; self-esteem, the... , emotional well-being Quality of life The term quality of life is used to evaluate the general well-being of individuals and societies. The term is used in a wide range of contexts, including the fields of international development, healthcare, and politics. Quality of life should not be confused with the concept of standard of... , and physical state.	√	√	No

Domestic violence against men and LGBT

• Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transsexual domestic violence – occurs in about 11% of lesbian homes, about half the rate of 20% reported by heterosexual women. Lesbians, however, often have fewer resources available for shelter and counselling.
• Men's rights
  Men's rights
  Men's rights is an umbrella term, encompassing the political rights, entitlements, and freedoms given or denied to males within a nation or culture....
  
   groups – state that women are as violent as men and that domestic violence is sex-symmetrical. A large study, compiled by Martin S. Fiebert, shows that women are as likely to be abusive to men, but the men are less likely to be hurt. However, he noted, men are seriously injured in 38% of the cases in which "extreme aggression" is used. Fiebert additionally noted that his work was not meant to minimize the serious effects of men who abuse women. Women are far more likely to use weapons, such as throwing a plate or firing a gun.

The National Institute of Justice

National Institute of Justice

The National Institute of Justice is the research, development and evaluation agency of the United States Department of Justice. NIJ, along with the Bureau of Justice Statistics , Bureau of Justice Assistance , Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention , Office for Victims of Crime ,...

 contends that national surveys supported by NIJ, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are a United States federal agency under the Department of Health and Human Services headquartered in Druid Hills, unincorporated DeKalb County, Georgia, in Greater Atlanta...

, and the Bureau of Justice Statistics that examine more serious assaults do not support the conclusion of similar rates of male and female spousal assaults. These surveys are conducted within a safety or crime context and clearly find more partner abuse by men against women.

Stop Abuse For Everyone

Stop Abuse For Everyone

Stop Abuse For Everyone is a domestic violence organization started in 1991. It is based out of Portland, Oregon, but has a national presence. Stop Abuse For Everyone advocates for what they term an "inclusive" model of domestic violence...

 (SAFE), an United States

United States

The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...

 domestic violence

Domestic violence

Domestic violence, also known as domestic abuse, spousal abuse, battering, family violence, and intimate partner violence , is broadly defined as a pattern of abusive behaviors by one or both partners in an intimate relationship such as marriage, dating, family, or cohabitation...

 organization, advocates for an "inclusive" model of domestic violence, focusing on groups that are "lacking in services", such as abused men, gay lesbian, and transgendered victims, and the elderly.

Contributing factors

• Conflict tactics scale
  Conflict Tactics Scale
  The conflict tactics scale , created by Murray A. Straus in 1979, is the "most widely used research method for identifying intimate partner violence." There are two versions of the CTS, the CTS2 and CTSPC. As of 2005, the CTS has been used in about 600 peer reviewed scientific or scholarly papers,...
  
   – research method for identifying intimate partner violence by measuring the conflict tactic behaviors.
• Cycle of abuse
  Cycle of abuse
  The cycle of abuse is a social cycle theory developed in the 1970s by Lenore Walker to explain patterns of behavior in an abusive relationship....
  
   – social cycle theory
  Social cycle theory
  Social cycle theories are among the earliest social theories in sociology. Unlike the theory of social evolutionism, which views the evolution of society and human history as progressing in some new, unique direction, sociological cycle theory argues that events and stages of society and history...
  
   to explain patterns of behavior of a violent intimate relationship: Tension building phase, acting-out phase, reconciliation / honeymoon phase, and calm phase, which leads back to the tension building phase.
• Cycle of violence
  Cycle of violence
  The term cycle of violence refers to repeated and dangerous acts of violence as a cyclical pattern, associated with high emotions and doctrines of retribution or revenge. The pattern, or cycle, repeats and can happen many times during a relationship...
  
  
  • Within a relationship – repeated acts of violence
    Violence
    Violence is the use of physical force to apply a state to others contrary to their wishes. violence, while often a stand-alone issue, is often the culmination of other kinds of conflict, e.g...
    
     as a cyclical pattern, associated with high emotions and doctrines of retribution
    Retributive justice
    Retributive justice is a theory of justice that considers that punishment, if proportionate, is a morally acceptable response to crime, with an eye to the satisfaction and psychological benefits it can bestow to the aggrieved party, its intimates and society....
    
     or revenge
    Revenge
    Revenge is a harmful action against a person or group in response to a grievance, be it real or perceived. It is also called payback, retribution, retaliation or vengeance; it may be characterized, justly or unjustly, as a form of justice.-Function in society:Some societies believe that the...
    
    . The pattern, or cycle, repeats and can happen many times during a relationship. Each phase may last a different length of time and over time the level of violence may increase.
  • Intergenerational cycle of violence – violence that is passed from father to son or daughter, parent to child, or sibling to sibling.
• Misandry
  Misandry
  Misandry is the hatred or dislike of men or boys.Misandry comes from Greek misos and anēr, andros . Misandry is the antonym of philandry, the fondness towards men, love, or admiration of them...
  
   – the hatred or dislike of men or boy
  Boy
  A boy is a young male human , as contrasted to its female counterpart, girl, or an adult male, a man.The term "boy" is primarily used to indicate biological sex distinctions, cultural gender role distinctions or both...
  
  s, which manifests like Misogyny.
• Misogyny
  Misogyny
  Misogyny is the hatred or dislike of women or girls. Philogyny, meaning fondness, love or admiration towards women, is the antonym of misogyny. The term misandry is the term for men that is parallel to misogyny...
  
   – the hatred or dislike of women or girls, may be manifested in varying degrees of intensity, like pornography, jokes, teaching girls or women to feel self-contempt or violence.
• Relational disorder
  Relational disorder
  According to Michael First, MD, of the DSM-5 working committee the locus of a relational disorder, in contrast to other DSM-IV disorders, "is on the relationship rather than on any one individual in the relationship."...
  
   – dysfunction within a relationship, versus being specific to a specific individual's dysfunction.

Domestic violence dynamics between partners

• Situational couple violence – arises infrequently out of conflicts that escalate to arguments and then to violence, rather than a general pattern of control. It is likely the most common type of intimate partner violence. Women are as likely as men to be abusers, however, women are more likely to be physically injured, require police intervention and become fearful of their mates.
• Intimate terrorism (IT) – pattern of ongoing control using emotional, physical and other forms of domestic violence. It is what was traditionally the definition of domestic violence depicted in the "Power and Control Wheel" which illustrates the different and inter-related forms of abuse.
• Violent resistance (VR), or "self-defense
  Self-defense
  Self-defense, self-defence or private defense is a countermeasure that involves defending oneself, one's property or the well-being of another from physical harm. The use of the right of self-defense as a legal justification for the use of force in times of danger is available in many...
  
  " – violence perpetrated by victims against their abusive partners. It is generally used infrequently because, men are often better able to physically overpower women.
• Common couple violence
  Common couple violence
  Common couple violence is a type of domestic violence identified by researcher Michael Johnson as a relationship dynamic "in which conflict occasionally gets ‘out of hand,’ leading usually to ‘minor’ forms of violence, and rarely escalates into serious or life-threatening forms of violence.”...
  
   (CCV) – domestic violence
  Domestic violence
  Domestic violence, also known as domestic abuse, spousal abuse, battering, family violence, and intimate partner violence , is broadly defined as a pattern of abusive behaviors by one or both partners in an intimate relationship such as marriage, dating, family, or cohabitation...
  
   "in which conflict occasionally gets ‘out of hand,’ leading usually to ‘minor’ forms of violence, and rarely escalates into serious or life-threatening forms of violence.”
• Mutual violent control (MVC) – rare type of intimate partner violence that occurs when both partners act in a violent manner, battling for control.

Impacts

The incidence of abuse may result in the following:

• Effects of domestic violence on children
  Effects of domestic violence on children
  Effects of domestic violence on children, result from witnessing domestic violence in a home where one of their parents are abusing the other parent, plays a tremendous role on the well-being and developmental growth of children witnessing the violence...
  
   – dysfunctions in the physical, behavioral, emotional, and social areas of life which affect their well-being
  Quality of life
  The term quality of life is used to evaluate the general well-being of individuals and societies. The term is used in a wide range of contexts, including the fields of international development, healthcare, and politics. Quality of life should not be confused with the concept of standard of...
  
  , child development
  Child development
  Child development stages describe theoretical milestones of child development. Many stage models of development have been proposed, used as working concepts and in some cases asserted as nativist theories....
  
  , teen dating experiences
  Teen dating violence
  -What is teen dating violence?:Teen dating violence is defined as the physical, sexual, or psychological/emotional violence within a dating relationship. According to the United States' Centers for Disease Control and Prevention the prevalence of teen dating violence is often misunderstood...
  
  , future domestic situations and mortality.
• Mental illness
  Mental illness
  A mental disorder or mental illness is a psychological or behavioral pattern generally associated with subjective distress or disability that occurs in an individual, and which is not a part of normal development or culture. Such a disorder may consist of a combination of affective, behavioural,...
  
    – psychological or behavioral pattern generally associated with subjective distress
  Suffering
  Suffering, or pain in a broad sense, is an individual's basic affective experience of unpleasantness and aversion associated with harm or threat of harm. Suffering may be qualified as physical or mental. It may come in all degrees of intensity, from mild to intolerable. Factors of duration and...
  
   or disability
  Disability
  A disability may be physical, cognitive, mental, sensory, emotional, developmental or some combination of these.Many people would rather be referred to as a person with a disability instead of handicapped...
  
   that occurs in an individual, and which is not a part of normal
  Normality (behavior)
  In behavior, normal refers to a lack of significant deviation from the average. The phrase "not normal" is often applied in a negative sense Abnormality varies greatly in how pleasant or unpleasant this is for other people.The Oxford English Dictionary defines "normal" as "conforming to a standard"...
  
   development
  Developmental psychology
  Developmental psychology, also known as human development, is the scientific study of systematic psychological changes, emotional changes, and perception changes that occur in human beings over the course of their life span. Originally concerned with infants and children, the field has expanded to...
  
   or culture
  Culture
  Culture is a term that has many different inter-related meanings. For example, in 1952, Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn compiled a list of 164 definitions of "culture" in Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions...
  
  . Such a disorder may consist of a combination of affective, behavior
  Behavior
  Behavior or behaviour refers to the actions and mannerisms made by organisms, systems, or artificial entities in conjunction with its environment, which includes the other systems or organisms around as well as the physical environment...
  
  al, cognitive and perceptual components.
  • Battered person syndrome
    Battered person syndrome
    Battered person syndrome is a physical and psychological condition that is classified as ICD-9 code "Battered person syndrome" NEC. The condition is the basis for the battered woman defense that has been used in cases of physically and psychologically abused women who have killed their abusers...
    
     – physical and psychological condition
    Psychology
    Psychology is the study of the mind and behavior. Its immediate goal is to understand individuals and groups by both establishing general principles and researching specific cases. For many, the ultimate goal of psychology is to benefit society...
    
     victims of domestic abuse, which may be manifested as a type of Post-traumatic stress disorder
    Post-traumatic stress disorder
    Posttraumaticstress disorder is a severe anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to any event that results in psychological trauma. This event may involve the threat of death to oneself or to someone else, or to one's own or someone else's physical, sexual, or psychological integrity,...
    
     (PTSD), from an ongoing Cycle of abuse
    Cycle of abuse
    The cycle of abuse is a social cycle theory developed in the 1970s by Lenore Walker to explain patterns of behavior in an abusive relationship....
    
    .
  • Self-harm
    Self-harm
    Self-harm or deliberate self-harm includes self-injury and self-poisoning and is defined as the intentional, direct injuring of body tissue most often done without suicidal intentions. These terms are used in the more recent literature in an attempt to reach a more neutral terminology...
    
     – intentional, direct injuring of body tissue most often done without suicidal
    Suicide
    Suicide is the act of intentionally causing one's own death. Suicide is often committed out of despair or attributed to some underlying mental disorder, such as depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, alcoholism, or drug abuse...
    
     intentions.
• Suicide
  Suicide
  Suicide is the act of intentionally causing one's own death. Suicide is often committed out of despair or attributed to some underlying mental disorder, such as depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, alcoholism, or drug abuse...
  
  , – act of intentionally causing one's own death
  Death
  Death is the permanent termination of the biological functions that sustain a living organism. Phenomena which commonly bring about death include old age, predation, malnutrition, disease, and accidents or trauma resulting in terminal injury....
  
  . Suicide is often committed out of despair or attributed to some underlying mental disorder, such as depression, bipolar disorder
  Bipolar disorder
  Bipolar disorder or bipolar affective disorder, historically known as manic–depressive disorder, is a psychiatric diagnosis that describes a category of mood disorders defined by the presence of one or more episodes of abnormally elevated energy levels, cognition, and mood with or without one or...
  
  , schizophrenia
  Schizophrenia
  Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by a disintegration of thought processes and of emotional responsiveness. It most commonly manifests itself as auditory hallucinations, paranoid or bizarre delusions, or disorganized speech and thinking, and it is accompanied by significant social...
  
  , alcoholism
  Alcoholism
  Alcoholism is a broad term for problems with alcohol, and is generally used to mean compulsive and uncontrolled consumption of alcoholic beverages, usually to the detriment of the drinker's health, personal relationships, and social standing...
  
  , or drug abuse
  Drug abuse
  Substance abuse, also known as drug abuse, refers to a maladaptive pattern of use of a substance that is not considered dependent. The term "drug abuse" does not exclude dependency, but is otherwise used in a similar manner in nonmedical contexts...
  
  .
  • Self-immolation
    Self-immolation
    Self-immolation refers to setting oneself on fire, often as a form of protest or for the purposes of martyrdom or suicide. It has centuries-long traditions in some cultures, while in modern times it has become a type of radical political protest...
    
     – setting oneself on fire
    Fire
    Fire is the rapid oxidation of a material in the chemical process of combustion, releasing heat, light, and various reaction products. Slower oxidative processes like rusting or digestion are not included by this definition....
    
    , often as a form of protest or for the purposes of martyrdom or suicide
    Suicide
    Suicide is the act of intentionally causing one's own death. Suicide is often committed out of despair or attributed to some underlying mental disorder, such as depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, alcoholism, or drug abuse...
    
    .

Remedies

• Evidence-based prosecution of domestic violence – prosecutors aggressively trying domestic violence cases, basing their cases on evidence rather than victim cooperation, resulting in higher conviction rates.
• Injunction
  Injunction
  An injunction is an equitable remedy in the form of a court order that requires a party to do or refrain from doing certain acts. A party that fails to comply with an injunction faces criminal or civil penalties and may have to pay damages or accept sanctions...
  
   – equitable remedy
  Equitable remedy
  Equitable remedies are judicial remedies developed and granted by courts of equity, as opposed to courts of common law. Equitable remedies were granted by the Court of Chancery in England, and remain available today in most common law jurisdictions. In many jurisdictions, legal and equitable...
  
   in the form of a court order
  Court order
  A court order is an official proclamation by a judge that defines the legal relationships between the parties to a hearing, a trial, an appeal or other court proceedings. Such ruling requires or authorizes the carrying out of certain steps by one or more parties to a case...
  
   that requires a party to do or refrain from doing certain acts. A party that fails to comply with an injunction faces criminal or civil penalties
  Civil penalty
  A civil penalty or civil fine is a term used to describe when a state entity, government agency, or private party seeks monetary relief against an individual as restitution for wrongdoing by the individual. The wrongdoing is typically defined by a codification of legislation, regulations, and decrees...
  
   and may have to pay damages or accept sanctions. In some cases, breaches of injunctions are considered serious criminal offenses that merit arrest and possible prison sentences.
  • Restraining order
    Restraining order
    A restraining order or order of protection is a form of legal injunction that requires a party to do, or to refrain from doing, certain acts. A party that refuses to comply with an order faces criminal or civil penalties and may have to pay damages or accept sanctions...
    
     – requires a party to do, or to refrain from doing, certain acts. A party that refuses to comply with an order faces criminal or civil penalties and may have to pay damages or accept sanctions. Breaches of restraining orders can be considered serious criminal offences that merit arrest and possible prison sentences. The term is most commonly used in reference to domestic violence
    Domestic violence
    Domestic violence, also known as domestic abuse, spousal abuse, battering, family violence, and intimate partner violence , is broadly defined as a pattern of abusive behaviors by one or both partners in an intimate relationship such as marriage, dating, family, or cohabitation...
    
    , harassment
    Harassment
    Harassment covers a wide range of behaviors of an offensive nature. It is commonly understood as behaviour intended to disturb or upset, and it is characteristically repetitive. In the legal sense, it is intentional behaviour which is found threatening or disturbing...
    
    , stalking
    Stalking
    Stalking is a term commonly used to refer to unwanted and obsessive attention by an individual or group to another person. Stalking behaviors are related to harassment and intimidation and may include following the victim in person and/or monitoring them via the internet...
    
     or sexual assault
    Sexual assault
    Sexual assault is an assault of a sexual nature on another person, or any sexual act committed without consent. Although sexual assaults most frequently are by a man on a woman, it may involve any combination of two or more men, women and children....
    
    .

Topics

• Battered woman defense – a self-defense measure used in court that the person accused of an assault
  Assault
  In law, assault is a crime causing a victim to fear violence. The term is often confused with battery, which involves physical contact. The specific meaning of assault varies between countries, but can refer to an act that causes another to apprehend immediate and personal violence, or in the more...
  
   / murder
  Murder
  Murder is the unlawful killing, with malice aforethought, of another human being, and generally this state of mind distinguishes murder from other forms of unlawful homicide...
  
   was suffering from battered person syndrome
  Battered person syndrome
  Battered person syndrome is a physical and psychological condition that is classified as ICD-9 code "Battered person syndrome" NEC. The condition is the basis for the battered woman defense that has been used in cases of physically and psychologically abused women who have killed their abusers...
  
  .
• Domestic violence court
  Domestic violence court
  Specialized domestic violence courts are designed to improve victim safety and enhance defendant accountability. They emerged in the 1980s and 1990s in response to frustration among victim advocates, judges and attorneys who saw the same litigants cycling through the justice system again and...
  
   – specialized courts designed to improve victim safety and enhance defendant accountability, created in response to frustration among victim advocates, judges and attorneys who saw the same litigants cycling through the justice system repeatedly.

Religion and domestic violence

• Christianity and domestic violence
  Christianity and domestic violence
  The correlation between Christianity and domestic violence is subject to debate, partly because there have been few studies to correlate the two, and complicated by a culture of silence and acceptance among abuse victims. There are some Bible verses that abusers use to justify discipline of their...
  
  
• Islam and domestic violence
  Islam and domestic violence
  The relationship between Islam and domestic violence is disputed. Even among Muslims, the uses and interpretations of shari’a, the moral code and religious law of Islam, lack consensus....
  
  
  • AHA Foundation
    AHA Foundation
    The AHA Foundation is a nonprofit organization for the defense of Muslim women's rights. It was founded by Ayaan Hirsi Ali in 2007 and is based in New York, NY in the United States....
    
     – Muslim women's rights in western countries
  • Peaceful Families Project
    Peaceful Families Project
    The Peaceful Families Project is among the pioneering Muslim organizations working to end domestic violence in Muslim families and communities...
    
     – Muslim organization

Domestic violence by region

• Domestic violence in Afghanistan
  • Family Response Unit
    Family Response Unit
    The Family Response Unit is an office of the Afghan National Police which deals with domestic violence and female and child victims of crime, as well as handling female suspects. The unit was founded in 2006 in Kabul, and was staffed by policewomen trained by the United Nations Assistance Mission...
    
     – office of the Afghan National Police
    Afghan National Police
    The Afghan National Police - ANP - is the primary national police force in Afghanistan. It serves as a single law enforcement agency all across the country. The Afghan police force was first created with the establishment of the Afghan nation in the early 18th century...
    
     which deals with domestic violence, female and child victims of crime, and female suspects. The unit is staffed by policewomen trained by the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA).
• Domestic violence in Argentina
  Domestic violence in Argentina
  Domestic violence in Argentina is a serious problem. In Buenos Aires Province, the special Women's Police Stations and Family's police stations received a daily average of 53 complaints of violence....
  
  
  • Domestic violence against women in Argentina
• Domestic violence in Armenia
• Domestic violence in Australia
  Domestic violence in Australia
  In Australia, the issue of domestic violence is addressed through the use of Apprehended Domestic Violence Orders . The use of ADVO and APVO illustrates several flaws within the system. ADVOs have failed to provide protection for people who have abusive partners...
  
  
  • Act as 1 Campaign
    Act as 1 Campaign
    Act as 1 is a Domestic Violence and Family Violence Prevention campaign led by the Queensland Government in Australia. The campaign contains the core message that Domestic Violence and Family Violence affects women, men, children, families, neighbours, workplaces and communities and is estimated...
    
     – Domestic Violence
    Domestic violence
    Domestic violence, also known as domestic abuse, spousal abuse, battering, family violence, and intimate partner violence , is broadly defined as a pattern of abusive behaviors by one or both partners in an intimate relationship such as marriage, dating, family, or cohabitation...
    
     and Family Violence Prevention campaign led by the Queensland Government.
  • Humbug (Aboriginal)
    Humbug (Aboriginal)
    Humbug is a term applied to various forms of begging and domestic violence in rural and remote Aboriginal communities in the Northern Territory, Australia. The term refers primarily to the practice of demanding money from relatives, often violently...
    
     – forms of begging and domestic violence in rural and remote Aboriginal communities in the Northern Territory
    Northern Territory
    The Northern Territory is a federal territory of Australia, occupying much of the centre of the mainland continent, as well as the central northern regions...
    
    , Australia
    Australia
    Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area...
    
    .
• Domestic violence in Bolivia
  Domestic violence in Bolivia
  Domestic violence in Bolivia is a pervasive and underreported problem. According to the Center for the Information and Development of Women , 70 percent of women suffer some form of abuse...
  
  
• Domestic violence in Brazil
  Domestic violence in Brazil
  Domestic violence in Brazil is widespread and underreported. Brazilian law prohibits domestic violence, and the government has taken steps that specifically address violence against women and spousal abuse. On August 7, 2006, President Lula signed the Law of Domestic and Family Violence...
  
  
  • Human rights in Brazil and domestic violence
  • Lei Maria da Penha
    Lei Maria da Penha
    Brazil's Federal Law 11340, also called Lei Maria da Penha was put in place with the intent of reducing domestic violence. It was sanctioned on August 7, 2006 by the President, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva . Among the changes initiated by the law was an increase in punishment for those who practice...
    
      – Brazil's federal law against domestic violence
• Domestic violence in Chile
  Domestic violence in Chile
  Domestic violence in Chile is a serious problem. A 2004 National Women's Service study reported that 50 percent of married women had suffered spousal abuse, 34 percent reported having suffered physical violence, and 16 percent reported psychological abuse...
  
  
• Domestic violence in Colombia
  Domestic violence in Colombia
  Although prohibited by law, domestic violence in Colombia remains a serious problem. Judicial authorities may remove an abuser from the household and require therapy or re-education. The law provides prison time if the abuser causes grave harm or the abuse is recurrent; however, provisions for...
  
  
  • Lissette Ochoa domestic violence case
    Lissette Ochoa domestic violence case
    The Lissette Ochoa domestic violence case was one of the best known cases of spousal abuse in Colombia because of the couple's elite social status and for the brutality of the battering perpetrated on Lissette Ochoa by her husband Rafael Dangond....
    
     – one of the best known cases of spousal abuse in Colombia
    Colombia
    Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia , is a unitary constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments. The country is located in northwestern South America, bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the...
    
     because of the couple's elite social status and for the brutality of the battering perpetrated on Lissette Ochoa by her husband Rafael Dangond.
• Domestic violence in Ecuador
  Domestic violence in Ecuador
  Although prohibited by law, domestic violence in Ecuador is widespread. The law provides penalties for domestic violence of up to 28 or seven days in prison, creates family courts, and gives courts the power to remove an abusive spouse from the home if continued cohabitation creates a risk to the...
  
  
• Domestic violence in Guyana
  Domestic violence in Guyana
  Domestic violence in Guyana is widespread and crosses racial and socioeconomic lines. The law prohibits domestic violence, gives women the right to seek prompt protection, and allows victims to seek protection, occupation, or tenancy orders from a magistrate...
  
  
• Domestic violence in India
  • Bell Bajao
    Bell Bajao
    Bell Bajao is a campaign which urges local residents to take a stand against physical abuse through simple acts. The campaign was launched on August 20, 2008 by Breakthrough in collaboration with the Ministry of Women and Child Development, UNIFEM and the UN Trust Fund. "Bell Bajao!" is a domestic...
    
      – campaign of the Breakthrough (human rights)
    Breakthrough (human rights)
    Breakthrough is a global not-for-profit organization that uses pop culture to promote human rights. Breakthrough's stated mission is to "empower individuals and communities to stand for universal human rights by using multimedia tools that transform hearts and minds." They promote a message of...
    
     organization
  • Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005
    Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005
    The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005 was brought into force by the Indian government from October 26, 2006. The Act was passed by the Parliament in August 2005 and assented to by the President on 13 September 2005. As of November 2007, it has been ratified by four of...
    
     – India federal law
  • Save Indian Family
    Save Indian Family
    Save Indian Family , founded in 2005, is a men's rights movement in India. It is a registered, non-funded, non-profit, non-governmental organisation headquartered at Bangalore...
    
     (India) – men's rights
    Men's rights
    Men's rights is an umbrella term, encompassing the political rights, entitlements, and freedoms given or denied to males within a nation or culture....
    
     movement that asserts misuse of India's laws related to dowry harassment and domestic violence and provides moral and legal support for men and their families who have suffered or have been accused of intimate partner violence
    Domestic violence
    Domestic violence, also known as domestic abuse, spousal abuse, battering, family violence, and intimate partner violence , is broadly defined as a pattern of abusive behaviors by one or both partners in an intimate relationship such as marriage, dating, family, or cohabitation...
    
    .
• Domestic violence in Iran
  Domestic violence in Iran
  Domestic violence in Iran is complicated by cultural, political and legal systems that support violence against women in the Islamic Republic of Iran.-Definition of Domestic Violence:...
  
  
• Domestic violence in Malaysia
  • Women's Aid Organisation
    Women's Aid Organisation
    Women's Aid Organisation or WAO is a Malaysian non-governmental organization that fights for women's rights and specifically against violence against women...
    
     – non-governmental organization
    Non-governmental organization
    A non-governmental organization is a legally constituted organization created by natural or legal persons that operates independently from any government. The term originated from the United Nations , and is normally used to refer to organizations that do not form part of the government and are...
    
     that fights for women's rights and specifically against violence against women.
• Domestic violence in Panama
  Domestic violence in Panama
  Domestic violence in Panama is a serious problem. The Family Code criminalizes rape, spousal rape, and family violence, including psychological, physical, or sexual abuse, and provides prison terms of one to five years. There are few convictions for domestic violence because victims generally chose...
  
  
• Domestic violence in Paraguay
  Domestic violence in Paraguay
  The most pervasive violations of women's rights in Paraguay involved sexual and domestic abuse. Spousal abuse was common. The Attorney General's Office reported that there were 12 domestic violence convictions during the year and many others in process...
  
  
• Domestic violence in Peru
  Domestic violence in Peru
  Domestic violence in Peru is a problem; abuses are aggravated by insensitivity on the part of law enforcement and judicial authorities toward female victims.The law prohibits domestic violence, and penalties range from one month to six years in prison...
  
  
• Domestic violence in Russia
  Domestic violence in Russia
  One in four families in the Russian federation experience domestic violence. Amnesty International reports that each day, 36,000 women in the Russian Federation are beaten by their husbands or partners. Furthermore, sociological studies show that 30 per cent of married women are regularly subjected...
  
  
• Domestic violence in Samoa
• Domestic violence in South Korea
  • Korea Women's Hot Line
    Korea women's hot line
    Korea Women's Hot Line is a non-profit women's rights activist group, protecting women's rights from all kinds of violence and advancing women's social position as well as establishing gender equality in the spheres of family, work, and society...
    
     – non-profit women's rights
    Women's rights
    Women's rights are entitlements and freedoms claimed for women and girls of all ages in many societies.In some places these rights are institutionalized or supported by law, local custom, and behaviour, whereas in others they may be ignored or suppressed...
    
     activist group, protecting women's rights from all kinds of violence and advancing women's social position as well as establishing gender equality
    Gender equality
    Gender equality is the goal of the equality of the genders, stemming from a belief in the injustice of myriad forms of gender inequality.- Concept :...
    
     in the spheres of family, work, and society.
• Domestic violence in Spain
  • Shows red card to abuser
    Shows red card to abuser
    Shows red card to abuser is a campaign against domestic violence launched by the Spanish Ministry of Equality on 18 March 2010 that has the support of many famous artists, journalists and athletes...
    
     – a public awareness campaign and symbol to say "no" to domestic violence
• Domestic violence in Tajikistan
  Domestic violence in Tajikistan
  Domestic violence in Tajikistan is very high, due to traditional Tajik family values, as well as a reluctance by the authorities to intervene in what is viewed in Tajikistan as a "Private Family Matter"....
  
  
• Domestic violence in the United Kingdom
  • Organizations
    • Broken Rainbow (organization)
      Broken Rainbow (organization)
      Broken Rainbow is also a LGBT charity organisation created to help raise awareness and combat same-sex domestic violence and abuse....
      
       – deals with same sex domestic violence
    • Campaign Against Domestic Violence
      Campaign Against Domestic Violence
      The Campaign Against Domestic Violence was founded in August 1991 as a broad organisation to fight for better resources to deal with domestic violence, to promote awareness of domestic violence, campaign for legal change and to raise domestic violence as a workplace issue.The campaign was launched...
      
       – organization with multi-pronged approach towards eliminating domestic violence
    • Mankind Initiative
      Mankind Initiative
      The ManKind Initiative is a domestic violence charity based in the United Kingdom and is at the forefront of providing support for male victims of domestic abuse and violence...
      
       – domestic violence charity
    • Refuge (United Kingdom charity) – charity for female victims
    • Scottish Women's Aid
      Scottish Women's Aid
      Scottish Women's Aid is a feminist charity campaigning to prevent domestic violence against women and their children in Scotland. It was founded in 1973 and is an umbrella organisation for the 39 affiliated local Women's Aid groups in Scotland...
      
       – charity to prevent domestic violence against women an children
    • Women's Aid Federation of England – United Kingdom charity to prevent domestic violence against women an children
      • What's it going to take?
        What's it going to take?
        What's it going to take? is a British print and poster campaign launched in 2007 by Women's Aid to boost awareness of domestic violence against women in the United Kingdom. The campaign, handled by advertising agency Grey London, comprised photographs of nine female celebrities made-up to appear as...
        
          – campaign of the WAFOE
• Domestic violence in the United States
  Domestic violence in the United States
  Domestic violence in United States, experienced by 22-25% of American women in their lifetime, is part of a dynamic of control and oppression, often with multiple forms of physical and non-physical abuse. 60% of Native American women are physically assaulted in their lifetime by a partner or spouse...
  
  
  • Laws \ legal issues
    • Address confidentiality program
      Address Confidentiality Program
      An address confidentiality program allows victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, stalking or other types of crime to receive mail at a confidential address, while keeping their actual address undisclosed...
      
       – some states in the United States
    • Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004
      Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004
      The Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It is concerned with criminal justice and concentrates upon legal protection and assistance to victims of crime, particularly domestic violence...
      
       –
    • Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban
      Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban
      The Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban is an amendment to the Omnibus Consolidated Appropriations Act of 1997 enacted by the 104th United States Congress in 1996...
      
       – addresses Gun violence in the United States
      Gun violence in the United States
      Gun violence in the United States is an intensely debated political issue in the United States. Gun-related violence is most common in poor urban areas and in conjunction with gang violence, often involving juveniles or young adults...
      
      
    • Violence Against Women Act
      Violence Against Women Act
      The Violence Against Women Act of 1994 is a United States federal law. It was passed as Title IV, sec. 40001-40703 of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, , and signed as by President Bill Clinton on September 13, 1994...
      
       – United States federal law
    • Family Violence Prevention and Services Act
      Family Violence Prevention and Services Act
      The Family Violence Prevention and Services Act is a United States law, first authorized as part of the Child Abuse Amendments of 1984 , that provides federal funding to help victims of domestic violence and their dependent children by providing shelter and related help, offering violence...
      
       –
  • Models to reduce domestic violence
    • Duluth model (United States) –
    • Initiatives to prevent sexual violence
      Initiatives to prevent sexual violence
      As sexual violence affects all parts of society, the response to sexual violence is comprehensive. The responses can be categorized as:-Psychological care and support:...
      
       (United States) –
  • Organizations
    • Futures Without Violence  –
    • Loveisrespect, National Teen Dating Abuse Helpline
      Loveisrespect, National Teen Dating Abuse Helpline
      loveisrespect National Teen Dating Abuse Helpline was launched February 8, 2007 by the National Domestic Violence Hotline. This 24-hour national Web-based and telephone resource was created to help teens experiencing dating abuse, and is the only helpline in the country serving all 50 states,...
      
       –
    • National Coalition Against Domestic Violence
      National coalition against domestic violence
      National Coalition Against Domestic Violence is an organization founded in 1978 in Washington, D.C. with a goal to “organize our collective power by advancing transformative work, thinking and leadership in communities and individuals who seek to end violence in our lives.” The organization not...
      
        –
    • National Domestic Violence Hotline
      National Domestic Violence Hotline
      The National Domestic Violence Hotline is a 24-hour, confidential, toll-free hotline created through the Family Violence Prevention and Services Act. Hotline staff immediately connect the caller to a service provider in his or her area...
      
       –
    • National Network to End Domestic Violence
      National Network to End Domestic Violence
      The National Network to End Domestic Violence is a not-for-profit organization incorporated in the District of Columbia since 1995. It is a network of state domestic violence coalitions, representing over 2,000 member organizations nationwide...
      
        –
    • Tahirih Justice Center –

International domestic violence-related organizations

• United Nations
  United Nations
  The United Nations is an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace...
  
  
  • Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women
    Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women
    The Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women was adopted without vote by the United Nations General Assembly in its resolution 48/104 of 20 December 1993. Contained within it is the recognition of "the urgent need for the universal application to women of the rights and principles...
    
     –
  • United Nations Development Fund for Women –
  • United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women
    UN Women
    The United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women, also known as UN Women, is a United Nations entity working for the empowerment of women and girls....
    
     (UN Women) –
• Islam and domestic violence
  Islam and domestic violence
  The relationship between Islam and domestic violence is disputed. Even among Muslims, the uses and interpretations of shari’a, the moral code and religious law of Islam, lack consensus....
  
  
  • AHA Foundation
    AHA Foundation
    The AHA Foundation is a nonprofit organization for the defense of Muslim women's rights. It was founded by Ayaan Hirsi Ali in 2007 and is based in New York, NY in the United States....
    
      – concerned with Muslim women's rights in western countries
  • Peaceful Families Project
    Peaceful Families Project
    The Peaceful Families Project is among the pioneering Muslim organizations working to end domestic violence in Muslim families and communities...
    
     – (Muslim organization)

Conventions on domestic violence

• Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
  Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
  The Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women is an international convention adopted in 1979 by the United Nations General Assembly....
  
   –
• Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence
  Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence
  The Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence is a Council of Europe convention for violence against women and against domestic violence opened for signature on May 11, 2011...
  
   –

Publications

• Contemporary Family Therapy
  Contemporary Family Therapy
  Contemporary Family Therapy is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering research on family therapy, focusing on recent applied practice and developments in theory and research that is published quarterly by Springer Science+Business Media. The editor-in-chief is Dorothy S. Becvar...
  
  – journal with articles about "the latest developments in theory, research and practice pertaining to family therapy, with an emphasis on examining families within their broader socio-economic and ethnic matrices."
• Family Process
  Family Process (journal)
  Family Process is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering research on family system issues, including policy and applied practice. It is published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the Family Process Institute...
  
  – non-profit journal with current articles about family system issues, focusing on research, policy, and applied practice.
• Family Relations
  Family Relations (journal)
  Family Relations is a peer reviewed academic journal published on behalf of the National Council on Family Relations by Wiley-Blackwell. It covers family studies and social work research, educational practices or philosophies, and professional development for researchers, educators, family policy...
  
  – international journal, published on behalf of the National Council on Family Relations, regarding family studies.
• International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences
• Journal of Adult Protection
• Journal of Child and Family Studies
• Journal of Family Issues
  Journal of Family Issues
  Journal of Family Issues is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes papers in the field of family studies. The journal's editor-in-chief is Constance L. Shehan...
  
  – peer-reviewed
  Peer review
  Peer review is a process of self-regulation by a profession or a process of evaluation involving qualified individuals within the relevant field. Peer review methods are employed to maintain standards, improve performance and provide credibility...
  
   academic journal
  Academic journal
  An academic journal is a peer-reviewed periodical in which scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published. Academic journals serve as forums for the introduction and presentation for scrutiny of new research, and the critique of existing research...
  
   that publishes papers in the field of Family Studies.
• Journal of Family Psychology
• Journal of Family Violence
• Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences
• Journal of Interpersonal Violence
  Journal of Interpersonal Violence
  The Journal of Interpersonal Violence is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes papers in the field of criminology and focuses on the study of victims and perpetrators of interpersonal violence. The journal's editor-in-chief is Jon R. Conte...
  
  – publishes current "information on domestic violence, rape, child sexual abuse and other violent crimes."
• Journal of Marital and Family Therapy
• Journal of Marriage and the Family
• Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society
  Signs (journal)
  Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society is a feminist academic journal established in 1975. It is published quarterly by the University of Chicago Press. Signs publishes articles on women's studies.- See also :* Cultural studies...
  
  – academic journal
  Academic journal
  An academic journal is a peer-reviewed periodical in which scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published. Academic journals serve as forums for the introduction and presentation for scrutiny of new research, and the critique of existing research...
  
   covering a wide range of disciplines covering issues like gender
  Gender
  Gender is a range of characteristics used to distinguish between males and females, particularly in the cases of men and women and the masculine and feminine attributes assigned to them. Depending on the context, the discriminating characteristics vary from sex to social role to gender identity...
  
  , race, culture
  Culture
  Culture is a term that has many different inter-related meanings. For example, in 1952, Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn compiled a list of 164 definitions of "culture" in Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions...
  
  , class
  Social class
  Social classes are economic or cultural arrangements of groups in society. Class is an essential object of analysis for sociologists, political scientists, economists, anthropologists and social historians. In the social sciences, social class is often discussed in terms of 'social stratification'...
  
  , sexuality
  Human sexuality
  Human sexuality is the awareness of gender differences, and the capacity to have erotic experiences and responses. Human sexuality can also be described as the way someone is sexually attracted to another person whether it is to opposite sexes , to the same sex , to either sexes , or not being...
  
  , and/or nation
  Nation
  A nation may refer to a community of people who share a common language, culture, ethnicity, descent, and/or history. In this definition, a nation has no physical borders. However, it can also refer to people who share a common territory and government irrespective of their ethnic make-up...
  
  .
• Trauma, Violence, & Abuse
  Trauma, Violence, & Abuse
  Trauma, Violence, & Abuse is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes papers in the field of Criminology. The journal's editor is Jon R. Conte...
  
  – publishes original research for practioners.
• Violence Against Women
  Violence Against Women (journal)
  Violence Against Women is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes papers in the field of women's studies. The journal's editor-in-chief is Claire M. Renzetti . It was established in 1995 and is currently published by SAGE Publications...
  
  – peer-reviewed
  Peer review
  Peer review is a process of self-regulation by a profession or a process of evaluation involving qualified individuals within the relevant field. Peer review methods are employed to maintain standards, improve performance and provide credibility...
  
   academic journal
  Academic journal
  An academic journal is a peer-reviewed periodical in which scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published. Academic journals serve as forums for the introduction and presentation for scrutiny of new research, and the critique of existing research...
  
   that publishes papers in the field of Women’s Studies.

Documentaries

• The Conspiracy of Silence
  The Conspiracy of Silence
  The Conspiracy of Silence is a documentary TV film that was broadcast three times on PBS in the United States in 1995 and 1996. The title is formed from the assumption that there is a conspiracy of silence that surrounds domestic violence...
  
  
• Defending Our Lives
  Defending Our Lives
  Defending Our Lives is a 1993 short documentary film directed by Margaret Lazarus and Renner Wunderlich. It won an Academy Award at the 66th Academy Awards in 1994 for Documentary Short Subject.-See also:...
  
  
• Power and Control: Domestic Violence in America
  Power and Control: Domestic Violence in America
  Power and Control: Domestic Violence in America is a documentary about domestic violence, told through the story of Kim Mosher, a mother of three from Wabasha, Minnesota and victim of physical and emotional abuse...
  
  
• Silent Voices
  Silent Voices
  Silent Voices is a docudrama about domestic violence in the United Kingdom written for the Community Channel by Barbara Gorna, directed by Charles Harris and produced by Paul Atherton.It was first screened on April 25, 2005 at 21:00....
  
  
• Sin by Silence
  Sin by Silence
  Sin by Silence is a domestic violence documentary film by Olivia Klaus that offers a unique gateway into the lives of women who are the tragedies living worst-case scenarios and survivors - women who have killed their abusive husbands...
  
  

Films

• American Tragedy
  American Tragedy (film)
  American Tragedy is a 2000 biographical television movie based on the true story of O.J. Simpson's trial for the murder of his ex-wife, Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend, Ron Goldman in 1994...
  
  
• Black and Blue
  Black and Blue (film)
  Black and Blue is an American made for TV movie released in the USA in 1999. Based on the novel by Anna Quindlen, the story centers around Frances Benedetto , a victim of domestic violence. The movie follows Frances's relationship to her increasingly abusive husband , and her eventual escape with...
  
  
• Blinded
  Blinded (film)
  Blinded is a Grenadian feature film about domestic violence directed by Anderson Quarless and starring Deleon Walters and Tahira Carter. It was the first full-length film entirely produced in Grenada. -Plot:...
  
  
• Bordertown
  Bordertown (2006 film)
  Bordertown is a 2006 American drama motion picture, written and directed by Oscar-nominated Gregory Nava and executive produced by David Bergstein, Cary Epstein, Barbara Martinez-Jitner, and Tracee Stanley-Newell...
  
  
• The Burning Bed
  The Burning Bed
  The Burning Bed is a non-fiction book by Faith McNulty about battered Dansville, Michigan, housewife Francine Hughes. It was adapted to a film with screenplay by Rose Leiman Goldemberg. After thirteen years of domestic abuse at the hands of her husband, James Berlin Hughes, she set fire to the...
  
  
• Daughters
  Daughters (1997 TV film)
  Daughters, also known as Our Mother's Murder is a 1997 made-for-tv drama film directed by Bill L. Norton, and stars Holly Marie Combs and Sarah Chalke who play Alex and Annie, the two eldest daughters of the main character Anne....
  
  
• Enough
  Enough
  The score for Enough, composed by David Arnold, was released on June 4, 2002.#"Give Me a Sign"#"F.B.I.?"#"New Leaf"#"Slim and Joe"#"Get Out of the House"#"Goodbye Gracie"#"Training Day"#"Breaking In"#"Setting the Trap"#"Fight Club"...
  
  
• Looking for Angelina
  Looking for Angelina
  Looking for Angelina was a 2005 Canadian drama film based on the murder case involving Angelina Napolitano. Napolitano allegedly murdered her husband with an axe and was sentenced to be executed....
  
  
• Once Were Warriors
  Once Were Warriors (film)
  Once Were Warriors is a 1994 film based on New Zealand author Alan Duff's bestselling 1990 first novel. The film tells the story of an urban Māori family, the Hekes, and their problems with poverty, alcoholism and domestic violence, mostly brought on by family patriarch Jake...
  
  
• One Minute to Nine
  One Minute to Nine
  One Minute to Nine is a 2007 documentary film written and directed by Tommy Davis and produced by Quinto Malo Films. It was later re-edited and screened on HBO as Every F---ing Day of My Life...
  
  
• Provoked
  Provoked (film)
  Provoked is a 2007 UK based English language film, directed by Jag Mundhra. It stars Aishwarya Rai, Naveen Andrews, Miranda Richardson, Robbie Coltrane, Nandita Das and Steve McFadden. The film is loosely based on the true story of Kiranjit Ahluwalia who killed her abusive husband.Cinematography...
  
  
• Submission
• What's Love Got to Do with It

See also

• Abuse
  Abuse
  Abuse is the improper usage or treatment for a bad purpose, often to unfairly or improperly gain benefit. Abuse can come in many forms, such as: physical or verbal maltreatment, injury, sexual assault, violation, rape, unjust practices; wrongful practice or custom; offense; crime, or otherwise...
  
  
• Domestic violence (women's) shelter
  Women's shelter
  A women's shelter is a place of temporary refuge and support for women escaping violent or abusive situations, such as rape, and domestic violence....
  
  
• Feminist dominance in domestic violence discussions
• Gender studies
  Gender studies
  Gender studies is a field of interdisciplinary study which analyses race, ethnicity, sexuality and location.Gender study has many different forms. One view exposed by the philosopher Simone de Beauvoir said: "One is not born a woman, one becomes one"...
  
  
• Interpersonal relationships
• Men's rights
  Men's rights
  Men's rights is an umbrella term, encompassing the political rights, entitlements, and freedoms given or denied to males within a nation or culture....
  
  
• Sociology of the family
  Sociology of the family
  The Sociology of the family examines the family, as an institution and a unit of socialisation, through various sociological perspectives, particularly with regard to the relationship between the nuclear family and industrial capitalism, and the distinct gender roles and concepts of childhood which...
  
  
• Victimization
• Violence
  Violence
  Violence is the use of physical force to apply a state to others contrary to their wishes. violence, while often a stand-alone issue, is often the culmination of other kinds of conflict, e.g...
  
  
  • Dating violence
    Dating violence
    Dating abuse or dating violence is defined as the perpetration or threat of an act of violence by at least one member of an unmarried couple on the other member within the context of dating or courtship. It is also when one partner tries to maintain power and control over the other through...