A

• Accelerated aging disease
  Accelerated aging disease
  A DNA repair-deficiency disorder is a medical condition due to reduced functionality of DNA repair.DNA repair defects are seen in nearly all of the diseases described as accelerated aging disease, in which various tissues, organs or systems of the human body age prematurely...
  
  
  • Bloom syndrome
    Bloom syndrome
    Bloom's syndrome , also known as Bloom–Torre–Machacek syndrome, is a rare autosomal recessive chromosomal disorder characterized by a high frequency of breaks and rearrangements in an affected person's chromosomes. The condition was discovered and first described by dermatologist Dr...
    
    
  • Cockayne's syndrome
  • Progeria
    Progeria
    Progeria is an extremely rare genetic condition wherein symptoms resembling aspects of aging are manifested at an early age. The word progeria comes from the Greek words "pro" , meaning "before", and "géras" , meaning "old age"...
    
    
  • Werner's syndrome
  • Xeroderma pigmentosum
    Xeroderma pigmentosum
    Xeroderma pigmentosum, or XP, is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder of DNA repair in which the ability to repair damage caused by ultraviolet light is deficient. In extreme cases, all exposure to sunlight must be forbidden, no matter how small. Multiple basal cell carcinomas and other skin...
    
    
• Accident
  Accident
  An accident or mishap is an unforeseen and unplanned event or circumstance, often with lack of intention or necessity. It implies a generally negative outcome which may have been avoided or prevented had circumstances leading up to the accident been recognized, and acted upon, prior to its...
  
  
• ACE inhibitor
  ACE inhibitor
  ACE inhibitors or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are a group of drugs used primarily for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure...
  
  
• Actuarial escape velocity
• Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
  Adenosine triphosphate
  Adenosine-5'-triphosphate is a multifunctional nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme. It is often called the "molecular unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer. ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism...
  
  
• Advanced Cell Technology Corporation
  Advanced Cell Technology
  Advanced Cell Technology, Incorporated , is a biotechnology company located in Marlborough, Massachusetts, USA. The company specializes in the development and commercialization of cell therapies for the treatment of a variety of diseases...
  
  
• Aerobic exercise
  Aerobic exercise
  Aerobic exercise is physical exercise of relatively low intensity that depends primarily on the aerobic energy-generating process. Aerobic literally means "living in air", and refers to the use of oxygen to adequately meet energy demands during exercise via aerobic metabolism...
  
  
• Age-adjusted life expectancy
• Ageless
  Ageless
  Ageless is an adjective describing a person or thing whose age cannot be defined, is nonexistent or does not change.It can also describe immortality, most specifically eternal youth.-Ageless people:...
  
  
• Age-Related Eye Disease Study
  Age-Related Eye Disease Study
  The Age-Related Eye Disease Study was a clinical trial sponsored by the National Eye Institute, one of the National Institutes of Health in the United States...
  
  
• Age-Related Macular Degeneration
• Aging
• Aging and memory
• Aging-associated diseases
  Aging-associated diseases
  An aging-associated disease is a disease that is seen with increasing frequency with increasing senescence. Age-associated diseases are to be distinguished from the aging process itself because all adult animals age, but not all adult animals experience all age-associated diseases...
  
  
• Aging brain
  Aging brain
  Age is a major risk factor for most common neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, cerebrovascular disease, Parkinson's disease and Lou Gehrig's disease. Other risk factors, including genetic mutations, low educational attainments and head injury contribute much less to the risk...
  
  
• Aging population
• Aging Research Centre
• Alcor Life Extension Foundation
  Alcor Life Extension Foundation
  The Alcor Life Extension Foundation, most often referred to as Alcor, is a Scottsdale, Arizona, USA-based nonprofit company that researches, advocates for and performs cryonics, the preservation of humans in liquid nitrogen after legal death, with hopes of restoring them to full health when new...
  
  
• Alternative medicine
  Alternative medicine
  Alternative medicine is any healing practice, "that does not fall within the realm of conventional medicine." It is based on historical or cultural traditions, rather than on scientific evidence....
  
  
• Alzheimer's Disease
  Alzheimer's disease
  Alzheimer's disease also known in medical literature as Alzheimer disease is the most common form of dementia. There is no cure for the disease, which worsens as it progresses, and eventually leads to death...
  
  
• AMD
• American Aging Association
  American Aging Association
  The American Aging Association is a non-profit, tax-exempt biogerontology organization of scientists and laypeople dedicated to biomedical aging studies intended to slow the aging process. The abbreviation AGE is intended to be representative of the organization, even though it is not an acronym...
  
  
• American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine (A4M)
  American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine
  The American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine is a United States registered 501 nonprofit organization that promotes the field of anti-aging medicine and trains and certifies physicians in this specialty. As of 2011, approximately 26,000 practitioners had been given certificates...
  
  
• Amyloid
  Amyloid
  Amyloids are insoluble fibrous protein aggregates sharing specific structural traits. Abnormal accumulation of amyloid in organs may lead to amyloidosis, and may play a role in various neurodegenerative diseases.-Definition:...
  
  
• Amyloid plaque
• Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
  Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
  Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis , also referred to as Lou Gehrig's disease, is a form of motor neuron disease caused by the degeneration of upper and lower neurons, located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord and the cortical neurons that provide their efferent input...
  
   (ALS), e.g., Lou Gehrig's Disease
• Antagonistic Pleiotropy
• Antioxidant
  Antioxidant
  An antioxidant is a molecule capable of inhibiting the oxidation of other molecules. Oxidation is a chemical reaction that transfers electrons or hydrogen from a substance to an oxidizing agent. Oxidation reactions can produce free radicals. In turn, these radicals can start chain reactions. When...
  
  
  • Polyphenol antioxidant
    Polyphenol antioxidant
    A polyphenol antioxidant is a type of antioxidant containing a polyphenolic substructure. Numbering over 4,000 distinct species, many of these compounds have antioxidant activity in vitro but are unlikely to have antioxidant roles in vivo...
    
    
• Antisense therapy
  Antisense therapy
  Antisense therapy is a form of treatment for genetic disorders or infections.When the genetic sequence of a particular gene is known to be causative of a particular disease, it is possible to synthesize a strand of nuc acid that will bind to the messenger RNA produced by that gene and inactivate...
  
  
• Apoptosis
  Apoptosis
  Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death that may occur in multicellular organisms. Biochemical events lead to characteristic cell changes and death. These changes include blebbing, cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, chromatin condensation, and chromosomal DNA fragmentation...
  
  
• Arthritis
  Arthritis
  Arthritis is a form of joint disorder that involves inflammation of one or more joints....
  
  
• Artificial life
  Artificial life
  Artificial life is a field of study and an associated art form which examine systems related to life, its processes, and its evolution through simulations using computer models, robotics, and biochemistry. The discipline was named by Christopher Langton, an American computer scientist, in 1986...
  
  
• Atherosclerosis
  Atherosclerosis
  Atherosclerosis is a condition in which an artery wall thickens as a result of the accumulation of fatty materials such as cholesterol...
  
  
• ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
• Atrophy
  Atrophy
  Atrophy is the partial or complete wasting away of a part of the body. Causes of atrophy include mutations , poor nourishment, poor circulation, loss of hormonal support, loss of nerve supply to the target organ, disuse or lack of exercise or disease intrinsic to the tissue itself...
  
  
• Autoevolution
• Autoimmune disease
  Autoimmune disease
  Autoimmune diseases arise from an overactive immune response of the body against substances and tissues normally present in the body. In other words, the body actually attacks its own cells. The immune system mistakes some part of the body as a pathogen and attacks it. This may be restricted to...
  
  

B

• Big killer
• Biochemistry
  Biochemistry
  Biochemistry, sometimes called biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes in living organisms, including, but not limited to, living matter. Biochemistry governs all living organisms and living processes...
  
  
  • List of basic biochemistry topics
  • List of biochemistry topics
• Biodemography
  Biodemography
  Biodemography is the science dealing with the integration of biology and demography.Biodemography is a new branch of human demography concerned with understanding the complementary biological and demographic determinants of and interactions between the birth and death processes that shape...
  
  
• Biodemography of human longevity
  Biodemography of human longevity
  Biodemography is a multidisciplinary approach, integrating biological knowledge with demographic research on human longevity and survival...
  
  
• Bioethics
  Bioethics
  Bioethics is the study of controversial ethics brought about by advances in biology and medicine. Bioethicists are concerned with the ethical questions that arise in the relationships among life sciences, biotechnology, medicine, politics, law, and philosophy....
  
  
• Biological clock
  Biological clock
  Biological clock may refer to:* Circadian rhythm, living organisms' adaptations to solar related rhythms* Age, as a general factor of female infertility...
  
  
• Biology
  Biology
  Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy. Biology is a vast subject containing many subdivisions, topics, and disciplines...
  
  
  • List of basic biological topics
  • List of biology topics
• Biogerontology
• Biological immortality
  Biological immortality
  Biological immortality refers to a stable rate of mortality as a function of chronological age. Some individual cells and entire organisms in some species achieve this state either throughout their existence or after living long enough. This requires that death occur from injury or disease rather...
  
  
• Biological modeling
• Biotechnology
  Biotechnology
  Biotechnology is a field of applied biology that involves the use of living organisms and bioprocesses in engineering, technology, medicine and other fields requiring bioproducts. Biotechnology also utilizes these products for manufacturing purpose...
  
  
• Bjorksten, Johan
• Brain-computer interface
  Brain-computer interface
  A brain–computer interface , sometimes called a direct neural interface or a brain–machine interface , is a direct communication pathway between the brain and an external device...
  
  

C

• Caloric restriction mimetic
  Cr mimetic
  Caloric restriction mimetics try to mimic the substantial anti-aging effects caloric restriction has on many laboratory animals. In other words, the administration of a CRM results in the same physiological changes seen in CR itself...
  
  
• Caloric restriction
  Calorie restriction
  Caloric restriction , or calorie restriction, is a dietary regimen that restricts calorie intake, where the baseline for the restriction varies, usually being the previous, unrestricted, intake of the subjects...
  
  
• CR Society International
  CR Society International
  The CR Society International is a nonprofit 501 organization composed of several thousand people practicing, supporting, and conducting research into calorie restriction as a means of slowing the aging process. It was founded in 1994 by Brian M...
  
  
• Cancer
  Cancer
  Cancer , known medically as a malignant neoplasm, is a large group of different diseases, all involving unregulated cell growth. In cancer, cells divide and grow uncontrollably, forming malignant tumors, and invade nearby parts of the body. The cancer may also spread to more distant parts of the...
  
  
• Cardiovascular disease
  Cardiovascular disease
  Heart disease or cardiovascular disease are the class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels . While the term technically refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system , it is usually used to refer to those related to atherosclerosis...
  
  
• Cell replacement therapy
• Cholinergic
  Cholinergic
  The word choline generally refers to the various quaternary ammonium salts containing the N,N,N-trimethylethanolammonium cation. Found in most animal tissues, choline is a primary component of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and functions with inositol as a basic constituent of lecithin...
  
  
• Chromosome
  Chromosome
  A chromosome is an organized structure of DNA and protein found in cells. It is a single piece of coiled DNA containing many genes, regulatory elements and other nucleotide sequences. Chromosomes also contain DNA-bound proteins, which serve to package the DNA and control its functions.Chromosomes...
  
  
• Chronic deficiency
• Clone
• Cloning
  Cloning
  Cloning in biology is the process of producing similar populations of genetically identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as bacteria, insects or plants reproduce asexually. Cloning in biotechnology refers to processes used to create copies of DNA fragments , cells , or...
  
  
  • Human cloning
    Human cloning
    Human cloning is the creation of a genetically identical copy of a human. It does not usually refer to monozygotic multiple births nor the reproduction of human cells or tissue. The ethics of cloning is an extremely controversial issue...
    
    
  • Therapeutic cloning
• Club of Rome
  Club of Rome
  The Club of Rome is a global think tank that deals with a variety of international political issues. Founded in 1968 at Accademia dei Lincei in Rome, Italy, the CoR describes itself as "a group of world citizens, sharing a common concern for the future of humanity." It consists of current and...
  
  
• Cockayne's syndrome
• Cognitive enhancement
• Compensation law of mortality
  Compensation law of mortality
  The compensation law of mortality states that the relative differences in death rates between different populations of the same biological species decrease with age, because the higher initial death rates in disadvantaged populations are compensated by lower pace of mortality increase with age...
  
  
• Complementary and alternative medicine
• Cross-link
  Cross-link
  Cross-links are bonds that link one polymer chain to another. They can be covalent bonds or ionic bonds. "Polymer chains" can refer to synthetic polymers or natural polymers . When the term "cross-linking" is used in the synthetic polymer science field, it usually refers to the use of...
  
  
• Cross-linkage theory of aging
• Cyborg
  Cyborg
  A cyborg is a being with both biological and artificial parts. The term was coined in 1960 when Manfred Clynes and Nathan S. Kline used it in an article about the advantages of self-regulating human-machine systems in outer space. D. S...
  
  
• Cynthia Kenyon
  Cynthia Kenyon
  Cynthia Jane Kenyon is an American molecular biologist and biogerontologist known for her genetic dissection of aging in a tiny worm, Caenorhabditis elegans.-Career:...
  
  
• Cryobiology
  Cryobiology
  Cryobiology is the branch of biology that studies the effects of low temperatures on living things. The word cryobiology is derived from the Greek words "cryo" = cold, "bios" = life, and "logos" = science. In practice, cryobiology is the study of biological material or systems at temperatures below...
  
  
• Cryonics
  Cryonics
  Cryonics is the low-temperature preservation of humans and animals who can no longer be sustained by contemporary medicine, with the hope that healing and resuscitation may be possible in the future. Cryopreservation of people or large animals is not reversible with current technology...
  
  
• Cryopreservation
  Cryopreservation
  Cryopreservation is a process where cells or whole tissues are preserved by cooling to low sub-zero temperatures, such as 77 K or −196 °C . At these low temperatures, any biological activity, including the biochemical reactions that would lead to cell death, is effectively stopped...
  
  
• Cryoprotectant
  Cryoprotectant
  A cryoprotectant is a substance that is used to protect biological tissue from freezing damage . Arctic and Antarctic insects, fish, amphibians and reptiles create cryoprotectants in their bodies to minimize freezing damage during cold winter periods. Insects most often use sugars or polyols as...
  
  

D

• Daily values
• Dean, Ward
• Death
  Death
  Death is the permanent termination of the biological functions that sustain a living organism. Phenomena which commonly bring about death include old age, predation, malnutrition, disease, and accidents or trauma resulting in terminal injury....
  
  
  • Brain death
    Brain death
    Brain death is the irreversible end of all brain activity due to total necrosis of the cerebral neurons following loss of brain oxygenation. It should not be confused with a persistent vegetative state...
    
    
  • Clinical death
    Clinical death
    Clinical death is the medical term for cessation of blood circulation and breathing, the two necessary criteria to sustain life. It occurs when the heart stops beating in a regular rhythm, a condition called cardiac arrest. The term is also sometimes used in resuscitation research.Stopped blood...
    
    
  • Information theoretical death
    Information theoretical death
    Information-theoretic death is the destruction of the information within a human brain to such an extent that recovery of the original person is theoretically impossible by any physical means...
    
    
  • Leading causes of death
  • List of causes of death by rate
• Degenerative disease
  Degenerative disease
  A degenerative disease, also called neurodegenerative disease, is a disease in which the function or structure of the affected tissues or organs will progressively deteriorate over time, whether due to normal bodily wear or lifestyle choices such as exercise or eating habits...
  
  
  • Alzheimer's Disease
    Alzheimer's disease
    Alzheimer's disease also known in medical literature as Alzheimer disease is the most common form of dementia. There is no cure for the disease, which worsens as it progresses, and eventually leads to death...
    
    
  • Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
    Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
    Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis , also referred to as Lou Gehrig's disease, is a form of motor neuron disease caused by the degeneration of upper and lower neurons, located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord and the cortical neurons that provide their efferent input...
    
     (ALS), e.g., Lou Gehrig's Disease
  • Atherosclerosis
    Atherosclerosis
    Atherosclerosis is a condition in which an artery wall thickens as a result of the accumulation of fatty materials such as cholesterol...
    
    
  • Cancer
    Cancer
    Cancer , known medically as a malignant neoplasm, is a large group of different diseases, all involving unregulated cell growth. In cancer, cells divide and grow uncontrollably, forming malignant tumors, and invade nearby parts of the body. The cancer may also spread to more distant parts of the...
    
    
  • Diabetes
  • Heart Disease
    Heart disease
    Heart disease, cardiac disease or cardiopathy is an umbrella term for a variety of diseases affecting the heart. , it is the leading cause of death in the United States, England, Canada and Wales, accounting for 25.4% of the total deaths in the United States.-Types:-Coronary heart disease:Coronary...
    
    
  • Inflammatory Bowel Disease
    Inflammatory bowel disease
    In medicine, inflammatory bowel disease is a group of inflammatory conditions of the colon and small intestine. The major types of IBD are Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.-Classification:...
    
     (IBD)
  • Parkinson's Disease
    Parkinson's disease
    Parkinson's disease is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system...
    
    
  • Prostatitis
    Prostatitis
    Prostatitis is an inflammation of the prostate gland, in men. A prostatitis diagnosis is assigned at 8% of all urologist and 1% of all primary care physician visits in the United States.-Classification:...
    
    
  • Osteoarthritis
    Arthritis
    Arthritis is a form of joint disorder that involves inflammation of one or more joints....
    
    
  • Osteoporosis
    Osteoporosis
    Osteoporosis is a disease of bones that leads to an increased risk of fracture. In osteoporosis the bone mineral density is reduced, bone microarchitecture is deteriorating, and the amount and variety of proteins in bone is altered...
    
    
• de Grey, Dr. Aubrey
  Aubrey de Grey
  Aubrey David Nicholas Jasper de Grey is an English author and theoretician in the field of gerontology, and the Chief Science Officer of the SENS Foundation. He is editor-in-chief of the academic journal Rejuvenation Research, author of The Mitochondrial Free Radical Theory of Aging and co-author...
  
  
  • De Grey Technology Review controversy
• Demopoulos M.D., Harry B.
  Harry Demopoulos
  Harry B. Demopoulos, MD is an pioneer in the medical aspects of free radicals, especially in the areas of ischaemic injury, the toxicity of anticancer drugs, and in spinal cord injury...
  
  
• Dendrite
  Dendrite
  Dendrites are the branched projections of a neuron that act to conduct the electrochemical stimulation received from other neural cells to the cell body, or soma, of the neuron from which the dendrites project...
  
  
• DHT (dihydrotestosterone)
  Dihydrotestosterone
  Dihydrotestosterone is an androgen or male sex hormone. The enzyme 5α-reductase synthesises DHT in the prostate, testes, hair follicles, and adrenal glands...
  
  
• Diabetes
• Dietary supplement
  Dietary supplement
  A dietary supplement, also known as food supplement or nutritional supplement, is a preparation intended to supplement the diet and provide nutrients, such as vitamins, minerals, fiber, fatty acids, or amino acids, that may be missing or may not be consumed in sufficient quantities in a person's diet...
  
  
• Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994
• Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
  Dihydrotestosterone
  Dihydrotestosterone is an androgen or male sex hormone. The enzyme 5α-reductase synthesises DHT in the prostate, testes, hair follicles, and adrenal glands...
  
  
• Dilman, Vladimir
• DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
  DNA
  Deoxyribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms . The DNA segments that carry this genetic information are called genes, but other DNA sequences have structural purposes, or are involved in...
  
  
  • Mitochondrial DNA
    Mitochondrial DNA
    Mitochondrial DNA is the DNA located in organelles called mitochondria, structures within eukaryotic cells that convert the chemical energy from food into a form that cells can use, adenosine triphosphate...
    
    
• DNA damage theory of aging
  DNA damage theory of aging
  The DNA damage theory of aging proposes that aging is a consequence of unrepaired DNA damage accumulation. Damage in this context includes chemical reactions that mutate DNA and/or interfere with DNA replication. Although both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA damage can contribute to aging, nuclear...
  
  
• DNA repair
  DNA repair
  DNA repair refers to a collection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome. In human cells, both normal metabolic activities and environmental factors such as UV light and radiation can cause DNA damage, resulting in as many as 1...
  
  
• Dolly the sheep
  Dolly the Sheep
  Dolly was a female domestic sheep, and the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell, using the process of nuclear transfer. She was cloned by Ian Wilmut, Keith Campbell and colleagues at the Roslin Institute near Edinburgh in Scotland...
  
  
• Dopaminergic
  Dopaminergic
  Dopaminergic means related to the neurotransmitter dopamine. For example, certain proteins such as the dopamine transporter , vesicular monoamine transporter 2 , and dopamine receptors can be classified as dopaminergic, and neurons which synthesize or contain dopamine and synapses with dopamine...
  
  
• Drexler, K. Eric
  K. Eric Drexler
  Dr. Kim Eric Drexler is an American engineer best known for popularizing the potential of molecular nanotechnology , from the 1970s and 1980s.His 1991 doctoral thesis at MIT was revised and published as...
  
  
• Drug approval process

E

• Ending Aging
  Ending Aging
  Ending Aging: The Rejuvenation Breakthroughs that Could Reverse Human Aging in Our Lifetime is a 2007 book written by Aubrey de Grey, a biomedical gerontologist, with his research assistant Michael Rae...
  
  , a 2007 book which describes Aubrey de Grey
  Aubrey de Grey
  Aubrey David Nicholas Jasper de Grey is an English author and theoretician in the field of gerontology, and the Chief Science Officer of the SENS Foundation. He is editor-in-chief of the academic journal Rejuvenation Research, author of The Mitochondrial Free Radical Theory of Aging and co-author...
  
  's biomedical proposal for defeating aging (i.e. SENS
  Sens
  Sens is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.Sens is a sub-prefecture of the department. It is crossed by the Yonne and the Vanne, which empties into the Yonne here.-History:...
  
  ).
• Endocrine system
  Endocrine system
  In physiology, the endocrine system is a system of glands, each of which secretes a type of hormone directly into the bloodstream to regulate the body. The endocrine system is in contrast to the exocrine system, which secretes its chemicals using ducts. It derives from the Greek words "endo"...
  
  
• Engineered negligible senescence
• Engines of creation
  Engines of Creation
  Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology is a 1986 molecular nanotechnology book written by K. Eric Drexler with a foreword by Marvin Minsky. An updated version was released in 2007...
  
  
• Entropy
  Entropy
  Entropy is a thermodynamic property that can be used to determine the energy available for useful work in a thermodynamic process, such as in energy conversion devices, engines, or machines. Such devices can only be driven by convertible energy, and have a theoretical maximum efficiency when...
  
  
• Error catastrophe
  Error catastrophe
  Error catastrophe is a term used to describe the extinction of an organism as a result of excessive RNA mutations. The term specifically refers to the predictions of mathematical models similar to that described below, and not to an observed phenomenon.Like every organism, viruses 'make mistakes'...
  
  
• Eugenics
  Eugenics
  Eugenics is the "applied science or the bio-social movement which advocates the use of practices aimed at improving the genetic composition of a population", usually referring to human populations. The origins of the concept of eugenics began with certain interpretations of Mendelian inheritance,...
  
  
• Eugeroic
  Eugeroic
  Eugeroics are a chemical class of psychoactive drugs which act as stimulants, and are also known as wakefulness-promoting agents. They are used mainly in the treatment of sleeping disorders, excessive daytime sleepiness and narcolepsy, though they are also used merely to counteract fatigue and...
  
  
• Evolution of ageing
  Evolution of ageing
  Enquiry into the evolution of ageing aims to explain why almost all living things weaken and die with age. There is not yet agreement in the scientific community on a single answer...
  
  
• Exercise
  • Aerobic exercise
    Aerobic exercise
    Aerobic exercise is physical exercise of relatively low intensity that depends primarily on the aerobic energy-generating process. Aerobic literally means "living in air", and refers to the use of oxygen to adequately meet energy demands during exercise via aerobic metabolism...
    
    
• Existential risk
  Existential risk
  Existential risks are dangers that have the potential to destroy, or drastically restrict, human civilization. They are distinguished from other forms of risk both by their scope, affecting all of humanity, and severity; destroying or irreversibly crippling the target.Natural disasters, such as...
  
  
• Extropy

F

• Fantastic Voyage: Live Long Enough to Live Forever
• Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
  Food and Drug Administration
  The Food and Drug Administration is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, one of the United States federal executive departments...
  
  
• Free radical
  • Superoxide radical
    Superoxide
    A superoxide, also known by the obsolete name hyperoxide, is a compound that possesses the superoxide anion with the chemical formula O2−. The systematic name of the anion is dioxide. It is important as the product of the one-electron reduction of dioxygen O2, which occurs widely in nature...
    
    
  • Hydroxyl radical
• Free-radical theory of aging
  Free-radical theory
  The free-radical theory of aging states that organisms age because cells accumulate free radical damage over time. A free radical is any atom or molecule that has a single unpaired electron in an outer shell. While a few free radicals such as melanin are not chemically reactive, most...
  
  
• Free-radical scavenger
• Full Genome Sequencing
  Full genome sequencing
  Full genome sequencing , also known as whole genome sequencing , complete genome sequencing, or entire genome sequencing, is a laboratory process that determines the complete DNA sequence of an organism's genome at a single time...
  
  
• Futures studies
• Futurology
  Futurology
  Futures studies is the study of postulating possible, probable, and preferable futures and the worldviews and myths that underlie them. There is a debate as to whether this discipline is an art or science. In general, it can be considered as a branch under the more general scope of the field of...
  
  

G

• Gene
  Gene
  A gene is a molecular unit of heredity of a living organism. It is a name given to some stretches of DNA and RNA that code for a type of protein or for an RNA chain that has a function in the organism. Living beings depend on genes, as they specify all proteins and functional RNA chains...
  
  
• Gene therapy
  Gene therapy
  Gene therapy is the insertion, alteration, or removal of genes within an individual's cells and biological tissues to treat disease. It is a technique for correcting defective genes that are responsible for disease development...
  
  
  • Pharmacological Gene Therapy
    Pharmacological gene therapy
    Pharmacological gene therapy is a new field that combines pharmacological therapy and gene therapy. It is used either to prevent a defective gene from producing its protein or to increase the concentration of normal protein produced in the body by insertion of DNA or RNA fragments...
    
    
• Genetic code
  Genetic code
  The genetic code is the set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material is translated into proteins by living cells....
  
  
• Genetic engineering
  Genetic engineering
  Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification, is the direct human manipulation of an organism's genome using modern DNA technology. It involves the introduction of foreign DNA or synthetic genes into the organism of interest...
  
  
• Genetically modified organism
  Genetically modified organism
  A genetically modified organism or genetically engineered organism is an organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. These techniques, generally known as recombinant DNA technology, use DNA molecules from different sources, which are combined into one...
  
  
• Genome
  Genome
  In modern molecular biology and genetics, the genome is the entirety of an organism's hereditary information. It is encoded either in DNA or, for many types of virus, in RNA. The genome includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA/RNA....
  
  
• Genome project
  Genome project
  Genome projects are scientific endeavours that ultimately aim to determine the complete genome sequence of an organism and to annotate protein-coding genes and other important genome-encoded features...
  
  
• Genomics
  Genomics
  Genomics is a discipline in genetics concerning the study of the genomes of organisms. The field includes intensive efforts to determine the entire DNA sequence of organisms and fine-scale genetic mapping efforts. The field also includes studies of intragenomic phenomena such as heterosis,...
  
  
• Geriatrics
  Geriatrics
  Geriatrics is a sub-specialty of internal medicine and family medicine that focuses on health care of elderly people. It aims to promote health by preventing and treating diseases and disabilities in older adults. There is no set age at which patients may be under the care of a geriatrician, or...
  
  
• Geriatric sexology
  Geriatric sexology
  Geriatric sexology is the systematic study of sexuality in the elderly. It encompasses all aspects of sexuality, including attempting to characterise "normal sexuality" and its variants, including paraphilias and disorders of or relating to sex and the sex organs. The field covers physiological and...
  
  
• Geron Corporation
  Geron Corp.
  Geron Corporation is a biotechnology company located in Menlo Park, California that specializes in developing and commercialization of products in three specific areas: 1) therapeutic products for cancer that inhibit telomerase; 2) pharmaceuticals that activate telomerase in tissues impacted by...
  
  
• Gerontology
  Gerontology
  Gerontology is the study of the social, psychological and biological aspects of aging...
  
  
• Gladyshev, Georgi P.
• Gobel, David
  David Gobel
  David Gobel is an American author, CEO, entrepreneur, inventor, and futurist.-Career:David Gobel is Chief Executive Officer of the . Working with Dr. Aubrey de Grey, he founded the original non-profit in 2000 which became the Methuselah Foundation, in an effort to reverse or preempt the damage of...
  
  
• Gompertz-Makeham law of mortality
  Gompertz-Makeham law of mortality
  The Gompertz–Makeham lawstates that the death rate is the sum of an age-independent component and an age-dependent component , which increases exponentially with age...
  
  
• Grossman, Terry
  Terry Grossman
  Terry Grossman is an American physician, scientist, author. He is involved in fields such as nutritional and anti-aging medicine.Grossman is the founder and medical director of Grossman Wellness Center in Denver, Colorado....
  
  
• Growth hormone (GH)
  Growth hormone
  Growth hormone is a peptide hormone that stimulates growth, cell reproduction and regeneration in humans and other animals. Growth hormone is a 191-amino acid, single-chain polypeptide that is synthesized, stored, and secreted by the somatotroph cells within the lateral wings of the anterior...
  
  

H

• Harman, Denham
  Denham Harman
  Denham Harman , MD, PhD, FACP, FAAA biogerontologist is Professor emeritus at the University of Nebraska Medical Center. Harman is widely known as the "father of the free radical theory of aging".-Background:...
  
  
• Hayflick, Leonard
  Leonard Hayflick
  Leonard Hayflick , Ph.D., is Professor of Anatomy at the University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, and was Professor of Medical Microbiology at Stanford University School of Medicine. He is a past president of the Gerontological Society of America and was a founding member of the...
  
  
• Hayflick limit
  Hayflick limit
  The Hayflick limit is the number of times a normal cell population will divide before it stops, presumably because the telomeres reach a critical length....
  
  
• Health
  Health
  Health is the level of functional or metabolic efficiency of a living being. In humans, it is the general condition of a person's mind, body and spirit, usually meaning to be free from illness, injury or pain...
  
  
• Healthy diet
  Healthy diet
  A healthy diet is one that helps maintain or improve general health. It is important for lowering many chronic health risks, such as obesity, heart disease, diabetes, hypertension and cancer. A healthy diet involves consuming appropriate amounts of all essential nutrients and an adequate amount of...
  
  
• Healthy eating
• Heart Disease
  Heart disease
  Heart disease, cardiac disease or cardiopathy is an umbrella term for a variety of diseases affecting the heart. , it is the leading cause of death in the United States, England, Canada and Wales, accounting for 25.4% of the total deaths in the United States.-Types:-Coronary heart disease:Coronary...
  
  
• HeLa
  HeLa
  A HeLa cell is a cell type in an immortal cell line used in scientific research. It is the oldest and most commonly used human cell line. The line was derived from cervical cancer cells taken on February 8, 1951 from Henrietta Lacks, a patient who eventually died of her cancer on October 4, 1951...
  
  
• Hormesis
  Hormesis
  Hormesis is the term for generally favorable biological responses to low exposures to toxins and other stressors. A pollutant or toxin showing hormesis thus has the opposite effect in small doses as in large doses...
  
  
• Hormone replacement therapy
  Hormone replacement therapy (menopause)
  Hormone replacement therapy is a system of medical treatment for surgically menopausal, perimenopausal and to a lesser extent postmenopausal women...
  
  
• Human cloning
  Human cloning
  Human cloning is the creation of a genetically identical copy of a human. It does not usually refer to monozygotic multiple births nor the reproduction of human cells or tissue. The ethics of cloning is an extremely controversial issue...
  
  
• Human enhancement
  Human enhancement
  Human enhancement refers to any attempt to temporarily or permanently overcome the current limitations of the human body through natural or artificial means...
  
  
• Human genetic engineering
  Human genetic engineering
  Human genetic engineering is the alteration of an individual's genotype with the aim of choosing the phenotype of a newborn or changing the existing phenotype of a child or adult....
  
  
• Human Genome Project
  Human Genome Project
  The Human Genome Project is an international scientific research project with a primary goal of determining the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up DNA, and of identifying and mapping the approximately 20,000–25,000 genes of the human genome from both a physical and functional...
  
  
• Humanism
  Humanism
  Humanism is an approach in study, philosophy, world view or practice that focuses on human values and concerns. In philosophy and social science, humanism is a perspective which affirms some notion of human nature, and is contrasted with anti-humanism....
  
  
• Hypoxia
  Hypoxia (medical)
  Hypoxia, or hypoxiation, is a pathological condition in which the body as a whole or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply. Variations in arterial oxygen concentrations can be part of the normal physiology, for example, during strenuous physical exercise...
  
  

I

• Immortality
  Immortality
  Immortality is the ability to live forever. It is unknown whether human physical immortality is an achievable condition. Biological forms have inherent limitations which may or may not be able to be overcome through medical interventions or engineering...
  
  
• Immortalist Society
  Immortalist Society
  The Immortalist Society is a charitable 501 organization devoted to research and education in the areas of cryonics and life extension. It was incorporated as a Michigan corporation by Robert Ettinger and five other local residents on June 27, 1967 as the Cryonics Society of Michigan, Inc....
  
  
• Immortality Institute
• Immunologic Theory of Aging
• Indefinite lifespan
  Indefinite lifespan
  Indefinite lifespan or, indefinite life extension, is a term used in the life extension movement to refer to the longevity of humans, and other life-forms, under conditions in which aging can be effectively and completely prevented and treated. Such individuals would still be susceptible to...
  
  
• Inflammation
  Inflammation
  Inflammation is part of the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. Inflammation is a protective attempt by the organism to remove the injurious stimuli and to initiate the healing process...
  
  
• Inflammatory bowel disease
  Inflammatory bowel disease
  In medicine, inflammatory bowel disease is a group of inflammatory conditions of the colon and small intestine. The major types of IBD are Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.-Classification:...
  
   (IBD)
• Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies
  Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies
  The Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies was founded in 2004 by philosopher Nick Bostrom and bioethicist James Hughes. Incorporated in the United States as a non-profit 501 organization, the IEET is a self-described "technoprogressive think tank" that seeks to contribute to understanding...
  
  

K

• Kent, Saul
  Saul Kent
  Saul Kent is a prominent life extension activist, and co-founder of the Life Extension Foundation, a major dietary supplement vendor and promoter of anti-aging research...
  
  
• Kenyon, Cynthia
  Cynthia Kenyon
  Cynthia Jane Kenyon is an American molecular biologist and biogerontologist known for her genetic dissection of aging in a tiny worm, Caenorhabditis elegans.-Career:...
  
  
• Kirkwood, Thomas
  Thomas Kirkwood
  Thomas Burton Loram Kirkwood CBE is an English biologist who made his contribution to the biology of ageing by proposing the concept of Disposable soma. He is currently a researcher in Newcastle University and heads The Institute for Ageing and Health in its School of Clinical Medical Sciences...
  
  
• Klotho gene
  Klotho (biology)
  Klotho is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the KL gene.This gene encodes a type-I membrane protein that is related to β-glucuronidases. Reduced production of this protein has been observed in patients with chronic renal failure , and this may be one of the factors underlying the degenerative...
  
  
• Kübler-Ross model
  Kübler-Ross model
  The Kübler-Ross model, commonly known as The Five Stages of Grief, was first introduced by Elisabeth Kübler-Ross in her 1969 book, On Death and Dying....
  
  
• Kurzweil, Ray

L

• Lacks, Henrietta
  Henrietta Lacks
  Henrietta Lacks was an African-American woman who was the unwitting source of cells from her cancerous tumor, which were cultured by George Otto Gey to create an immortal cell line for medical research...
  
  
• Life
  Life
  Life is a characteristic that distinguishes objects that have signaling and self-sustaining processes from those that do not, either because such functions have ceased , or else because they lack such functions and are classified as inanimate...
  
  
• Life enhancement
  • Cognitive enhancement
  • Physical fitness
    Physical fitness
    Physical fitness comprises two related concepts: general fitness , and specific fitness...
    
    
  • Sexual rejuvenation
  • Stress management
    Stress management
    Stress management is the alteration of stress and especially chronic stress often for the purpose of improving everyday functioning.Stress produces numerous symptoms which vary according to persons, situations, and severity. These can include physical health decline as well as depression. According...
    
    
• Life expectancy
  Life expectancy
  Life expectancy is the expected number of years of life remaining at a given age. It is denoted by ex, which means the average number of subsequent years of life for someone now aged x, according to a particular mortality experience...
  
  
• Life extension
  Life extension
  Life extension science, also known as anti-aging medicine, experimental gerontology, and biomedical gerontology, is the study of slowing down or reversing the processes of aging to extend both the maximum and average lifespan...
  
  
• Life Extension: A Practical Scientific Approach
  Life Extension: A Practical Scientific Approach
  Life Extension: A Practical Scientific Approach was a 1982 book by Durk Pearson and Sandy Shaw that popularized the life extension and smart drug movements....
  
  
• Life Extension Foundation
  Life Extension Foundation
  The Life Extension Foundation is a non-profit research-based foundation headquartered in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, established by co-founders Saul Kent and William Faloon in 1980...
  
  
• Life Extension Institute
  Life Extension Institute
  The Life Extension Institute was an organization formed in the United States in 1913 with the philanthropic goal of prolonging human life through hygiene and disease prevention...
  
  
• Life Extension Magazine
• Life extension nutrition
• Limits to Growth
  Limits to Growth
  The Limits to Growth is a 1972 book modeling the consequences of a rapidly growing world population and finite resource supplies, commissioned by the Club of Rome. Its authors were Donella H. Meadows, Dennis L. Meadows, Jørgen Randers, and William W. Behrens III. The book used the World3 model to...
  
  
• Lipofuscin
  Lipofuscin
  Lipofuscin is the name given to finely granular yellow-brown pigment granules composed of lipid-containing residues of lysosomal digestion. It is considered one of the aging or "wear-and-tear" pigments, found in the liver, kidney, heart muscle, adrenals, nerve cells, and ganglion cells...
  
  
• List of long-living organisms
• List of health and fitness magazines
• Liver spots
  Liver spots
  Liver spots are blemishes on the skin associated with aging and exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun...
  
  
• Longevity
  Longevity
  The word "longevity" is sometimes used as a synonym for "life expectancy" in demography or known as "long life", especially when it concerns someone or something lasting longer than expected ....
  
  
• Longevity genes
• Longevity study

M

• Malthusian Catastrophe
  Malthusian catastrophe
  A Malthusian catastrophe was originally foreseen to be a forced return to subsistence-level conditions once population growth had outpaced agricultural production...
  
  
• Malthusian Growth Model
  Malthusian growth model
  The Malthusian growth model, sometimes called the simple exponential growth model, is essentially exponential growth based on a constant rate of compound interest...
  
  
• Malthusianism
  Malthusianism
  Malthusianism refers primarily to ideas derived from the political/economic thought of Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus, as laid out initially in his 1798 writings, An Essay on the Principle of Population, which describes how unchecked population growth is exponential while the growth of the food...
  
  
• Malthus, Thomas
  Thomas Malthus
  The Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus FRS was an English scholar, influential in political economy and demography. Malthus popularized the economic theory of rent....
  
  
• Maximum life span
  Maximum life span
  Maximum life span is a measure of the maximum amount of time one or more members of a population has been observed to survive between birth and death.Most living species have at least one upper limit on the number of times cells can divide...
  
  
• Medawar, Peter
  Peter Medawar
  Sir Peter Brian Medawar OM CBE FRS was a British biologist, whose work on graft rejection and the discovery of acquired immune tolerance was fundamental to the practice of tissue and organ transplants...
  
  
• Megadose
• Megadosing
• Megavitamin therapy
  Megavitamin therapy
  Megavitamin therapy is the use of large doses of vitamins, often many times greater than the recommended dietary allowance in the attempt to prevent or treat diseases...
  
  
• Methuselah Foundation
  Methuselah Foundation
  The Methuselah Foundation studies methods of extending lifespan. It is a non-profit 501 volunteer organization, co-founded by Aubrey de Grey and David Gobel, which is based in Springfield, Virginia, United States...
  
  
• Methuselah Mouse Prize
• Mind transfer
  Mind transfer
  Whole brain emulation or mind uploading is the hypothetical process of transferring or copying a conscious mind from a brain to a non-biological substrate by scanning and mapping a biological brain in detail and copying its state into a computer system or another computational device...
  
   (mind uploading)
• Mitochondria
• Mitochondrial DNA
  Mitochondrial DNA
  Mitochondrial DNA is the DNA located in organelles called mitochondria, structures within eukaryotic cells that convert the chemical energy from food into a form that cells can use, adenosine triphosphate...
  
  
• Mitohormesis
• Molecular engineering
  Molecular engineering
  Molecular engineering is any means of manufacturing molecules. It may be used to create, on an extremely small scale, most typically one at a time, new molecules which may not exist in nature, or be stable beyond a very narrow range of conditions....
  
  
• Molecular nanotechnology
  Molecular nanotechnology
  Molecular nanotechnology is a technology based on the ability to build structures to complex, atomic specifications by means of mechanosynthesis. This is distinct from nanoscale materials...
  
  
• Monoamine oxidase (MAO)
  Monoamine oxidase
  L-Monoamine oxidases are a family of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of monoamines. They are found bound to the outer membrane of mitochondria in most cell types in the body. The enzyme was originally discovered by Mary Bernheim in the liver and was named tyramine oxidase...
  
  
• Morphological freedom
  Morphological freedom
  Morphological freedom refers to a proposed civil right of a person to either maintain or modify his or her own body, on his or her own terms, through informed, consensual recourse to, or refusal of, available therapeutic or enabling medical technology....
  
  
• Mortality
  Death
  Death is the permanent termination of the biological functions that sustain a living organism. Phenomena which commonly bring about death include old age, predation, malnutrition, disease, and accidents or trauma resulting in terminal injury....
  
  
• Mortality rate
  Mortality rate
  Mortality rate is a measure of the number of deaths in a population, scaled to the size of that population, per unit time...
  
  

N

• Nanomedicine
  Nanomedicine
  Nanomedicine is the medical application of nanotechnology. Nanomedicine ranges from the medical applications of nanomaterials, to nanoelectronic biosensors, and even possible future applications of molecular nanotechnology. Current problems for nanomedicine involve understanding the issues related...
  
  
• Nanotechnology
  Nanotechnology
  Nanotechnology is the study of manipulating matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally, nanotechnology deals with developing materials, devices, or other structures possessing at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometres...
  
  
• National Institute on Aging
  National Institute on Aging
  The National Institute on Aging ' is a division of the U.S. National Institutes of Health , located in Baltimore, Maryland.The NIA leads a broad scientific effort to understand the nature of aging and to extend the healthy, active years of life...
  
  
• Nerve
  Nerve
  A peripheral nerve, or simply nerve, is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of peripheral axons . A nerve provides a common pathway for the electrochemical nerve impulses that are transmitted along each of the axons. Nerves are found only in the peripheral nervous system...
  
  
• Nerve growth factor (NGF)
  Nerve growth factor
  Nerve growth factor is a small secreted protein that is important for the growth, maintenance, and survival of certain target neurons . It also functions as a signaling molecule. It is perhaps the prototypical growth factor, in that it is one of the first to be described...
  
  
• NGF (nerve growth factor)
  Nerve growth factor
  Nerve growth factor is a small secreted protein that is important for the growth, maintenance, and survival of certain target neurons . It also functions as a signaling molecule. It is perhaps the prototypical growth factor, in that it is one of the first to be described...
  
  
• Neurite
  Neurite
  A neurite refers to any projection from the cell body of a neuron. This projection can be either an axon or a dendrite. The term is frequently used when speaking of immature or developing neurons, especially of cells in culture, because it can be difficult to tell axons from dendrites before...
  
  
• Neurochemical
  Neurochemical
  A neurochemical is an organic molecule, such as serotonin, dopamine, or nerve growth factor, that participates in neural activity. The science of neurochemistry studies the functions of neurochemicals.-Prominent neurochemicals:...
  
  
• Neurodegenerative disease
• Neuroendocrine theory of aging
• Neurofibrillary tangle
  Neurofibrillary tangle
  Neurofibrillary Tangles are aggregates of hyperphosphorylated tau protein that are most commonly known as a primary marker of Alzheimer's Disease. Their presence is also found in numerous other diseases known as Tauopathies...
  
  
• Neuron
  Neuron
  A neuron is an electrically excitable cell that processes and transmits information by electrical and chemical signaling. Chemical signaling occurs via synapses, specialized connections with other cells. Neurons connect to each other to form networks. Neurons are the core components of the nervous...
  
  
• Neurotransmitter
  Neurotransmitter
  Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemicals that transmit signals from a neuron to a target cell across a synapse. Neurotransmitters are packaged into synaptic vesicles clustered beneath the membrane on the presynaptic side of a synapse, and are released into the synaptic cleft, where they bind to...
  
  
  • Acetylcholine
    Acetylcholine
    The chemical compound acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter in both the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system in many organisms including humans...
    
    
  • Dopamine
    Dopamine
    Dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter present in a wide variety of animals, including both vertebrates and invertebrates. In the brain, this substituted phenethylamine functions as a neurotransmitter, activating the five known types of dopamine receptors—D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5—and their...
    
    
  • GABA
    Gabâ
    Gabâ or gabaa, for the people in many parts of the Philippines), is the concept of a non-human and non-divine, imminent retribution. A sort of negative karma, it is generally seen as an evil effect on a person because of their wrongdoings or transgressions...
    
    
  • Serotonin
    Serotonin
    Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine is a monoamine neurotransmitter. Biochemically derived from tryptophan, serotonin is primarily found in the gastrointestinal tract, platelets, and in the central nervous system of animals including humans...
    
    
• Neurotrophic factor
• Neurovitrification
  Neurovitrification
  Neurovitrification is the term that refers to vitrification of only the human brain , usually with the intention of neuropreservation. The term is used in cryonics....
  
  
• Nootropic
  Nootropic
  Nootropics , also referred to as smart drugs, brain steroids, memory enhancers, cognitive enhancers, and intelligence enhancers, are drugs, supplements, nutraceuticals, and functional foods that improve mental functions such as cognition, memory, intelligence, motivation, attention, and concentration...
  
  
• Norepinephrin (noradrenaline)
  Norepinephrine
  Norepinephrine is the US name for noradrenaline , a catecholamine with multiple roles including as a hormone and a neurotransmitter...
  
  
• NSAID
• Nutrient
  Nutrient
  A nutrient is a chemical that an organism needs to live and grow or a substance used in an organism's metabolism which must be taken in from its environment. They are used to build and repair tissues, regulate body processes and are converted to and used as energy...
  
  
• Nutrition
  Nutrition
  Nutrition is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet....
  
  
• Nutrition and pregnancy
  Nutrition and pregnancy
  Nutrition and pregnancy refers to the nutrient intake, and dietary planning that is undertaken before, during and after pregnancy.In a precursory study into the link between nutrition and pregnancy in 1950 women who consumed minimal amounts over the eight week period had a higher mortality or...
  
  
• Nutritional supplement

O

• Old age
  Old age
  Old age consists of ages nearing or surpassing the average life span of human beings, and thus the end of the human life cycle...
  
  
• Oldest people
  Oldest people
  This is a list of tables of the verified oldest people in the world in ordinal rank, such as oldest person or oldest man. In these tables, a supercentenarian is considered 'verified' if his or her claim has been validated by an international body that specifically deals in longevity research, such...
  
  
• Organ transplant
  Organ transplant
  Organ transplantation is the moving of an organ from one body to another or from a donor site on the patient's own body, for the purpose of replacing the recipient's damaged or absent organ. The emerging field of regenerative medicine is allowing scientists and engineers to create organs to be...
  
  
• Orthomolecular medicine
  Orthomolecular medicine
  Orthomolecular medicine is a form of complementary and alternative medicine that seeks to maintain health and prevent or treat diseases by optimizing nutritional intake and/or prescribing supplements...
  
  
• Overpopulation
  Overpopulation
  Overpopulation is a condition where an organism's numbers exceed the carrying capacity of its habitat. The term often refers to the relationship between the human population and its environment, the Earth...
  
  
• Osteoarthritis
  Arthritis
  Arthritis is a form of joint disorder that involves inflammation of one or more joints....
  
  
• Osteoporosis
  Osteoporosis
  Osteoporosis is a disease of bones that leads to an increased risk of fracture. In osteoporosis the bone mineral density is reduced, bone microarchitecture is deteriorating, and the amount and variety of proteins in bone is altered...
  
  
• Overdose
• Oxidation (redox
  Redox
  Redox reactions describe all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation state changed....
  
  )
• Oxidative stress
  Oxidative stress
  Oxidative stress represents an imbalance between the production and manifestation of reactive oxygen species and a biological system's ability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or to repair the resulting damage...
  
  

P

• Paleolithic diet
  Paleolithic diet
  The modern dietary regimen known as the Paleolithic diet , also popularly referred to as the caveman diet, Stone Age diet and hunter-gatherer diet, is a nutritional plan based on the presumed ancient diet of wild plants and animals that various hominid species habitually consumed during the...
  
  
• Parkinson's disease
  Parkinson's disease
  Parkinson's disease is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system...
  
  
• Patients' Bill of Rights
• Pauling, Linus
  Linus Pauling
  Linus Carl Pauling was an American chemist, biochemist, peace activist, author, and educator. He was one of the most influential chemists in history and ranks among the most important scientists of the 20th century...
  
  
• Pearl, Raymond
  Raymond Pearl
  Raymond Pearl was an American biologist, regarded as one of the founders of biogerontology. He spent most of his career at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore....
  
  
• Pearson, Durk
  Durk Pearson
  Durk Pearson, born in 1943 in Illinois, is best known for coauthoring a series of books on longevity, beginning with Life Extension: A Practical Scientific Approach.- Early life :...
  
  
• Pharmacological Gene Therapy
  Pharmacological gene therapy
  Pharmacological gene therapy is a new field that combines pharmacological therapy and gene therapy. It is used either to prevent a defective gene from producing its protein or to increase the concentration of normal protein produced in the body by insertion of DNA or RNA fragments...
  
  
• Polyphenol antioxidant
  Polyphenol antioxidant
  A polyphenol antioxidant is a type of antioxidant containing a polyphenolic substructure. Numbering over 4,000 distinct species, many of these compounds have antioxidant activity in vitro but are unlikely to have antioxidant roles in vivo...
  
  
• Population control
  Population control
  Human population control is the practice of artificially altering the rate of growth of a human population.Historically, human population control has been implemented by limiting the population's birth rate, usually by government mandate, and has been undertaken as a response to factors including...
  
  
• Population growth
  Population growth
  Population growth is the change in a population over time, and can be quantified as the change in the number of individuals of any species in a population using "per unit time" for measurement....
  
  
• Population momentum
  Population momentum
  Population momentum refers to population growth at the national level which would occur even if levels of childbearing immediately declined to replacement level. For countries with above-replacement fertility , population momentum represents natural increase to the population...
  
  
• Posthuman
  Posthuman
  Posthuman may refer to:*Posthuman, a hypothetical future being whose basic capacities so radically exceed those of present humans as to be no longer human by our current standards...
  
  
• Predictive medicine
  Predictive medicine
  Predictive medicine is a rapidly emerging field of medicine that entails predicting disease and instituting preventive measures in order to either prevent the disease altogether or significantly decrease its impact upon the patient...
  
  
• Pregnenolone
  Pregnenolone
  Pregnenolone is a steroid hormone involved in the steroidogenesis of progesterone, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens, and estrogens. As such it is a prohormone. Pregnenolone sulfate is a GABAA antagonist and increases neurogenesis in the hippocampus.-Chemistry:Like other steroids,...
  
  
• Prescription drugs (prices in the US prices
  Prescription drug prices in the United States
  Prescription drug prices in the United States are the highest in the world. "The prices Americans pay for prescription drugs, which are far higher than those paid by citizens of any other developed country, help explain why the pharmaceutical industry is — and has been for years — the most...
  
  )
• Prevention Magazine
  Prevention (magazine)
  Prevention is an American healthy lifestyle magazine, started in 1950, and published by Rodale Press in Emmaus, Pennsylvania, in the United States. The range of subjects includes food, nutrition, workouts, beauty, and cooking. It was founded by J. I. Rodale...
  
  
• Prevention
• Preventive medicine
  Preventive medicine
  Preventive medicine or preventive care refers to measures taken to prevent diseases, rather than curing them or treating their symptoms...
  
  
• Pro-aging trance
  Pro-aging trance
  The "pro-aging trance" is a term coined by Aubrey de Grey to describe "the impulsion to leap to embarrassingly unjustified conclusions in order to put the horror of aging out of one’s mind"...
  
  
• Procreative beneficence
  Procreative beneficence
  Procreative beneficence is the moral obligation of parents to have the healthiest children through all natural and artificial means available.The term was coined by Julian Savulescu, a professor of applied ethics at St Cross College in Oxford.-See also:...
  
  
• Progeria
  Progeria
  Progeria is an extremely rare genetic condition wherein symptoms resembling aspects of aging are manifested at an early age. The word progeria comes from the Greek words "pro" , meaning "before", and "géras" , meaning "old age"...
  
  
• Programmed cell death
  Programmed cell death
  Programmed cell-death is death of a cell in any form, mediated by an intracellular program. PCD is carried out in a regulated process which generally confers advantage during an organism's life-cycle...
  
  
  • Apoptosis
    Apoptosis
    Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death that may occur in multicellular organisms. Biochemical events lead to characteristic cell changes and death. These changes include blebbing, cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, chromatin condensation, and chromosomal DNA fragmentation...
    
     (Type I cell death)
  • Autophagy
    Autophagy
    In cell biology, autophagy, or autophagocytosis, is a catabolic process involving the degradation of a cell's own components through the lysosomal machinery. It is a tightly regulated process that plays a normal part in cell growth, development, and homeostasis, helping to maintain a balance...
    
     (a.k.a. cytoplasmic, or Type II cell death))
• Programmed obsolescence
  • Prostatitis
    Prostatitis
    Prostatitis is an inflammation of the prostate gland, in men. A prostatitis diagnosis is assigned at 8% of all urologist and 1% of all primary care physician visits in the United States.-Classification:...
    
    
• Pro-oxidant
  Pro-oxidant
  Pro-oxidants are chemicals that induce oxidative stress, through either creating reactive oxygen species or inhibiting antioxidant systems. The oxidative stress produced by these chemicals can damage cells and tissues...
  
  

R

• Rath, Matthias
  Matthias Rath
  Matthias Rath is a doctor, businessman, and vitamin entrepreneur. He earned his MD degree in Germany. Rath claims that a program of nutritional supplements , including formulations that he sells, can treat or cure diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and HIV/AIDS...
  
  
• Raw foodism
  Raw foodism
  Raw foodism is the practice of consuming uncooked, unprocessed, and often organic foods as a large percentage of the diet....
  
  
• Reactive oxygen species
  Reactive oxygen species
  Reactive oxygen species are chemically reactive molecules containing oxygen. Examples include oxygen ions and peroxides. Reactive oxygen species are highly reactive due to the presence of unpaired valence shell electrons....
  
  
• Reliability theory
  Reliability theory
  Reliability theory describes the probability of a system completing its expected function during an interval of time. It is the basis of reliability engineering, which is an area of study focused on optimizing the reliability, or probability of successful functioning, of systems, such as airplanes,...
  
  
• Reliability theory of aging
• Redox
  Redox
  Redox reactions describe all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation state changed....
  
   (oxidation)
• Reference Daily Intake
  Reference Daily Intake
  The Reference Daily Intake or Recommended Daily Intake is the daily intake level of a nutrient that is considered to be sufficient to meet the requirements of 97–98% of healthy individuals in every demographic in the United States .The RDI is used to determine the Daily Value of foods,...
  
  
• Regeneration
  Regeneration (biology)
  In biology, regeneration is the process of renewal, restoration, and growth that makes genomes, cells, organs, organisms, and ecosystems resilient to natural fluctuations or events that cause disturbance or damage. Every species is capable of regeneration, from bacteria to humans. At its most...
  
  
• Rejuvenation
  Rejuvenation (aging)
  Rejuvenation is the hypothetical reversal of the aging process.Rejuvenation is distinct from life extension. Life extension strategies often study the causes of aging and try to oppose those causes in order to slow aging...
  
  
• Reliability theory of aging and longevity
  Reliability theory of aging and longevity
  Reliability theory of aging and longevity is a scientific approach aimed to gain theoretical insights into mechanisms of biological aging and species survival patterns by applying a general theory of systems failure, known as reliability theory.-Overview:...
  
  
• Reprogenetics
  Reprogenetics
  Reprogenetics is a term referring to the merging of reproductive and genetic technologies expected to happen in the near future as techniques like germinal choice technology become more available and more powerful. The term was coined by Lee M...
  
  
• Resveratrol
  Resveratrol
  Resveratrol is a stilbenoid, a type of natural phenol, and a phytoalexin produced naturally by several plants when under attack by pathogens such as bacteria or fungi....
  
  
• Ristow, Michael
  Michael Ristow
  Michael Ristow is a German medical researcher who has published influential articles on the metabolic basis of human diseases, including type 2 diabetes, obesity and cancer, as well as general aging processes...
  
  
• RNA
  RNA
  Ribonucleic acid , or RNA, is one of the three major macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life....
  
  

S

• Safety
  Safety
  Safety is the state of being "safe" , the condition of being protected against physical, social, spiritual, financial, political, emotional, occupational, psychological, educational or other types or consequences of failure, damage, error, accidents, harm or any other event which could be...
  
  
  • Occupational safety and health
    Occupational safety and health
    Occupational safety and health is a cross-disciplinary area concerned with protecting the safety, health and welfare of people engaged in work or employment. The goal of all occupational safety and health programs is to foster a safe work environment...
    
    
• SAGE KE
  SAGE KE
  The Science of Aging Knowledge Environment was an online scientific resource provided by the American Association for the Advancement of Science .-History and Organization:...
  
  
• Senscequence
• Senescence
  Senescence
  Senescence or biological aging is the change in the biology of an organism as it ages after its maturity. Such changes range from those affecting its cells and their function to those affecting the whole organism...
  
  
• Senility
• SENS Foundation
  SENS Foundation
  The SENS Foundation is a non-profit organization co-founded by Michael Kope, Aubrey de Grey, Jeff Hall, Sarah Marr and Kevin Perrott, which is based in California, United States. Its activities include SENS-based research programs and public relations work for the acceptance of and interest in...
  
  
• Shaw, Sandy
  Sandy Shaw
  Sandy Shaw is an American writer on health. She is an advocate of life extension.-Education:Shaw's father was an engineer and her mother a housewife. She received her degree in chemistry from U.C.L.A...
  
  
• Sierra Sciences
  Sierra Sciences
  Sierra Sciences, LLC is a biotechnology company founded by William H. Andrews, former director of molecular biology at Geron Corporation. Andrews founded Sierra Sciences in 1999 in Reno, Nevada with the goal of preventing and/or reversing cellular senescence, and ultimately curing diseases...
  
  
• Sleep deprivation
  Sleep deprivation
  Sleep deprivation is the condition of not having enough sleep; it can be either chronic or acute. A chronic sleep-restricted state can cause fatigue, daytime sleepiness, clumsiness and weight loss or weight gain. It adversely affects the brain and cognitive function. Few studies have compared the...
  
  
• Sports medicine
  Sports medicine
  Sports medicine is a branch of medicine that deals with physical fitness, treatment and prevention of injuries related to sports and exercise...
  
  
• Stem cell
  Stem cell
  This article is about the cell type. For the medical therapy, see Stem Cell TreatmentsStem cells are biological cells found in all multicellular organisms, that can divide and differentiate into diverse specialized cell types and can self-renew to produce more stem cells...
  
  
• Stem cell treatments
  Stem cell treatments
  Stem cell treatments are a type of intervention strategy that introduces new cells into damaged tissue in order to treat disease or injury. Many medical researchers believe that stem cell treatments have the potential to change the face of human disease and alleviate suffering...
  
  
• Stone, Irwin
  Irwin Stone
  Irwin Stone was an American biochemist, chemical engineer, and author. He was the first to use ascorbic acid in the food processing industry as a preservative, and originated and published the hypothesis that humans require much larger amounts of Vitamin C for optimal health than is necessary to...
  
  
• Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence
• Stroke
  Stroke
  A stroke, previously known medically as a cerebrovascular accident , is the rapidly developing loss of brain function due to disturbance in the blood supply to the brain. This can be due to ischemia caused by blockage , or a hemorrhage...
  
  
• Superoxide dismutase (SOD)
  Superoxide dismutase
  Superoxide dismutases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the dismutation of superoxide into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. As such, they are an important antioxidant defense in nearly all cells exposed to oxygen...
  
  
• Superoxide
  Superoxide
  A superoxide, also known by the obsolete name hyperoxide, is a compound that possesses the superoxide anion with the chemical formula O2−. The systematic name of the anion is dioxide. It is important as the product of the one-electron reduction of dioxygen O2, which occurs widely in nature...
  
  
• Survival skills
  Survival skills
  Survival skills are techniques a person may use in a dangerous situation to save themselves or others...
  
  
• Suspended animation
  Suspended animation
  Suspended animation is the slowing of life processes by external means without termination. Breathing, heartbeat, and other involuntary functions may still occur, but they can only be detected by artificial means. Extreme cold can be used to precipitate the slowing of an individual's functions; use...
  
  

T

• Technological determinism
  Technological determinism
  Technological determinism is a reductionist theory that presumes that a society's technology drives the development of its social structure and cultural values. The term is believed to have been coined by Thorstein Veblen , an American sociologist...
  
  
• Technological evolution
  Technological evolution
  Technological evolution is the name of a science and technology studies theory describing technology development, developed by Czech philosopher Radovan Richta.-Theory of technological evolution:...
  
  
• Technological singularity
  Technological singularity
  Technological singularity refers to the hypothetical future emergence of greater-than-human intelligence through technological means. Since the capabilities of such an intelligence would be difficult for an unaided human mind to comprehend, the occurrence of a technological singularity is seen as...
  
  
• Technology assessment
  Technology assessment
  Technology assessment Technology assessment Technology assessment (TA, German Tenteractive, and communicative process that aims to contribute to the formation of public and political opinion on societal aspects of science and technology.- General description :...
  
  
• Techno-progressivism
  Techno-progressivism
  Techno-progressivism, technoprogressivism, tech-progressivism or techprogressivism is a stance of active support for the convergence of technological change and social change...
  
  
• Techno-utopianism
  Techno-utopianism
  Technological utopianism refers to any ideology based on the belief that advances in science and technology will eventually bring about a utopia, or at least help to fulfill one or another utopian ideal...
  
  
• Telomere
  Telomere
  A telomere is a region of repetitive DNA sequences at the end of a chromosome, which protects the end of the chromosome from deterioration or from fusion with neighboring chromosomes. Its name is derived from the Greek nouns telos "end" and merοs "part"...
  
  
• Testosterone
  Testosterone
  Testosterone is a steroid hormone from the androgen group and is found in mammals, reptiles, birds, and other vertebrates. In mammals, testosterone is primarily secreted in the testes of males and the ovaries of females, although small amounts are also secreted by the adrenal glands...
  
  
• Therapeutic cloning
• Theories of aging
  • Antagonistic pleiotropy theory of aging
  • Caloric restriction theory
  • Cross-linkage theory of aging
  • Death hormone theory
  • Disposable soma theory of aging
  • Error catastrophe theory of aging
  • Errors and Repairs Theory
  • Free-radical theory
    Free-radical theory
    The free-radical theory of aging states that organisms age because cells accumulate free radical damage over time. A free radical is any atom or molecule that has a single unpaired electron in an outer shell. While a few free radicals such as melanin are not chemically reactive, most...
    
    
  • Gene mutation theory
  • Genetic control theory
  • Glycation theory of aging
  • Hayflick limit theory
  • Inflammation theory of aging
  • Immunological theory of aging
  • Membrane theory of aging
  • Mitochondrial Free Radical Theory of Aging
  • Mitochondrial Theory of Aging
  • Mutation accumulation theory of aging
  • Neuroendocrine theory of aging
  • Order to disorder theory of aging
  • Rate of living theory
  • Redundant DNA theory
  • Reliability theory of aging and longevity
    Reliability theory of aging and longevity
    Reliability theory of aging and longevity is a scientific approach aimed to gain theoretical insights into mechanisms of biological aging and species survival patterns by applying a general theory of systems failure, known as reliability theory.-Overview:...
    
    
  • Somatic mutation theory of aging
  • Telomeric theory of aging
  • Theory of programmed death
  • Thermodynamic theory of aging
  • Thymic-stimulating theory
  • Waste accumulation theory
• Thiel, Peter
  Peter Thiel
  Peter Andreas Thiel is an American business magnate, venture capitalist, and hedge fund manager. With Elon Musk and Max Levchin, Thiel co-founded PayPal and was its CEO...
  
  
• Tissue engineering
  Tissue engineering
  Tissue engineering is the use of a combination of cells, engineering and materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physio-chemical factors to improve or replace biological functions...
  
  
• Toxicity
  Toxicity
  Toxicity is the degree to which a substance can damage a living or non-living organisms. Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as an animal, bacterium, or plant, as well as the effect on a substructure of the organism, such as a cell or an organ , such as the liver...
  
  
• Toxicology
  Toxicology
  Toxicology is a branch of biology, chemistry, and medicine concerned with the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms...
  
  
• Transhumanism
  Transhumanism
  Transhumanism, often abbreviated as H+ or h+, is an international intellectual and cultural movement that affirms the possibility and desirability of fundamentally transforming the human condition by developing and making widely available technologies to eliminate aging and to greatly enhance human...
  
  

U

• Unageing
• Uniform Determination of Death Act
  Uniform Determination of Death Act
  The Uniform Determination of Death Act is a draft state law that was approved for the United States in 1981 by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws, in cooperation with the American Medical Association, the American Bar Association, and the President's Commission on...
  
  
• United States Senate Agriculture Subcommittee on Research, Nutrition, and General Legislation

W

• Walford M.D., Dr. Roy Lee
  Roy Walford
  Roy Lee Walford, M. D. was a pioneer in the field of caloric restriction. He died at age 79 of respiratory failure as a complication of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis...
  
  
• Weismann, August
  August Weismann
  Friedrich Leopold August Weismann was a German evolutionary biologist. Ernst Mayr ranked him the second most notable evolutionary theorist of the 19th century, after Charles Darwin...
  
  
• Werner syndrome
  Werner syndrome
  Werner syndrome is a very rare, autosomal recessive disorder characterized by the appearance of premature aging....
  
  
• West, Dr. Michael D.
  Michael D. West
  Dr. Michael D. West is CEO of Biotime, of Alameda, California, a company engaged in stem cell research and development, development of low temperature medicine , and development of artificial blood plasma solutions for the treatment for blood loss due to trauma and elective surgery...
  
  
• Williams, George C.
  George C. Williams
  Professor George Christopher Williams was an American evolutionary biologist.Williams was a professor emeritus of biology at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. He was best known for his vigorous critique of group selection. The work of Williams in this area, along with W. D...