Haplogroup E1b1b1b (Y-DNA)
Encyclopedia
In human genetics, E1b1b1b (or E-V257), is the name of a major Y chromosome haplogroup mainly found in North Africa
(especially Maghreb
) and to a lesser extent in Western Asia and Europe
. E1b1b1b is dominated by its dominant sub-clade E1b1b1b1 (E-M81), formerly known as E1b1b1b, E3b1b, and E3b2, which was discovered first, and has been more discussed in published literature. V257's discovery was announced in .
Its dominant sub-clade E-M81 is thought to have originated in the area of North Africa
5,600 years ago.
, dominated by its sub-clade E-M183. This haplogroup reaches a mean frequency of 42% in North Africa, decreasing in frequency from 100% in some isolated Berber populations to approximately 10% to the east of this range in Egypt. Because of its prevalence among these groups and also others such as Mozabite, Middle Atlas
, Kabyle
and other Berber
groups, it is sometimes referred to as a genetic "Berber
marker". report high levels amongst Tuareg in two Sahara
n populations - 77.8% near Gorom-Gorom
, in Burkina Faso
, and 81.8% from Gosi
in Mali
. There was a much lower frequency of 11.1% in the vicinity of Tanut in the Republic of Niger.
E-M81 is also quite common among North African Arabic-speaking groups. It is generally found at frequencies around 45% in coastal cities of the Maghreb (Oran
, Tunis
, Tizi Ouzou
, Algiers
).
In this key area from Egypt to the Atlantic Ocean
, report a pattern of decreasing STR
haplotype variation (implying greater lineage age in those areas) from East to West, accompanied by a substantial increasing frequency. At the eastern extreme of this core range, found M81 in 28.6% (10 out of 35 men) in El-Hayez in the Western desert
in Egypt
believe the pattern of distribution and variance to be consistent with the hypothesis of a post Paleolithic
"demic diffusion
" from the East. The ancestral lineage of E-M81 in their hypothesis could have been linked with the spread of Neolithic
food-producing technologies from the Fertile Crescent
via the Nile
, although pastoralism
rather than agriculture
. E-M81 and possibly proto-Afroasiatic language may have been carried either all the way from Asia
, or they may represent a "local contribution to the North African Neolithic transition". According to Shomarka Keita, a Near Eastern origin of proto-Afroasiatic speakers carrying E-M81, or its ancestral lineage, is inconsistent with the linguistic evidence, which seems to indicate an African origin of Proto-Afro-Asiatic speakers
. Keita argues that there is no autochthonous presence of E-M81 in the Near East, indicating that M81 most likely emerged from its parent clade M35 either in the Maghreb, or possibly as far south as the Horn of Africa.
, where unlike in the rest of Europe, shows an average frequency of 4.3% (49/1140) in the Iberian Peninsula with frequencies reaching 9% in Galicia, 10% in Western Andalusia
and Northwest Castile
. However this study also includes 153 individuals from Majorca, Minorca and Ibiza islands as well as 24 individuals from Gascony which are not in the Iberian Peninsula. Without these 177 individuals, real average for Iberian Peninsula is 4.9% (47/963) , see table. it is more common than E-M78, with an average frequency around 5%. Its frequencies are higher in the western half of the peninsula with frequencies reaching 8% in Extremadura
and South Portugal, 9% in Galicia, 10% in Western Andalusia
and Northwest Castile
and 9% to 17% in Cantabria
. The highest frequencies of this clade found so far in Europe were observed in the Pasiegos
from Cantabria
, ranging from 18% (8/45) to 41% (23/56). An average frequency of 8.28% (54/652) has also been reported in the Spanish Canary Islands
with frequencies over 10% in the three largest islands of Tenerife
(10.68%), Gran Canaria
(11.54%) and Fuerteventura
(13.33%).
E-M81 is also found in France
, 2.70 % (15/555) overall with frequencies surpassing 5% in Auvergne
(5/89) and Île-de-France
(5/91), in Sicily
(approximately 2% overall, but up to 7% in Piazza Armerina
), and in slightly lower frequencies in continental Italy
(especially near Lucera
) due to historic colonization during the Islamic
, Roman
, and Carthaginian
empires or ancient migrations in the Metals Ages through maritime means.
, this sub-clade is found throughout Latin America
, for example 6.1% in Cuba
, 5.4% in Brazil
(Rio de Janeiro), (6 out of 112), "The presence of chromosomes of North African origin (E3b1b-M81; Cruciani et al., 2004) can also be explained by a Portuguese-mediated influx, since this haplogroup reaches a frequency of 5.6% in Portugal
, quite similar to the frequency found in Rio de Janeiro
(5.4%) among European contributors." and among Hispanic
men from California
and Hawaii
2.4%.
, and around the Mediterranean in places like Lebanon
, Turkey
, and amongst Sephardic Jews.
North Africa
North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, linked by the Sahara to Sub-Saharan Africa. Geopolitically, the United Nations definition of Northern Africa includes eight countries or territories; Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, South Sudan, Sudan, Tunisia, and...
(especially Maghreb
Maghreb
The Maghreb is the region of Northwest Africa, west of Egypt. It includes five countries: Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Mauritania and the disputed territory of Western Sahara...
) and to a lesser extent in Western Asia and Europe
Europe
Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...
. E1b1b1b is dominated by its dominant sub-clade E1b1b1b1 (E-M81), formerly known as E1b1b1b, E3b1b, and E3b2, which was discovered first, and has been more discussed in published literature. V257's discovery was announced in .
Origins
Trombetta et al. (2011) felt that V257 showed a parallel with its sibling clade E-V68 in the way that both clades show signs of having migrated from Africa to southwestern Europe across the Mediterranean sea. They found 6 "E-V257*" individuals in their samples who were E-V257, but not E-M81. A Borana from Kenya, a Marrakesh Berber, a Corsican, a Sardinian, a southern Spaniard and a Cantabrian.Its dominant sub-clade E-M81 is thought to have originated in the area of North Africa
North Africa
North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, linked by the Sahara to Sub-Saharan Africa. Geopolitically, the United Nations definition of Northern Africa includes eight countries or territories; Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, South Sudan, Sudan, Tunisia, and...
5,600 years ago.
Distribution
North Africa
E1b1b1b1 (E-M81) is the most common Y chromosome haplogroup in the MaghrebMaghreb
The Maghreb is the region of Northwest Africa, west of Egypt. It includes five countries: Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Mauritania and the disputed territory of Western Sahara...
, dominated by its sub-clade E-M183. This haplogroup reaches a mean frequency of 42% in North Africa, decreasing in frequency from 100% in some isolated Berber populations to approximately 10% to the east of this range in Egypt. Because of its prevalence among these groups and also others such as Mozabite, Middle Atlas
Middle Atlas
The Middle Atlas is part of the Atlas mountain range lying in Morocco, a mountainous country with more than 100,000 km² or 15% of its landmass rising above 2,000 metres. The Middle Atlas is the northernmost of three Atlas Mountains chains that define a large plateaued basin extending eastward...
, Kabyle
Kabyle people
The Kabyle people are the largest homogeneous Algerian ethno-cultural and linguistical community and the largest nation in North Africa to be considered exclusively Berber. Their traditional homeland is Kabylie in the north of Algeria, one hundred miles east of Algiers...
and other Berber
Berber people
Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. They are continuously distributed from the Atlantic to the Siwa oasis, in Egypt, and from the Mediterranean to the Niger River. Historically they spoke the Berber language or varieties of it, which together form a branch...
groups, it is sometimes referred to as a genetic "Berber
Berber people
Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. They are continuously distributed from the Atlantic to the Siwa oasis, in Egypt, and from the Mediterranean to the Niger River. Historically they spoke the Berber language or varieties of it, which together form a branch...
marker". report high levels amongst Tuareg in two Sahara
Sahara
The Sahara is the world's second largest desert, after Antarctica. At over , it covers most of Northern Africa, making it almost as large as Europe or the United States. The Sahara stretches from the Red Sea, including parts of the Mediterranean coasts, to the outskirts of the Atlantic Ocean...
n populations - 77.8% near Gorom-Gorom
Gorom-Gorom
Gorom-Gorom is a town in northern Burkina Faso. Its name means you sit down, we'll sit down, reminding of its role as an important crossroads in the Sahel. It is the capital of Oudalan Province....
, in Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso – also known by its short-form name Burkina – is a landlocked country in west Africa. It is surrounded by six countries: Mali to the north, Niger to the east, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana to the south, and Côte d'Ivoire to the southwest.Its size is with an estimated...
, and 81.8% from Gosi
GOSI
The General Organization for Social Insurance is an agency of the state in Saudi Arabia concerned with social insurance. GOSI is supervised by a board of eleven directors from government departments, employers and insured persons....
in Mali
Mali
Mali , officially the Republic of Mali , is a landlocked country in Western Africa. Mali borders Algeria on the north, Niger on the east, Burkina Faso and the Côte d'Ivoire on the south, Guinea on the south-west, and Senegal and Mauritania on the west. Its size is just over 1,240,000 km² with...
. There was a much lower frequency of 11.1% in the vicinity of Tanut in the Republic of Niger.
E-M81 is also quite common among North African Arabic-speaking groups. It is generally found at frequencies around 45% in coastal cities of the Maghreb (Oran
Oran
Oran is a major city on the northwestern Mediterranean coast of Algeria, and the second largest city of the country.It is the capital of the Oran Province . The city has a population of 759,645 , while the metropolitan area has a population of approximately 1,500,000, making it the second largest...
, Tunis
Tunis
Tunis is the capital of both the Tunisian Republic and the Tunis Governorate. It is Tunisia's largest city, with a population of 728,453 as of 2004; the greater metropolitan area holds some 2,412,500 inhabitants....
, Tizi Ouzou
Tizi Ouzou
Tizi Ouzou is a city in Kabylia, Algeria, where it ranks second in population after Béjaïa. It is the capital and largest city of Tizi Ouzou Province and of Great Kabylia .-Etymology:The name comes from the Kabylian Berber Tizi n Uzezzu and is pronounced Tizuzzu, commonly...
, Algiers
Algiers
' is the capital and largest city of Algeria. According to the 1998 census, the population of the city proper was 1,519,570 and that of the urban agglomeration was 2,135,630. In 2009, the population was about 3,500,000...
).
In this key area from Egypt to the Atlantic Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's oceanic divisions. With a total area of about , it covers approximately 20% of the Earth's surface and about 26% of its water surface area...
, report a pattern of decreasing STR
Short tandem repeat
A short tandem repeat in DNA occurs when a pattern of two or more nucleotides are repeated and the repeated sequences are directly adjacent to each other. The pattern can range in length from 2 to 5 base pairs and is typically in the non-coding intron region...
haplotype variation (implying greater lineage age in those areas) from East to West, accompanied by a substantial increasing frequency. At the eastern extreme of this core range, found M81 in 28.6% (10 out of 35 men) in El-Hayez in the Western desert
Libyan Desert
The Libyan Desert covers an area of approximately 1,100,000 km2, it extends approximately 1100 km from east to west, and 1,000 km from north to south, in about the shape of a rectangle...
in Egypt
believe the pattern of distribution and variance to be consistent with the hypothesis of a post Paleolithic
Paleolithic
The Paleolithic Age, Era or Period, is a prehistoric period of human history distinguished by the development of the most primitive stone tools discovered , and covers roughly 99% of human technological prehistory...
"demic diffusion
Demic diffusion
Demic diffusion is a demographic term referring to a migratory model developed by Cavalli-Sforza, that consists of population diffusion into and across an area previously uninhabited by that group, possibly, but not necessarily, displacing, replacing, or intermixing with a pre-existing population...
" from the East. The ancestral lineage of E-M81 in their hypothesis could have been linked with the spread of Neolithic
Neolithic
The Neolithic Age, Era, or Period, or New Stone Age, was a period in the development of human technology, beginning about 9500 BC in some parts of the Middle East, and later in other parts of the world. It is traditionally considered as the last part of the Stone Age...
food-producing technologies from the Fertile Crescent
Fertile Crescent
The Fertile Crescent, nicknamed "The Cradle of Civilization" for the fact the first civilizations started there, is a crescent-shaped region containing the comparatively moist and fertile land of otherwise arid and semi-arid Western Asia. The term was first used by University of Chicago...
via the Nile
Nile
The Nile is a major north-flowing river in North Africa, generally regarded as the longest river in the world. It is long. It runs through the ten countries of Sudan, South Sudan, Burundi, Rwanda, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia, Uganda and Egypt.The Nile has two major...
, although pastoralism
Pastoralism
Pastoralism or pastoral farming is the branch of agriculture concerned with the raising of livestock. It is animal husbandry: the care, tending and use of animals such as camels, goats, cattle, yaks, llamas, and sheep. It may have a mobile aspect, moving the herds in search of fresh pasture and...
rather than agriculture
Agriculture
Agriculture is the cultivation of animals, plants, fungi and other life forms for food, fiber, and other products used to sustain life. Agriculture was the key implement in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that nurtured the...
. E-M81 and possibly proto-Afroasiatic language may have been carried either all the way from Asia
Asia
Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres. It covers 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area and with approximately 3.879 billion people, it hosts 60% of the world's current human population...
, or they may represent a "local contribution to the North African Neolithic transition". According to Shomarka Keita, a Near Eastern origin of proto-Afroasiatic speakers carrying E-M81, or its ancestral lineage, is inconsistent with the linguistic evidence, which seems to indicate an African origin of Proto-Afro-Asiatic speakers
Afroasiatic Urheimat
The term Afroasiatic Urheimat refers to the place where Proto-Afroasiatic speakers lived in a single linguistic community, or complex of communities, before this original language dispersed geographically and divided into distinct languages. Afroasiatic languages are spoken today in many parts of...
. Keita argues that there is no autochthonous presence of E-M81 in the Near East, indicating that M81 most likely emerged from its parent clade M35 either in the Maghreb, or possibly as far south as the Horn of Africa.
Europe
In Europe, E-M81 is found everywhere but mostly in the Iberian PeninsulaIberian Peninsula
The Iberian Peninsula , sometimes called Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe and includes the modern-day sovereign states of Spain, Portugal and Andorra, as well as the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar...
, where unlike in the rest of Europe, shows an average frequency of 4.3% (49/1140) in the Iberian Peninsula with frequencies reaching 9% in Galicia, 10% in Western Andalusia
Andalusia
Andalusia is the most populous and the second largest in area of the autonomous communities of Spain. The Andalusian autonomous community is officially recognised as a nationality of Spain. The territory is divided into eight provinces: Huelva, Seville, Cádiz, Córdoba, Málaga, Jaén, Granada and...
and Northwest Castile
Castile (historical region)
A former kingdom, Castile gradually merged with its neighbours to become the Crown of Castile and later the Kingdom of Spain when united with the Crown of Aragon and the Kingdom of Navarre...
. However this study also includes 153 individuals from Majorca, Minorca and Ibiza islands as well as 24 individuals from Gascony which are not in the Iberian Peninsula. Without these 177 individuals, real average for Iberian Peninsula is 4.9% (47/963) , see table. it is more common than E-M78, with an average frequency around 5%. Its frequencies are higher in the western half of the peninsula with frequencies reaching 8% in Extremadura
Extremadura
Extremadura is an autonomous community of western Spain whose capital city is Mérida. Its component provinces are Cáceres and Badajoz. It is bordered by Portugal to the west...
and South Portugal, 9% in Galicia, 10% in Western Andalusia
Andalusia
Andalusia is the most populous and the second largest in area of the autonomous communities of Spain. The Andalusian autonomous community is officially recognised as a nationality of Spain. The territory is divided into eight provinces: Huelva, Seville, Cádiz, Córdoba, Málaga, Jaén, Granada and...
and Northwest Castile
Castile (historical region)
A former kingdom, Castile gradually merged with its neighbours to become the Crown of Castile and later the Kingdom of Spain when united with the Crown of Aragon and the Kingdom of Navarre...
and 9% to 17% in Cantabria
Cantabria
Cantabria is a Spanish historical region and autonomous community with Santander as its capital city. It is bordered on the east by the Basque Autonomous Community , on the south by Castile and León , on the west by the Principality of Asturias, and on the north by the Cantabrian Sea.Cantabria...
. The highest frequencies of this clade found so far in Europe were observed in the Pasiegos
Pas and Miera valleys
The Valleys of the Pas and Miera Rivers comprise an administrative comarca in Cantabria, Spain. It is formed by the valleys of said rivers, each one being a natural comarca of its own.-Pas valley:...
from Cantabria
Cantabria
Cantabria is a Spanish historical region and autonomous community with Santander as its capital city. It is bordered on the east by the Basque Autonomous Community , on the south by Castile and León , on the west by the Principality of Asturias, and on the north by the Cantabrian Sea.Cantabria...
, ranging from 18% (8/45) to 41% (23/56). An average frequency of 8.28% (54/652) has also been reported in the Spanish Canary Islands
Canary Islands
The Canary Islands , also known as the Canaries , is a Spanish archipelago located just off the northwest coast of mainland Africa, 100 km west of the border between Morocco and the Western Sahara. The Canaries are a Spanish autonomous community and an outermost region of the European Union...
with frequencies over 10% in the three largest islands of Tenerife
Tenerife
Tenerife is the largest and most populous island of the seven Canary Islands, it is also the most populated island of Spain, with a land area of 2,034.38 km² and 906,854 inhabitants, 43% of the total population of the Canary Islands. About five million tourists visit Tenerife each year, the...
(10.68%), Gran Canaria
Gran Canaria
Gran Canaria is the second most populous island of the Canary Islands, with a population of 838,397 which constitutes approximately 40% of the population of the archipelago...
(11.54%) and Fuerteventura
Fuerteventura
Fuerteventura , a Spanish island, is one of the Canary Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Africa. It is situated at 28°20' north, 14°00' west. At 1,660 km² it is the second largest of the Canary Islands, after Tenerife...
(13.33%).
E-M81 is also found in France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
, 2.70 % (15/555) overall with frequencies surpassing 5% in Auvergne
Auvergne (région)
Auvergne is one of the 27 administrative regions of France. It comprises the 4 departments of Allier, Puy de Dome, Cantal and Haute Loire.The current administrative region of Auvergne is larger than the historical province of Auvergne, and includes provinces and areas that historically were not...
(5/89) and Île-de-France
Île-de-France (région)
Île-de-France is the wealthiest and most populated of the twenty-two administrative regions of France, composed mostly of the Paris metropolitan area....
(5/91), in Sicily
Sicily
Sicily is a region of Italy, and is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. Along with the surrounding minor islands, it constitutes an autonomous region of Italy, the Regione Autonoma Siciliana Sicily has a rich and unique culture, especially with regard to the arts, music, literature,...
(approximately 2% overall, but up to 7% in Piazza Armerina
Piazza Armerina
Piazza Armerina is an Italian comune in the province of Enna of the autonomous island region of Sicily.-History:...
), and in slightly lower frequencies in continental Italy
Italy
Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...
(especially near Lucera
Lucera
Lucera is a town and comune in the Province of Foggia, in the Apulia region of southern Italy.-Ancient era and early Middle Ages :Lucera is an ancient city founded in Daunia, the centre of Dauni territory . Archeological excavations show the presence of a bronze age village inside the city boundaries...
) due to historic colonization during the Islamic
Islam in Europe
This article deals with the history and evolution of the presence of Islam in Europe. According to the German , the total number of Muslims in Europe in 2007 was about 53 million , excluding Turkey. The total number of Muslims in the European Union in 2007 was about 16 million .-Early history:Islam...
, Roman
Roman Empire
The Roman Empire was the post-Republican period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial holdings in Europe and around the Mediterranean....
, and Carthaginian
Carthage
Carthage , implying it was a 'new Tyre') is a major urban centre that has existed for nearly 3,000 years on the Gulf of Tunis, developing from a Phoenician colony of the 1st millennium BC...
empires or ancient migrations in the Metals Ages through maritime means.
Latin America
As a result of Iberian colonization of the AmericasSpanish colonization of the Americas
Colonial expansion under the Spanish Empire was initiated by the Spanish conquistadores and developed by the Monarchy of Spain through its administrators and missionaries. The motivations for colonial expansion were trade and the spread of the Christian faith through indigenous conversions...
, this sub-clade is found throughout Latin America
Latin America
Latin America is a region of the Americas where Romance languages – particularly Spanish and Portuguese, and variably French – are primarily spoken. Latin America has an area of approximately 21,069,500 km² , almost 3.9% of the Earth's surface or 14.1% of its land surface area...
, for example 6.1% in Cuba
Cuba
The Republic of Cuba is an island nation in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos. Havana is the largest city in Cuba and the country's capital. Santiago de Cuba is the second largest city...
, 5.4% in Brazil
Brazil
Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...
(Rio de Janeiro), (6 out of 112), "The presence of chromosomes of North African origin (E3b1b-M81; Cruciani et al., 2004) can also be explained by a Portuguese-mediated influx, since this haplogroup reaches a frequency of 5.6% in Portugal
Portugal
Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the...
, quite similar to the frequency found in Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro , commonly referred to simply as Rio, is the capital city of the State of Rio de Janeiro, the second largest city of Brazil, and the third largest metropolitan area and agglomeration in South America, boasting approximately 6.3 million people within the city proper, making it the 6th...
(5.4%) among European contributors." and among Hispanic
Hispanic
Hispanic is a term that originally denoted a relationship to Hispania, which is to say the Iberian Peninsula: Andorra, Gibraltar, Portugal and Spain. During the Modern Era, Hispanic sometimes takes on a more limited meaning, particularly in the United States, where the term means a person of ...
men from California
California
California is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is by far the most populous U.S. state, and the third-largest by land area...
and Hawaii
Hawaii
Hawaii is the newest of the 50 U.S. states , and is the only U.S. state made up entirely of islands. It is the northernmost island group in Polynesia, occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean, southwest of the continental United States, southeast of Japan, and northeast of...
2.4%.
Others
In smaller numbers, E-M81 men can be found in areas in contact with the Maghreb, both around the Sahara, in places like SudanSudan
Sudan , officially the Republic of the Sudan , is a country in North Africa, sometimes considered part of the Middle East politically. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east, South Sudan to the south, the Central African Republic to the...
, and around the Mediterranean in places like Lebanon
Lebanon
Lebanon , officially the Republic of LebanonRepublic of Lebanon is the most common term used by Lebanese government agencies. The term Lebanese Republic, a literal translation of the official Arabic and French names that is not used in today's world. Arabic is the most common language spoken among...
, Turkey
Turkey
Turkey , known officially as the Republic of Turkey , is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe...
, and amongst Sephardic Jews.
Distribution
The following gives a summary of most of the studies which specifically tested for E-M81, showing where its distribution is greater than 1% in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East and Latin America.| Country/Region | Sampling | N | % E-M81 | Source |
| Algeria | Mozabite Berbers | 20 | 80 | Cruciani et al. (2004) |
| Algeria | Oran | 102 | 45.1 | Robino et al. (2008) |
| Algeria | Algiers | 35 | 42.9 | Arredi et al. (2004) |
| Algeria | Kabyles from Tizi Ouzou | 19 | 47.4 | Arredi et al. (2004) |
| Brazil | Rio de Janeiro | 112 | 5.4 | Silva et al. (2006) |
| Burkina Faso | Tuaregs | 38 | 77.8 | Pereira et al. (2010) |
| Canary Islands | Fuerteventura | 75 | 13.3 | Fregel et al. (2009) |
| Canary Islands | Gran Canaria | 78 | 11.5 | Fregel et al. (2009) |
| Canary Islands | Tenerife | 178 | 10.7 | Fregel et al. (2009) |
| Canary Islands | Lanzarote | 97 | 6.2 | Fregel et al. (2009) |
| Canary Islands | La Palma | 85 | 5.9 | Fregel et al. (2009) |
| Canary Islands | Gomera | 92 | 4.4 | Fregel et al. (2009) |
| Canary Islands | Hierro | 47 | 2.1 | Fregel et al. (2009) |
| Cuba | 132 | 6.1 | Mendizabal et al. (2008) | |
| Cyprus | Turkish Cypriots | 46 | 8.7 | Cruciani et al. (2004) |
| Egypt | Northern Egyptians | 21 | 4.8 | Cruciani et al. (2004) |
| Egypt | Western Desert | 35 | 28.6 | Kujanová et al. (2009) |
| Egypt | 147 | 8.2 | Flores et al. (2005) | |
| France | 85 | 3.5 | Cruciani et al. (2004) | |
| France | Auvergne | 89 | 5.6 | Ramos-Luisa et al. (2009) |
| France | Île-de-France | 91 | 5.5 | Ramos-Luisa et al. (2009) |
| France | Nord-Pas-de-Calais | 68 | 4.4 | Ramos-Luisa et al. (2009) |
| France | Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur | 45 | 2.2 | Ramos-Luisa et al. (2009) |
| France | Midi-Pyrénées | 67 | 1.5 | Ramos-Luisa et al. (2009) |
| Iberia | Spain, Portugal | 655 | 5.2 | Fregel et al. (2009) |
| Iberia | Spain, Portugal | 1140 | 4.3 | Adams et al. (2008) |
| Israel | Bedouins | 28 | 3.6 | Cruciani et al. (2004) |
| Italy | Central Italians | 89 | 2.2 | Cruciani et al. (2004) |
| Italy | Northern Italians | 67 | 1.5 | Cruciani et al. (2004) |
| Italy | North-West Apulia | 46 | 4.3 | Capelli et al. (2009) |
| Italy | East Campania | 84 | 2.4 | Capelli et al. (2009) |
| Italy | Veneto | 55 | 1.8 | Capelli et al. (2009) |
| Italy | North-East Latium | 55 | 1.8 | Capelli et al. (2009) |
| Italy | Lucera | 60 | 1.7 | Capelli et al. (2009) |
| Italy | Sicily | 236 | 2.1 | Gaetano et al. (2008) |
| Jordania | 101 | 4 | Flores et al. (2005) | |
| Lebanon | 104 | 1.9 | Flores et al. (2005) | |
| Lebanon | 914 | 1.2 | Zalloua et al. (2008) | |
| Libya | Tuaregs | 47 | 48.9 | Ottoni et al. (2011) |
| Mali | Tuaregs (Gozi) | 21 | 81.8 | Pereira et al. (2010) |
| Morocco | Marrakesh Berbers | 29 | 72.4 | Cruciani et al. (2004) |
| Morocco | Moyen Atlas Berbers | 69 | 71 | Cruciani et al. (2004) |
| Morocco | Moroccan Arabs | 54 | 31.5 | Cruciani et al. (2004) |
| Morocco | Marrakesh (Amizmiz Valley) | 33 | 84.8 | Alvarez et al. (2009) |
| Morocco | Northern Moroccans (Beni Snassen) | 67 | 79.1 | Dugoujon et al. (2005) |
| Morocco | Northern Moroccans (Rhiraya) | 54 | 79.6 | Dugoujon et al. (2005) |
| Morocco | Immigrants resident in Italy | 51 | 54.9 | Onofri et al. (2008) |
| Morocco | Arabs and Berbers | 221 | 65 | Fregel et al. (2009), from Bosh et al 2001 |
| Niger | Tuaregs | 22 | 9.1 | Cruciani et al. (2004) |
| Niger | Tuaregs | 31 | 11.1 | Pereira et al. (2010) |
| North Africa | Sahara | 89 | 59.6 | Fregel et al. (2009) |
| North Africa | Algeria, Tunisia | 202 | 39.1 | Fregel et al. (2009) |
| Portugal | North | 109 | 5.5 | Flores et al. (2004) |
| Portugal | South | 49 | 12.2 | Cruciani et al. (2004) |
| Portugal | North | 50 | 4 | Cruciani et al. (2004) |
| Portugal | South | 78 | 7.7 | Adams et al. (2008) |
| Portugal | North | 60 | 3.3 | Adams et al. (2008) |
| Portugal | 303 | 5.6 | Goncalves et al. (2005) | |
| Portugal | North | 101 | 6 | Goncalves et al. (2005) |
| Portugal | Center | 102 | 4.9 | Goncalves et al. (2005) |
| Portugal | South | 100 | 6 | Goncalves et al. (2005) |
| Portugal | Madeira | 129 | 5.4 | Goncalves et al. (2005) |
| Portugal | Açores | 121 | 5 | Goncalves et al. (2005) |
| Portugal | 657 | 5.6 | Beleza et al. (2006) | |
| Portugal | Entre Douro e Minho | 228 | 6.6 | Beleza et al. (2006) |
| Portugal | Tras os Montes | 64 | 3.1 | Beleza et al. (2006) |
| Portugal | Beira Litoral | 116 | 5.2 | Beleza et al. (2006) |
| Portugal | Beira Interior | 58 | 5.3 | Beleza et al. (2006) |
| Portugal | Estremadura | 43 | 4.6 | Beleza et al. (2006) |
| Portugal | Lisboa e Setubal | 62 | 6.5 | Beleza et al. (2006) |
| Portugal | Alentejo | 65 | 7.7 | Beleza et al. (2006) |
| Portugal | Coruche | 64 | 9.4 | Pereira et al. (2010) |
| Portugal | Pias | 46 | 4.3 | Pereira et al. (2010) |
| Portugal | Alcacer do Sal | 21 | 4.8 | Pereira et al. (2010) |
| Portugal | Tras-os-Montes (Jews) | 57 | 5.3 | Nogueiro et al. (2010) |
| Portugal | Tras-os-Montes (Non Jews) | 30 | 10 | Nogueiro et al. (2010) |
| Somalia | 201 | 1.5 | Flores et al. (2005) | |
| Spain | Pasiegos from Cantabria | 19 | 36.8 | Scozzari et al. (2001) |
| Spain | Pasiegos from Cantabria | 56 | 41.1 | Cruciani et al. (2004) |
| Spain | Pasiegos from Cantabria | 45 | 17.8 | Maca-Meyer et al. (2003) |
| Spain | Spanish Basques | 55 | 3.6 | Cruciani et al. (2004) |
| Spain | Asturians | 90 | 2.2 | Cruciani et al. (2004) |
| Spain | Southern Spaniards | 62 | 1.6 | Cruciani et al. (2004) |
| Spain | Castile, NorthWest | 100 | 10 | Adams et al. (2008) |
| Spain | Andalucia, West | 73 | 9.6 | Adams et al. (2008) |
| Spain | Galicia | 292 | 4.1 | Brion et al. (2004) |
| Spain | Galicia | 88 | 9.1 | Adams et al. (2008) |
| Spain | Extremadura | 52 | 7.7 | Adams et al. (2008) |
| Spain | Valencia | 73 | 4.1 | Adams et al. (2008) |
| Spain | Castile, NorthEast | 31 | 3.2 | Adams et al. (2008) |
| Spain | Aragon | 34 | 2.9 | Adams et al. (2008) |
| Spain | Minorca | 37 | 2.7 | Adams et al. (2008) |
| Spain | Andalucia, East | 95 | 2.1 | Adams et al. (2008) |
| Spain | Majorca | 62 | 1.6 | Adams et al. (2008) |
| Spain | Castile, La Mancha | 63 | 1.6 | Adams et al. (2008) |
| Spain | Catalonia | 80 | 1.3 | Adams et al. (2008) |
| Spain | Cantabria | 161 | 13 | Capelli et al. (2009) |
| Spain | Malaga | 26 | 11.5 | Flores et al. (2004) |
| Spain | Galicia | 19 | 10.5 | Flores et al. (2004) |
| Spain | Cantabria | 70 | 8.6 | Flores et al. (2004) |
| Spain | Cordoba | 27 | 7.4 | Flores et al. (2004) |
| Spain | Valencia | 31 | 6.5 | Flores et al. (2004) |
| Spain | Leon | 60 | 5 | Flores et al. (2004) |
| Spain | Castile | 21 | 4.8 | Flores et al. (2004) |
| Spain | Seville | 155 | 4.5 | Flores et al. (2004) |
| Spain | Huelva | 22 | 4.5 | Flores et al. (2004) |
| Spain | Basques | 45 | 2.2 | Flores et al. (2004) |
| Spain | Huelva | 167 | 3 | Ambrosio et al. (2010) |
| Spain | Granada | 250 | 3.6 | Ambrosio et al. (2010) |
| Spain | Pedroches Valley | 68 | 1.5 | Alvarez et al. (2009) |
| Spain | Andalusians | 94 | 2.1 | Alvarez et al. (2009) |
| Tunisia | Tunis | 148 | 37.9 | Arredi et al. (2004) |
| Tunisia | Immigrants resident in Italy | 52 | 32.7 | Onofri et al. (2008) |
| Tunisia | Berbers from Bou Omrane | 40 | 87.5 | Ennafaa et al. (2011) |
| Tunisia | Berbers from Bou Saad | 40 | 92.5 | Ennafaa et al. (2011) |
| Tunisia | Jerbian Arabs | 46 | 60.9 | Ennafaa et al. (2011) |
| Tunisia | Jerbian Berbers | 47 | 76.6 | Ennafaa et al. (2011) |
| Tunisia | Berbers Chenini–Douiret | 27 | 100 | Fadhlaoui-Zid et al. (2011) |
| Tunisia | Berbers Sened | 35 | 65.7 | Fadhlaoui-Zid et al. (2011) |
| Tunisia | Berbers Jradou | 32 | 100 | Fadhlaoui-Zid et al. (2011) |
| Tunisia | Andalusian Zaghouan | 32 | 40.6 | Fadhlaoui-Zid et al. (2011) |
| Tunisia | Cosmopolitan Tunis | 33 | 54.4 | Fadhlaoui-Zid et al. (2011) |
| Turkey | Istanbul Turkish | 35 | 5.7 | Cruciani et al. (2004) |
| Turkey | Sephardi Turkish | 19 | 5.3 | Cruciani et al. (2004) |
| Turkey | Southwestern Turkish | 40 | 2.5 | Cruciani et al. (2004) |
| Turkey | Northeastern Turkish | 41 | 2.4 | Cruciani et al. (2004) |
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree and subsequent published research as summarized by ISOGG.- E1b1b1b (L19, V257)
- E1b1b1b1 (M81)
- E1b1b1b1a (M107) found one example in MaliMaliMali , officially the Republic of Mali , is a landlocked country in Western Africa. Mali borders Algeria on the north, Niger on the east, Burkina Faso and the Côte d'Ivoire on the south, Guinea on the south-west, and Senegal and Mauritania on the west. Its size is just over 1,240,000 km² with...
. - E1b1b1b1b (M183) This clade is extremely dominant within E-M81. In fact, while continues to describe this as a sub-clade of E-M81, and ISOGG defers to Karafet et al., all data seems to imply that it should actually be considered phylogenetically equivalent to M81
- E1b1b1b1b1 (M165) found one example in Middle East.
- E1b1b1b1b2 (L351) Found in two related participants in The E-M35 Phylogeny Project.
- E1b1b1b1a (M107) found one example in Mali
- E1b1b1b1 (M81)
See also
- E1b1b
- Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic groupsY-DNA haplogroups by ethnic groupsListed here are notable ethnic groups by Y-DNA haplogroups based on relevant studies. The data is presented in two columns for each haplogroup with the first being the sample size and the second the percentage in the haplogroup designated by the column header...
- Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
- Haplogroup E (Y-DNA)Haplogroup E (Y-DNA)In human genetics, Haplogroup E is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup E is one of the two main branches of the older Haplogroup DE, the other main branch being haplogroup D. The E clade is divided into two subclades: E1 and E2 .-Origins:Underhill et al. proposed that haplogroup E...
- Maghreb peopleMaghreb peopleMaghrebis or Maghrebian people or Maghrebians are the inhabitants of the Maghreb countries . During Al-Andalus, Maghrebis were known as Moors.-Origins:...