Haplogroup E (Y-DNA) - AbsoluteAstronomy.com

Human genetics

Human genetics describes the study of inheritance as it occurs in human beings. Human genetics encompasses a variety of overlapping fields including: classical genetics, cytogenetics, molecular genetics, biochemical genetics, genomics, population genetics, developmental genetics, clinical genetics,...

, Haplogroup E (M96) is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup E is one of the two main branches of the older Haplogroup DE, the other main branch being haplogroup D

Haplogroup D (Y-DNA)

In human genetics, Haplogroup D is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. Both D and E lineages also exhibit the single-nucleotide polymorphism M168 which is present in all Y-chromosome haplogroups except A and B, as well as the YAP unique-event polymorphism, which is unique to Haplogroup...

. The E clade is divided into two subclades: E1 (E-P147) and E2 (E-M75).

Origins

Underhill et al. (2001) proposed that haplogroup E may have arisen in East Africa

East Africa

East Africa or Eastern Africa is the easterly region of the African continent, variably defined by geography or geopolitics. In the UN scheme of geographic regions, 19 territories constitute Eastern Africa:...

. Some authors as Chandrasekar et al. (2007), continue to accept the earlier position of Hammer et al. (1997) that Haplogroup E may have originated in Asia, given that:

E is a clade of Haplogroup DE, with the other major clade, haplogroup D
Haplogroup D (Y-DNA)
In human genetics, Haplogroup D is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. Both D and E lineages also exhibit the single-nucleotide polymorphism M168 which is present in all Y-chromosome haplogroups except A and B, as well as the YAP unique-event polymorphism, which is unique to Haplogroup...

, being East Asian.
DE is a clade within M168
Haplogroup CT (Y-DNA)
In human genetics, Haplogroup CT is a Y-chromosome haplogroup, defining one of the major lines of common ancestry of humanity along father-to-son male lines.Men within this haplogroup have Y chromosomes with the SNP mutation M168, along with P9.1 and M294...

with the other two major clades, C and F, considered to have a Eurasian origin.

However, several discoveries made since the Hammer articles are thought to make an Asian origin less likely:

Underhill and Kivisild (2007) demonstrated that C and F have a common ancestor, meaning that DE has only one sibling which is non African.
DE* is found in both Asia and Africa, meaning that not only one, but several siblings of D are found in Africa.
Karafet et al. (2008), in which Hammer is a co-author, significantly rearranged time estimates leading to "new interpretations on the geographical origin of ancient sub-clades". Amongst other things this article proposed a much older age for haplogroup E than had been considered previously, giving it a similar age to Haplogroup D, and DE itself, meaning that there is no longer any strong reason to see it as an offshoot of DE which must have happened long after DE came into existence and had entered Asia.

Distribution

Most members of haplogroup E belong to one of its already identified subclades. E1a and E2 are found almost exclusively in Africa

Africa

Africa is the world's second largest and second most populous continent, after Asia. At about 30.2 million km² including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the Earth's total surface area and 20.4% of the total land area...

. By looking at the major subclade frequencies, five broad regions of Africa can be defined: East, Central, North, Southern and West. The division can be distinguished by the prevalence of E1b1a (V38) in East, Central, Southern and West Africa, E1b1b1a (M78) in East Africa and E1b1b1b (M81) in North. E1b1a is the most prevalent subclade of E in Africa. It is observed at high frequencies in all African regions except the northernmost and easternmost portions of the continent. E1b1b (especially its subclades M78 and M81) is found at high frequencies in East Africa and North Africa and is the only subclade that is found in Europe

Europe

Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...

and Asia

Asia

Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres. It covers 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area and with approximately 3.879 billion people, it hosts 60% of the world's current human population...

at significant frequencies. E1b1b is common among Afro-Asiatic speakers in Africa as well as among Nilo-Saharan

Nilo-Saharan languages

The Nilo-Saharan languages are a proposed family of African languages spoken by some 50 million people, mainly in the upper parts of the Chari and Nile rivers , including historic Nubia, north of where the two tributaries of Nile meet...

and Niger–Congo

Niger–Congo languages

The Niger–Congo languages constitute one of the world's major language families, and Africa's largest in terms of geographical area, number of speakers, and number of distinct languages. They may constitute the world's largest language family in terms of distinct languages, although this question...

speakers in East Africa

East Africa

and Sudan

Sudan

Sudan , officially the Republic of the Sudan , is a country in North Africa, sometimes considered part of the Middle East politically. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east, South Sudan to the south, the Central African Republic to the...

. E1b1b is less common in West, Central, and Southern Africa, though it has been observed among Khoisan

Khoisan

Khoisan is a unifying name for two ethnic groups of Southern Africa, who share physical and putative linguistic characteristics distinct from the Bantu majority of the region. Culturally, the Khoisan are divided into the foraging San and the pastoral Khoi...

speakers and among Niger–Congo

Niger–Congo languages

speakers in Senegambia, Guinea-Bissau

Guinea-Bissau

The Republic of Guinea-Bissau is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Senegal to the north, and Guinea to the south and east, with the Atlantic Ocean to its west....

, Burkina Faso

Burkina Faso

Burkina Faso – also known by its short-form name Burkina – is a landlocked country in west Africa. It is surrounded by six countries: Mali to the north, Niger to the east, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana to the south, and Côte d'Ivoire to the southwest.Its size is with an estimated...

, Ghana

Ghana

Ghana , officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country located in West Africa. It is bordered by Côte d'Ivoire to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, Togo to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea to the south...

, Gabon

Gabon

Gabon , officially the Gabonese Republic is a state in west central Africa sharing borders with Equatorial Guinea to the northwest, Cameroon to the north, and with the Republic of the Congo curving around the east and south. The Gulf of Guinea, an arm of the Atlantic Ocean is to the west...

, the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Democratic Republic of the Congo

The Democratic Republic of the Congo is a state located in Central Africa. It is the second largest country in Africa by area and the eleventh largest in the world...

, Rwanda

Rwanda

Rwanda or , officially the Republic of Rwanda , is a country in central and eastern Africa with a population of approximately 11.4 million . Rwanda is located a few degrees south of the Equator, and is bordered by Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo...

, Namibia

Namibia

Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia , is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Angola and Zambia to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. It gained independence from South Africa on 21 March...

, and South Africa

South Africa

The Republic of South Africa is a country in southern Africa. Located at the southern tip of Africa, it is divided into nine provinces, with of coastline on the Atlantic and Indian oceans...

E*

The most basal lineages, paragroup E*, have been found in a single Bantu-speaking male from South Africa, amongst pygmies and Bantus from the Cameroon/Gabon region, and in two individuals from Saudi Arabia.

E1a

While there have been no attested exemplars of E1*, its sub-clade, E1a (M33), is found most often in West Africa, and today it is especially common in the region of Mali

Mali

Mali , officially the Republic of Mali , is a landlocked country in Western Africa. Mali borders Algeria on the north, Niger on the east, Burkina Faso and the Côte d'Ivoire on the south, Guinea on the south-west, and Senegal and Mauritania on the west. Its size is just over 1,240,000 km² with...

. One study has found haplogroup E1a-M33 Y-chromosomes in as much as 34% (15/44) of a sample of Malian men. Haplogroup E1a also has been detected among samples obtained from Guinea-Bissau

Guinea-Bissau

The Republic of Guinea-Bissau is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Senegal to the north, and Guinea to the south and east, with the Atlantic Ocean to its west....

, Moroccan

Morocco

Morocco , officially the Kingdom of Morocco , is a country located in North Africa. It has a population of more than 32 million and an area of 710,850 km², and also primarily administers the disputed region of the Western Sahara...

Berbers

Berber people

Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. They are continuously distributed from the Atlantic to the Siwa oasis, in Egypt, and from the Mediterranean to the Niger River. Historically they spoke the Berber language or varieties of it, which together form a branch...

, Sahrawis, Burkina Faso

Burkina Faso

, northern Cameroon

Cameroon

Cameroon, officially the Republic of Cameroon , is a country in west Central Africa. It is bordered by Nigeria to the west; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republic to the east; and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo to the south. Cameroon's coastline lies on the...

, Senegal

Senegal

Senegal , officially the Republic of Senegal , is a country in western Africa. It owes its name to the Sénégal River that borders it to the east and north...

, Sudan

Sudan

, Egypt

Egypt

Egypt , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: , is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world...

, Calabria

Calabria

Calabria , in antiquity known as Bruttium, is a region in southern Italy, south of Naples, located at the "toe" of the Italian Peninsula. The capital city of Calabria is Catanzaro....

(including both Italian

Italian people

The Italian people are an ethnic group that share a common Italian culture, ancestry and speak the Italian language as a mother tongue. Within Italy, Italians are defined by citizenship, regardless of ancestry or country of residence , and are distinguished from people...

speakers at 1.3% and Albanian

Albanians

Albanians are a nation and ethnic group native to Albania and neighbouring countries. They speak the Albanian language. More than half of all Albanians live in Albania and Kosovo...

speakers at 2.9%), Trentino (1/67 or 1.5%), and Portugal (5/553 or approximately 0.9%).

Haplogroup E1a has been detected in North Africa

North Africa

North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, linked by the Sahara to Sub-Saharan Africa. Geopolitically, the United Nations definition of Northern Africa includes eight countries or territories; Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, South Sudan, Sudan, Tunisia, and...

and Europe

Europe

independently of the ubiquitous E1b1a. Because E1b1a is known to have expanded recently, this leaves open the possibility of an ancient expansion from West Africa into North Africa and Europe of E1a lineages.

E1b

So far there are no attested examples of E1b*. The clade is dominated by its subclade E1b1 (E-P2 or E-PN2), which is by far the most frequent clade within haplogroup E. Another subclade of E1b, E1b2 (P75), is much more unusual.

E1b1

E1b1, also known as E-P2 or E-PN2, includes the majority of all E lineages existing today. There are no known basal E1b1*.

Today there are two main surviving branches of this haplogroup, E1b1b (E-M215) and E1b1a (E-V38).

E1b1a

E1b1a is the primary subclade of E in West Africa

West Africa

West Africa or Western Africa is the westernmost region of the African continent. Geopolitically, the UN definition of Western Africa includes the following 16 countries and an area of approximately 5 million square km:-Flags of West Africa:...

ns and many populations of Central, Eastern, and Southern Africa. It is observed in lower frequencies in North Africa and parts of West Asia. E1b1a has several subclades but many members of E1b1a subclades are either E1b1a1a1f (E-L485) or E1b1a1a1g (E-U175).

E1b1b

E1b1b is a primary subclade of haplogroup E that is especially common amongst Oromos

Oromo people

The Oromo are an ethnic group found in Ethiopia, northern Kenya, .and parts of Somalia. With 30 million members, they constitute the single largest ethnic group in Ethiopia and approximately 34.49% of the population according to the 2007 census...

and Somalis

Somali people

Somalis are an ethnic group located in the Horn of Africa, also known as the Somali Peninsula. The overwhelming majority of Somalis speak the Somali language, which is part of the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family...

in the Horn of Africa

Horn of Africa

The Horn of Africa is a peninsula in East Africa that juts hundreds of kilometers into the Arabian Sea and lies along the southern side of the Gulf of Aden. It is the easternmost projection of the African continent...

, as well as Berbers

Berber people

, Egypt

Egypt

ians and Tuareg in North Africa

North Africa

. It is also frequently observed in West Asia, from where it spread into the Balkans

Balkans

The Balkans is a geopolitical and cultural region of southeastern Europe...

and the rest of Europe

Europe

. E1b1b has at least four common subclades: E1b1b1a (E-V68), E1b1b1b (E-V257), E1b1b1c (E-M123), and E1b1b1e (E-M293), the last of which spreads from Ethiopia to South Africa.

E2

E2 (M75) is present throughout Sub-Saharan Africa, in East Africa, Southern Africa, Central Africa, and West Africa. The highest concentration of haplogroup E2 has been found among South Africa

South Africa

The Republic of South Africa is a country in southern Africa. Located at the southern tip of Africa, it is divided into nine provinces, with of coastline on the Atlantic and Indian oceans...

n and Kenya

Kenya

Kenya , officially known as the Republic of Kenya, is a country in East Africa that lies on the equator, with the Indian Ocean to its south-east...

n Bantus, with moderate frequencies of this haplogroup being observed in samples from Burkina Faso

Burkina Faso

, Cameroon

Cameroon

, Gabon

Gabon

, Hutu

Hutu

The Hutu , or Abahutu, are a Central African people, living mainly in Rwanda, Burundi, and eastern DR Congo.-Population statistics:The Hutu are the largest of the three peoples in Burundi and Rwanda; according to the United States Central Intelligence Agency, 84% of Rwandans and 85% of Burundians...

and Tutsi

Tutsi

The Tutsi , or Abatutsi, are an ethnic group in Central Africa. Historically they were often referred to as the Watussi or Watusi. They are the second largest caste in Rwanda and Burundi, the other two being the Hutu and the Twa ....

from Rwanda

Rwanda

, Malagasy

Malagasy people

The Malagasy ethnic group forms nearly the entire population of Madagascar. They are divided into two subgroups: the "Highlander" Merina, Sihanaka and Betsileo of the central plateau around Antananarivo, Alaotra and Fianarantsoa, and the côtiers elsewhere in the country. This division has its...

from Madagascar

Madagascar

The Republic of Madagascar is an island country located in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern coast of Africa...

, Fon

Fon people

The Fon people, or Fon nu, are a major West African ethnic and linguistic group in the country of Benin, and southwest Nigeria, made up of more than 3,500,000 people. The Fon language is the main language spoken in Southern Benin, and is a member of the Gbe language group...

from Benin

Benin

Benin , officially the Republic of Benin, is a country in West Africa. It borders Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east and Burkina Faso and Niger to the north. Its small southern coastline on the Bight of Benin is where a majority of the population is located...

, Iraqw

Iraqw

The Iraqw, known as the Mbulu in Swahili, are a Cushitic people of the Arusha and Manyara Regions of north-central Tanzania, near the Rift Valley wall and south of Ngorongoro Crater...

from Tanzania

Tanzania

The United Republic of Tanzania is a country in East Africa bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the north, Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west, and Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambique to the south. The country's eastern borders lie on the Indian Ocean.Tanzania is a state...

, South African Khoisan

Khoisan

, Sudan

Sudan

, and Senegal

Senegal

Senegal , officially the Republic of Senegal , is a country in western Africa. It owes its name to the Sénégal River that borders it to the east and north...

, as well as small frequencies in samples obtained from Qatar

Qatar

Qatar , also known as the State of Qatar or locally Dawlat Qaṭar, is a sovereign Arab state, located in the Middle East, occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeasterly coast of the much larger Arabian Peninsula. Its sole land border is with Saudi Arabia to the south, with the rest of its...

, Oman

Oman

Oman , officially called the Sultanate of Oman , is an Arab state in southwest Asia on the southeast coast of the Arabian Peninsula. It is bordered by the United Arab Emirates to the northwest, Saudi Arabia to the west, and Yemen to the southwest. The coast is formed by the Arabian Sea on the...

, Ethiopia

Ethiopia

Ethiopia , officially known as the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is the second-most populous nation in Africa, with over 82 million inhabitants, and the tenth-largest by area, occupying 1,100,000 km2...

n Oromo

Oromo people

, and Somali

Somali people

immigrants to Denmark.

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree and subsequent published research.

- E (L339, L614, M40/SRY4064/SRY8299, M96, P29, P150, P152, P154, P155, P156, P162, P168, P169, P170, P171, P172, P173, P174, P175, P176)
  - E1
    Haplogroup E1 (Y-DNA)
    In human genetics, Haplogroup E1 is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup E1, along with haplogroup E2, is one of the two main branches of the older Haplogroup E. The E1 clade is divided into two subclades: E1a & E1b.- External links :*...
    
    (P147)
    - E1a
      Haplogroup E1a (Y-DNA)
      In human genetics, Haplogroup E1a is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup E1a, along with haplogroup E1b, is one of the two main branches of the older E1. The E1a clade is divided into several subclades.- Distribution :...
      
      (M33, M132)
      - E1a1 (M44)
      - E1a2 (P110)
      - E1a3 (L94)
      - E1a4 (L133/PAGES00074)
    - E1b
      Haplogroup E1b (Y-DNA)
      In human genetics, Haplogroup E1b is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.Haplogroup E1b, along with haplogroup E1a, make up the two main components of the older E1. So far there are no attested exempliars of E1b*. The clade is dominated by subclade E1b1 , which is by far the most frequent...
      
      (P177)
      - E1b1
        Haplogroup E1b1 (Y-DNA)
        In human genetics, Haplogroup E1b1 is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.-Origin:E1b1 is likely to have originated in the highlands of East Africa's Ethiopia, as this is the place with the high frequency of ancestral subclades of this haplogroup. E1b1 is the ancestor of the majority of E...
        
        (DYS391p, P2/PN2, P179, P180, P181)
        
        E1b1a (L222.1, V38, V100)
        
        E1b1a1 (DYS271/M2/SY81, V95, V43, M180/P88, P1/PN1, P46, P182, P189, P211, P293, L88.3)
        
        E1b1a1a (M58, PAGES00027)
        
        E1b1a1b (M116.2)
        
        E1b1a1c (M149)
        
        E1b1a1d (M155)
        
        E1b1a1e (M10, M66, M156, M195)
        
        E1b1a1f (M191/P86, U186, P253/U247)
        
        E1b1a1f1 (P252/U174)
        
        E1b1a1f1a (P9.2)
        
        E1b1a1f1b (P115)
        
        E1b1a1f1c (P116)
        
        E1b1a1f1c1 (P113)
        
        (L372)
        
        E1b1a1g (U175)
        
        E1b1a1g1 (U209, P277, P278)
        
        E1b1a1g1a (U290)
        
        E1b1a1g1a1 (U181)
        
        E1b1a1g1a1a (L97)
        
        E1b1a1g1b (P59)
        
        E1b1a1g1c (M154)
        
        E1b1a1g1d (V39)
        
        E1b1a1h (P268, P269)
        
        E1b1a2 (M329)
        
        E1b1b (M215/PAGES00040)
        
        E1b1b1 (M35.1, M243, L336)
        
        E1b1b1a
        Haplogroup E1b1b1a (Y-DNA)
        In human genetics, E1b1b1a , is the name of a major Y chromosome haplogroup found in North Africa, the Horn of Africa, Western Asia and Europe. It is dominated by its longer-known sub-clade E1b1b1a1 , formerly known as E3b1a and E1b1b1a...
        
        (V68)
        
        E1b1b1a1 (L18, M78)
        
        E1b1b1a1a (V12)
        
        E1b1b1a1a1 (M224)
        
        E1b1b1a1a2 (V32)
        
        E1b1b1a1b (V13, V36, L142.1)
        
        E1b1b1a1b1 (V27)
        
        E1b1b1a1b2 (P65)
        
        E1b1b1a1b3 (L17)
        
        E1b1b1a1b4 (L143)
        
        (L117/PAGES00015)
        
        E1b1b1a1b5 (M35.2)
        
        (L99)
        
        E1b1b1a1b6 (L241)
        
        E1b1b1a1b7 (L250, L251, L252)
        
        E1b1b1a1b8 (L540)
        
        E1b1b1a1c (V22)
        
        E1b1b1a1c1 (M148)
        
        E1b1b1a1c2 (V19)
        
        E1b1b1a1d (V65, L66, L67)
        
        E1b1b1a1e (M521)
        
        E1b1b1b (L19/V257)
        
        E1b1b1b1 (M81)
        
        E1b1b1b1a (M107)
        
        E1b1b1b1b (M183/PAGES00033, M310)
        
        E1b1b1b1b1 (M165)
        
        E1b1b1b1b2 (L335, L337, L351)
        
        E1b1b1c (M123)
        
        E1b1b1c1 (M34)
        
        E1b1b1c1a (M84, L29/PAGES00047)
        
        E1b1b1c1a1 (M136)
        
        E1b1b1c1b (M290)
        
        E1b1b1c1c (V23)
        
        E1b1b1d (V6)
        
        E1b1b1e (M293)
        
        E1b1b1e1 (P72)
        
        E1b1b1f (V42)
        
        E1b1b1g (V92)
        
        E1b1b2 (M281, V16)
      - E1b2 (P75)
  - E2
    Haplogroup E2 (Y-DNA)
    In human genetics, Haplogroup E2 is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup E2, along with haplogroup E1, is one of the two main branches of the older Haplogroup E.-Distribution:...
    
    (M75, P68)
    - E2a (M41)
    - E2b (M54, M90, M98)
      - E2b1 (M85)
        
        E2b1a (M200)
        
        E2b1a1 (P45)
        
        E2b1a2 (P258)

Other references

Also see Supplementary Data.. Published online April 2, 2008. See also Supplementary Material.. Published online 9 March 2005

Origins

Distribution

E*

E1a

E1b

E1b1

E1b1a

E1b1b

E2

Tree

Other references

See also

Phylogenetic tree and Distribution Maps of Y-DNA haplogroup E

Projects