Haplogroup E1b1b1a (Y-DNA)
Encyclopedia
In human genetics, E1b1b1a (or E-V68), is the name of a major Y chromosome haplogroup found in North Africa
, the Horn of Africa
, Western Asia and Europe
. It is dominated by its longer-known sub-clade E1b1b1a1 (E-M78), formerly known as E3b1a and (until the discovery of V68) E1b1b1a. So far, three individuals who are in E-M68 but not E-M78 have been reported in Sardinia, by , when announcing the discovery of V68.
and Libya
. use the term "Northeastern Africa" to refer to Egypt and Libya, as shown in Table 1 of the study.
Prior to , had proposed the Horn of Africa as a possible place of origin of E-M78. This was because of the high frequency and diversity of E-M78 lineages in the region. For example, found that 77.6% of 201 male Somalis
tested in Denmark
were members of this clade. However, were able to study more data, including populations from North Africa who were not represented in the study, and found evidence that the E-M78 lineages in the Horn of Africa were relatively recent branches (see E1b1b1a1b (E-V32) below). They concluded that Northeast Africa was the likely place of origin of E-M78 based on "the peripheral geographic distribution of the most derived subhaplogroups with respect to northeastern Africa, as well as the results of quantitative analysis of UEP and microsatellite diversity".
E-M215, the parent clade of E-M78, originated in East Africa during the paleolithic and subsequently, E-M215 spread to Northeast Africa. According to , the presence of E-M78 in East Africa, is the result of a back migration of E-M215 chromosomes that had acquired the E-M78 mutation. also note this as evidence for "a corridor for bidirectional migrations" between Northeast Africa (Egypt and Libya in their data) on the one hand and East Africa on the other. The authors believe there were "at least 2 episodes between 23.9–17.3 ky and 18.0–5.9 ky ago".
proposed that the earlier E-V68 population may have migrated by sea directly from Africa to southwestern Europe, because they observed cases of E-V68* (without the M78 mutation) only in Sardinia, and not in the Middle Eastern samples. Concerning E-M78, like other forms of E-V68 there is evidence of multiple routes of expansion out of an African homeland.
propose it as possible from "trans-Mediterranean migrations directly from northern Africa to Europe (mainly in the last 13,000 years ago)", and flow from North Africa to western Asia between 20,000 and 6,800 years ago.
While there were apparently direct migrations from North Africa to Iberia
and Southern Italy (of people carrying the subclades E-V12, E-V22, and E-V65), the majority of E-M78 lineages found in Europe belong to the E-V13 sub-clade which appears to have entered Europe at some time undeterminded from the Near East
, where it apparently originated, via the Balkans
(see below).
Similarly, , writing prior to the discovery of E-V68 as a larger clade containing E-M78, describe Egypt as "a hub for the distribution of the various geographically localized M78-related sub-clades" and, based on archaeological data, they propose that the point of origin of E-M78 (as opposed to later dispersals from Egypt) may have been in a refugium
which "existed on the border of present-day Sudan
and Egypt, near Lake Nubia, until the onset of a humid phase around 8500 BC. The northward-moving rainfall belts during this period could have also spurred a rapid migration of Mesolithic
foragers northwards in Africa, the Levant
and ultimately onwards to Asia Minor
and Europe, where they each eventually differentiated into their regionally distinctive branches".
Towards the south, also explain evidence that some subclades of E-M78, specifically E-V12 and E-V22, "might have been brought to Sudan from North Africa after the progressive desertification of the Sahara around 6,000-8,000 years ago".
The division of E1b1b1a into sub-clades such as E-V12, E-V13, etc. has largely been the work of an Italian team including Fulvio Cruciani, Rosario Scozzari and others. They started on the basis of STR
studies in 2004, and then in 2006 they announced the discoveries of single nucleotide polymorphism
(SNP) mutations which could define most of the main branches with better clarity, which was then discussed further in 2007. These articles are the basis of the updated phylogenies found in , and ISOGG, which is in turn the basis of the phylogeny given below.
of 2.3kya, but the difference between the two methods is only large for the age estimation of E-M78, not its sub-clades. The authors state the big difference is "attributable to the relevant departure from a star-like structure because of repeated founder effect
s"
and East Africa
, West Asia "up to Southern Asia",:E-M78 shows "a wide geographic distribution" and is "relatively common not only in northeastern and eastern Africa but also found in Europe and western Asia, up to Southern Asia". and all of Europe
.: "The human Y chromosome haplogroup E-M78 (E3b1a) occurs commonly and is distributed in northern and eastern Africa, western Asia, and all of Europe."
The most basal and rare E-M78* paragroup has been found at its highest frequencies in Egyptians
from the Gurna Oasis
(5.88%), with lower frequencies also observed in Moroccan Arabs
, Sardinia
ns, the Balkans
, and Andalusia
ns from Huelva
.
The highest frequencies of all the defined E-M78 sub-clades is found amongst populations in the large area stretching from northern Kenya
(amongst the Borana
people) to Southern Egypt, and including all of the Horn of Africa
and most of Sudan
.
Outside of the areas where it is most common in Africa (North Africa
and the Horn of Africa
), E1b1b1a is also observed in other parts of Africa, in lower frequencies, for example in Guinea-Bissau
, where its presence has been tentatively attributed to trans-Saharan movements of people from North Africa
.
The European distribution, dominated by E1b1b1a2 (E-V13) except in Iberia, has a frequency peak centered in parts of the Balkans
(aprox. 20% in southern areas; up to almost 50% is some particular places and populations) and Italy and declining frequencies evident toward western, central, and northeastern Europe. This is discussed in more detail below.
.
, but also scattered widely in small amounts in both Northern Africa and Europe, but with very little sign in Western Asia, apart from Turkey. These E-V12* lineages were formerly included (along with many E-V22* lineages: "E-V22 and E-V12* chromosomes are intermingled and not clearly differentiated by their microsatellite haplotypes". In the same authors show that a branch of E-V13 found amongst the Druze Arabs is also in the delta cluster. (Contrast the data tables of and .)) in Cruciani et al.'s original (2004) "delta cluster", which he had defined using Y-STR
profiles. With the discovery of the defining SNP, reported that V-12* was found in its highest concentrations in Egypt, especially Southern Egypt. report a significant presence of E-V12* in neighboring Sudan, including 5/33 Copts and 5/39 Nubians
. E-V12* made up approximately 20% of the Sudanese E-M78. They propose that the E-V12 and E-V22 sub-clades of E1b1b1a (E-M78) might have been brought to Sudan from their place of origin in North Africa after the progressive desertification of the Sahara around 6,000–8,000 years ago. Sudden climate change might have forced several Neolithic cultures/people to migrate northward to the Mediterranean and southward to the Sahel and the Nile Valley. The E-V12* paragroup
is also observed in Europe (e.g. amongst French Basques) and Eastern Anatolia
(e.g. Erzurum
Turks
).
Its discovery was announced in and found 1 out of their 20 Yemen
i Israelis they tested. called M224 "rare and rather uninformative" and they found no exemplars.
, while testing a new multiplex
, claimed to find several M224 examples in both African and European samples.2 African examples were found amongst a 9 person African dataset containing 3 Kenyans, 2 people from the Maghreb, 3 Nigerians, and 1 Senegalese. In their European dataset they also had 5 exemplars out of 68 people (56 central Italians, 10 Poles, 1 Greek, 1 Albanian.) However the description these authors gave to the SNP can be contrasted to that used by Shen et al. and Underhill et al. and it appears to be different.
, and then subsequently expanded further south into the Horn of Africa
, where it is now prevalent.: Fig. 2/C Before the discovery of V32, referred to the same lineages as the "gamma cluster", which was estimated to have arisen about 8,500 years ago. They stated that "the highest frequencies in the three Cushitic-speaking groups: the Borana from Kenya
(71.4%), the Oromo
from Ethiopia
(32.0%), and the Somali
(52.2%). Outside of eastern Africa, it was found only in two subjects from Egypt (3.6%) and in one Arab from Morocco". found it extremely prominent in Somali men and stated that "the male Somali population is a branch of the East African population – closely related to the Oromos in Ethiopia and North Kenya (Boranas)" and that their gamma cluster lineages "probably were introduced into the Somali population 4000–5000 years ago". More recently, typed 147 males from Somalia for 12 Y-STR loci, and observed that 77% (113/147) had typical E1b1b1a1b haplotypes. This is currently the highest frequency of E1b1b1a1b found in any single sample population. Similarly, in their study observed this to be the most common of the sub-clades of E-M78 found in Sudan
, especially among the Beja
, Masalit
and Fur
. The Beja, like Somalis and Oromos, speak an Afro-Asiatic language and live along the "corridor" from Egypt to the Horn of Africa. interpret this as reinforcing the "strong correlation between linguistic and genetic diversity" and signs of relatedness between the Beja and the peoples of the Horn of Africa such as the Amhara
and Oromo. On the other hand, the Masalit and Fur live in Darfur
and speak a Nilo-Saharan language. The authors observed in their study that "the Masalit possesses by far the highest frequency of the E-M78 and of the E-V32 haplogroup", which they believe suggests "either a recent bottleneck
in the population or a proximity to the origin of the haplogroup." However, More recently, typed 147 males from Somalia
for 12 Y-STR loci, and observed that 77% (113/147) had typical E1b1b1a1b haplotypes. This is the highest frequency of E1b1b1a1b found in any single sample population.
The STR data from concerning E-V12 can be summarized as follows.
Within Europe, E-V13 is especially common in the Balkans
and some parts of Italy. In different studies, particularly high frequencies have been observed in Kosovar
Albanians (45.6%) , Albanian speakers in the Republic of Macedonia
(34.4% reported in ), and in some parts of Greece (about 35% in some of the areas studied by . More generally, high frequencies have also been found in other areas of Greece
, and amongst Bulgarians
, Romanians
, Macedonians
and Serbs
.
Within Italy
, frequencies tend to be higher in Southern Italy, with particularly high results sometimes seen in particular areas; for example, in Santa Ninfa
and Piazza Armerina
in Sicily
. High frequencies appear to exist also in some northern areasGenetic surveys do not all test the same markers. for example around Venice
,. See clade 25.1. The same data set was later used in and . Genoa
and Rimini
, as well as on the island of Corsica
, which is to the west of mainland northern Italy.
Phylogenetic analysis strongly suggest that these lineages have spread through Europe, from the Balkans in a "rapid demographic expansion". Before then, the SNP mutation, V13 apparently first arose in West Asia around 10 thousand years ago, and although not widespread there, it is for example found in high levels (>10% of the male population) in Turkish Cypriot and Druze
Arab lineages. The Druze are considered a genetically isolated community, and are therefore of particular interest. The STR DNA signature of some of the E-V13 men amongst them was actually originally classified in the delta cluster in . This means that Druze E-V13 clustered together with most E-V12 and E-V22, and not with European E-V13, which was mostly in the alpha cluster. This can be summarized in a table format...
E-V13 is also found in scattered and small amounts in Libya (in the Jewish community) and Egypt, but this is considered most likely to be a result of migration from Europe or the Near East.
has also frequently been discussed in connection with V13, as a haplogroup with a seemingly very similar distribution and pre-history. (There is no consensus regarding the circumstances or timing of its evolution.)
says there were at least four major demographic events which have been envisioned for this geographic area:
Only the last two seem within the timespan possible for V13 given its STR age of arise putatively in the Middle east.
The distribution and diversity of V13 are often thought to represent the introduction of early farming technologies, during the Neolithic
expansion, into Europe by way of the Balkans. However, a wider range of possibilities exists, , for example, propose that the E-M78* lineage ancestral to all modern E-V13 men moved rapidly out of a Southern Egyptian homeland, in the wetter conditions of the early Holocene
; arrived in Europe with only Mesolithic
technologies and then only subsequently integrated with Neolithic cultures which arrived later in the Balkans.
E-V13 is in any case often described in population genetics
as one of the components of the European genetic composition
which shows a relatively recent link of populations from the Middle East
, entering Europe and presumably associated with bringing new technologies. As such, it is also sometimes remarked that it is a relatively recent genetic movement out of Africa
into Eurasia
, and has been described as "a signal for a separate late-Pleistocene
migration from Africa to Europe over the Sinai ... which is not manifested in mtDNA haplogroup distributions".
After its initial entry in Europe, there was then a dispersal from the Balkans into the rest of Europe. Also for this movement, a wide range of possibilities exists. suggest that the E-V13 sub-clade of E-M78 originated in situ in Europe, and propose that the first major dispersal of E-V13 from the Balkans may have been in the direction of the Adriatic Sea
with the Neolithic
Impressed Ware culture often referred to as Impressa or Cardial
. In contrast, suggest that the movement out of the Balkans may have been more recent than 5300 years ago. The authors suggest that this might have been associated with an in situ population increase in the Balkans associated with the Balkan Bronze age
, rather than an actual migratory movement of peoples from western Asia. They consider that "the dispersion of the E-V13 and J-M12 haplogroups seems to have mainly followed the river waterways connecting the southern Balkans to north-central Europe". propose the Vardar-Morava-Danube rivers as a possible route of Neolithic dispersal into central Europe. proposes a still more recent dispersal out of the Balkans, around the time of the Roman empire.
and Pakistan
, going back to the time of Alexander the Great.
, England
and Scotland
. The old trading town of Abergele
on the northern coast of Wales in particular showed 7 out of 18 local people tested were in this lineage (approximately 40%), as reported in . attributes the overall presence of E-V13 in Great Britain
, especially in areas of high frequency, to settlement during the 1st through 4th centuries CE by Roman
soldiers from the Balkan peninsula. Bird proposes a connection to the modern region encompassing Kosovo, southern Serbia, northern Macedonia and extreme northwestern Bulgaria (a region corresponding to the Roman province of Moesia Superior), which was identified by as harboring the highest frequency worldwide of this sub-clade.Doubts about this line of reasoning have been expressed because (a) new data appearing in indicates other high concentrations in Greece and (b) the data in show that the area with the highest frequency does not have the highest diversity, implying that V13 arrived there more recently than in Greece.
However, according to data published so far,Bird uses three sources: , and . Neither Capelli nor Weale have data from the area in the English Midlands where Bird suggests that there is a lack of E1b1b. In 2006 Bird mentioned that there were 193 Central English haplotypes in Sykes. E-V13 appears to be notably absent in Central England, a fact which Bird (2007) suggests reflects a genuine population replacement of Romano-British
people with Anglo-Saxon
sIn the E3b distribution maps published in Bird's own paper – the Norfolk area is shown as having a very high percentage of E3b. Norfolk is at the supposed "epicentre" of the supposed Anglian "invasion".:
This sub-clade of E-M78 is "relatively common" in the Horn of Africa
and Egypt
, with higher microsatellite variance (0.35 vs. 0.46, respectively) in Egypt. In the article announcing this first information, described it as uncommon in Western Asia and they proposed Northeast Africa (Libya/Egypt) as this sub-clade's likely place of origin. also reported a significant presence in neighboring Sudan, making up about 30% of the diverse range of the country's E-M78 lineages in their study, including 8 out of 26 Fulani (about 31%), a widely-dispersed pastoral people. in a study of Guinea Bissau, showed that the Fulani there are about 10% E-M78. Note that this study did not test specifically for V12 or V22, so the E-M78 may have a different exact breakdown of diversity as well as a lower frequency. E-V22 was also present in much smaller frequencies amongst the Shilluk (2 of 15 samples, 13%) and Dinka
(3 of 26, 11.5%) Nilotes of Southern Sudan. Hassan et al. suggest that E-V22, like E-V12, might have entered Sudan from North Africa
"after the progressive desertification of the Sahara around 6,000–8,000 years ago". They add that the gene flow
to Sudan "is not only recent (Holocene
onward) but also largely of focal nature", and that "most speakers of Nilo-Saharan languages, the major linguistic family spoken in the country, show very little evidence of gene flow and demonstrate low migration rate, with exception of the Nubians
, who appear to have sustained considerable gene flow from Asia
and Europe
together with the Beja
."
Other frequencies reported by include Asturians (4.44% out of 90 people), Sicilians (4.58% out of 153 people), Moroccan Arabs
(7.27%, 55 people), Moroccan Jews (8%, 50 people), Istanbul
Turkish (5.71% out of 35 people), and Palestinians (6.9% out of 29 people). found a 6.7% presence in the UAE.
regions of far northern Africa. report levels of about 20% amongst Libyan Arab lineages, and about 30% amongst Morrocan Arabs
. It appears to be less common amongst Berbers
, but still present in levels of >10%. The authors suggest a North African origin for this lineage. In Europe, only a few individuals were found in Italy and Greece. The results from the article can be summarized as follows...
studied the beta cluster in Europe. They found small amounts in Southern Italy, but also traces in Cantabria, Portugal and Galicia, with Cantabria having the highest level in Europe in their study, at 3.1% (5 out of 161 people).
North Africa
North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, linked by the Sahara to Sub-Saharan Africa. Geopolitically, the United Nations definition of Northern Africa includes eight countries or territories; Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, South Sudan, Sudan, Tunisia, and...
, the Horn of Africa
Horn of Africa
The Horn of Africa is a peninsula in East Africa that juts hundreds of kilometers into the Arabian Sea and lies along the southern side of the Gulf of Aden. It is the easternmost projection of the African continent...
, Western Asia and Europe
Europe
Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...
. It is dominated by its longer-known sub-clade E1b1b1a1 (E-M78), formerly known as E3b1a and (until the discovery of V68) E1b1b1a. So far, three individuals who are in E-M68 but not E-M78 have been reported in Sardinia, by , when announcing the discovery of V68.
Origins
E1b1b1a (E-M78), like its parent clade E1b1b1 (E-V68), is thought to have an African origin. Based on genetic STR variance data, Cruciani et al. (2007) suggests that this subclade originated in "Northeastern Africa", which in the study refers specifically to EgyptEgypt
Egypt , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: , is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world...
and Libya
Libya
Libya is an African country in the Maghreb region of North Africa bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south, and Algeria and Tunisia to the west....
. use the term "Northeastern Africa" to refer to Egypt and Libya, as shown in Table 1 of the study.
Prior to , had proposed the Horn of Africa as a possible place of origin of E-M78. This was because of the high frequency and diversity of E-M78 lineages in the region. For example, found that 77.6% of 201 male Somalis
Somali people
Somalis are an ethnic group located in the Horn of Africa, also known as the Somali Peninsula. The overwhelming majority of Somalis speak the Somali language, which is part of the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family...
tested in Denmark
Denmark
Denmark is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. The countries of Denmark and Greenland, as well as the Faroe Islands, constitute the Kingdom of Denmark . It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark...
were members of this clade. However, were able to study more data, including populations from North Africa who were not represented in the study, and found evidence that the E-M78 lineages in the Horn of Africa were relatively recent branches (see E1b1b1a1b (E-V32) below). They concluded that Northeast Africa was the likely place of origin of E-M78 based on "the peripheral geographic distribution of the most derived subhaplogroups with respect to northeastern Africa, as well as the results of quantitative analysis of UEP and microsatellite diversity".
E-M215, the parent clade of E-M78, originated in East Africa during the paleolithic and subsequently, E-M215 spread to Northeast Africa. According to , the presence of E-M78 in East Africa, is the result of a back migration of E-M215 chromosomes that had acquired the E-M78 mutation. also note this as evidence for "a corridor for bidirectional migrations" between Northeast Africa (Egypt and Libya in their data) on the one hand and East Africa on the other. The authors believe there were "at least 2 episodes between 23.9–17.3 ky and 18.0–5.9 ky ago".
proposed that the earlier E-V68 population may have migrated by sea directly from Africa to southwestern Europe, because they observed cases of E-V68* (without the M78 mutation) only in Sardinia, and not in the Middle Eastern samples. Concerning E-M78, like other forms of E-V68 there is evidence of multiple routes of expansion out of an African homeland.
propose it as possible from "trans-Mediterranean migrations directly from northern Africa to Europe (mainly in the last 13,000 years ago)", and flow from North Africa to western Asia between 20,000 and 6,800 years ago.
While there were apparently direct migrations from North Africa to Iberia
Iberian Peninsula
The Iberian Peninsula , sometimes called Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe and includes the modern-day sovereign states of Spain, Portugal and Andorra, as well as the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar...
and Southern Italy (of people carrying the subclades E-V12, E-V22, and E-V65), the majority of E-M78 lineages found in Europe belong to the E-V13 sub-clade which appears to have entered Europe at some time undeterminded from the Near East
Near East
The Near East is a geographical term that covers different countries for geographers, archeologists, and historians, on the one hand, and for political scientists, economists, and journalists, on the other...
, where it apparently originated, via the Balkans
Balkans
The Balkans is a geopolitical and cultural region of southeastern Europe...
(see below).
Similarly, , writing prior to the discovery of E-V68 as a larger clade containing E-M78, describe Egypt as "a hub for the distribution of the various geographically localized M78-related sub-clades" and, based on archaeological data, they propose that the point of origin of E-M78 (as opposed to later dispersals from Egypt) may have been in a refugium
Refugium
Refugium may refer to:* Refugium , an appendage to a marine, brackish, or freshwater fish tank that shares the same water supply...
which "existed on the border of present-day Sudan
Sudan
Sudan , officially the Republic of the Sudan , is a country in North Africa, sometimes considered part of the Middle East politically. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east, South Sudan to the south, the Central African Republic to the...
and Egypt, near Lake Nubia, until the onset of a humid phase around 8500 BC. The northward-moving rainfall belts during this period could have also spurred a rapid migration of Mesolithic
Mesolithic
The Mesolithic is an archaeological concept used to refer to certain groups of archaeological cultures defined as falling between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic....
foragers northwards in Africa, the Levant
Levant
The Levant or ) is the geographic region and culture zone of the "eastern Mediterranean littoral between Anatolia and Egypt" . The Levant includes most of modern Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Israel, the Palestinian territories, and sometimes parts of Turkey and Iraq, and corresponds roughly to the...
and ultimately onwards to Asia Minor
Asia Minor
Asia Minor is a geographical location at the westernmost protrusion of Asia, also called Anatolia, and corresponds to the western two thirds of the Asian part of Turkey...
and Europe, where they each eventually differentiated into their regionally distinctive branches".
Towards the south, also explain evidence that some subclades of E-M78, specifically E-V12 and E-V22, "might have been brought to Sudan from North Africa after the progressive desertification of the Sahara around 6,000-8,000 years ago".
The division of E1b1b1a into sub-clades such as E-V12, E-V13, etc. has largely been the work of an Italian team including Fulvio Cruciani, Rosario Scozzari and others. They started on the basis of STR
STR
STR, StR, Str or str may stand for:*Short tandem repeat, in DNA testing*Special Theory of Relativity, Einstein's theory*S. T...
studies in 2004, and then in 2006 they announced the discoveries of single nucleotide polymorphism
Single nucleotide polymorphism
A single-nucleotide polymorphism is a DNA sequence variation occurring when a single nucleotide — A, T, C or G — in the genome differs between members of a biological species or paired chromosomes in an individual...
(SNP) mutations which could define most of the main branches with better clarity, which was then discussed further in 2007. These articles are the basis of the updated phylogenies found in , and ISOGG, which is in turn the basis of the phylogeny given below.
Age
The M78 mutation has been estimated to have occurred up to 18,600 years ago (17,300–20,000 years ago), with some possibility that it may have been more recent. use two calculation methods for estimating the age of E-M78 which give very different results. For the main 18,600 years ago, the ASD method is used, while for a second "ρ method", used as a check, gives 13.7kya with a standard deviationStandard deviation
Standard deviation is a widely used measure of variability or diversity used in statistics and probability theory. It shows how much variation or "dispersion" there is from the average...
of 2.3kya, but the difference between the two methods is only large for the age estimation of E-M78, not its sub-clades. The authors state the big difference is "attributable to the relevant departure from a star-like structure because of repeated founder effect
Founder effect
In population genetics, the founder effect is the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population. It was first fully outlined by Ernst Mayr in 1942, using existing theoretical work by those such as Sewall...
s"
Distribution
E-M78 is widely distributed in NorthNorth Africa
North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, linked by the Sahara to Sub-Saharan Africa. Geopolitically, the United Nations definition of Northern Africa includes eight countries or territories; Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, South Sudan, Sudan, Tunisia, and...
and East Africa
East Africa
East Africa or Eastern Africa is the easterly region of the African continent, variably defined by geography or geopolitics. In the UN scheme of geographic regions, 19 territories constitute Eastern Africa:...
, West Asia "up to Southern Asia",:E-M78 shows "a wide geographic distribution" and is "relatively common not only in northeastern and eastern Africa but also found in Europe and western Asia, up to Southern Asia". and all of Europe
Europe
Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...
.: "The human Y chromosome haplogroup E-M78 (E3b1a) occurs commonly and is distributed in northern and eastern Africa, western Asia, and all of Europe."
The most basal and rare E-M78* paragroup has been found at its highest frequencies in Egyptians
Egyptians
Egyptians are nation an ethnic group made up of Mediterranean North Africans, the indigenous people of Egypt.Egyptian identity is closely tied to geography. The population of Egypt is concentrated in the lower Nile Valley, the small strip of cultivable land stretching from the First Cataract to...
from the Gurna Oasis
Kurna
Kurna are various spelling for a group of three closely related villages located on the West Bank of the River Nile opposite the modern city of Luxor in Egypt near the Theban Hills.New Qurna was designed and built in the late 1940s and early 1950s by...
(5.88%), with lower frequencies also observed in Moroccan Arabs
Morocco
Morocco , officially the Kingdom of Morocco , is a country located in North Africa. It has a population of more than 32 million and an area of 710,850 km², and also primarily administers the disputed region of the Western Sahara...
, Sardinia
Sardinia
Sardinia is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea . It is an autonomous region of Italy, and the nearest land masses are the French island of Corsica, the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Tunisia and the Spanish Balearic Islands.The name Sardinia is from the pre-Roman noun *sard[],...
ns, the Balkans
Balkans
The Balkans is a geopolitical and cultural region of southeastern Europe...
, and Andalusia
Andalusia
Andalusia is the most populous and the second largest in area of the autonomous communities of Spain. The Andalusian autonomous community is officially recognised as a nationality of Spain. The territory is divided into eight provinces: Huelva, Seville, Cádiz, Córdoba, Málaga, Jaén, Granada and...
ns from Huelva
Huelva
Huelva is a city in southwestern Spain, the capital of the province of Huelva in the autonomous region of Andalusia. It is located along the Gulf of Cadiz coast, at the confluence of the Odiel and Tinto rivers. According to the 2010 census, the city has a population of 149,410 inhabitants. The...
.
The highest frequencies of all the defined E-M78 sub-clades is found amongst populations in the large area stretching from northern Kenya
Kenya
Kenya , officially known as the Republic of Kenya, is a country in East Africa that lies on the equator, with the Indian Ocean to its south-east...
(amongst the Borana
Borana
The Borana Oromo, also called the Boran, are a pastoralist ethnic group living in southern Ethiopia and northern Kenya. They are a moiety of the Oromo people, the other being the Barentu Oromo.-Profile:...
people) to Southern Egypt, and including all of the Horn of Africa
Horn of Africa
The Horn of Africa is a peninsula in East Africa that juts hundreds of kilometers into the Arabian Sea and lies along the southern side of the Gulf of Aden. It is the easternmost projection of the African continent...
and most of Sudan
Sudan
Sudan , officially the Republic of the Sudan , is a country in North Africa, sometimes considered part of the Middle East politically. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east, South Sudan to the south, the Central African Republic to the...
.
Outside of the areas where it is most common in Africa (North Africa
North Africa
North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, linked by the Sahara to Sub-Saharan Africa. Geopolitically, the United Nations definition of Northern Africa includes eight countries or territories; Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, South Sudan, Sudan, Tunisia, and...
and the Horn of Africa
Horn of Africa
The Horn of Africa is a peninsula in East Africa that juts hundreds of kilometers into the Arabian Sea and lies along the southern side of the Gulf of Aden. It is the easternmost projection of the African continent...
), E1b1b1a is also observed in other parts of Africa, in lower frequencies, for example in Guinea-Bissau
Guinea-Bissau
The Republic of Guinea-Bissau is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Senegal to the north, and Guinea to the south and east, with the Atlantic Ocean to its west....
, where its presence has been tentatively attributed to trans-Saharan movements of people from North Africa
North Africa
North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, linked by the Sahara to Sub-Saharan Africa. Geopolitically, the United Nations definition of Northern Africa includes eight countries or territories; Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, South Sudan, Sudan, Tunisia, and...
.
The European distribution, dominated by E1b1b1a2 (E-V13) except in Iberia, has a frequency peak centered in parts of the Balkans
Balkans
The Balkans is a geopolitical and cultural region of southeastern Europe...
(aprox. 20% in southern areas; up to almost 50% is some particular places and populations) and Italy and declining frequencies evident toward western, central, and northeastern Europe. This is discussed in more detail below.
| Region | Population | N | E-M78 | E-M78* | E-V12* | E-V13 | E-V22 | E-V32 | E-V65 | Study |
| Europe | Kosovar Albanians | 114 | 45.60 | 1.75 | 43.85 | |||||
| Europe | Macedodian Romani | 57 | 29.82 | 29.82 | ||||||
| Europe | Serbians | 113 | 20.35 | 1.77 | 18.58 | |||||
| Europe | Croatians | 108 | 5.60 | 5.60 | ||||||
| Europe | Crete | 193 | 6.7 | 6.7 | ||||||
| Europe | Greeks from Nea Nikomedeia | 57 | 15.8 | 1.8 | 14.0 | |||||
| Europe | Greeks from Sesklo/Dimini | 57 | 38.6 | 3.5 | 35.1 | |||||
| Europe | Greeks from Lerna/Franchthi | 57 | 35.1 | 35.1 | ||||||
| Europe | Sicilians | 236 | 11.43 | 1.27 | 5.93 | 3.81 | 0.42 | |||
| Europe | Huelva Andalusians | 167 | 6.59 | 1.20 | 4.19 | 0.60 | 0.60 | |||
| Europe | Sicilians | 153 | 13.07 | 0.65 | 7.19 | 4.58 | 0.65 | |||
| Europe | Northern Portuguese | 50 | 4 | 4 | ||||||
| Europe | Southern Portuguese | 49 | 4.08 | 4.08 | ||||||
| Europe | Pasiegos from Cantabria | 56 | ||||||||
| Europe | Asturians | 90 | 10 | 5.56 | 4.44 | |||||
| Europe | Southern Spaniards | 62 | 3.23 | 3.23 | ||||||
| Europe | Spanish Basques | 55 | ||||||||
| Europe | French Basques | 16 | 6.25 | 6.25 | ||||||
| Europe | French | 225 | 4.44 | 0.44 | 4 | |||||
| Europe | English | 28 | ||||||||
| Europe | Danish | 35 | 2.86 | 2.86 | ||||||
| Europe | Germans | 77 | 3.9 | 3.9 | ||||||
| Europe | Polish | 40 | 2.5 | 2.5 | ||||||
| Europe | Czechs | 268 | 4.85 | 4.85 | ||||||
| Europe | Slovaks | 24 | 8.33 | 8.33 | ||||||
| Europe | Slovenians | 104 | 2.88 | 2.88 | ||||||
| Europe | Northern Italians | 94 | 7.45 | 5.32 | 2.13 | |||||
| Europe | Central Italians | 356 | 7.87 | 0.28 | 5.34 | 1.97 | 0.28 | |||
| Europe | Southern Italians | 141 | 10.64 | 0.71 | 8.51 | 1.42 | ||||
| Europe | Sardinians | 374 | 3.48 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 1.07 | 0.8 | 1.07 | ||
| Europe | Estonians | 74 | 4.05 | 4.05 | ||||||
| Europe | Belarusians | 40 | ||||||||
| Europe | Northern Russians | 82 | 3.66 | 3.66 | ||||||
| Europe | Southern Russians | 92 | 2.17 | 2.17 | ||||||
| Europe | Ukrainians | 11 | 9.09 | 9.09 | ||||||
| Europe | Moldovians | 77 | 7.79 | 7.79 | ||||||
| Europe | Hungarians | 106 | 9.43 | 9.43 | ||||||
| Europe | Rumanians | 265 | 7.55 | 7.17 | 0.38 | |||||
| Europe | Macedonians | 99 | 18.18 | 17.17 | 1.01 | |||||
| Europe | Continental Greeks | 147 | 19.05 | 17.69 | 0.68 | 0.68 | ||||
| Europe | Greeks from Crete | 215 | 6.51 | 0.93 | 5.58 | |||||
| Europe | Greeks from Aegean Islands | 71 | 16.9 | 15.49 | 1.41 | |||||
| Europe | Bulgarians | 204 | 16.67 | 0.49 | 16.18 | |||||
| Europe | Albanians | 96 | 32.29 | 32.29 | ||||||
| Northwestern Africa | Moroccan Arabs | 55 | 40 | 3.64 | 7.27 | 29.09 | ||||
| Northwestern Africa | Asni Berbers | 54 | 3.7 | 3.7 | ||||||
| Northwestern Africa | Bouhria Berbers | 67 | 1.49 | 1.49 | ||||||
| Northwestern Africa | Moyen Atlas Berbers | 69 | 10.14 | 10.14 | ||||||
| Northwestern Africa | Marrakech Berbers | 29 | 6.9 | 3.45 | 3.45 | |||||
| Northwestern Africa | Moroccan Jews | 50 | 12 | 2 | 2 | 8 | ||||
| Northwestern Africa | Mozabite Berbers | 20 | ||||||||
| Northeastern Africa | Libyan Jews | 25 | 8 | 4 | 4 | |||||
| Northeastern Africa | Libyan Arabs | 10 | 20 | 20 | ||||||
| Northeastern Africa | Northern Egyptians (Delta) | 72 | 23.61 | 5.56 | 1.39 | 13.89 | 2.78 | |||
| Northeastern Africa | Egyptian Berbers | 93 | 6.45 | 2.15 | 4.3 | |||||
| Northeastern Africa | Egyptians from Bahari | 41 | 41.46 | 14.63 | 2.44 | 21.95 | 2.44 | |||
| Northeastern Africa | Egyptians from Gurna Oasis | 34 | 17.65 | 5.88 | 8.82 | 2.94 | ||||
| Northeastern Africa | Southern Egyptians | 79 | 50.63 | 44.3 | 1.27 | 3.8 | 1.27 | |||
| Eastern Africa | Amharaa | 34 | 8.82 | 8.82 | ||||||
| Eastern Africa | Ethiopian Jews | 22 | 9.09 | 9.09 | ||||||
| Eastern Africa | Mixed Ethiopians | 12 | 33.33 | 25 | 8.33 | |||||
| Eastern Africa | Borana/Oromo (Kenya/Ethiopia) | 32 | 40.63 | 40.63 | ||||||
| Eastern Africa | Wolayta | 12 | 16.67 | 8.33 | 8.33 | |||||
| Eastern Africa | Somalia | 23 | 52.17 | 4.35 | 47.83 | |||||
| Eastern Africa | Nilotic from Kenya | 18 | 11.11 | 11.11 | ||||||
| Eastern Africa | Bantu from Kenya | 28 | 3.57 | 3.57 | ||||||
| Eastern Africa | Western Africa | 123 | 0.81 | 0.81 | ||||||
| Eastern Africa | Central Africa | 150 | 0.67 | 0.67 | ||||||
| Eastern Africa | Southern Afric | 105 | ||||||||
| Western Asia | Istanbul Turkish | 35 | 8.57 | 2.86 | 5.71 | |||||
| Western Asia | Southwestern Turkish | 40 | 2.5 | 2.5 | ||||||
| Western Asia | Northeastern Turkish | 41 | ||||||||
| Western Asia | Southeastern Turkish | 24 | 4.17 | 4.17 | ||||||
| Western Asia | Erzurum Turkish | 25 | 4 | 4 | ||||||
| Western Asia | Central Anatolian | 61 | 6.56 | 1.64 | 4.92 | |||||
| Western Asia | Turkish Cypriots | 46 | 13.04 | 10.87 | 2.17 | |||||
| Western Asia | Sephardi Turkish | 19 | ||||||||
| Western Asia | Palestinians | 29 | 10.34 | 3.45 | 6.9 | |||||
| Western Asia | Druze Arabs | 28 | 10.71 | 10.71 | ||||||
| Western Asia | Bedouin | 28 | 3.57 | 3.57 | ||||||
| Western Asia | Syrians | 100 | 2 | 2 | ||||||
| Western Asia | Kurds from Iraq | 20 | ||||||||
| Western Asia | Arabs from United Arab Emirates | 40 | 2.5 | 2.5 | ||||||
| Western Asia | Omanite | 106 | 0.94 | 0.94 | ||||||
| Western Asia | Adygei | 18 | ||||||||
| Western Asia | Azeri | 97 | 2.06 | 2.06 | ||||||
E1b1b1a1a (E-V12)
This sub-clade of E-M78 is the one which appears to have split from the others first (it arose ca. 13.7-15.2 kya). According to , E-V12 likely originated in North AfricaNorth Africa
North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, linked by the Sahara to Sub-Saharan Africa. Geopolitically, the United Nations definition of Northern Africa includes eight countries or territories; Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, South Sudan, Sudan, Tunisia, and...
.
Undifferentiated E-V12* lineages
Undifferentiated E-V12* lineages (not E-V32 or E-M224, so therefore named "E-V12*") are found at especially high levels (44.3%) in Southern EgyptiansEgyptians
Egyptians are nation an ethnic group made up of Mediterranean North Africans, the indigenous people of Egypt.Egyptian identity is closely tied to geography. The population of Egypt is concentrated in the lower Nile Valley, the small strip of cultivable land stretching from the First Cataract to...
, but also scattered widely in small amounts in both Northern Africa and Europe, but with very little sign in Western Asia, apart from Turkey. These E-V12* lineages were formerly included (along with many E-V22* lineages: "E-V22 and E-V12* chromosomes are intermingled and not clearly differentiated by their microsatellite haplotypes". In the same authors show that a branch of E-V13 found amongst the Druze Arabs is also in the delta cluster. (Contrast the data tables of and .)) in Cruciani et al.'s original (2004) "delta cluster", which he had defined using Y-STR
Y-STR
A Y-STR is a short tandem repeat on the Y-chromosome. Y-STRs are often used in forensics, paternity, and genealogical DNA testing.-Nomenclature:Y-STRs are assigned names by the HUGO gene nomenclature committee....
profiles. With the discovery of the defining SNP, reported that V-12* was found in its highest concentrations in Egypt, especially Southern Egypt. report a significant presence of E-V12* in neighboring Sudan, including 5/33 Copts and 5/39 Nubians
Nubians
The Nubians are an ethnic group originally from northern Sudan, and southern Egypt now inhabiting North Africa and some parts of East Africa....
. E-V12* made up approximately 20% of the Sudanese E-M78. They propose that the E-V12 and E-V22 sub-clades of E1b1b1a (E-M78) might have been brought to Sudan from their place of origin in North Africa after the progressive desertification of the Sahara around 6,000–8,000 years ago. Sudden climate change might have forced several Neolithic cultures/people to migrate northward to the Mediterranean and southward to the Sahel and the Nile Valley. The E-V12* paragroup
Paraphyly
A group of taxa is said to be paraphyletic if the group consists of all the descendants of a hypothetical closest common ancestor minus one or more monophyletic groups of descendants...
is also observed in Europe (e.g. amongst French Basques) and Eastern Anatolia
Anatolia
Anatolia is a geographic and historical term denoting the westernmost protrusion of Asia, comprising the majority of the Republic of Turkey...
(e.g. Erzurum
Erzurum
Erzurum is a city in Turkey. It is the largest city, the capital of Erzurum Province. The city is situated 1757 meters above sea level. Erzurum had a population of 361,235 in the 2000 census. .Erzurum, known as "The Rock" in NATO code, served as NATO's southeastern-most air force post during the...
Turks
Turkish people
Turkish people, also known as the "Turks" , are an ethnic group primarily living in Turkey and in the former lands of the Ottoman Empire where Turkish minorities had been established in Bulgaria, Cyprus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Greece, Kosovo, Macedonia, and Romania...
).
E1b1b1a1a1 (E-M224)
E1b1b1a1a (E-M224) has been found in Israel among Yemeni population (5%) and appears to be a minor subclade.Its discovery was announced in and found 1 out of their 20 Yemen
Yemen
The Republic of Yemen , commonly known as Yemen , is a country located in the Middle East, occupying the southwestern to southern end of the Arabian Peninsula. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the north, the Red Sea to the west, and Oman to the east....
i Israelis they tested. called M224 "rare and rather uninformative" and they found no exemplars.
, while testing a new multiplex
Multiplex (assay)
A multiplex assay is a type of laboratory procedure that simultaneously measures multiple analytes in a single assay. It is distinguished from procedures that measure one or a few analytes at a time...
, claimed to find several M224 examples in both African and European samples.2 African examples were found amongst a 9 person African dataset containing 3 Kenyans, 2 people from the Maghreb, 3 Nigerians, and 1 Senegalese. In their European dataset they also had 5 exemplars out of 68 people (56 central Italians, 10 Poles, 1 Greek, 1 Albanian.) However the description these authors gave to the SNP can be contrasted to that used by Shen et al. and Underhill et al. and it appears to be different.
E1b1b1a1a2 (E-V32)
suggest that this sub-clade of E-V12 originated in North AfricaNorth Africa
North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, linked by the Sahara to Sub-Saharan Africa. Geopolitically, the United Nations definition of Northern Africa includes eight countries or territories; Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, South Sudan, Sudan, Tunisia, and...
, and then subsequently expanded further south into the Horn of Africa
Horn of Africa
The Horn of Africa is a peninsula in East Africa that juts hundreds of kilometers into the Arabian Sea and lies along the southern side of the Gulf of Aden. It is the easternmost projection of the African continent...
, where it is now prevalent.: Fig. 2/C Before the discovery of V32, referred to the same lineages as the "gamma cluster", which was estimated to have arisen about 8,500 years ago. They stated that "the highest frequencies in the three Cushitic-speaking groups: the Borana from Kenya
Kenya
Kenya , officially known as the Republic of Kenya, is a country in East Africa that lies on the equator, with the Indian Ocean to its south-east...
(71.4%), the Oromo
Oromo people
The Oromo are an ethnic group found in Ethiopia, northern Kenya, .and parts of Somalia. With 30 million members, they constitute the single largest ethnic group in Ethiopia and approximately 34.49% of the population according to the 2007 census...
from Ethiopia
Ethiopia
Ethiopia , officially known as the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is the second-most populous nation in Africa, with over 82 million inhabitants, and the tenth-largest by area, occupying 1,100,000 km2...
(32.0%), and the Somali
Somali people
Somalis are an ethnic group located in the Horn of Africa, also known as the Somali Peninsula. The overwhelming majority of Somalis speak the Somali language, which is part of the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family...
(52.2%). Outside of eastern Africa, it was found only in two subjects from Egypt (3.6%) and in one Arab from Morocco". found it extremely prominent in Somali men and stated that "the male Somali population is a branch of the East African population – closely related to the Oromos in Ethiopia and North Kenya (Boranas)" and that their gamma cluster lineages "probably were introduced into the Somali population 4000–5000 years ago". More recently, typed 147 males from Somalia for 12 Y-STR loci, and observed that 77% (113/147) had typical E1b1b1a1b haplotypes. This is currently the highest frequency of E1b1b1a1b found in any single sample population. Similarly, in their study observed this to be the most common of the sub-clades of E-M78 found in Sudan
Sudan
Sudan , officially the Republic of the Sudan , is a country in North Africa, sometimes considered part of the Middle East politically. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east, South Sudan to the south, the Central African Republic to the...
, especially among the Beja
Beja people
The Beja people are an ethnic group dwelling in parts of North Africa and the Horn of Africa.-Geography:The Beja are found mostly in Sudan, but also in parts of Eritrea, and Egypt...
, Masalit
Masalit
The Masalit are a nation of people of Darfur in western Sudan and Wadai in eastern Chad. They speak Masalit, a Nilo-Saharan language of the Maba group. They numbered about 250,000 ....
and Fur
Fur people
The Fur are an ethnic group from western Sudan, principally inhabiting the region of Darfur where they are the largest tribe....
. The Beja, like Somalis and Oromos, speak an Afro-Asiatic language and live along the "corridor" from Egypt to the Horn of Africa. interpret this as reinforcing the "strong correlation between linguistic and genetic diversity" and signs of relatedness between the Beja and the peoples of the Horn of Africa such as the Amhara
Amhara people
Amhara are a highland people inhabiting the Northwestern highlands of Ethiopia. Numbering about 19.8 million people, they comprise 26% of the country's population, according to the 2007 national census...
and Oromo. On the other hand, the Masalit and Fur live in Darfur
Darfur
Darfur is a region in western Sudan. An independent sultanate for several hundred years, it was incorporated into Sudan by Anglo-Egyptian forces in 1916. The region is divided into three federal states: West Darfur, South Darfur, and North Darfur...
and speak a Nilo-Saharan language. The authors observed in their study that "the Masalit possesses by far the highest frequency of the E-M78 and of the E-V32 haplogroup", which they believe suggests "either a recent bottleneck
Population bottleneck
A population bottleneck is an evolutionary event in which a significant percentage of a population or species is killed or otherwise prevented from reproducing....
in the population or a proximity to the origin of the haplogroup." However, More recently, typed 147 males from Somalia
Somalia
Somalia , officially the Somali Republic and formerly known as the Somali Democratic Republic under Socialist rule, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. Since the outbreak of the Somali Civil War in 1991 there has been no central government control over most of the country's territory...
for 12 Y-STR loci, and observed that 77% (113/147) had typical E1b1b1a1b haplotypes. This is the highest frequency of E1b1b1a1b found in any single sample population.
The STR data from concerning E-V12 can be summarized as follows.
| Haplotype | description | YCAIIa | YCAIIb | DYS413a | DYS413b | DYS19 | DYS391 | DYS393 | DYS439 | DYS460 | DYS461 | A10 |
| E-V12* | modal | 19 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 13 | 10 | 13 | 11 | 11 | 9 | 13 |
| min | 18 | 21 | 20 | 21 | 11 | 10 | 12 | 11 | 8 | 8 | 11 | |
| max | 19 | 22 | 22 | 23 | 15 | 12 | 14 | 13 | 12 | 10 | 14 | |
| number | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | |
| E-V32 | modal | 19 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 11 | 10 | 13 | 12 | 10 | 10 | 13 |
| min | 19 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 11 | 9 | 12 | 11 | 9 | 10 | 11 | |
| max | 20 | 22 | 22 | 24 | 11 | 11 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 11 | 14 | |
| number | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | |
| All E-V12 | modal | 19 | 22 | 22 | 23 | 11 | 10 | 13 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 13 |
| min | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 11 | 9 | 12 | 11 | 8 | 8 | 11 | |
| max | 20 | 22 | 22 | 24 | 15 | 12 | 14 | 13 | 12 | 11 | 14 | |
| number | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | |
E1b1b1a1b (E-V13)
The E-V13 clade is equivalent to the "alpha cluster" of E-M78 reported in , and was first defined by the SNP V13 in . Another SNP is known for this clade, V36, reported in . All known positive tests for V13 are also positive for V36. So E-V13 is currently considered "phylogenetically equivalent" to E-V36.Within Europe, E-V13 is especially common in the Balkans
Balkans
The Balkans is a geopolitical and cultural region of southeastern Europe...
and some parts of Italy. In different studies, particularly high frequencies have been observed in Kosovar
Kosovo
Kosovo is a region in southeastern Europe. Part of the Ottoman Empire for more than five centuries, later the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija within Serbia...
Albanians (45.6%) , Albanian speakers in the Republic of Macedonia
Republic of Macedonia
Macedonia , officially the Republic of Macedonia , is a country located in the central Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe. It is one of the successor states of the former Yugoslavia, from which it declared independence in 1991...
(34.4% reported in ), and in some parts of Greece (about 35% in some of the areas studied by . More generally, high frequencies have also been found in other areas of Greece
Greece
Greece , officially the Hellenic Republic , and historically Hellas or the Republic of Greece in English, is a country in southeastern Europe....
, and amongst Bulgarians
Bulgarians
The Bulgarians are a South Slavic nation and ethnic group native to Bulgaria and neighbouring regions. Emigration has resulted in immigrant communities in a number of other countries.-History and ethnogenesis:...
, Romanians
Romanians
The Romanians are an ethnic group native to Romania, who speak Romanian; they are the majority inhabitants of Romania....
, Macedonians
Macedonians (ethnic group)
The Macedonians also referred to as Macedonian Slavs: "... the term Slavomacedonian was introduced and was accepted by the community itself, which at the time had a much more widespread non-Greek Macedonian ethnic consciousness...
and Serbs
Serbs
The Serbs are a South Slavic ethnic group of the Balkans and southern Central Europe. Serbs are located mainly in Serbia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina, and form a sizable minority in Croatia, the Republic of Macedonia and Slovenia. Likewise, Serbs are an officially recognized minority in...
.
Within Italy
Italy
Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...
, frequencies tend to be higher in Southern Italy, with particularly high results sometimes seen in particular areas; for example, in Santa Ninfa
Santa Ninfa
Santa Ninfa is a town and comune in South-Western Sicily, Italy, administratively part of the province of Trapani. It has 5,074 inhabitants as of 2004....
and Piazza Armerina
Piazza Armerina
Piazza Armerina is an Italian comune in the province of Enna of the autonomous island region of Sicily.-History:...
in Sicily
Sicily
Sicily is a region of Italy, and is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. Along with the surrounding minor islands, it constitutes an autonomous region of Italy, the Regione Autonoma Siciliana Sicily has a rich and unique culture, especially with regard to the arts, music, literature,...
. High frequencies appear to exist also in some northern areasGenetic surveys do not all test the same markers. for example around Venice
Venice
Venice is a city in northern Italy which is renowned for the beauty of its setting, its architecture and its artworks. It is the capital of the Veneto region...
,. See clade 25.1. The same data set was later used in and . Genoa
Genoa
Genoa |Ligurian]] Zena ; Latin and, archaically, English Genua) is a city and an important seaport in northern Italy, the capital of the Province of Genoa and of the region of Liguria....
and Rimini
Rimini
Rimini is a medium-sized city of 142,579 inhabitants in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy, and capital city of the Province of Rimini. It is located on the Adriatic Sea, on the coast between the rivers Marecchia and Ausa...
, as well as on the island of Corsica
Corsica
Corsica is an island in the Mediterranean Sea. It is located west of Italy, southeast of the French mainland, and north of the island of Sardinia....
, which is to the west of mainland northern Italy.
Phylogenetic analysis strongly suggest that these lineages have spread through Europe, from the Balkans in a "rapid demographic expansion". Before then, the SNP mutation, V13 apparently first arose in West Asia around 10 thousand years ago, and although not widespread there, it is for example found in high levels (>10% of the male population) in Turkish Cypriot and Druze
Druze
The Druze are an esoteric, monotheistic religious community, found primarily in Syria, Lebanon, Israel, and Jordan, which emerged during the 11th century from Ismailism. The Druze have an eclectic set of beliefs that incorporate several elements from Abrahamic religions, Gnosticism, Neoplatonism...
Arab lineages. The Druze are considered a genetically isolated community, and are therefore of particular interest. The STR DNA signature of some of the E-V13 men amongst them was actually originally classified in the delta cluster in . This means that Druze E-V13 clustered together with most E-V12 and E-V22, and not with European E-V13, which was mostly in the alpha cluster. This can be summarized in a table format...
| haplotype | description | YCAIIa | YCAIIb | DYS413a | DYS413b | DYS19 | DYS391 | DYS393 | DYS439 | DYS460 | DYS461 | A10 |
| All E-V13 | modal | 19 | 21 | 23 | 24 | 13 | 10 | 13 | 12 | 9 | 10 | 13 |
| Druze V13 | 1 | 19 | 21 | 23 | 23 | 13 | 10 | 13 | 13 | 11 | 9 | 12 |
| Druze V13 | 2 | 19 | 21 | 23 | 23 | 13 | 10 | 13 | 13 | 11 | 9 | 13 |
| All E-V22 | modal | 19 | 22 | 22 | 23 | 14 | 10 | 13 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 12 |
| All E-V12* | modal | 19 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 13 | 10 | 13 | 11 | 11 | 9 | 13 |
E-V13 is also found in scattered and small amounts in Libya (in the Jewish community) and Egypt, but this is considered most likely to be a result of migration from Europe or the Near East.
E-V13 and ancient migrations
The apparent movement of E-M78 lineages from the Near East to Europe, and their subsequent rapid expansion, make its E-V13 sub-clade a particularly interesting subject for speculation about ancient human migrations.Early migration from the Middle East to Europe
The haplogroup J2b (J-M12)Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)
In human genetics, Haplogroup J is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is one of the major male lines of all living men...
has also frequently been discussed in connection with V13, as a haplogroup with a seemingly very similar distribution and pre-history. (There is no consensus regarding the circumstances or timing of its evolution.)
says there were at least four major demographic events which have been envisioned for this geographic area:
- The "post-Last Glacial MaximumLast Glacial MaximumThe Last Glacial Maximum refers to a period in the Earth's climate history when ice sheets were at their maximum extension, between 26,500 and 19,000–20,000 years ago, marking the peak of the last glacial period. During this time, vast ice sheets covered much of North America, northern Europe and...
expansion (about 20 kya)" - The "Younger DryasYounger DryasThe Younger Dryas stadial, also referred to as the Big Freeze, was a geologically brief period of cold climatic conditions and drought between approximately 12.8 and 11.5 ka BP, or 12,800 and 11,500 years before present...
-HoloceneHoloceneThe Holocene is a geological epoch which began at the end of the Pleistocene and continues to the present. The Holocene is part of the Quaternary period. Its name comes from the Greek words and , meaning "entirely recent"...
reexpansion (about 12 kya)" - The "population growth associated with the introduction of agriculturalAgricultureAgriculture is the cultivation of animals, plants, fungi and other life forms for food, fiber, and other products used to sustain life. Agriculture was the key implement in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that nurtured the...
practices (about 8 kya)" - The "development of BronzeBronzeBronze is a metal alloy consisting primarily of copper, usually with tin as the main additive. It is hard and brittle, and it was particularly significant in antiquity, so much so that the Bronze Age was named after the metal...
technology (about 5kya)"
Only the last two seem within the timespan possible for V13 given its STR age of arise putatively in the Middle east.
The distribution and diversity of V13 are often thought to represent the introduction of early farming technologies, during the Neolithic
Neolithic
The Neolithic Age, Era, or Period, or New Stone Age, was a period in the development of human technology, beginning about 9500 BC in some parts of the Middle East, and later in other parts of the world. It is traditionally considered as the last part of the Stone Age...
expansion, into Europe by way of the Balkans. However, a wider range of possibilities exists, , for example, propose that the E-M78* lineage ancestral to all modern E-V13 men moved rapidly out of a Southern Egyptian homeland, in the wetter conditions of the early Holocene
Holocene
The Holocene is a geological epoch which began at the end of the Pleistocene and continues to the present. The Holocene is part of the Quaternary period. Its name comes from the Greek words and , meaning "entirely recent"...
; arrived in Europe with only Mesolithic
Mesolithic
The Mesolithic is an archaeological concept used to refer to certain groups of archaeological cultures defined as falling between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic....
technologies and then only subsequently integrated with Neolithic cultures which arrived later in the Balkans.
E-V13 is in any case often described in population genetics
Population genetics
Population genetics is the study of allele frequency distribution and change under the influence of the four main evolutionary processes: natural selection, genetic drift, mutation and gene flow. It also takes into account the factors of recombination, population subdivision and population...
as one of the components of the European genetic composition
Genetic history of Europe
The genetic history of Europe can be inferred from the patterns of genetic diversity across continents and time. The primary data to develop historical scenarios coming from sequences of mitochondrial, Y-chromosome and autosomal DNA from modern populations and if available from ancient DNA...
which shows a relatively recent link of populations from the Middle East
Middle East
The Middle East is a region that encompasses Western Asia and Northern Africa. It is often used as a synonym for Near East, in opposition to Far East...
, entering Europe and presumably associated with bringing new technologies. As such, it is also sometimes remarked that it is a relatively recent genetic movement out of Africa
Recent African origin of modern humans
In paleoanthropology, the recent African origin of modern humans is the most widely accepted model describing the origin and early dispersal of anatomically modern humans...
into Eurasia
Eurasia
Eurasia is a continent or supercontinent comprising the traditional continents of Europe and Asia ; covering about 52,990,000 km2 or about 10.6% of the Earth's surface located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres...
, and has been described as "a signal for a separate late-Pleistocene
Pleistocene
The Pleistocene is the epoch from 2,588,000 to 11,700 years BP that spans the world's recent period of repeated glaciations. The name pleistocene is derived from the Greek and ....
migration from Africa to Europe over the Sinai ... which is not manifested in mtDNA haplogroup distributions".
After its initial entry in Europe, there was then a dispersal from the Balkans into the rest of Europe. Also for this movement, a wide range of possibilities exists. suggest that the E-V13 sub-clade of E-M78 originated in situ in Europe, and propose that the first major dispersal of E-V13 from the Balkans may have been in the direction of the Adriatic Sea
Adriatic Sea
The Adriatic Sea is a body of water separating the Italian Peninsula from the Balkan peninsula, and the system of the Apennine Mountains from that of the Dinaric Alps and adjacent ranges...
with the Neolithic
Neolithic
The Neolithic Age, Era, or Period, or New Stone Age, was a period in the development of human technology, beginning about 9500 BC in some parts of the Middle East, and later in other parts of the world. It is traditionally considered as the last part of the Stone Age...
Impressed Ware culture often referred to as Impressa or Cardial
Cardium Pottery
Cardium Pottery or Cardial Ware is a Neolithic decorative style that gets its name from the imprinting of the clay with the shell of the Cardium edulis, a marine mollusk...
. In contrast, suggest that the movement out of the Balkans may have been more recent than 5300 years ago. The authors suggest that this might have been associated with an in situ population increase in the Balkans associated with the Balkan Bronze age
Bronze Age
The Bronze Age is a period characterized by the use of copper and its alloy bronze as the chief hard materials in the manufacture of some implements and weapons. Chronologically, it stands between the Stone Age and Iron Age...
, rather than an actual migratory movement of peoples from western Asia. They consider that "the dispersion of the E-V13 and J-M12 haplogroups seems to have mainly followed the river waterways connecting the southern Balkans to north-central Europe". propose the Vardar-Morava-Danube rivers as a possible route of Neolithic dispersal into central Europe. proposes a still more recent dispersal out of the Balkans, around the time of the Roman empire.
Greek soldiers in Pakistan
Both E-V13 and J-M12 have also been used in studies seeking to find evidence of a remaining Greek presence in AfghanistanAfghanistan
Afghanistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located in the centre of Asia, forming South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East. With a population of about 29 million, it has an area of , making it the 42nd most populous and 41st largest nation in the world...
and Pakistan
Pakistan
Pakistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is a sovereign state in South Asia. It has a coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in the east and China in the far northeast. In the north, Tajikistan...
, going back to the time of Alexander the Great.
Roman soldiers in Britain
Significant frequencies of E-V13 have also been observed in towns in WalesWales
Wales is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain, bordered by England to its east and the Atlantic Ocean and Irish Sea to its west. It has a population of three million, and a total area of 20,779 km²...
, England
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
and Scotland
Scotland
Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the...
. The old trading town of Abergele
Abergele
Abergele is a community and old Roman trading town, situated on the north coast of Wales between the holiday resorts of Colwyn Bay and Rhyl, in Conwy County Borough. Its northern suburb of Pensarn lies on the Irish Sea coast and is known for its beach, where it is claimed by some that a ghost ship...
on the northern coast of Wales in particular showed 7 out of 18 local people tested were in this lineage (approximately 40%), as reported in . attributes the overall presence of E-V13 in Great Britain
Great Britain
Great Britain or Britain is an island situated to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the ninth largest island in the world, and the largest European island, as well as the largest of the British Isles...
, especially in areas of high frequency, to settlement during the 1st through 4th centuries CE by Roman
Ancient Rome
Ancient Rome was a thriving civilization that grew on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 8th century BC. Located along the Mediterranean Sea and centered on the city of Rome, it expanded to one of the largest empires in the ancient world....
soldiers from the Balkan peninsula. Bird proposes a connection to the modern region encompassing Kosovo, southern Serbia, northern Macedonia and extreme northwestern Bulgaria (a region corresponding to the Roman province of Moesia Superior), which was identified by as harboring the highest frequency worldwide of this sub-clade.Doubts about this line of reasoning have been expressed because (a) new data appearing in indicates other high concentrations in Greece and (b) the data in show that the area with the highest frequency does not have the highest diversity, implying that V13 arrived there more recently than in Greece.
However, according to data published so far,Bird uses three sources: , and . Neither Capelli nor Weale have data from the area in the English Midlands where Bird suggests that there is a lack of E1b1b. In 2006 Bird mentioned that there were 193 Central English haplotypes in Sykes. E-V13 appears to be notably absent in Central England, a fact which Bird (2007) suggests reflects a genuine population replacement of Romano-British
Romano-British
Romano-British culture describes the culture that arose in Britain under the Roman Empire following the Roman conquest of AD 43 and the creation of the province of Britannia. It arose as a fusion of the imported Roman culture with that of the indigenous Britons, a people of Celtic language and...
people with Anglo-Saxon
Anglo-Saxon
Anglo-Saxon may refer to:* Anglo-Saxons, a group that invaded Britain** Old English, their language** Anglo-Saxon England, their history, one of various ships* White Anglo-Saxon Protestant, an ethnicity* Anglo-Saxon economy, modern macroeconomic term...
sIn the E3b distribution maps published in Bird's own paper – the Norfolk area is shown as having a very high percentage of E3b. Norfolk is at the supposed "epicentre" of the supposed Anglian "invasion".:
Sub-clades of E1b1b1a1b (E-V13)
Although most E-V13 individuals do not show any known downstream SNP mutations, and are therefore categorized as E1b1b1a1b* (E-V13*) there are several recognized sub-clades, all of which may be very small. These are one of two cases where remarked that at the time of that article, it was not certain that the two clades were truly separate ("the positions of these mutations have not been resolved because of a lack of a DNA sample containing the derived state at V27").-
-
- E1b1b1a1b1. Defined by V27. found one case in SicilySicilySicily is a region of Italy, and is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. Along with the surrounding minor islands, it constitutes an autonomous region of Italy, the Regione Autonoma Siciliana Sicily has a rich and unique culture, especially with regard to the arts, music, literature,...
. - E1b1b1a1b2. Defined by P65.
- E1b1b1a1b3. Defined by L17.
- E1b1b1a1b4. Defined by L143.
- E1b1b1a1b5. Defined by M35.2.
- E1b1b1a1b6. Defined by L241.
- E1b1b1a1b7. Defined by L250, L251, and L252.
- E1b1b1a1b1. Defined by V27. found one case in Sicily
-
E1b1b1a1c (E-V22)
This clade comprises most of those classified in the "delta cluster" of . later noted that "E-V22 and E-V12* chromosomes are intermingled and not clearly differentiated by their microsatellite haplotypes".This sub-clade of E-M78 is "relatively common" in the Horn of Africa
Horn of Africa
The Horn of Africa is a peninsula in East Africa that juts hundreds of kilometers into the Arabian Sea and lies along the southern side of the Gulf of Aden. It is the easternmost projection of the African continent...
and Egypt
Egypt
Egypt , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: , is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world...
, with higher microsatellite variance (0.35 vs. 0.46, respectively) in Egypt. In the article announcing this first information, described it as uncommon in Western Asia and they proposed Northeast Africa (Libya/Egypt) as this sub-clade's likely place of origin. also reported a significant presence in neighboring Sudan, making up about 30% of the diverse range of the country's E-M78 lineages in their study, including 8 out of 26 Fulani (about 31%), a widely-dispersed pastoral people. in a study of Guinea Bissau, showed that the Fulani there are about 10% E-M78. Note that this study did not test specifically for V12 or V22, so the E-M78 may have a different exact breakdown of diversity as well as a lower frequency. E-V22 was also present in much smaller frequencies amongst the Shilluk (2 of 15 samples, 13%) and Dinka
Dinka
The Dinka is an ethnic group inhabiting the Bahr el Ghazal region of the Nile basin, Jonglei and parts of southern Kordufan and Upper Nile regions. They are mainly agro-pastoral people, relying on cattle herding at riverside camps in the dry season and growing millet and other varieties of grains ...
(3 of 26, 11.5%) Nilotes of Southern Sudan. Hassan et al. suggest that E-V22, like E-V12, might have entered Sudan from North Africa
North Africa
North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, linked by the Sahara to Sub-Saharan Africa. Geopolitically, the United Nations definition of Northern Africa includes eight countries or territories; Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, South Sudan, Sudan, Tunisia, and...
"after the progressive desertification of the Sahara around 6,000–8,000 years ago". They add that the gene flow
Gene flow
In population genetics, gene flow is the transfer of alleles of genes from one population to another.Migration into or out of a population may be responsible for a marked change in allele frequencies...
to Sudan "is not only recent (Holocene
Holocene
The Holocene is a geological epoch which began at the end of the Pleistocene and continues to the present. The Holocene is part of the Quaternary period. Its name comes from the Greek words and , meaning "entirely recent"...
onward) but also largely of focal nature", and that "most speakers of Nilo-Saharan languages, the major linguistic family spoken in the country, show very little evidence of gene flow and demonstrate low migration rate, with exception of the Nubians
Nubians
The Nubians are an ethnic group originally from northern Sudan, and southern Egypt now inhabiting North Africa and some parts of East Africa....
, who appear to have sustained considerable gene flow from Asia
Asia
Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres. It covers 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area and with approximately 3.879 billion people, it hosts 60% of the world's current human population...
and Europe
Europe
Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...
together with the Beja
Beja people
The Beja people are an ethnic group dwelling in parts of North Africa and the Horn of Africa.-Geography:The Beja are found mostly in Sudan, but also in parts of Eritrea, and Egypt...
."
Other frequencies reported by include Asturians (4.44% out of 90 people), Sicilians (4.58% out of 153 people), Moroccan Arabs
Demographics of Morocco
This article is about the demographic features of the population of Morocco, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population....
(7.27%, 55 people), Moroccan Jews (8%, 50 people), Istanbul
Istanbul
Istanbul , historically known as Byzantium and Constantinople , is the largest city of Turkey. Istanbul metropolitan province had 13.26 million people living in it as of December, 2010, which is 18% of Turkey's population and the 3rd largest metropolitan area in Europe after London and...
Turkish (5.71% out of 35 people), and Palestinians (6.9% out of 29 people). found a 6.7% presence in the UAE.
Sub-clades of E1b1b1a1c (E-V22)
There are two recognized sub-clades, which are apparently separate, although remarked that at the time of that article, "the positions of these mutations have not been resolved because of a lack of a DNA sample containing the derived state at [...] V19".-
-
- E1b1b1a1c1. Defined by M148. found 1 example in the Indian subcontinentIndian subcontinentThe Indian subcontinent, also Indian Subcontinent, Indo-Pak Subcontinent or South Asian Subcontinent is a region of the Asian continent on the Indian tectonic plate from the Hindu Kush or Hindu Koh, Himalayas and including the Kuen Lun and Karakoram ranges, forming a land mass which extends...
. calls M148 "rare and rather uninformative". - E1b1b1a1c2. Defined by V19. found 2 exemplars in SardiniaSardiniaSardinia is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea . It is an autonomous region of Italy, and the nearest land masses are the French island of Corsica, the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Tunisia and the Spanish Balearic Islands.The name Sardinia is from the pre-Roman noun *sard[],...
.
- E1b1b1a1c1. Defined by M148. found 1 example in the Indian subcontinent
-
E1b1b1a1d (E-V65)
This sub-clade, equivalent to the previously classified "beta cluster", is found in high levels in the MaghrebMaghreb
The Maghreb is the region of Northwest Africa, west of Egypt. It includes five countries: Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Mauritania and the disputed territory of Western Sahara...
regions of far northern Africa. report levels of about 20% amongst Libyan Arab lineages, and about 30% amongst Morrocan Arabs
Demographics of Morocco
This article is about the demographic features of the population of Morocco, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population....
. It appears to be less common amongst Berbers
Berber people
Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. They are continuously distributed from the Atlantic to the Siwa oasis, in Egypt, and from the Mediterranean to the Niger River. Historically they spoke the Berber language or varieties of it, which together form a branch...
, but still present in levels of >10%. The authors suggest a North African origin for this lineage. In Europe, only a few individuals were found in Italy and Greece. The results from the article can be summarized as follows...
| E-V65 | YCAIIa | YCAIIb | DYS413a | DYS413b | DYS19 | DYS391 | DYS393 | DYS439 | DYS460 | DYS461 | A10 |
| modal | 19 | 21 | 21 | 23 | 13 | 10 | 13 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 13 |
| min | 19 | 20 | 20 | 22 | 11 | 10 | 13 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 12 |
| max | 21 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 14 | 11 | 14 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 13 |
| number | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 |
studied the beta cluster in Europe. They found small amounts in Southern Italy, but also traces in Cantabria, Portugal and Galicia, with Cantabria having the highest level in Europe in their study, at 3.1% (5 out of 161 people).
E1b1b1a1e (E-M521)
This sub-clade's discovery was announced in They found 2 out of 92 Greeks to have this mutation.Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree and subsequent published research as summarized by ISOGG.- E1b1b1a (V68)
- E1b1b1a1 (L18, M78)
- E1b1b1a1a (V12)
- E1b1b1a1a1 (M224)
- E1b1b1a1a2 (V32)
- E1b1b1a1b (V13, V36, L142.1)
- E1b1b1a1b1 (V27)
- E1b1b1a1b2 (P65)
- E1b1b1a1b3 (L17)
- E1b1b1a1b4 (L143)
- E1b1b1a1b5 (M35.2)
- E1b1b1a1b6 (L241)
- E1b1b1a1b7 (L250, L251, L252)
- E1b1b1a1c (V22)
- E1b1b1a1c1 (M148)
- E1b1b1a1c2 (V19)
- E1b1b1a1d (V65, L66, L67)
- E1b1b1a1e (M521)
- E1b1b1a1a (V12)
- E1b1b1a1 (L18, M78)
See also
- African admixture in EuropeAfrican admixture in EuropeAfrican admixture in Europe refers to the Eurasian presence of Human genetic polymorphisms, which are considered to be evidence for movements of people from Africa to Eurasia in both the prehistoric and historic past.-Geographical influences:...
- E1b1b
- Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic groupsY-DNA haplogroups by ethnic groupsListed here are notable ethnic groups by Y-DNA haplogroups based on relevant studies. The data is presented in two columns for each haplogroup with the first being the sample size and the second the percentage in the haplogroup designated by the column header...
- Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
- Haplogroup E (Y-DNA)Haplogroup E (Y-DNA)In human genetics, Haplogroup E is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup E is one of the two main branches of the older Haplogroup DE, the other main branch being haplogroup D. The E clade is divided into two subclades: E1 and E2 .-Origins:Underhill et al. proposed that haplogroup E...
- Haplogroup D (Y-DNA)Haplogroup D (Y-DNA)In human genetics, Haplogroup D is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. Both D and E lineages also exhibit the single-nucleotide polymorphism M168 which is present in all Y-chromosome haplogroups except A and B, as well as the YAP unique-event polymorphism, which is unique to Haplogroup...
- Haplogroup DE (Y-DNA)Haplogroup DE (Y-DNA)In human genetics, Haplogroup DE is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is defined by the single nucleotide polymorphism mutations, or UEPs, M1, M145, M203, P144, P153, P165, P167, P183....
- * (haplogroup)* (haplogroup)Paragroup is a term used in population genetics to describe lineages within a haplogroup that are not defined by any additional unique markers. In human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups, paragroups are typically represented by an asterisk placed after the main haplogroup...
- molecular phylogenyMolecular phylogenyMolecular phylogenetics is the analysis of hereditary molecular differences, mainly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. The result of a molecular phylogenetic analysis is expressed in a phylogenetic tree...
- genetic genealogyGenetic genealogyGenetic genealogy is the application of genetics to traditional genealogy. Genetic genealogy involves the use of genealogical DNA testing to determine the level of genetic relationship between individuals.-History:...