Shandong University
Encyclopedia
Shandong University is a public comprehensive university in Shandong
, China. It is one of the largest universities in China by student population (57,500 full-time students in 2009) and is supported directly by the national government.
Present-day Shandong University is the result of multiple mergers as well as splits and restructurings that have involved more than a dozen academic institutions over time. The oldest of Shandong University's precursor institutions, Cheeloo University
, was founded by American and English mission agencies in the late 19th century (as Tengchow College of Liberal Arts in Penglai). Tengchow College was the first modern institution of higher learning in China. Shandong University derives its official founding date from the Imperial Shandong University established in Jinan in November 1901 as the second modern national university in the country.
Shandong University has seven campuses, all but one of which are located in the provincial capital city of Jinan
. A campus to northeast of the port city of Qingdao
is under construction. The university has been classified as a National Key University by the Chinese Ministry of Education
since 1960. It has been included in major national initiatives seeking to enhance the international competitiveness of the top-tier universities in China such as Project 985
and Project 211
.
Shandong University offers master and doctoral degree programs in all major academic disciplines covering the humanities
, science and engineering
, as well as medicine
.
Jinan in 1733 by an imperial edict from the Yongzheng Emperor
of the Qing Dynasty
. The governor of Shandong, Yue Jun , received 1,000 tael
s of silver (approximately 37 kg) to fund the establishment of the academy. The name "Luoyuan" (literally "source of the Luo [River]") refers to the original location of the academy near the Baotu Spring
. The academy was dedicated to teaching the Chinese classics to the sons of the gentry
. Scholars affiliated with the academy include: Bi Yuan (畢沅, 1730–1797), Sang Tiaoyuan (桑调元, 1695–1771), Shen Qiyuan (沈起元, 1685–1763), He Shaoji (何紹基, 1799–1873), Kuang Yuan (匡源, 1815–1881), Wang Zhihan (王之翰, 1821–1850), Liu Yaochun (刘耀春), Zhu Xuedu (朱学笃, 1826—1892), and Miao Quansun (缪荃孙, 1844–1919). In 1881, the American Presbyterian missionaries John Murray and Stephen A. Hunter attempted to purchase a property adjacent to the Luoyuan Academy for use as a chapel. This led to a violent reaction when on July 13, 1881, literati from the Academy incited an attack on the property. The incident, known as the "Jinan Jiaoan" , had considerable diplomatic repercussions for the relationship between the Qing Dynasty and the United States. The Luoyuan Academy was rebuilt in 1896 to become the largest institution of its kind in Shandong. Five years later (in 1901) it was replaced by the newly founded Imperial Shandong College which took over its campus (today the site of the Provincial Bureau of Statistics on Spring City Road).
on the north-eastern coast of Shandong Peninsula from the United States in January 1864. In autumn of the same year, the Mateers opened a school for boys in a Guanyin temple that had been sold to them since there were insufficient funds for its upkeep as a temple. The school's first class consisted of six boarders and two day pupils. The school was enlarged to accommodate 30 boarders and divided into primary and high school sections in 1869. The Tengchow College of Liberal Arts was formally established in 1882, i.e., at a time when the school had been operated as a primary and high school for 18 years already. By 1889, enrollment in the college had grown to 100 students. The six-year curriculum included algebra, geometry and conic sections, trigonometry and measurement, surveying and navigation, analytical geometry and mathematical physics, calculus, as well as astronomy. Religion also featured prominently in the curriculum and daily life at Tengchow College. The College soon enjoyed a reputation for its high standards of academic excellence. When W.A.P Martin
hired young professors of Western learning for the Imperial Capital University (the precursor of present-day Peking University), 12 out of 13 young professors hired were graduates of Tengchow College of Liberal Arts. In 1884, shortly after the formal establishment of Tengchow College of Liberal Arts, British Baptists established Tsingchow Boy's Boarding School in Qingzhou
, also located in northern Shandong, but not directly on the coast.
In 1902, the American and British missionaries agreed to combine their education ventures in Shandong, and established an arts college in Weifang
, a theological college in Zibo
, and a medical college in Jinan
. In 1909, all three colleges were consolidated as Shantung Protestant University (later renamed to Shantung Christian University) in one place. The informal name of the school, "Cheeloo University", was derived from "Qilu", a nickname of Shandong Province coined after the ancient states of Qi (1046 BC-221 BC) and Lu
(10th century BC-256 BC) that once existed in the area. Jinan was chosen as the new location for the consolidated university.
A prominent member of Cheeloo University's faculty was Henry Winters Luce
(1868–1941), the father of the publisher Henry R. Luce (founder of TIME Magazine, Fortune
, and Life
). Henry W. Luce initially led the fundraising efforts for the new campus in Jinan (today the Baotuquan Campus of Shandong University). In this capacity, he raised 300,000 dollars between 1912 and 1915 from donors in the United States. The buildings on the new Cheeloo campus were designed by the architectural firm of Perkins, Fellows, and Hamilton from Chicago. Henry W. Luce was elected vice-president of Cheeloo University in 1916, but resigned in the following year already, because he felt that he had insufficient support for his vision of a university of major national influence from the then Cheeloo President E. Percy Bruce.
Cheeloo University particularly made its mark in the field of medicine: From 1914-1936, the university built and subsequently expanded Cheeloo Hospital as a major facility for medical education in China. Between 1916 and 1923, the former Peking Union Medical College, the Medical Department of Nanking University, the Hankow Medical College, and the North China Union Medical College for Women were all moved to Jinan and merged into the Cheeloo University School of Medicine.
Cheeloo University attracted Chinese intellectuals and scholars. The writer Lao She
, author of the novel "Rickshaw Boy
" and the play "Teahouse", taught at Cheeloo University (1930–1934) as well as at National Shandong University in Qingdao and other universities between 1934 and 1937.
In 1937, when the Japanese forces occupied northern China during the Second Sino-Japanese War
, Cheeloo University evacuated to Sichuan
and operated on the campus of West China Union University in Chengdu
. In Jinan, the University's hospital remained open with a largely Western staff. During the war, the Japanese military used the entire campus for housing about 1,200 patients along with 600 officers.
During the Korean War
(1950–1953), the Chinese government came to regard Christian schools as tools of "American imperialism" and hence embarked on closing them down. Cheeloo University was dissolved in 1952. Its Medical School was fused with Shandong Provincial Medical College and the East China Norman Bethune Medical College to form Shandong Medical College (renamed into "Shandong Medical University" in 1985).
The initiative for the founding of Shandong University (as Imperial Shandong University) in 1901 as a national, modern university came from Yuan Shikai
, then the governor of Shandong province. Yuan Shikai was the chief military modernizer of the late Qing Dynasty whose control over a powerful army combined with his personal ambition played a key role in the birth of the Republic of China
as well as its descent into warlordism in the early 20th century.
Yuan Shikai had been governor of Shandong Province since December 1899. He had been appointed to this post to quell the Boxer Uprising in the province and to reassure the foreign diplomats in the country who were looking for quick decisive actions against the boxers. In 1901, the same year that marked the end of the Boxer Uprising, Yuan sent a draft for the university charter to the Guangxu Emperor
and instructed Li Yukai, the magistrate of Penglai, to start preparations for the university. The draft of the university charter was approved by the emperor in November 1901, shortly after the Boxer Uprising had officially ended with the signing of the Boxer Protocol on September 7, 1901. Shandong Imperial University became hence the second modern national university established in the country after Imperial Capital University that had been founded in 1898 and later became Peking University
. The charter of Shandong Imperial University served as a model for subsequent foundations of imperial university. The original charter document for Shandong University is now kept in the National Palace Museum
in Taipei
, Taiwan
where it had been taken during the retreat of the Kuomintang
at the end of the Chinese Civil War
.
Governor Yuan Shikai wanted a prominent position for Western learning in the curriculum of the new college. Hence, he invited the American Presbyterian missionary Dr. Watson McMillan Hayes
who was then serving as president of Tengchow College in Penglai to help with setting up the new Imperial Shandong University and serve as its president. The appointment of the presbytarian missionary W. A. P. Martin as inaugural president of the Imperial Capital University three years earlier had set a precedent for this arrangement. Hayes arrived in Jinan in July 1901 and started the preparations for the new college. Hayes also published Shandong's first successful daily newspaper and petitioned the Qing court to grant a holiday on Sundays; As a consequence, Shandong University was closed on Sundays right from the start. However, by the end of the year, Hayes and six Chinese Christian teachers he had brought with him had resigned already over disagreements regarding the policy of mandatory Confucius
worship for students of the imperial university. Hayes went on to teach the Presbyterian Mission Theological Class in Chefoo (present-day Yantai
) and continued to work as a missionary and educator in Shandong until his death in a Japanese internment camp
in Wei County (present-day Weifang) in 1944.
Imperial Shandong University occupied the premises of the Luoyuan Academy which had been renovated and extended significantly five years earlier. It was opened on November 13, 1901 in a ceremony attended by Governor Yuan Shikai. 299 student were enrolled in the first term, of which 120 passed the first examination and 100 were finally admitted. The first faculty had 50 members that also included teachers from overseas, it was later increased to 110. The curriculum contained Chinese classics, Chinese history, social sciences, natural sciences, and foreign language with more than 20 subjects being taught. At the beginning, the curriculum covered 3 years, but it was later expanded to 4 years.
The first president of the new university was Tang Shaoyi
. Tang had been educated in the United States (elementary school in Springfield, Massachusetts, high school in Hartford, Connecticut, and finally one year at Columbia University) and had since then followed a career that had been closely linked to Yuan Shikai: He had been a diplomat with Yuan Shikai's staff in Korea and was appointed head of the Shandong Bureau of Foreign Affairs under governor Yuan Shikai in 1900.
's Kuomintang against Yuan Shikai and resigned after only three months in office.
In 1904, Imperial Shandong University moved to new premises in the Ganshi Qiao area of Jinan (located to the south-west of the historical city center) and changed its name to "Shandong Institution of Higher Learning" . In 1911, it changed its name once again, this time to the "School of Higher Learning" .
The first modern academic institution in the port city of Qingdao, then part of the German Kiautschou Bay colonial concession, was the German-Chinese "Advanced School of Special Sciences of a Special Type" ("Hochschule für Spezialwissenschaften mit besonderem Charakter"). It was founded on October 25, 1909, about 11 years after the German lease on the territory went into effect. In establishing the university, the German authorities took a much more accommodating approach towards the Chinese government than they had taken in the de-facto annexation of the territory. The negotiations over the establishment of the school were led by sinologist Otto Franke. Although the German governor Oskar von Truppel vigorously objected to Chinese influence over the school, Franke's collaboration plan received firm backing from Admiral von Tirpitz
as well as the German envoy in Beijing. The university operated under the supervision of the German naval administration, but was recognized and supported financially by the Chinese government. The cumbersome name of the school ("spezial" or "tebie", i.e., "special") was chosen at the insistence of the Chinese government to reflect its special status, below the Imperial College in Beijing but above the other provincial Chinese universities. The local informal name for the university was "Hainan School" in reference to an old name for Qingdao. Studies were organized in a "preparatory level" with a six-year (since 1911, five-year) curriculum for students aged 13 to 15 years and an "upper school". Subjects covered included German, history, geography, mathematics, natural history, zoology, botany, health, physics, chemistry, drawing, music, sports, as well as Chinese language and sciences. Whereas engineering and natural sciences were taught in an entirely "Western mode", the Chinese and European approaches were combined in the teaching of the humanities. Religious subjects had been excluded from the curriculum at the request of the Chinese government. The number of students at the school rose to about 400 in 1914, the school assembled a German and a Chinese library with about 5000 and 8000 volumes respectively. School operations ceased with the beginning of the First World War in 1914 and never resumed.
Qingdao reverted from Japanese to Chinese control in 1922 and Qingdao University was founded as a new private university in August 1924; its first president was Gao Enhong
, the governor of the Jiaozhou territory. The former German-Chinese university was not mentioned during the opening ceremony and it was decided not to hire foreign teachers for the time being.
Qingdao University was housed in the former Bismarck barracks that had been constructed for the German troops during the time when Qingdao was part of the German concession in Shandong. The curriculum of Qingdao University was mainly focused on engineering and business administration and a bachelors degree was to be awarded after four years of study. Luo Ronghuan
, later a marshal of the People's Liberation Army, was among Qingdao University's students. Qingdao University fell on hard times after the Zhili clique of warlords
that had ruled Shandong since the takeover from the Japanese unexpectedly lost to its rival Fengtian clique
in the Second Zhili-Fengtian War
of 1924. Gao Enhong was forced to resign as president of the university and funding dried up.
The Fengtian clique installed the warlord Zhang Zongchang
as ruler of Shandong. Zhang, an illiterate former bandit who had built a reputation mainly for ruthlessness, brutality, and colorful antics, ordered the fusion of six schools into a provincial Shandong University in Jinan in 1926.
In 1928, the Kuomintang Government in Nanjing regained control of northern China and Shandong through the Northern Expedition. Soon afterwards, preparations commenced for a National University in the province. In August 1928, the government ordered the replacement of the provincial Shandong University with a National University in Shandong. The National University of Qingdao was formally established with an opening ceremony on September 21, 1930. In 1932, it was renamed "National Shandong University". Like Qingdao University, Shandong National University was housed in the buildings of the former Bismarck barracks. The University's chancellor, Yang Zhensheng , followed the model set by Peking University
in establishing an "inclusive" , "scientific and democratic" academic environment. During this period, Shandong National University hired distinguished scientists, scholars and literary figures such as Lao She
, Wen Yiduo
, Shen Congwen
, Liang Shiqiu, the nuclear physicist Wang Ganchang (faculty member from 1934 to 1936), and Tong Dizhou
. Poet Zang Kejia
, who later co-edited the "Selected Poems of Chairman Mao" , was a student of Wen Yiduo from 1930-1934 in Qingdao.
that had marked the outbreak of a fully-fledged war in July of the same year, National Shandong University was evacuated from Qingdao. The university first moved to Anqing
in Anhui Province
and soon afterwards to Wanxian in Sichuan Province
(today Wanzhou District
in Chongqing
). Books, equipment, and administrative files were shipped in separate installments and suffered severe loss. Classes resumed in Wanxian in Spring 1938, but were stopped soon after that on orders of the Ministry of Education. Teachers and students were then transferred to the National Central University
that had been moved from Nanjing
to Chongqing
in the previous year. The books and equipment of Shandong University were placed into storage in the National Central Library, the National Central University, and the National Central Vocational School. After the war, in the spring of 1946, the University moved back to Qingdao.
, Soviet faculty members worked at Shandong University. In October 1958, the university moved back to Jinan from Qingdao. The marine sciences remained in Qingdao, where they later formed Shandong Ocean University. In Jinan, Shandong University first occupied the Hongjialou Campus. Construction of the new Central Campus commenced in 1959, during the Great Leap Forward
and in the year of a great Yellow River
flood. Shandong University was added to the list of National Key University on 10 October 1960.
. Shandong University was also completely paralyzed by the events. A complete restructuring was imposed on Shandong's university system: according to a resolution passed by
Revolutionary Committee of Shandong Province on July 29, 1970, the liberal arts of Shandong University were moved to Qufu and combined with Qufu Normal College to form a new Shandong University. The biology department was moved to Tai'an and merged into the Shandong Agricultural College. The rest of the sciences was to form the Shandong Science and Technology University. In 1971, the university's admission policy was also changed: in order to open the university to workers and peasants, new students were now nominated "by the masses" and then approved by the political leadership and the university. Until 1976, a total of 3267 students who were admitted under this scheme graduated after completing a 2- or 3-year curriculum. Premier Zhou Enlai
learned of Shandong University's reorganization in 1973. Although he was already terminally ill with bladder cancer at the time, he intervened and ordered a return to previous structure of the university. As a consequence, all organizational changes imposed by the Revolutionary Committee of Shandong Province were undone in early 1974 already.
was established in 1984. In 1985, Shandong Medical College was renamed Shandong Medical University. From 1986 to 1996, Shandong University underwent a period of rapid academic expansion. By 1997, is contained 14 colleges, 45 schools and offered 56 undergraduate program, 57 master degree programs as well as 17 doctoral degree programs. Shandong University merged with Shandong Medical University and the Shandong University of Technology in 2000. With Shandong Medical University the former campus of Cheeloo University became part of Shandong University (as the West Campus, renamed Baotuquan Campus in 2009). The campus of Shandong University of Technology became the South Campus of Shandong University (renamed Qianfoshan Campus in 2009). Construction of the Xinglongshan Campus (then under the name "New South Campus"), a large new campus located in a mountain valley to the south of Jinan dedicated to education of first- and second-year undergraduate students, began in 2003.
, the capital city of Shandong
Province. Together they cover an area of 3.8 km². The only campus outside of Jinan is situated in the city of Weihai
near the tip of Shandong peninsula.
(in July 1959). The Central Campus houses the central administration, the main university library, a large dining hall, as well as student dormitories. The central campus is home to the schools of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Economics, History and Culture, Marxism-Leninism, Life Sciences, Mathematics and System Science, Literature and Journalism and Communication, as well as Information Science and Engineering. One of Shandong University's hotels is also located on the central campus.
The Hongjialou Campus derives its name from the Hongjialou Square and is located immediately to the north and east of the Square and the Sacred Heart Cathedral
. The first construction on the campus dates back to 1936 when it was used for the Jinan Yifan Girls' Middle School that was operated by Franciscan sisters of the Archdiocese of Jinan. In 1948, the Yifan Girls' Middle School was combined with Liming Middle School and its former campus became part of the Shandong Agricultural Institute that used it until 1958, when the Institute moved to Tai'an
. In October 1958, the Hongjialou Campus became Shandong University's first Campus after the university moved back to Jinan from Qingdao. The Hongjialou Campus houses the Schools of Law, Foreign Languages and Literature, Physics, Fine Arts, Physical Education, Philosophy and Social Sciences, as well as Political Science and Public Administration.
and was established in 1909. The design for the campus was made by Perkins, Fellows and Hamilton, an architectural firm from Chicago renowned for its school buildings in the "Prairie School
" style. The American architects attempted to include Chinese architectural features into the design of the buildings on the new Cheeloo University campus in Jinan. They did, however, mistakenly assume that the roof shape was the only distinguishing feature of Chinese architecture. As a result, the buildings feature Chinese-style roofs on buildings that lack the matching support elements such as wooden Dougong
brackets that characterize Chinese architecture. Historical buildings on the Baotuquan Campus include the Bergen Science Hall , the Mateer Science Hall (formerly for Physics and Physiology), the McCormick Hall, and the Alumni Gate (the former main entrance, construction completed on June 17, 1924). Baotuquan Campus houses the schools of public health, nursing, dentistry, pharmacy, and medicine.
the University's Software College. Campus construction started in July 2001 and the campus now has a total area of about 267,000 square meters. More than 3,000 students live on the Ruanjianyuan Campus. The campus is located next to a cluster of commercial software ventures, such as the China International ICT Innovation Cluster (CIIIC) and shares educational resources with these businesses.
and located to the northeast of Qingdao. The construction site is immediately adjacent to the seashore of Aoshan Bay and the coastal highway . The total planning area covers about two million square meters, 43 percent of which are included in the first construction phase. When completed, the Qingdao Campus will have a capacity of 30,000 students; recruitment of the first class of 5,000 freshman students is planned for the fall of 2013. The construction cost is estimated at 800 million Chinese Yuan (about 124 million US Dollars). The architecture of the new campus is intended to blend Chinese and western elements. Many buildings will mirror the red roofs and other building style elements of the German colonial architecture in Qingdao. The campus will be dedicated to advanced science and engineering research, with a special emphasis on interfacing with high-tech industry and international academic collaboration. It is part of a plan to give Shandong University a presence that is distributed throughout the province in a manner that is comparable to the University of California system
, but retains a greater level of central control.
, economics, law, literature, history, natural sciences, engineering, management, medicine, education, and military science
. There are 104 undergraduate degree programs, 209 master's degree programs, and 127 doctoral degree programs. In addition, there are seven professional master's degree programs in law, business management, engineering, clinical medicine, public health, dentistry, and public administration.
The student population is around 57,500 full-time students, of which 14,500 are postgraduate students, and over 1,000 are foreign students (data from 2009).
The major research efforts at Shandong University are organized in 34 national, provincial, and ministerial key academic disciplines, two national key research labs, 21 provincial and ministerial key research labs, a national engineering and technology promotion center, 10 provincial technology research centers, three national basic scientific research and personnel development bases; three social science key research bases approved by Ministry of Education
; and three national fundamental science personnel development bases. Among its faculty are 23 members (including adjuncts) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
and the Chinese Academy of Engineering
. Three general hospitals, including Qilu Hospital, and 12 teaching hospitals are affiliated with the university. The university library
houses a collection of over 3,550,000 items.
Shandong University has established an international network for educational cooperation and has signed exchange agreements with over 70 universities from over 50 countries. Among its faculty are international researchers and scholars, who either visit for a short term (less than 1 month, 160 visitors in 2009), a medium term (less than half a year, 70 visitors in 2009), or for the long term (more than half a year, 80 visitors in 2009). Of the 80 long-term international faculty members, 30 language scholars teach languages such as English, Japanese, Korean, French, German, Spanish, and Russian. The others were active in disciplines such as philosophy, biology, chemistry, physics, law, international politics and economics, as well as Chinese classics and traditional philosophy.
In 2006, Shandong University created a joint urban research center with the University of Cincinnati
in the United States, and a presence on each other's campus. An International Laboratory operated in the a partnership with Virginia Tech was inaugurated in the Integrated Research Building on the Central Campus in August 2010. The laboratory focuses on a biophysics and engineering analysis of biological model systems drawn from China's biodiversity.
About 1500 international students from about 40 countries come to study at Shandong University each year. An international student population numbering more than 1000 can be found on campus at any given time during the semester. Most of these international students come from Asian and African countries, but there are also students from Europe, the United States, Canada, and Australia. Since 1980, Shandong University has received more than 10,000 students from over 60 countries. Popular study subjects are Chinese language and culture, but also economics and medicine.
Shandong University participates in international short term exchange programs and receives approximately 2500 international student visitors for such programs per year.
in London, who would later serve as the third president of Cheeloo University (from 1921 until 1927). The first building of the new hospital (today known as the "Republican Building
") was inaugurated on September 27, 1915 by the military governor of Shandong, Jin Yunpeng
. About 20 years later, the hospital moved to a new building (completed in 1936) and the old building was used by Cheeloo University's School of Medicine. Today, the Shandong University Qilu Hospital as a total capacity of 1,800 beds and treats more than more than 1.9 million outpatient treatments per year. It has departments include cardiology, internal medicine, hematology, gynecology and obstetrics, otolaryngology, general surgery, neurosurgery, and pediatrics. The hospital is located at Wenhua West Road 107 in Jinan.
. In March 1964, during the period between the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution, Mao wrote the characters in the address of a thank-you note to Gao Heng
, a professor at Shandong University who had sent him literature. The official song of Shandong University was written by lyricist Qiao Yu (乔羽), who also wrote the lyrics for My Motherland
, and composer Gu Jianfen (谷建芬), both natives of Shandong Province. The lyrics of the official song are:
我们向往大海,
Wǒmen xiàngwǎng dà hǎi,
只有大海能纳百川。
Zhǐyǒu dà hǎi néng nà bǎi chuān.
我们敬仰高山,
Wǒmen jìngyǎng gāo shān
登高望远才知地阔天宽。
Dēnggāo wàng yuǎn cái zhī dì kuò tiān kuān.
勇于探索，不畏登攀。
Yǒngyú tànsuǒ, bù wèi dēngpān.
淡泊的襟怀，炽热的情感，
Dànbó de jīnhuái, chìrè de qínggǎn,
让文明之花嫣红开遍。
Ràng wénmíng zhī huā yānhóng kāi biàn.
同学少年，青春结伴。
Tóngxué shàonián, qīngchūn jiébàn.
知识无涯，生命无限！
Zhīshì wú yá, shēngmìng wúxiàn!
Shandong
' is a Province located on the eastern coast of the People's Republic of China. Shandong has played a major role in Chinese history from the beginning of Chinese civilization along the lower reaches of the Yellow River and served as a pivotal cultural and religious site for Taoism, Chinese...
, China. It is one of the largest universities in China by student population (57,500 full-time students in 2009) and is supported directly by the national government.
Present-day Shandong University is the result of multiple mergers as well as splits and restructurings that have involved more than a dozen academic institutions over time. The oldest of Shandong University's precursor institutions, Cheeloo University
Cheeloo University
Cheeloo University was a university in China, established by Hunter Corbett American Presbyterian, and other English Baptist, Anglican, and Canadian Presbyterian mission agencies in early 1900 in China.-History:...
, was founded by American and English mission agencies in the late 19th century (as Tengchow College of Liberal Arts in Penglai). Tengchow College was the first modern institution of higher learning in China. Shandong University derives its official founding date from the Imperial Shandong University established in Jinan in November 1901 as the second modern national university in the country.
Shandong University has seven campuses, all but one of which are located in the provincial capital city of Jinan
Jinan
Jinan is the capital of Shandong province in Eastern China. The area of present-day Jinan has played an important role in the history of the region from the earliest beginnings of civilisation and has evolved into a major national administrative, economic, and transportation hub...
. A campus to northeast of the port city of Qingdao
Qingdao
' also known in the West by its postal map spelling Tsingtao, is a major city with a population of over 8.715 million in eastern Shandong province, Eastern China. Its built up area, made of 7 urban districts plus Jimo city, is home to about 4,346,000 inhabitants in 2010.It borders Yantai to the...
is under construction. The university has been classified as a National Key University by the Chinese Ministry of Education
Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China
The Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China , formerly Ministry of Education, Central People's Government from 1949 to 1954, State Education Commission from 1985 to 1998, is headquartered in Beijing. It is the agency of the State Council which regulates all aspects of the...
since 1960. It has been included in major national initiatives seeking to enhance the international competitiveness of the top-tier universities in China such as Project 985
Project 985
Project 985 is a project first announced by CPC General secretary and Chinese President Jiang Zemin at the 100th anniversary of Peking University on May 4, 1998 to promote the development and reputation of the Chinese higher education system...
and Project 211
Project 211
Project 211 is a project of National Key Universities and colleges initiated in 1995 by the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, with the intent of raising the research standards of high-level universities and cultivating strategies for socio-economic development...
.
Shandong University offers master and doctoral degree programs in all major academic disciplines covering the humanities
Humanities
The humanities are academic disciplines that study the human condition, using methods that are primarily analytical, critical, or speculative, as distinguished from the mainly empirical approaches of the natural sciences....
, science and engineering
Engineering
Engineering is the discipline, art, skill and profession of acquiring and applying scientific, mathematical, economic, social, and practical knowledge, in order to design and build structures, machines, devices, systems, materials and processes that safely realize improvements to the lives of...
, as well as medicine
Medicine
Medicine is the science and art of healing. It encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness....
.
Reputation and ranking
In the general university ranking performed by the Chinese University Alumni Association (CUAA), Shandong University ranked number 14 among 100 Chinese universities in 2010. It reached the 11th highest score in the "teaching" category of this ranking. Shandong University's engineering programs have also been ranked number 15 nationwide by the Research Center of Management and Science in China (2008). For the last 10 years, Shandong University has been continuously ranked among the top 10 universities nationwide in terms of the number of publications included in the Science Citation Index. Research at Shandong University is deemed particular strong in the areas of physics, mathematics, and medicine.Traditional learning in Shandong (1733-1900)
The Luoyuan Academy was established inJinan in 1733 by an imperial edict from the Yongzheng Emperor
Yongzheng Emperor
The Yongzheng Emperor , born Yinzhen , was the fifth emperor of the Manchu Qing Dynasty and the third Qing emperor from 1722 to 1735. A hard-working ruler, Yongzheng's main goal was to create an effective government at minimal expense. Like his father, the Kangxi Emperor, Yongzheng used military...
of the Qing Dynasty
Qing Dynasty
The Qing Dynasty was the last dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming Dynasty and followed by the Republic of China....
. The governor of Shandong, Yue Jun , received 1,000 tael
Tael
Tael can refer to any one of several weight measures of the Far East. Most commonly, it refers to the Chinese tael, a part of the Chinese system of weights and currency....
s of silver (approximately 37 kg) to fund the establishment of the academy. The name "Luoyuan" (literally "source of the Luo [River]") refers to the original location of the academy near the Baotu Spring
Baotu Spring
The Baotu Spring as "Jet Spring" or "Spurting Spring") is a culturally significant artesian karst spring located in the city of Jinan, Shandong Province, China...
. The academy was dedicated to teaching the Chinese classics to the sons of the gentry
Gentry (China)
As used for imperial China, landed gentry does not correspond to any term in Chinese. One standard work remarks that under the Ming dynasty, called shenshi or shenjin, meaning variously degree-holders, literati, scholar-bureaucrats or officials, they are loosely known in English as the Chinese...
. Scholars affiliated with the academy include: Bi Yuan (畢沅, 1730–1797), Sang Tiaoyuan (桑调元, 1695–1771), Shen Qiyuan (沈起元, 1685–1763), He Shaoji (何紹基, 1799–1873), Kuang Yuan (匡源, 1815–1881), Wang Zhihan (王之翰, 1821–1850), Liu Yaochun (刘耀春), Zhu Xuedu (朱学笃, 1826—1892), and Miao Quansun (缪荃孙, 1844–1919). In 1881, the American Presbyterian missionaries John Murray and Stephen A. Hunter attempted to purchase a property adjacent to the Luoyuan Academy for use as a chapel. This led to a violent reaction when on July 13, 1881, literati from the Academy incited an attack on the property. The incident, known as the "Jinan Jiaoan" , had considerable diplomatic repercussions for the relationship between the Qing Dynasty and the United States. The Luoyuan Academy was rebuilt in 1896 to become the largest institution of its kind in Shandong. Five years later (in 1901) it was replaced by the newly founded Imperial Shandong College which took over its campus (today the site of the Provincial Bureau of Statistics on Spring City Road).
19th-Century precursor institutions
The earliest precursor institutions that would later be fused into Shandong University were founded by American and English mission agencies: Calvin W. Mateer, an American Presbyterian missionary, and his wife Julia Brown Mateer arrived in Dengzhou in the area of the present-day city of PenglaiPenglai City
Penglai City , is a port, a town and an administrative subdivision of the prefecture-level city Yantai in Shandong Province, northeastern China. The port was formerly called Dengzhou . Penglai Water City or Water Fortress , a fortified harbor hidden from the sea, is one of China's oldest military...
on the north-eastern coast of Shandong Peninsula from the United States in January 1864. In autumn of the same year, the Mateers opened a school for boys in a Guanyin temple that had been sold to them since there were insufficient funds for its upkeep as a temple. The school's first class consisted of six boarders and two day pupils. The school was enlarged to accommodate 30 boarders and divided into primary and high school sections in 1869. The Tengchow College of Liberal Arts was formally established in 1882, i.e., at a time when the school had been operated as a primary and high school for 18 years already. By 1889, enrollment in the college had grown to 100 students. The six-year curriculum included algebra, geometry and conic sections, trigonometry and measurement, surveying and navigation, analytical geometry and mathematical physics, calculus, as well as astronomy. Religion also featured prominently in the curriculum and daily life at Tengchow College. The College soon enjoyed a reputation for its high standards of academic excellence. When W.A.P Martin
William Alexander Parsons Martin
William Alexander Parsons Martin was an American Presbyterian missionary to China and translator, famous for having translated a number of important Western treatises into Chinese, such as Henry Wheaton's Elements of International Law.He graduated from Indiana University in 1846, known at that...
hired young professors of Western learning for the Imperial Capital University (the precursor of present-day Peking University), 12 out of 13 young professors hired were graduates of Tengchow College of Liberal Arts. In 1884, shortly after the formal establishment of Tengchow College of Liberal Arts, British Baptists established Tsingchow Boy's Boarding School in Qingzhou
Qingzhou
Qingzhou , formerly Yidu County , is a county-level city, which is located in the west of Weifang City, Shandong Province, China. Qingzhou is a dynamic industry city, and also grows a great number of farm products...
, also located in northern Shandong, but not directly on the coast.
In 1902, the American and British missionaries agreed to combine their education ventures in Shandong, and established an arts college in Weifang
Weifang
Weifang is a prefecture-level city in central Shandong province, People's Republic of China. It borders Dongying to the northwest, Zibo to the west, Linyi to the southwest, Rizhao to the south, Qingdao to the east, and looks out to the Laizhou Bay to the north.-History:Weifang is a historical city...
, a theological college in Zibo
Zibo
Zibo is a prefecture-level city in central Shandong province, People's Republic of China. It borders the provincial capital of Jinan to the west, Laiwu and Tai'an to the southwest, Linyi to the south, Weifang to the east, Dongying to the northeast, and Binzhou the north.Located in the middle part...
, and a medical college in Jinan
Jinan
Jinan is the capital of Shandong province in Eastern China. The area of present-day Jinan has played an important role in the history of the region from the earliest beginnings of civilisation and has evolved into a major national administrative, economic, and transportation hub...
. In 1909, all three colleges were consolidated as Shantung Protestant University (later renamed to Shantung Christian University) in one place. The informal name of the school, "Cheeloo University", was derived from "Qilu", a nickname of Shandong Province coined after the ancient states of Qi (1046 BC-221 BC) and Lu
Lu (state)
The State of Lu, was a Zhou Dynasty ducal vassal state before and during the Spring and Autumn Period of Chinese history. Founded in the 10th century BC, its dukes used Ji as their family name. The first duke was Boqin |Qi]] and to the south by the powerful state of Chu...
(10th century BC-256 BC) that once existed in the area. Jinan was chosen as the new location for the consolidated university.
A prominent member of Cheeloo University's faculty was Henry Winters Luce
Henry W. Luce
Henry Winters Luce was an American missionary and educator in China. He was the father of the publisher Henry R. Luce.Henry W. Luce graduated from Yale University in 1892...
(1868–1941), the father of the publisher Henry R. Luce (founder of TIME Magazine, Fortune
Fortune (magazine)
Fortune is a global business magazine published by Time Inc. Founded by Henry Luce in 1930, the publishing business, consisting of Time, Life, Fortune, and Sports Illustrated, grew to become Time Warner. In turn, AOL grew as it acquired Time Warner in 2000 when Time Warner was the world's largest...
, and Life
Life (magazine)
Life generally refers to three American magazines:*A humor and general interest magazine published from 1883 to 1936. Time founder Henry Luce bought the magazine in 1936 solely so that he could acquire the rights to its name....
). Henry W. Luce initially led the fundraising efforts for the new campus in Jinan (today the Baotuquan Campus of Shandong University). In this capacity, he raised 300,000 dollars between 1912 and 1915 from donors in the United States. The buildings on the new Cheeloo campus were designed by the architectural firm of Perkins, Fellows, and Hamilton from Chicago. Henry W. Luce was elected vice-president of Cheeloo University in 1916, but resigned in the following year already, because he felt that he had insufficient support for his vision of a university of major national influence from the then Cheeloo President E. Percy Bruce.
Cheeloo University particularly made its mark in the field of medicine: From 1914-1936, the university built and subsequently expanded Cheeloo Hospital as a major facility for medical education in China. Between 1916 and 1923, the former Peking Union Medical College, the Medical Department of Nanking University, the Hankow Medical College, and the North China Union Medical College for Women were all moved to Jinan and merged into the Cheeloo University School of Medicine.
Cheeloo University attracted Chinese intellectuals and scholars. The writer Lao She
Lao She
Shu Qingchun , better known by his pen name Lao She was a notable Chinese writer. A novelist and dramatist, he was one of the most significant figures of 20th century Chinese literature, and is perhaps best known for his novel Rickshaw Boy and the play Teahouse . He was of Manchu ethnicity...
, author of the novel "Rickshaw Boy
Rickshaw Boy
Rickshaw Boy or Camel Xiangzi is a novel by the Chinese author Lao She about the life of a fictional Beijing rickshaw man. It is considered a classic of 20th-century Chinese literature.-History:...
" and the play "Teahouse", taught at Cheeloo University (1930–1934) as well as at National Shandong University in Qingdao and other universities between 1934 and 1937.
In 1937, when the Japanese forces occupied northern China during the Second Sino-Japanese War
Second Sino-Japanese War
The Second Sino-Japanese War was a military conflict fought primarily between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan. From 1937 to 1941, China fought Japan with some economic help from Germany , the Soviet Union and the United States...
, Cheeloo University evacuated to Sichuan
Sichuan
' , known formerly in the West by its postal map spellings of Szechwan or Szechuan is a province in Southwest China with its capital in Chengdu...
and operated on the campus of West China Union University in Chengdu
Chengdu
Chengdu , formerly transliterated Chengtu, is the capital of Sichuan province in Southwest China. It holds sub-provincial administrative status...
. In Jinan, the University's hospital remained open with a largely Western staff. During the war, the Japanese military used the entire campus for housing about 1,200 patients along with 600 officers.
During the Korean War
Korean War
The Korean War was a conventional war between South Korea, supported by the United Nations, and North Korea, supported by the People's Republic of China , with military material aid from the Soviet Union...
(1950–1953), the Chinese government came to regard Christian schools as tools of "American imperialism" and hence embarked on closing them down. Cheeloo University was dissolved in 1952. Its Medical School was fused with Shandong Provincial Medical College and the East China Norman Bethune Medical College to form Shandong Medical College (renamed into "Shandong Medical University" in 1985).
Imperial Shandong University (1901)
Yuan Shikai
Yuan Shikai was an important Chinese general and politician famous for his influence during the late Qing Dynasty, his role in the events leading up to the abdication of the last Qing Emperor of China, his autocratic rule as the second President of the Republic of China , and his short-lived...
, then the governor of Shandong province. Yuan Shikai was the chief military modernizer of the late Qing Dynasty whose control over a powerful army combined with his personal ambition played a key role in the birth of the Republic of China
Republic of China
The Republic of China , commonly known as Taiwan , is a unitary sovereign state located in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China currently governs the island of Taiwan , which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other minor...
as well as its descent into warlordism in the early 20th century.
Yuan Shikai had been governor of Shandong Province since December 1899. He had been appointed to this post to quell the Boxer Uprising in the province and to reassure the foreign diplomats in the country who were looking for quick decisive actions against the boxers. In 1901, the same year that marked the end of the Boxer Uprising, Yuan sent a draft for the university charter to the Guangxu Emperor
Guangxu Emperor
The Guangxu Emperor , born Zaitian of the Aisin-Gioro clan, was the eleventh emperor of the Manchurian Qing Dynasty, and the ninth Qing emperor to rule over China. His reign lasted from 1875 to 1908, but in practice he ruled, under Empress Dowager Cixi's influence, only from 1889 to 1898...
and instructed Li Yukai, the magistrate of Penglai, to start preparations for the university. The draft of the university charter was approved by the emperor in November 1901, shortly after the Boxer Uprising had officially ended with the signing of the Boxer Protocol on September 7, 1901. Shandong Imperial University became hence the second modern national university established in the country after Imperial Capital University that had been founded in 1898 and later became Peking University
Peking University
Peking University , colloquially known in Chinese as Beida , is a major research university located in Beijing, China, and a member of the C9 League. It is the first established modern national university of China. It was founded as Imperial University of Peking in 1898 as a replacement of the...
. The charter of Shandong Imperial University served as a model for subsequent foundations of imperial university. The original charter document for Shandong University is now kept in the National Palace Museum
National Palace Museum
The National Palace Museum is an art museum in Taipei. It is the national museum of the Republic of China, and has a permanent collection of over 677,687 pieces of ancient Chinese artifacts and artworks, making it one of the largest in the world. The collection encompasses over 8,000 years of...
in Taipei
Taipei
Taipei City is the capital of the Republic of China and the central city of the largest metropolitan area of Taiwan. Situated at the northern tip of the island, Taipei is located on the Tamsui River, and is about 25 km southwest of Keelung, its port on the Pacific Ocean...
, Taiwan
Taiwan
Taiwan , also known, especially in the past, as Formosa , is the largest island of the same-named island group of East Asia in the western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. The island forms over 99% of the current territory of the Republic of China following...
where it had been taken during the retreat of the Kuomintang
Kuomintang
The Kuomintang of China , sometimes romanized as Guomindang via the Pinyin transcription system or GMD for short, and translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party is a founding and ruling political party of the Republic of China . Its guiding ideology is the Three Principles of the People, espoused...
at the end of the Chinese Civil War
Chinese Civil War
The Chinese Civil War was a civil war fought between the Kuomintang , the governing party of the Republic of China, and the Communist Party of China , for the control of China which eventually led to China's division into two Chinas, Republic of China and People's Republic of...
.
Governor Yuan Shikai wanted a prominent position for Western learning in the curriculum of the new college. Hence, he invited the American Presbyterian missionary Dr. Watson McMillan Hayes
Watson McMillan Hayes
Watson McMillan Hayes was an American missionary and educator in China.Hayes graduated from Allegheny College. He was ordained on August 15, 1882 and sent to China in the same year. He taught at Tengchow College and later served as its president in present-day Penglai, Shandong...
who was then serving as president of Tengchow College in Penglai to help with setting up the new Imperial Shandong University and serve as its president. The appointment of the presbytarian missionary W. A. P. Martin as inaugural president of the Imperial Capital University three years earlier had set a precedent for this arrangement. Hayes arrived in Jinan in July 1901 and started the preparations for the new college. Hayes also published Shandong's first successful daily newspaper and petitioned the Qing court to grant a holiday on Sundays; As a consequence, Shandong University was closed on Sundays right from the start. However, by the end of the year, Hayes and six Chinese Christian teachers he had brought with him had resigned already over disagreements regarding the policy of mandatory Confucius
Confucius
Confucius , literally "Master Kong", was a Chinese thinker and social philosopher of the Spring and Autumn Period....
worship for students of the imperial university. Hayes went on to teach the Presbyterian Mission Theological Class in Chefoo (present-day Yantai
Yantai
Yantai is a prefecture-level city in northeastern Shandong province, People's Republic of China. Located on the southern coast of the Bohai Sea and the eastern coast of the Laizhou Bay, Yantai borders the cities of Qingdao and Weihai to the southwest and east respectively.The largest fishing...
) and continued to work as a missionary and educator in Shandong until his death in a Japanese internment camp
The Weihsien Compound
The Weihsien Internment Camp was a Japanese operated Civilian Assembly Center in the former Wei County , located in the present-day city of Weifang, Shandong, China. The compound was a Japanese-run military internment camps created during World War II to keep civilians Allied countries living in...
in Wei County (present-day Weifang) in 1944.
Imperial Shandong University occupied the premises of the Luoyuan Academy which had been renovated and extended significantly five years earlier. It was opened on November 13, 1901 in a ceremony attended by Governor Yuan Shikai. 299 student were enrolled in the first term, of which 120 passed the first examination and 100 were finally admitted. The first faculty had 50 members that also included teachers from overseas, it was later increased to 110. The curriculum contained Chinese classics, Chinese history, social sciences, natural sciences, and foreign language with more than 20 subjects being taught. At the beginning, the curriculum covered 3 years, but it was later expanded to 4 years.
The first president of the new university was Tang Shaoyi
Tang Shaoyi
Táng Shàoyí , was a Chinese diplomat, politician. He was the father-in-law of Wellington Koo and Lee Seng Gee.-Career:...
. Tang had been educated in the United States (elementary school in Springfield, Massachusetts, high school in Hartford, Connecticut, and finally one year at Columbia University) and had since then followed a career that had been closely linked to Yuan Shikai: He had been a diplomat with Yuan Shikai's staff in Korea and was appointed head of the Shandong Bureau of Foreign Affairs under governor Yuan Shikai in 1900.
Sun Yat-sen
Sun Yat-sen was a Chinese doctor, revolutionary and political leader. As the foremost pioneer of Nationalist China, Sun is frequently referred to as the "Father of the Nation" , a view agreed upon by both the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China...
's Kuomintang against Yuan Shikai and resigned after only three months in office.
In 1904, Imperial Shandong University moved to new premises in the Ganshi Qiao area of Jinan (located to the south-west of the historical city center) and changed its name to "Shandong Institution of Higher Learning" . In 1911, it changed its name once again, this time to the "School of Higher Learning" .
National Shandong University in Qingdao (1909-1936)
Alfred von Tirpitz
Alfred von Tirpitz was a German Admiral, Secretary of State of the German Imperial Naval Office, the powerful administrative branch of the German Imperial Navy from 1897 until 1916. Prussia never had a major navy, nor did the other German states before the German Empire was formed in 1871...
as well as the German envoy in Beijing. The university operated under the supervision of the German naval administration, but was recognized and supported financially by the Chinese government. The cumbersome name of the school ("spezial" or "tebie", i.e., "special") was chosen at the insistence of the Chinese government to reflect its special status, below the Imperial College in Beijing but above the other provincial Chinese universities. The local informal name for the university was "Hainan School" in reference to an old name for Qingdao. Studies were organized in a "preparatory level" with a six-year (since 1911, five-year) curriculum for students aged 13 to 15 years and an "upper school". Subjects covered included German, history, geography, mathematics, natural history, zoology, botany, health, physics, chemistry, drawing, music, sports, as well as Chinese language and sciences. Whereas engineering and natural sciences were taught in an entirely "Western mode", the Chinese and European approaches were combined in the teaching of the humanities. Religious subjects had been excluded from the curriculum at the request of the Chinese government. The number of students at the school rose to about 400 in 1914, the school assembled a German and a Chinese library with about 5000 and 8000 volumes respectively. School operations ceased with the beginning of the First World War in 1914 and never resumed.
Qingdao reverted from Japanese to Chinese control in 1922 and Qingdao University was founded as a new private university in August 1924; its first president was Gao Enhong
Gao Enhong
Gao Enhong was a Chinese politician in Republic of China in the early 20th century.As governor of the Jiaozhou territory, Gao Enhong advocated the establishment of Qingdao University, a private academic institution, in 1924...
, the governor of the Jiaozhou territory. The former German-Chinese university was not mentioned during the opening ceremony and it was decided not to hire foreign teachers for the time being.
Qingdao University was housed in the former Bismarck barracks that had been constructed for the German troops during the time when Qingdao was part of the German concession in Shandong. The curriculum of Qingdao University was mainly focused on engineering and business administration and a bachelors degree was to be awarded after four years of study. Luo Ronghuan
Luo Ronghuan
Luo Ronghuan was a Chinese communist military leader.-Biography:Luo was born in a village in Hengshan County, Hunan Province. He joined the Chinese Communist Youth League in April 1927 and the Chinese Communist Party later that year...
, later a marshal of the People's Liberation Army, was among Qingdao University's students. Qingdao University fell on hard times after the Zhili clique of warlords
Warlord era
The Chinese Warlord Era was the period in the history of the Republic of China, from 1916 to 1928, when the country was divided among military cliques, a division that continued until the fall of the Nationalist government in the mainland China regions of Sichuan, Shanxi, Qinghai, Ningxia,...
that had ruled Shandong since the takeover from the Japanese unexpectedly lost to its rival Fengtian clique
Fengtian clique
The Fengtian Clique was one of several mutually hostile cliques or factions that split from the Beiyang Clique in the Republic of China's warlord era. It was named for Fengtian Province and led by Zhang Zuolin...
in the Second Zhili-Fengtian War
Second Zhili-Fengtian War
The Second Zhili–Fengtian War of 1924 was a conflict between the Japanese-backed Fengtian clique based in Manchuria, and the more liberal Zhili clique controlling Beijing and backed by Anglo-American business interests...
of 1924. Gao Enhong was forced to resign as president of the university and funding dried up.
The Fengtian clique installed the warlord Zhang Zongchang
Zhang Zongchang
Zhang Zongchang , nicknamed the "Dogmeat General" and "72-Cannon Chang" , was a Chinese warlord in Shandong in the early 20th century...
as ruler of Shandong. Zhang, an illiterate former bandit who had built a reputation mainly for ruthlessness, brutality, and colorful antics, ordered the fusion of six schools into a provincial Shandong University in Jinan in 1926.
In 1928, the Kuomintang Government in Nanjing regained control of northern China and Shandong through the Northern Expedition. Soon afterwards, preparations commenced for a National University in the province. In August 1928, the government ordered the replacement of the provincial Shandong University with a National University in Shandong. The National University of Qingdao was formally established with an opening ceremony on September 21, 1930. In 1932, it was renamed "National Shandong University". Like Qingdao University, Shandong National University was housed in the buildings of the former Bismarck barracks. The University's chancellor, Yang Zhensheng , followed the model set by Peking University
Peking University
Peking University , colloquially known in Chinese as Beida , is a major research university located in Beijing, China, and a member of the C9 League. It is the first established modern national university of China. It was founded as Imperial University of Peking in 1898 as a replacement of the...
in establishing an "inclusive" , "scientific and democratic" academic environment. During this period, Shandong National University hired distinguished scientists, scholars and literary figures such as Lao She
Lao She
Shu Qingchun , better known by his pen name Lao She was a notable Chinese writer. A novelist and dramatist, he was one of the most significant figures of 20th century Chinese literature, and is perhaps best known for his novel Rickshaw Boy and the play Teahouse . He was of Manchu ethnicity...
, Wen Yiduo
Wen Yiduo
Wen Yiduo , born Wén Jiāhuá , courtesy names Yǒusān , Youshan , was a Chinese poet and scholar.-Biography:Wen was born in Xishui County, Hubei. After receiving a traditional education he went on to continue studying at the Tsinghua University. In 1922, he traveled to the United States to study fine...
, Shen Congwen
Shen Congwen
Shen Congwen was the pen name of a Miao Chinese writer from the May Fourth Movement. He was known for combining the vernacular style of writing with classical Chinese writing techniques, and his writing also reflects a strong influence from western literature. He was born as Shen Yuehuan on 1902...
, Liang Shiqiu, the nuclear physicist Wang Ganchang (faculty member from 1934 to 1936), and Tong Dizhou
Tong Dizhou
Tong Dizhou was a Chinese embryologist remembered for his contributions to the field of cloning. He was the former vice president of Chinese Academy of Science-Biography:...
. Poet Zang Kejia
Zang Kejia
Zang Kejia was a Chinese poet.He was born in the Shandong province, Zhucheng county. Zang entered the Shandong Provincial First Normal School in 1923 and later trained at the Wuhan Branch of the Central Military and Political School....
, who later co-edited the "Selected Poems of Chairman Mao" , was a student of Wen Yiduo from 1930-1934 in Qingdao.
Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945)
In November 1937, a few months after Marco Polo Bridge IncidentMarco Polo Bridge Incident
The Marco Polo Bridge Incident was a battle between the Republic of China's National Revolutionary Army and the Imperial Japanese Army, often used as the marker for the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War .The eleven-arch granite bridge, Lugouqiao, is an architecturally significant structure,...
that had marked the outbreak of a fully-fledged war in July of the same year, National Shandong University was evacuated from Qingdao. The university first moved to Anqing
Anqing
Anqing is a prefecture-level city in southwestern Anhui province, East China. It borders Lu'an to the north, Chaohu to the northeast, Tongling to the east, Chizhou to the southeast, and the provinces of Jiangxi and Hubei to the south and west respectively....
in Anhui Province
Anhui
Anhui is a province in the People's Republic of China. Located in eastern China across the basins of the Yangtze River and the Huai River, it borders Jiangsu to the east, Zhejiang to the southeast, Jiangxi to the south, Hubei to the southwest, Henan to the northwest, and Shandong for a tiny...
and soon afterwards to Wanxian in Sichuan Province
Sichuan
' , known formerly in the West by its postal map spellings of Szechwan or Szechuan is a province in Southwest China with its capital in Chengdu...
(today Wanzhou District
Wanzhou District
Wanzhou District , formerly Wanxian or Wan County is a district of Chongqing Municipality of the People's Republic of China. The urban area of Wanzhou, located in the northern part of the district and on the upper reaches of the Three Gorges on the Yangtze River, is 228 km away from downtown...
in Chongqing
Chongqing
Chongqing is a major city in Southwest China and one of the five national central cities of China. Administratively, it is one of the PRC's four direct-controlled municipalities , and the only such municipality in inland China.The municipality was created on 14 March 1997, succeeding the...
). Books, equipment, and administrative files were shipped in separate installments and suffered severe loss. Classes resumed in Wanxian in Spring 1938, but were stopped soon after that on orders of the Ministry of Education. Teachers and students were then transferred to the National Central University
National Central University
National Central University is a national comprehensive university in Taiwan .National Central University was founded in 1915 and originated in 258 CE at Nanjing, China. After NCU in Nanjing was renamed Nanjing University in 1949, NCU was re-established in Taiwan in 1962...
that had been moved from Nanjing
Nanjing
' is the capital of Jiangsu province in China and has a prominent place in Chinese history and culture, having been the capital of China on several occasions...
to Chongqing
Chongqing
Chongqing is a major city in Southwest China and one of the five national central cities of China. Administratively, it is one of the PRC's four direct-controlled municipalities , and the only such municipality in inland China.The municipality was created on 14 March 1997, succeeding the...
in the previous year. The books and equipment of Shandong University were placed into storage in the National Central Library, the National Central University, and the National Central Vocational School. After the war, in the spring of 1946, the University moved back to Qingdao.
Post-war period (1945-1965)
In 1951, East China University was merged into Shandong University. In the same year, the university published the "Journal of Shandong University". Cheeloo University was dissolved in 1952 and its Medical School became part of Shandong Medical College. Prior to the Sino-Soviet splitSino-Soviet split
In political science, the term Sino–Soviet split denotes the worsening of political and ideologic relations between the People's Republic of China and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics during the Cold War...
, Soviet faculty members worked at Shandong University. In October 1958, the university moved back to Jinan from Qingdao. The marine sciences remained in Qingdao, where they later formed Shandong Ocean University. In Jinan, Shandong University first occupied the Hongjialou Campus. Construction of the new Central Campus commenced in 1959, during the Great Leap Forward
Great Leap Forward
The Great Leap Forward of the People's Republic of China was an economic and social campaign of the Communist Party of China , reflected in planning decisions from 1958 to 1961, which aimed to use China's vast population to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian economy into a modern...
and in the year of a great Yellow River
Yellow River
The Yellow River or Huang He, formerly known as the Hwang Ho, is the second-longest river in China and the sixth-longest in the world at the estimated length of . Originating in the Bayan Har Mountains in Qinghai Province in western China, it flows through nine provinces of China and empties into...
flood. Shandong University was added to the list of National Key University on 10 October 1960.
Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)
Starting from early June 1966, schools in Jinan were closed down by strikes as teachers were "struggled against" in the Cultural RevolutionCultural Revolution
The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, commonly known as the Cultural Revolution , was a socio-political movement that took place in the People's Republic of China from 1966 through 1976...
. Shandong University was also completely paralyzed by the events. A complete restructuring was imposed on Shandong's university system: according to a resolution passed by
Revolutionary Committee of Shandong Province on July 29, 1970, the liberal arts of Shandong University were moved to Qufu and combined with Qufu Normal College to form a new Shandong University. The biology department was moved to Tai'an and merged into the Shandong Agricultural College. The rest of the sciences was to form the Shandong Science and Technology University. In 1971, the university's admission policy was also changed: in order to open the university to workers and peasants, new students were now nominated "by the masses" and then approved by the political leadership and the university. Until 1976, a total of 3267 students who were admitted under this scheme graduated after completing a 2- or 3-year curriculum. Premier Zhou Enlai
Zhou Enlai
Zhou Enlai was the first Premier of the People's Republic of China, serving from October 1949 until his death in January 1976...
learned of Shandong University's reorganization in 1973. Although he was already terminally ill with bladder cancer at the time, he intervened and ordered a return to previous structure of the university. As a consequence, all organizational changes imposed by the Revolutionary Committee of Shandong Province were undone in early 1974 already.
Recent history (1980-present)
Shandong University at WeihaiWeihai
Weihai is a city in eastern Shandong Province, People's Republic of China. It is the easternmost prefecture-level city of the province and a major seaport. Between 1898 and 1930, the town was a British colony known as Weihaiwei or the Weihai Garrison , and sometimes as Port Edward...
was established in 1984. In 1985, Shandong Medical College was renamed Shandong Medical University. From 1986 to 1996, Shandong University underwent a period of rapid academic expansion. By 1997, is contained 14 colleges, 45 schools and offered 56 undergraduate program, 57 master degree programs as well as 17 doctoral degree programs. Shandong University merged with Shandong Medical University and the Shandong University of Technology in 2000. With Shandong Medical University the former campus of Cheeloo University became part of Shandong University (as the West Campus, renamed Baotuquan Campus in 2009). The campus of Shandong University of Technology became the South Campus of Shandong University (renamed Qianfoshan Campus in 2009). Construction of the Xinglongshan Campus (then under the name "New South Campus"), a large new campus located in a mountain valley to the south of Jinan dedicated to education of first- and second-year undergraduate students, began in 2003.
| Establishment | Established by | Year established | Location |
|---|---|---|---|
| Luoyuan Academy | Qing Emperor | 1733 | Jinan Jinan Jinan is the capital of Shandong province in Eastern China. The area of present-day Jinan has played an important role in the history of the region from the earliest beginnings of civilisation and has evolved into a major national administrative, economic, and transportation hub... |
| Tengchow College of Liberal Arts |
American Presbyterians | 1882 | Dengzhou (part of Penglai Penglai City Penglai City , is a port, a town and an administrative subdivision of the prefecture-level city Yantai in Shandong Province, northeastern China. The port was formerly called Dengzhou . Penglai Water City or Water Fortress , a fortified harbor hidden from the sea, is one of China's oldest military... ) |
| Tsingchow Boy’s Boarding School |
British Baptists | 1884 | Qingzhou Qingzhou Qingzhou , formerly Yidu County , is a county-level city, which is located in the west of Weifang City, Shandong Province, China. Qingzhou is a dynamic industry city, and also grows a great number of farm products... |
| Arts College at Weixian | American Presbyterians & British Baptists | 1902 | Weixian (i.e., Wei County, today the city of Weifang Weifang Weifang is a prefecture-level city in central Shandong province, People's Republic of China. It borders Dongying to the northwest, Zibo to the west, Linyi to the southwest, Rizhao to the south, Qingdao to the east, and looks out to the Laizhou Bay to the north.-History:Weifang is a historical city... ) |
| Theological College at Qingzhoufu | American Presbyterians & British Baptists | 1902 | Qingzhoufu (part of Zibo Zibo Zibo is a prefecture-level city in central Shandong province, People's Republic of China. It borders the provincial capital of Jinan to the west, Laiwu and Tai'an to the southwest, Linyi to the south, Weifang to the east, Dongying to the northeast, and Binzhou the north.Located in the middle part... ) |
| Medical College | American Presbyterians & British Baptists | 1902 | Jinan |
| Shandong Imperial University |
Qing Emperor | 1901 | Jinan |
| Shandong Institution of Higher Learning |
Qing Emperor | 1904 | Jinan |
| Cheeloo University Cheeloo University Cheeloo University was a university in China, established by Hunter Corbett American Presbyterian, and other English Baptist, Anglican, and Canadian Presbyterian mission agencies in early 1900 in China.-History:... /Shantung Protestant University (later renamed to Shantung Christian University, ) |
American Presbyterians & British Baptists | 1909 | Jinan |
| Advanced School of Special Sciences of a Special Type (Hochschule für Spezialwissenschaften mit besonderem Charakter, ) |
German Empire & Qing Dynasty | 1909 | Qingdao Qingdao ' also known in the West by its postal map spelling Tsingtao, is a major city with a population of over 8.715 million in eastern Shandong province, Eastern China. Its built up area, made of 7 urban districts plus Jimo city, is home to about 4,346,000 inhabitants in 2010.It borders Yantai to the... |
| School of Higher Learning |
1911 | Jinan | |
| Shandong Provincial Law and Politics College | 1914 | Jinan | |
| Shandong Provincial Industrial College | 1914 | Jinan | |
| Shandong Provincial Commercial College | 1914 | Jinan | |
| Shandong Provincial Medical College | 1920 | Jinan | |
| Shandong Provincial College of Mineralogy | 1920 | Jinan | |
| Qingdao University | (Private) | 1924 | Qingdao |
| Shandong Provincial University |
Warlord Zhang Zongchang | 1926 | Jinan |
| National Shandong University |
Republic of China | 1932 | Qingdao |
| University Property Protection Committee of National Shandong University | Republic of China | 1938 | Sichuan Sichuan ' , known formerly in the West by its postal map spellings of Szechwan or Szechuan is a province in Southwest China with its capital in Chengdu... |
| Huazhong Construction University | 1944 | Jiangsu Jiangsu ' is a province of the People's Republic of China, located along the east coast of the country. The name comes from jiang, short for the city of Jiangning , and su, for the city of Suzhou. The abbreviation for this province is "苏" , the second character of its name... |
|
| Linyi Shandong University | 1945 | Linyi Linyi Linyi is a prefecture-level city in the south of Shandong province, People's Republic of China. The largest prefecture-level city in Shandong both by area and total population, Linyi borders Rizhao to the east, Weifang to the northeast, Zibo to the north, Tai'an to the northwest, Jining to the... |
|
| National Shandong University | Republic of China | 1946 | Qingdao |
| Huadong (East China) University |
1948 | Weixian (today the city of Weifang Weifang Weifang is a prefecture-level city in central Shandong province, People's Republic of China. It borders Dongying to the northwest, Zibo to the west, Linyi to the southwest, Rizhao to the south, Qingdao to the east, and looks out to the Laizhou Bay to the north.-History:Weifang is a historical city... ) |
|
| Shandong University | 1951 | Qingdao | |
| Qingdao Medical College | 1956 | Qingdao | |
| Shandong College of Oceanography (now Ocean University of China, Qingdao) | 1959 | Qingdao | |
| Shandong University |
1958 | Jinan | |
| Liberal Arts Departments are combined with Qufu Teachers College | Revolutionary Committee of Shandong Province | 1970 | Qufu Qufu Qufu is a city in southwestern Shandong province, People's Republic of China. It is located at 35° 36′ northern latitude and 117° 02′ east, about south of the provincial capital Jinan and northeast of the prefecture seat at Jining... |
| Department of Biology becomes part of Shandong Agricultural College | Revolutionary Committee of Shandong Province | 1970 | Tai'an Tai'an Tai'an is a prefecture-level city in western Shandong province, People's Republic of China.Centered around Mount Tai, the city borders the provincial capital of Jinan to the north, Laiwu to the northeast, Zibo to the east, Linyi to the southeast, Liaocheng to the extreme west and Jining to the south... |
| Department of Science and the Administration built into Shandong University of Science and Technology | Revolutionary Committee of Shandong Province | 1970 | Jinan |
| Shandong University | P.R. China | 1974 | Jinan |
| Shandong University, Weihai (satellite campus) |
1984 | Weihai Weihai Weihai is a city in eastern Shandong Province, People's Republic of China. It is the easternmost prefecture-level city of the province and a major seaport. Between 1898 and 1930, the town was a British colony known as Weihaiwei or the Weihai Garrison , and sometimes as Port Edward... |
Campuses
Shandong University has a total of seven campuses. All but one of them are located in JinanJinan
Jinan is the capital of Shandong province in Eastern China. The area of present-day Jinan has played an important role in the history of the region from the earliest beginnings of civilisation and has evolved into a major national administrative, economic, and transportation hub...
, the capital city of Shandong
Shandong
' is a Province located on the eastern coast of the People's Republic of China. Shandong has played a major role in Chinese history from the beginning of Chinese civilization along the lower reaches of the Yellow River and served as a pivotal cultural and religious site for Taoism, Chinese...
Province. Together they cover an area of 3.8 km². The only campus outside of Jinan is situated in the city of Weihai
Weihai
Weihai is a city in eastern Shandong Province, People's Republic of China. It is the easternmost prefecture-level city of the province and a major seaport. Between 1898 and 1930, the town was a British colony known as Weihaiwei or the Weihai Garrison , and sometimes as Port Edward...
near the tip of Shandong peninsula.
| Current name | Old name | Address and location |
|---|---|---|
| Central Campus | East New Campus | 27 Shanda Nanlu, Jinan, 36°40′18.64"N 117°3′14.34"E |
| Hongjialou Campus | East Old Campus | 5 Hongjialou, Jinan, 36°41′9"N 117°3′41"E |
| Baotuquan Campus | West Campus , formerly the campus of Cheeloo University | 44 Wenhua Xilu, Jinan, 36°39′11"N 117°0′43"E |
| Qianfoshan Campus | South Campus , formerly the campus of the Shandong University of Technology | 17923 Jingshi Road, Jinan, 36°39′2"N 117°1′2"E |
| Xinglongshan Campus | New South Campus | 2550 Erhuan Donglu, Jinan, 36°35′55"N 117°2′38"E |
| Ruanjianyuan Campus | Qilu Software College Campus | Shunhua Road, Jinan, 36°40′0"N 117°7′57"E |
| Shandong University at Weihai | 180 Wenhua Xilu, Weihai, 37°31′49"N 122°3′19"E | |
| Qingdao Campus | Aoshanwei Town, Jimo City Jimo, Shandong Jimo is a county-level city in Shandong province, China, located north of Qingdao.-Location:Jimo is located in the southwest of the Shandong Peninsula, bordered by the Yellow Sea on the east and Mount Lao on the south.-Climate:... |
Central Campus
Construction of the Central Campus commenced in 1959, about a year after the university had moved back from Qingdao to Jinan and during a time that coincided with the Great Leap Forward, the Great Chinese Famine, as well as a devastating flood of the Yellow RiverYellow River
The Yellow River or Huang He, formerly known as the Hwang Ho, is the second-longest river in China and the sixth-longest in the world at the estimated length of . Originating in the Bayan Har Mountains in Qinghai Province in western China, it flows through nine provinces of China and empties into...
(in July 1959). The Central Campus houses the central administration, the main university library, a large dining hall, as well as student dormitories. The central campus is home to the schools of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Economics, History and Culture, Marxism-Leninism, Life Sciences, Mathematics and System Science, Literature and Journalism and Communication, as well as Information Science and Engineering. One of Shandong University's hotels is also located on the central campus.
Hongjialou Campus
Sacred Heart Cathedral (Jinan)
The Sacred Heart Cathedral is the cathedral of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Jinan in the city of Jinan, the capital of Shandong Province, China. It is the largest church in the region and a landmark of Jinan....
. The first construction on the campus dates back to 1936 when it was used for the Jinan Yifan Girls' Middle School that was operated by Franciscan sisters of the Archdiocese of Jinan. In 1948, the Yifan Girls' Middle School was combined with Liming Middle School and its former campus became part of the Shandong Agricultural Institute that used it until 1958, when the Institute moved to Tai'an
Tai'an
Tai'an is a prefecture-level city in western Shandong province, People's Republic of China.Centered around Mount Tai, the city borders the provincial capital of Jinan to the north, Laiwu to the northeast, Zibo to the east, Linyi to the southeast, Liaocheng to the extreme west and Jining to the south...
. In October 1958, the Hongjialou Campus became Shandong University's first Campus after the university moved back to Jinan from Qingdao. The Hongjialou Campus houses the Schools of Law, Foreign Languages and Literature, Physics, Fine Arts, Physical Education, Philosophy and Social Sciences, as well as Political Science and Public Administration.
Baotuquan Campus
The Baotuquan Campus is the former campus of Cheeloo UniversityCheeloo University
Cheeloo University was a university in China, established by Hunter Corbett American Presbyterian, and other English Baptist, Anglican, and Canadian Presbyterian mission agencies in early 1900 in China.-History:...
and was established in 1909. The design for the campus was made by Perkins, Fellows and Hamilton, an architectural firm from Chicago renowned for its school buildings in the "Prairie School
Prairie School
Prairie School was a late 19th and early 20th century architectural style, most common to the Midwestern United States.The works of the Prairie School architects are usually marked by horizontal lines, flat or hipped roofs with broad overhanging eaves, windows grouped in horizontal bands,...
" style. The American architects attempted to include Chinese architectural features into the design of the buildings on the new Cheeloo University campus in Jinan. They did, however, mistakenly assume that the roof shape was the only distinguishing feature of Chinese architecture. As a result, the buildings feature Chinese-style roofs on buildings that lack the matching support elements such as wooden Dougong
Dougong
Dougong is a unique structural element of interlocking wooden brackets, one of the most important elements in traditional Chinese architecture....
brackets that characterize Chinese architecture. Historical buildings on the Baotuquan Campus include the Bergen Science Hall , the Mateer Science Hall (formerly for Physics and Physiology), the McCormick Hall, and the Alumni Gate (the former main entrance, construction completed on June 17, 1924). Baotuquan Campus houses the schools of public health, nursing, dentistry, pharmacy, and medicine.
Qianfoshan Campus
The Qianfoshan Campus was established in 1949 and served as the campus of Shandong University of Technology. It became a part of Shandong University when Shandong University of Technology was merged into Shandong University in July 2000. The campus has a total area of about 420,000 square meters and remains exclusively dedicated to engineering. It is home to the schools of Materials Science and Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Computer Science and Technology, Control Science and Engineering, Energy and Power Engineering, Physical Education, as well as Civil Engineering.Xinglongshan Campus
The Xinglongshan Campus is the newest campus of Shandong University and also its largest campus in Jinan with an area of about 769,000 square meters. Construction of the campus started in March 2003 and its first facilities were ready for use in August 2004. The campus is used to house first- and second-year students of nine different departments. The Xinglongshan Campus also houses a Student Associations Activity Center with a total floor space of about 2000 square meters.Ruanjianyuan Campus
The Ruanjianyuan Campus is home to the School of Computer Science and Technology as well as tothe University's Software College. Campus construction started in July 2001 and the campus now has a total area of about 267,000 square meters. More than 3,000 students live on the Ruanjianyuan Campus. The campus is located next to a cluster of commercial software ventures, such as the China International ICT Innovation Cluster (CIIIC) and shares educational resources with these businesses.
Shandong University at Weihai
Shandong University at Weihai was established in 1984, its campus covers a total area of about 1 million square meters, making it the largest campus of Shandong University. Shandong University at Weihai is organized in 13 departments that include the College of Korean Studies, the Business School, the Law School, the School of Journalism and Communication, the Art Institute, the College of Ocean Science, the School of Information Engineering, the School of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, the Institute of Space Science and Physics, the Mathematics and Statistics Institute, the School of International Education, and the College of Vocational and Technical Training. To the west of the Weihai campus lies the Shandong University Academic Center, a beach-front hotel and conference center.Qingdao Campus
Construction of the Qingdao Campus started in March 2011 and is scheduled for completion in August 2013. The campus is located north of Xingshi Zhuang Village in Aoshanwei Town that is part of Jimo CityJimo, Shandong
Jimo is a county-level city in Shandong province, China, located north of Qingdao.-Location:Jimo is located in the southwest of the Shandong Peninsula, bordered by the Yellow Sea on the east and Mount Lao on the south.-Climate:...
and located to the northeast of Qingdao. The construction site is immediately adjacent to the seashore of Aoshan Bay and the coastal highway . The total planning area covers about two million square meters, 43 percent of which are included in the first construction phase. When completed, the Qingdao Campus will have a capacity of 30,000 students; recruitment of the first class of 5,000 freshman students is planned for the fall of 2013. The construction cost is estimated at 800 million Chinese Yuan (about 124 million US Dollars). The architecture of the new campus is intended to blend Chinese and western elements. Many buildings will mirror the red roofs and other building style elements of the German colonial architecture in Qingdao. The campus will be dedicated to advanced science and engineering research, with a special emphasis on interfacing with high-tech industry and international academic collaboration. It is part of a plan to give Shandong University a presence that is distributed throughout the province in a manner that is comparable to the University of California system
University of California
The University of California is a public university system in the U.S. state of California. Under the California Master Plan for Higher Education, the University of California is a part of the state's three-tier public higher education system, which also includes the California State University...
, but retains a greater level of central control.
Administration
At the top level, Shandong University is governed by a president and a cabinet of vice presidents , each with a specific portfolio of responsibilities (e.g., research, international exchange). Central administrative departments (e.g., for finance, human resources, research, or international affairs) are led by a director . Below the central administration, the university is organized by subject area into 31 faculties that are referred to as "Schools" as well as a graduate school. Each school is headed by a dean and may be divided further into departments headed by a chairperson. Academic programs are offered in 11 main disciplines: philosophyPhilosophy
Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected with existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. Philosophy is distinguished from other ways of addressing such problems by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on rational...
, economics, law, literature, history, natural sciences, engineering, management, medicine, education, and military science
Military science
Military science is the process of translating national defence policy to produce military capability by employing military scientists, including theorists, researchers, experimental scientists, applied scientists, designers, engineers, test technicians, and military personnel responsible for...
. There are 104 undergraduate degree programs, 209 master's degree programs, and 127 doctoral degree programs. In addition, there are seven professional master's degree programs in law, business management, engineering, clinical medicine, public health, dentistry, and public administration.
The student population is around 57,500 full-time students, of which 14,500 are postgraduate students, and over 1,000 are foreign students (data from 2009).
The major research efforts at Shandong University are organized in 34 national, provincial, and ministerial key academic disciplines, two national key research labs, 21 provincial and ministerial key research labs, a national engineering and technology promotion center, 10 provincial technology research centers, three national basic scientific research and personnel development bases; three social science key research bases approved by Ministry of Education
Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China
The Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China , formerly Ministry of Education, Central People's Government from 1949 to 1954, State Education Commission from 1985 to 1998, is headquartered in Beijing. It is the agency of the State Council which regulates all aspects of the...
; and three national fundamental science personnel development bases. Among its faculty are 23 members (including adjuncts) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
Chinese Academy of Sciences
The Chinese Academy of Sciences , formerly known as Academia Sinica, is the national academy for the natural sciences of the People's Republic of China. It is an institution of the State Council of China. It is headquartered in Beijing, with institutes all over the People's Republic of China...
and the Chinese Academy of Engineering
Chinese Academy of Engineering
The Chinese Academy of Engineering is the national academy of the People's Republic of China for engineering. It was established in 1994 and is an institution of the State Council of China...
. Three general hospitals, including Qilu Hospital, and 12 teaching hospitals are affiliated with the university. The university library
University Library
University Library refers to academic libraries at universities, such as:*Basel University Library*Cambridge University Library*Cornell University Library*De La Salle University Library*Durham University Library*University of the East Library...
houses a collection of over 3,550,000 items.
Schools and departments
- School of Business Administration
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- School of Civil Engineering
- School of Computer Science and Technology
- School of Control Science and Engineering
- School of Dentistry
- School of Economics
- School of Electrical Engineering
- School of Energy and Power Engineering
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- School of Fine Arts
- School of Foreign Languages and Literature
- School of History and Culture
- School of Information Science and Engineering
- School of Law
- School of Life Science
- School of Literature and Journalism
- School of Marxist Theory Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- School of Mathematics and System Sciences
- School of Mechanical Engineering
- School of Medicine
- School of Nursing
- School of Pharmacy
- School of Philosophy and Social Development
- School of Physical Education
- School of Physics
- School of Political Science and Public Administration
- School of Public Health
- General Study Program
International cooperation and exchange
.Shandong University has established an international network for educational cooperation and has signed exchange agreements with over 70 universities from over 50 countries. Among its faculty are international researchers and scholars, who either visit for a short term (less than 1 month, 160 visitors in 2009), a medium term (less than half a year, 70 visitors in 2009), or for the long term (more than half a year, 80 visitors in 2009). Of the 80 long-term international faculty members, 30 language scholars teach languages such as English, Japanese, Korean, French, German, Spanish, and Russian. The others were active in disciplines such as philosophy, biology, chemistry, physics, law, international politics and economics, as well as Chinese classics and traditional philosophy.
In 2006, Shandong University created a joint urban research center with the University of Cincinnati
University of Cincinnati
The University of Cincinnati is a comprehensive public research university in Cincinnati, Ohio, and a part of the University System of Ohio....
in the United States, and a presence on each other's campus. An International Laboratory operated in the a partnership with Virginia Tech was inaugurated in the Integrated Research Building on the Central Campus in August 2010. The laboratory focuses on a biophysics and engineering analysis of biological model systems drawn from China's biodiversity.
About 1500 international students from about 40 countries come to study at Shandong University each year. An international student population numbering more than 1000 can be found on campus at any given time during the semester. Most of these international students come from Asian and African countries, but there are also students from Europe, the United States, Canada, and Australia. Since 1980, Shandong University has received more than 10,000 students from over 60 countries. Popular study subjects are Chinese language and culture, but also economics and medicine.
Shandong University participates in international short term exchange programs and receives approximately 2500 international student visitors for such programs per year.
State Key Laboratories
- State Key Laboratory for Crystal Materials
- State Key Laboratory for Microbial Technology
Ministry of Education Key Laboratories
- Key Laboratory for Colloid and Interface Chemistry
- Key Laboratory for Liquid Structure and Heredity of Materials
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology
- Key Laboratory for Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research
Key Research Base of the Ministry of Education in Humanities and Social Sciences
- Center for ZhouyiI ChingThe I Ching or "Yì Jīng" , also known as the Classic of Changes, Book of Changes and Zhouyi, is one of the oldest of the Chinese classic texts...
and Ancient Chinese Philosophy - Center for JudaicJudaismJudaism ) is the "religion, philosophy, and way of life" of the Jewish people...
and Inter-Religious Studies - Institute for Literary Theory and Aesthetics
- Institute for Contemporary Socialism
National Research Institutes
- Institute for Crystal Materials
- Institute for Microbiology
- Institute for Infrared and Remote Sensing Technology
Research Centers of Shandong Province
- Geotechnical and Structural Engineering Research Center
- Laboratory for Risk Analysis and Random CalculusStochastic calculusStochastic calculus is a branch of mathematics that operates on stochastic processes. It allows a consistent theory of integration to be defined for integrals of stochastic processes with respect to stochastic processes...
- Institute for Religion, Science, and Social Studies
- Number TheoryNumber theoryNumber theory is a branch of pure mathematics devoted primarily to the study of the integers. Number theorists study prime numbers as well...
at Shandong University - High Energy PhysicsParticle physicsParticle physics is a branch of physics that studies the existence and interactions of particles that are the constituents of what is usually referred to as matter or radiation. In current understanding, particles are excitations of quantum fields and interact following their dynamics...
Group - Oriental Archaeology Research Center
- Center for Economic Research
- Center for Health Management & Policy
- Center for European Studies
- Center for Space Thermal Science
- Center for Japanese Studies
- Key Laboratory for OtolaryngologyOtolaryngologyOtolaryngology or ENT is the branch of medicine and surgery that specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of ear, nose, throat, and head and neck disorders....
- Modern LogisticsLogisticsLogistics is the management of the flow of goods between the point of origin and the point of destination in order to meet the requirements of customers or corporations. Logistics involves the integration of information, transportation, inventory, warehousing, material handling, and packaging, and...
Research Center - Institute of ECIWO Biology
Shandong University Qilu Hospital
Qilu Hospital was established as the hospital of Cheeloo University. Construction started in 1914 and was supervised by Harold Balme (1878–1953), a British physician from King's College HospitalKing's College Hospital
King's College Hospital is an acute care facility in the London Borough of Lambeth, referred to locally and by staff simply as "King's" or abbreviated internally to "KCH"...
in London, who would later serve as the third president of Cheeloo University (from 1921 until 1927). The first building of the new hospital (today known as the "Republican Building
Republican Building (Jinan)
The Republican Building is ahistorical landmark building, a hospital from the early 20thcentury located at the Shandong University campus, in the city of Jinan, Shandong Province, China....
") was inaugurated on September 27, 1915 by the military governor of Shandong, Jin Yunpeng
Jin Yunpeng
Jin Yunpeng was a Chinese General and politician of the Warlord Era of the Republic of China. He served as both Minister of War and then Premier of China several times....
. About 20 years later, the hospital moved to a new building (completed in 1936) and the old building was used by Cheeloo University's School of Medicine. Today, the Shandong University Qilu Hospital as a total capacity of 1,800 beds and treats more than more than 1.9 million outpatient treatments per year. It has departments include cardiology, internal medicine, hematology, gynecology and obstetrics, otolaryngology, general surgery, neurosurgery, and pediatrics. The hospital is located at Wenhua West Road 107 in Jinan.
Second Hospital of Shandong University
The Second Hospital of Shandong University has a capacity of about 1200 beds and has departments for neurosurgery, orthopedic surgery, and internal medicine. The hospital is managed by the National Medical Department and affiliated with Shandong University, it is located at Beiyuan Street 247 in Jinan.Stomatology Hospital of Shandong University
The Stomatology Hospital of Shandong University was founded in 1977. It has 105 employees and is organized into four research centers and two laboratories. It is located at Wenhua West Road 44 in Jinan.Identity
The official university motto is "Noble in Spirit, Boundless in Knowledge" ; it was adopted in May 2002. The university also uses the branding slogan "Soul of the mountains, spirit of the sea" in reference to Shandong's geographical nature as a mountainous peninsula. The official lettering is a reproduction of calligraphy written by Mao ZedongMao Zedong
Mao Zedong, also transliterated as Mao Tse-tung , and commonly referred to as Chairman Mao , was a Chinese Communist revolutionary, guerrilla warfare strategist, Marxist political philosopher, and leader of the Chinese Revolution...
. In March 1964, during the period between the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution, Mao wrote the characters in the address of a thank-you note to Gao Heng
Gao Heng (scholar)
Gao Heng was a Chinese scholar who is renowned for his work on the modern interpretation of the Book of Changes.Gao Heng was born in Shuangyang County, Jilin Province. In 1953, Gao joined the faculty of Shandong University as a professor. From 1957 onwards, he was also a part-time fellow of the...
, a professor at Shandong University who had sent him literature. The official song of Shandong University was written by lyricist Qiao Yu (乔羽), who also wrote the lyrics for My Motherland
My Motherland
"My Motherland" is a song written for the Chinese movie Battle on Shangganling Mountain . Lyrics were written by Qiao Yu . Music was composed by Liu Chi . Both of them are well-known for a number of songs since 1950s...
, and composer Gu Jianfen (谷建芬), both natives of Shandong Province. The lyrics of the official song are:
我们向往大海,
Wǒmen xiàngwǎng dà hǎi,
只有大海能纳百川。
Zhǐyǒu dà hǎi néng nà bǎi chuān.
我们敬仰高山,
Wǒmen jìngyǎng gāo shān
登高望远才知地阔天宽。
Dēnggāo wàng yuǎn cái zhī dì kuò tiān kuān.
勇于探索，不畏登攀。
Yǒngyú tànsuǒ, bù wèi dēngpān.
淡泊的襟怀，炽热的情感，
Dànbó de jīnhuái, chìrè de qínggǎn,
让文明之花嫣红开遍。
Ràng wénmíng zhī huā yānhóng kāi biàn.
同学少年，青春结伴。
Tóngxué shàonián, qīngchūn jiébàn.
知识无涯，生命无限！
Zhīshì wú yá, shēngmìng wúxiàn!
List of university presidents
- Watson M. HayesWatson McMillan HayesWatson McMillan Hayes was an American missionary and educator in China.Hayes graduated from Allegheny College. He was ordained on August 15, 1882 and sent to China in the same year. He taught at Tengchow College and later served as its president in present-day Penglai, Shandong...
, directed the founding of Imperial Shandong University, 1901 - Tang ShaoyiTang ShaoyiTáng Shàoyí , was a Chinese diplomat, politician. He was the father-in-law of Wellington Koo and Lee Seng Gee.-Career:...
, president of Imperial Shandong University, 1901, later Prime Minister of the Republic of China (1912) - Wang ShoupengWang ShoupengWang Shoupeng was the acting president of Shandong University in Jinan from 1926 to 1927. He was the second president of the university....
, (acting) president of Shandong University in Jinan, 1926–1927 - Yang ZhenshengYang ZhenshengYang Zhensheng is a Chinese educator. He was the president of the National University of Qingdao from June 1930 to 1932. He was the third president of the university....
, president of National Shandong University in Qingdao, 1930–1932 - Zhao Taimou, president of National Shandong University in Qingdao, 1932–1936 and 1946–1949
- Lin JiqingLin JiqingLin Jiqing was a Chinese educator. He was the acting president of Shandong University in Qingdao from July 1936 to 1946. This was during the Japanese Invasion Period....
, (acting) president of National Shandong University in Qingdao, 1936–1946 - Hua GangHua GangHua Gang was the president of Shandong University in Qingdao from February 1951 until August 1955....
, president of Shandong University (Qingdao), 1951–1955 - Chao Zhefu, president of Shandong University (Qingdao), 1956–1958
- Cheng FangwuCheng FangwuCheng Fangwu was a Chinese educator.-Biography:Cheng Fangwu was born in Xinhua County, Hunan in 1897. He was the president of Shandong University in Jinan from August 1958 until January 1974, and President of Renmin University of China from 1978 to 1983.Chairman Mao said of Cheng Fangwu:"Shanbei...
, president of Shandong University (Jinan), 1958–1974 - Wu FuhengWu FuhengWu Fuheng was the president of Shandong University from December 1979 to June 1984.His daughter and family currently reside in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada....
, 1979–1984 - Deng ConghaoDeng ConghaoDeng Conghao was a Chinese educator. He served as the president of Shandong University from June 1984 until November 1986. He was a Chemist by training....
, 1984–1986 - Pan ChengdongPan ChengdongPan Chengdong was a Chinese mathematician made contributions in number theory, including the Goldbach's conjecture...
, 1986–1997 - Zeng FanrenZeng FanrenZeng Fanren was the president of Shandong University from February 1998 until July 2000.-References:...
, 1998–2000 - Zhan TaoZhan TaoZhan Tao is a Chinese mathematician and president of Jilin University, a post he assumed in November 2008.-Biography:...
, 2000–2008 - Xu XianmingXu XianmingXu Xianming has been the current president of Shandong University since November 2008. He is considered China's leading authority on human rights law....
, 2008–present
Notable faculty and alumni
- Feng YuanjunFeng YuanjunFeng Yuanjun was a writer and scholar of Chinese classical literature and literary history. She was married to fellow literary scholar Lu Kanru with whom she coauthored several literary works.Feng Yuanjun was born into a family of wealthy literati...
(1900–1974), writer and scholar of Chinese classical literature and literary history - Gao HengGao Heng (scholar)Gao Heng was a Chinese scholar who is renowned for his work on the modern interpretation of the Book of Changes.Gao Heng was born in Shuangyang County, Jilin Province. In 1953, Gao joined the faculty of Shandong University as a professor. From 1957 onwards, he was also a part-time fellow of the...
(1900–1986), pioneer in the modern interpretation of the I ChingI ChingThe I Ching or "Yì Jīng" , also known as the Classic of Changes, Book of Changes and Zhouyi, is one of the oldest of the Chinese classic texts...
, corresponded with Mao ZedongMao ZedongMao Zedong, also transliterated as Mao Tse-tung , and commonly referred to as Chairman Mao , was a Chinese Communist revolutionary, guerrilla warfare strategist, Marxist political philosopher, and leader of the Chinese Revolution... - Ji XianlinJi XianlinJi Xianlin was a Chinese Indologist, linguist, paleographer, historian, and writer who had been honored by the governments of both India and China. He was born in Qingping County, now Linqing, and died in the No. 301 Hospital, Beijing.-Biography:Ji attended Sanhejie Primary School and the No. 1...
(1911–2009), linguist, paleographer, historian, writer - Jīn XuěfēiHa JinJīn Xuěfēi is a contemporary Chinese-American writer and novelist using the pen name Ha Jin . Ha comes from his favorite city, Harbin.-Early life:...
(1956-, pen name Ha Jin), writer, publishes in English, winner of the American National Book AwardNational Book AwardThe National Book Awards are a set of American literary awards. Started in 1950, the Awards are presented annually to American authors for literature published in the current year. In 1989 the National Book Foundation, a nonprofit organization which now oversees and manages the National Book...
(1999) - Lao SheLao SheShu Qingchun , better known by his pen name Lao She was a notable Chinese writer. A novelist and dramatist, he was one of the most significant figures of 20th century Chinese literature, and is perhaps best known for his novel Rickshaw Boy and the play Teahouse . He was of Manchu ethnicity...
(1899–1966), writer, author of the novel "Rickshaw Boy" and the play "Teahouse" - Li CongjunLi CongjunLi Congjun is the current president and Party chief of Xinhua News Agency.-Biography:Li was born in Liu'an, Anhui Province. He started working in October 1968, and joined the Communist Party of China in May 1983...
(1949-), president of Xinhua News AgencyXinhua News AgencyThe Xinhua News Agency is the official press agency of the government of the People's Republic of China and the biggest center for collecting information and press conferences in the PRC. It is the largest news agency in the PRC, ahead of the China News Service...
(since 2008) - Liang Shiqiu (1903–1987), writer and translator, translated the complete works of Shakespeare and George OrwellGeorge OrwellEric Arthur Blair , better known by his pen name George Orwell, was an English author and journalist...
's Animal FarmAnimal FarmAnimal Farm is an allegorical novella by George Orwell published in England on 17 August 1945. According to Orwell, the book reflects events leading up to and during the Stalin era before World War II...
into Chinese - Lu KanruLu KanruLu Kanru was a scholar of classical Chinese literature and a life-long collaborator of his wife Feng Yuanjun Like his wife, he worked at Shandong University for most of his career.-References:...
(1903-1978), scholar of classical Chinese literature - Luo RonghuanLuo RonghuanLuo Ronghuan was a Chinese communist military leader.-Biography:Luo was born in a village in Hengshan County, Hunan Province. He joined the Chinese Communist Youth League in April 1927 and the Chinese Communist Party later that year...
(1902–1963), Marshall of the People's Liberation ArmyPeople's Liberation ArmyThe People's Liberation Army is the unified military organization of all land, sea, strategic missile and air forces of the People's Republic of China. The PLA was established on August 1, 1927 — celebrated annually as "PLA Day" — as the military arm of the Communist Party of China...
, served as security chief during the Long MarchLong MarchThe Long March was a massive military retreat undertaken by the Red Army of the Communist Party of China, the forerunner of the People's Liberation Army, to evade the pursuit of the Kuomintang army. There was not one Long March, but a series of marches, as various Communist armies in the south... - Peng Shige (1947-), mathematicianMathematicianA mathematician is a person whose primary area of study is the field of mathematics. Mathematicians are concerned with quantity, structure, space, and change....
contributed to stochastic analysis and mathematical financeMathematical financeMathematical finance is a field of applied mathematics, concerned with financial markets. The subject has a close relationship with the discipline of financial economics, which is concerned with much of the underlying theory. Generally, mathematical finance will derive and extend the mathematical... - Shen CongwenShen CongwenShen Congwen was the pen name of a Miao Chinese writer from the May Fourth Movement. He was known for combining the vernacular style of writing with classical Chinese writing techniques, and his writing also reflects a strong influence from western literature. He was born as Shen Yuehuan on 1902...
(1902–1988), writer combining vernacular and classical Chinese writing techniques - Tong DizhouTong DizhouTong Dizhou was a Chinese embryologist remembered for his contributions to the field of cloning. He was the former vice president of Chinese Academy of Science-Biography:...
(1902–1979), embryologist and vice president of the Chinese Academy of Science - Wang Ganchang (1907–1998), nuclear physicist (student of Lise MeitnerLise MeitnerLise Meitner FRS was an Austrian-born, later Swedish, physicist who worked on radioactivity and nuclear physics. Meitner was part of the team that discovered nuclear fission, an achievement for which her colleague Otto Hahn was awarded the Nobel Prize...
) and one of the principal contributors to the Chinese nuclear deterrent - Wang PuWang PuWang Pu was a Chinese nuclear physicist. He was one of two Chinese PhD students working with Lise Meitner at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry. He founded the School of Physics at Shandong University....
(1902–1969), nuclear physicist (also a student of Lise Meitner) and founder of Shandong University's School of Physics - Wang Tongzhao (王统照, 1897–1957), writer
- Wang Xiaoyun (1966-), mathematician, demonstrated collision attacks against commonly used hash functionHash functionA hash function is any algorithm or subroutine that maps large data sets to smaller data sets, called keys. For example, a single integer can serve as an index to an array...
s - Wen YiduoWen YiduoWen Yiduo , born Wén Jiāhuá , courtesy names Yǒusān , Youshan , was a Chinese poet and scholar.-Biography:Wen was born in Xishui County, Hubei. After receiving a traditional education he went on to continue studying at the Tsinghua University. In 1922, he traveled to the United States to study fine...
(1899–1946), poet and scholar, author of poetry influenced by Western models, wrote poetry collections Hongzhu (紅燭, "Red Candle") and Sishui (死水, "Dead Water") - Wu AiyingWu AiyingWu Aiying is the Minister of Justice of the People's Republic of China.-Biography:She was educated in Shandong University from 1971 to 1973.She became the Minister of Justice in June 2005....
(1951-), Minister of Justice of ChinaMinistry of Justice of the People's Republic of ChinaMinistry of Justice of the People's Republic of China is a ministry of the Chinese central government which is responsible for legal affairs...
(since 2005) - Xiang HuaichengXiang HuaichengXiang Huaicheng is a Chinese economist and former minister of finance of China.-Biography:...
(1939-), economist and former Minister of Finance of ChinaMinistry of Finance of the People's Republic of ChinaThe Ministry of Finance of the People's Republic of China is the national executive agency of the Central People's Government which administers macroeconomic policies and the national annual budget. It also handles fiscal policy, economic regulations and government expenditure for the state.The... - Zang KejiaZang KejiaZang Kejia was a Chinese poet.He was born in the Shandong province, Zhucheng county. Zang entered the Shandong Provincial First Normal School in 1923 and later trained at the Wuhan Branch of the Central Military and Political School....
(1905–2004), poet, chief editor of Poetry magazine, co-edited the "Selected Poems of Chairman Mao" - Zhao XiaoZhao XiaoZhao Xiao is a Chinese economist who has gained attention for arguing that China’s economy would benefit from the spread of Christianity.In 2002 he published a paper entitled "Market Economies With Churches and Market Economies Without Churches", which argued that the key to America's commercial...
(1967-), economist, argued that China’s economy would benefit from the spread of Christianity - Zhou Ming-ZhenZhou Ming-ZhenZhou Ming-Zhen , also known as Minchen M. Chow, and as "Ming" by his close friends was a pioneering Chinese paleomammalogist...
(1918–1996), paleontologist, worked on early tertiary mammals
See also
Other academic institutions in Jinan (not part of Shandong University):- Shandong Normal UniversityShandong Normal UniversityShandong Normal University , also known as Shandong Teachers' University is located in Jinan City, Shandong Province, China. It was established in 1950, and was known as Shandong Normal College until 1981....
- Shandong Jianzhu University
- Shandong Jiaotong University
- Shandong Economic UniversityShandong Economic UniversityShandong Economic University is based in Jinan, China. It is a full-time comprehensive institution of higher education which was founded upon approval by Shandong Provincial Government in 1952 and originally known as Shandong Institute of Finance and Economics....
- Shandong University of Finance
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShandong University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine is a university based in Jinan City, Shandong Province, China.- History :It was established on October 16th, 1958 as the Shandong Traditional Chinese Medicine College. In 1978, the college became a national college for Traditional Chinese...
- Shandong University of Arts
- University of JinanUniversity of JinanThe University of Jinan is a university in Jinan, Shandong province, China. Its president is Cheng Xin.University of Jinan is a comprehensive university under the administration of Shandong Province and Jinan City, with the former as the main administrator...