Riazuddin
Encyclopedia
Riazuddin, also spelled as Riaz-Uddin, (Urdu: رياض الدين; born 10 November, 1930), is a renowned and prominent Pakistani theoretical physicist and an eminent scientist, specializing in high-energy physics and nuclear physics
. Dr. Riazuddin is one of Pakistan's top scientists and is widely known theoretical physicists in Pakistan and abroad. Starting his scientific research in physics in 1958, dr. Riazuddin was one of the senior scientist and considered one of the early pioneers of Pakistan's atomic detterence development when he was the director of the Theoretical Physics Department of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission from 1974 till 1984. Riazuddin is remained only pupil student of Nobel laureate in Physics
Professor Abdus Salam
.
He carried out his international and leading-edge research from International Centre for Theoretical Physics
(ICTP), Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
(PAEC), European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) and Daresbury Laboratory
where he published important papers in mathematics and physics. Riazuddin also played an important role in education in Pakistan, and contributed in the rise of science in Pakistan. Riazuddin authored thirteenth scientific books on different topics of physics including particle physics
, quantum mechanics
and need of contemporary physics. Riazuddin made original research contributions of high international standard in theoretical physics
and mathematics. Recently, he joined National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST
) as a visiting professor of the theoretical physics. He is also serving as a Board of Governors
of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS) since 2004.
A prominent and one of the noted theoretical physicists in Pakistan, Professor Riazuddin is widely credited as one of the early pioneers of Pakistan's nuclear weapons development where he, along with his mentor and father-like teacher, Dr. Abdus Salam
, had formed "Theoretical Physics Group" (TPG) at PAEC. As a member of Theoretical Physics Group of PAEC, he is given credit of designing the theoretical and mathematical design of Pakistan's nuclear weapons. That is why he is called as "Edward Teller
of Pakistan" even though he did not care for the title.
, the family migrated to Pakistan in 1947 and settled in Lahore, West-Pakistan
. At age 17, Riazuddin attended Punjab University
, and took his B.Sc.
in Mathematics
with Honors under the contemporary supervision of Dr. Abdus Salam
in 1951. Riazuddin is the only student who has privileged to study Physics
and Mathematics
under the watchful supervision of Professor Abdus Salam at the Undergraduate
level in Punjab University and at the Postgraduate
level at the Cambridge University. As student of mathematics, he learned the advanced course on quantum mechanics
under Abdus Salam, as he had made the course of quantum mechanics outside the regular curriculum. In 1951, Salam funded his scholarship, and helped him admitted at the graduate school of the Punjab University. In 1953, Abdus Salam supervised his M.Sc.
in Applied Mathematics
where his master's dissertation dealt with fundamental concepts of Mathematical physics. By the time, he published his thesis in 1953, it had gained him a national reputation and received a Gold medal
from the Punjab University for the post-graduate contributions to physics and mathematics.
With the help of Abdus Salam, Riazuddin went to the United Kingdom on a scholarship under the auspices of Abdus Salam, and attended Cambridge University. At Cambridge, he was awarded his PhD
in Theoretical physics
under the watchful supervision of Dr. Abdus Salam
in 1959. Riazuddin's dissertation were written on "Charge Radius of Pion" where he had also covered a vast amount of study to the field of quantum theory
. Riazuddin came back to Pakistan where he joined his Alma mater
as an Associate professor. In 1968, Riazuddin was awarded the Gold Medal in Physical Sciences
for scientists under 40 years of age by the Pakistan Academy of Sciences
.
professor at University of Rochester
where he stayed until 1965. The same year, he joined University of Pennsylvania
where he taught physics until 1966. Later, he went to Chicago
, Illinois where he joined his brother Fayyazuddin
, and theoretical physicists Faheem Hussain and Peter Rottoli. Riazuddin joined University of Chicago
's Enrico Fermi Institute
where they created "Relativity Group". However in 1968, Riazuddin returned to Pakistan on the request of Abdus Salam, and joined Quaid-i-Azam University
's Institute of Physics. He was the founding director of Institute of Physics (IP) where he engaged the research on string theory, theory of relativity, particle physics and nuclear physics. Later, the scientists of Relativity Group at Enrico Fermi Institute returned to Pakistan on the request of Abdus Salam. In 1970, he again went to United States where he became professor of Mathematics at the University of Maryland
. Riazuddin left United States for Italy as he was asked by Salam to join International Centre for Theoretical Physics
in 1970. He was joined by other Salam's student where they created Theoretical Physics Group at the ICTP. In 1971, Riazuddin traveled to United Kingdom to join Daresbury Nuclear Physics Laboratory where he was joined by Michael Duff. At Daresbury, he became senior research associate at ALICE
and EMMA
— both electron
accelerator
s. There, Riazuddin gained expertise and specialized in nuclear physics. At the Laboratory, he was among one of the respected and well-known senior research scientists, where he also trained British scientists in the field of nuclear physics.
In 1981, he became visiting professor of physics and mathematics University of Iowa and Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. In 1982, Riazuddin came back to Pakistan where he joined Quaid-e-Azam University as a professor of theoretical physics. In 1982, Riazuddin also went to Saudia Arabia where he joined King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals
where Riazuddin became Chairman of Department of Mathematics and Statistics whereas also taught physics at the Department of Physics. In 1983, Riazuddin, along with Asghar Qadir, went to Trieste
, Italy, to join International Centre for Theoretical Physics
. Both scientists joined Abdus Salam where they had continued research in their respected fields under Salam. In 1998, Riazuddin left King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals
and came back to Pakistan to rejoin PAEC.
. In 1959, Riazuddin was the first one to use the dispersion relation
for Compton scattering
of virtual photons on pions to analyze their charge radius. For this contributions, he was awarded the doctorate in physics (theoretical) by the Cambridge University. He seldom published papers, preferring long correspondences with his brother Fayyazuddin, mentor Abdus Salam, and colleagues such as Asghar Qadir
, Michael Duff, and Masud Ahmad
with whom he has developed extremely close friendships. During 1960s, he associated himself with complex mathematical applications of nuclear physics. In 1960, Riazuddin used Nucleon-nucleon dispersion relation to discriminate proton-proton scattering in Pseudoscalar meson
. In 1965, Riazuddin carried out the pioneering work on Vector current
, in which, he showed the discrepancy between μ-decay and the constant gravity, and the strong interaction renormalization of the β-decay
.
The same year, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, partnered with Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
, sponsored a research to Riazuddin. Along with Munir Ahmad Rashid and Fayyazuddin, Riazuddin realized that the physical baryons are considered broken in Special unitary group
, Symmetric group
and the Tensor product
. The papers of such knowledge were submitted at the United States Atomic Energy Commission, due to its sensitive applications. In 1967, at the Fermi Institute, Riazuddin, with his brother Fayyazuddin, carried out the in field of Current algebra
, where they applied the mathematical framework of current algebra in the applications of Radiative decays of mesons.
In 1982, Riazuddin and Fayyazuddin published a pioneering work on K mesons. Riazuddin postulated that radioactive decay in K mesons are almost vanished up when Chiral symmetry
is introduced. After the introduction, the symmetries breaks the Standard Model
even when the contribution from penguin diagrams is included.
From 1972, Riazuddin made pioneering research on neutrinos— an elusive particle postulated by Wolfgang Pauli
in 1930. In 1972, Riazuddin and Fayyazuddin were the first one to mathematical frameworks of Current-algebra in neutrino scattering to determine the Scale invariance
of Chiral symmetry breaking the Hamiltonian Quantum Mechanics
.
In 1987, Riazuddin and Fayyazuddin, theorized that it is possible get light-neutrino masses in the range of a few electron volts by equalizing the masses of superheavy neutrinos in Background independence
(universality).
In 2000, Riazuddin began his research in the series unsolved problems in physics where he published papers in a large sum. In 2005, at the National Center for Physics (NCP), Riazuddin presented his briefed papers on neutrinos where he provided the mathematical framework of the neutrinos. Neutrinos have heavier masses but the Neutrino oscillations do not completely identify the overall scale of their exact masses because they are exceedingly tiny. To determine the exact masses, Riazuddin introduced the laws of limits, as he realized there was a limit, to the electron energy spectra
in tritium
β-decay
. In 2007, Riazuddin introduced SU(3) symmetry in the theory of light neutrinos
. He postulated the light neutrinos formed a Triplet state
in a SU(3) symmetry during the double beta decay. In 2008, Riazuddin pointed out that the neutrino mass has μ and τ symmetry and Lepton number
remains constant, a new type of Seesaw mechanism
is formed, the so-called Riazuddin's Seesaw Model, the Dirac mass
matrix provided the Yukawa coupling to follow the Majorana fermion
to satisfy the Leptogenesis
asymmetry. Riazuddin proposed that this such interaction can be avoid when two of the heavy right-hand neutrinos are (nearly) degenerate.
In recent 2009, Riazuddin published a mathematical theory of non standard model
, and its brief extensions to τ (tau) — a particle that is similar to electron with negative electric charge. In an experiment performed at Synchrotron light source installed at the National Center for Physics (NCP), Riazuddin observed the decay of Tau particle, in which he theorized, that hadronization Vector current and Axial vector can be used to study the implicit proprieties and functions of hadronic resonances, together with Chiral symmetry. These natural elements can be assigned to the parts weak current that the strong nuclear interaction conserve. With introduction of such elementary particles, it will be critical to study the particle elements that rules to hold the weak interaction.
, Riazuddin and his physicist
brother Fayyazuddin
, who is also a distinguished student of Dr. Abdus Salam
, were central figures of Pakistan's atomic program during the early and critical years. In December 1972, Riazuddin at ICTP, returned to Pakistan on the request of Dr. Abdus Salam
. Salam asked Riazuddin to report to Munir Ahmad Khan
— chairman of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission at that time. At PAEC, Salam personally assigned Riazuddin to his Theoretical Physics Group (TPG). The Theoretical Physics Group took research in Fast neutron calculations — how neutrons moved in a nuclear chain reaction — the theory simultaneity
— how would fission weapon would detonated from several points at the same point during the detonation process — and hydrodynamics — how the explosion produced by a chain reaction might behave — and what kind of and how much fissile material and reflectors would be use. Salam had gravitated theoretical physicists who worked under Riazuddin despite his younger age. Riazuddin was among one the scientist that attended the Multan meeting that was managed by Abdus Salam and convened by President
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
, later elected Prime minister
. After the meeting, Salam had took Riazuddin, with Munir Ahmad Khan, to Bhutto's residence in Islamabad where scientists have had brief Bhutto about the development of nuclear weapons programme.
Although Salam had traveled to United States to evade the 1971 Winter war
, and returned to Pakistan with stacks of historical books on Manhattan Project
in December 1971. In December 1973, University of Maryland
offered him a fellowship, and on the advice of Salam, Riazuddin went to United States. There, he became a senior research scientist at the University of Maryland, obtained the open-source information on the "Manhattan Project
" from the Library of Congress
. Riazuddin carefully studied American theoretical physicist Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer's approach to developed the first implosion device, and made further advanced on Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff limit
, Oppenheimer-Phillips process
, Born–Oppenheimer approximation.
After his return from the United States, Riazuddin was inducted into the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) as member (technical)
. In 1974, he began to take research with the TPG, and began one of the pioneering member of the TPG. In 1973, Raziddin Siddiqui formed the Mathematical Physics Group (MPG) which closely collaborated with Theoretical Physics Group. Riazuddin called his mathematician friend Asghar Qadir
, who specialized in special relativity
under Riazuddin and Salam, to join Mathematical Physics Group. Qadir later in his career published a college text book on theory of special relativity. Shortly after the India's surprise nuclear test — Pokhran-I. Munir Ahmad Khan had called for a meeting to initiate the work on atomic bomb. Riazuddin and Salam had represented the Theoretical Physics Group (TPG), and it was decided to developed the Implosion methods for the first device. During the meeting, the word "bomb" was never used, instead academic scientists preferred to use the scientific research rationale. The Theoretical Physics Group began its research and directly reported to Abdus Salam.
In 1977, both MPG and TPG scientists completed the design and calculation of an atomic bomb. Along with Qadir, Riazuddin continued to developed the theoretical designs of the atomic weapon which was in 1978. In 1982, the PAEC finally developed the device under the leadership of Munir Ahmad Khan
. The PAEC carried out the first cold-test of the TPG's theoretical designed b May 1983 at the Kirana Hills. The test teams were headed by dr. Ishfaq Ahmad
, a nuclear physicist, as Munir Ahmad Khan supervised the testings
Dr. Riazuddin later disclosed that he worked as part of the team, under Abdus Salam, that worked on designs for Pakistan's nuclear explosive device. As he explained:
Riazuddin also worked in a neutron
particle accelerator
at PAEC. In 2000, Riazuddin retired from PAEC as a chief scientist
. In the same year, he was elected as Fellow of the Third World Academy of Sciences
and Fellow of the Islamic Academy of Sciences. Riazuddin is also a visiting scientist at CERN.
's LHC
. At CERN, he is a widely respected theoretician
. Riazuddin is the recipient of Pakistan's highest civil awards
: Tamgha-i-Imtiaz
, Sitara-i-Imtiaz
, Hilal-i-Imtiaz
. He is one of the Pakistani scientists who were very close to Pakistani Prime Minister
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and Dr. Abdus Salam
. At PAEC, Riazuddin has closely worked with another noted Pakistani theoretical physicist Dr. Raziuddin Siddiqui
(late). Currently, he is working as a professor of theoretical physics
and neutrino physics
at the National University of Sciences and Technology, in Islamabad
.
He has also been the director of the Riazuddin National Center for Physics
, also at Quaid-e-Azam University. He is most famous for his TPG Group where Riazuddin and his team of theoretical physicists are widely credited to have developed and designed Pakistan's nuclear weapon devices theoretically. Due to his contributions to his nation's nuclear program, Riazuddin is a respected scientist in his country.
On 26 April 2009, a day-long conference was held in Islamabad
to pay tribute to an eminent research scientist and theoretical physicist, Dr. Riazuddin. The conference was organized by National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST
) and Riazuddin National Centre for Physics (RNCP). In the conference, Dr. Masud Ahmad
, who is also the student of his, said:
"Prof. Riaz always put in his best efforts to obtain original results while working on various issues related to science and technology
".
NUST
Rector and a famous Pakistan
i aerospace engineer, Air Commodore
Muhammad Asghar heavily paid tributes to him and said:
"Prof. Riazuddin has a very strong and professional background in the field of Physics
. He achieved many distinctions and awards from national as well as international institutes, which includes Tamgha-e-Imtiaz, Sitara-i-Imtiaz
and Hilal-e-Imtiaz and awards from UNESCO
, Economic Cooperation Organisation and COMSTECH
Prize in Physics".
Riazuddin eulogizing Abdus Salam
on his anniversary at International Centre for Theoretical Physics
(ICTP) in 1997.
Riazuddin while condoling the death of Prof. Gallieno Denardo at ICTP in 2004.
Riazuddin, Riazuddin National Center for Physics.
Nuclear physics
Nuclear physics is the field of physics that studies the building blocks and interactions of atomic nuclei. The most commonly known applications of nuclear physics are nuclear power generation and nuclear weapons technology, but the research has provided application in many fields, including those...
. Dr. Riazuddin is one of Pakistan's top scientists and is widely known theoretical physicists in Pakistan and abroad. Starting his scientific research in physics in 1958, dr. Riazuddin was one of the senior scientist and considered one of the early pioneers of Pakistan's atomic detterence development when he was the director of the Theoretical Physics Department of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission from 1974 till 1984. Riazuddin is remained only pupil student of Nobel laureate in Physics
Nobel Prize in Physics
The Nobel Prize in Physics is awarded once a year by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901; the others are the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and...
Professor Abdus Salam
Abdus Salam
Mohammad Abdus Salam, NI, SPk Mohammad Abdus Salam, NI, SPk Mohammad Abdus Salam, NI, SPk (Urdu: محمد عبد السلام, pronounced , (January 29, 1926– November 21, 1996) was a Pakistani theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate in Physics for his work on the electroweak unification of the...
.
He carried out his international and leading-edge research from International Centre for Theoretical Physics
International Centre for Theoretical Physics
The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics was founded in 1964 by Pakistani scientist and Nobel Laureate Abdus Salam after consulting with Munir Ahmad Khan. It operates under a tripartite agreement among the Italian Government, UNESCO, and International Atomic Energy Agency...
(ICTP), Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, , is an administrative governmental and autonomous science and technology governmental department of Pakistan, responsible for development of nuclear energy and development of nuclear power sector in Pakistan...
(PAEC), European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) and Daresbury Laboratory
Daresbury Laboratory
Daresbury Laboratory is a scientific research laboratory near Daresbury in Cheshire, England, which began operations in 1962 and was officially opened on 16 June 1967 as the Daresbury Nuclear Physics Laboratory by the then Prime Minister of United Kingdom, Harold Wilson...
where he published important papers in mathematics and physics. Riazuddin also played an important role in education in Pakistan, and contributed in the rise of science in Pakistan. Riazuddin authored thirteenth scientific books on different topics of physics including particle physics
Particle physics
Particle physics is a branch of physics that studies the existence and interactions of particles that are the constituents of what is usually referred to as matter or radiation. In current understanding, particles are excitations of quantum fields and interact following their dynamics...
, quantum mechanics
Quantum mechanics
Quantum mechanics, also known as quantum physics or quantum theory, is a branch of physics providing a mathematical description of much of the dual particle-like and wave-like behavior and interactions of energy and matter. It departs from classical mechanics primarily at the atomic and subatomic...
and need of contemporary physics. Riazuddin made original research contributions of high international standard in theoretical physics
Theoretical physics
Theoretical physics is a branch of physics which employs mathematical models and abstractions of physics to rationalize, explain and predict natural phenomena...
and mathematics. Recently, he joined National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST
NUST
NUST may refer to:*Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China*National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan in Islamabad, Pakistan*National University of Science and Technology, Zimbabwe in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe...
) as a visiting professor of the theoretical physics. He is also serving as a Board of Governors
Board of governors
Board of governors is a term sometimes applied to the board of directors of a public entity or non-profit organization.Many public institutions, such as public universities, are government-owned corporations. The British Broadcasting Corporation was managed by a board of governors, though this role...
of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS) since 2004.
A prominent and one of the noted theoretical physicists in Pakistan, Professor Riazuddin is widely credited as one of the early pioneers of Pakistan's nuclear weapons development where he, along with his mentor and father-like teacher, Dr. Abdus Salam
Abdus Salam
Mohammad Abdus Salam, NI, SPk Mohammad Abdus Salam, NI, SPk Mohammad Abdus Salam, NI, SPk (Urdu: محمد عبد السلام, pronounced , (January 29, 1926– November 21, 1996) was a Pakistani theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate in Physics for his work on the electroweak unification of the...
, had formed "Theoretical Physics Group" (TPG) at PAEC. As a member of Theoretical Physics Group of PAEC, he is given credit of designing the theoretical and mathematical design of Pakistan's nuclear weapons. That is why he is called as "Edward Teller
Edward Teller
Edward Teller was a Hungarian-American theoretical physicist, known colloquially as "the father of the hydrogen bomb," even though he did not care for the title. Teller made numerous contributions to nuclear and molecular physics, spectroscopy , and surface physics...
of Pakistan" even though he did not care for the title.
Early years
Riazuddin was born in Ludhiana in British Punjab of British Indian Empire in 1930 to a respected middle class family. After the partitionPartition of India
The Partition of India was the partition of British India on the basis of religious demographics that led to the creation of the sovereign states of the Dominion of Pakistan and the Union of India on 14 and 15...
, the family migrated to Pakistan in 1947 and settled in Lahore, West-Pakistan
West Pakistan
West Pakistan , common name West-Pakistan , in the period between its establishment on 22 November 1955 to disintegration on December 16, 1971. This period, during which, Pakistan was divided, ended when East-Pakistan was disintegrated and succeeded to become which is now what is known as Bangladesh...
. At age 17, Riazuddin attended Punjab University
University of the Punjab
University of the Punjab , colloquially known as Punjab University, is located in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. The University of the Punjab is the oldest and biggest University of Pakistan. The University of the Punjab was formally established with the convening of the first meeting of its...
, and took his B.Sc.
Bachelor of Science
A Bachelor of Science is an undergraduate academic degree awarded for completed courses that generally last three to five years .-Australia:In Australia, the BSc is a 3 year degree, offered from 1st year on...
in Mathematics
Mathematics
Mathematics is the study of quantity, space, structure, and change. Mathematicians seek out patterns and formulate new conjectures. Mathematicians resolve the truth or falsity of conjectures by mathematical proofs, which are arguments sufficient to convince other mathematicians of their validity...
with Honors under the contemporary supervision of Dr. Abdus Salam
Abdus Salam
Mohammad Abdus Salam, NI, SPk Mohammad Abdus Salam, NI, SPk Mohammad Abdus Salam, NI, SPk (Urdu: محمد عبد السلام, pronounced , (January 29, 1926– November 21, 1996) was a Pakistani theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate in Physics for his work on the electroweak unification of the...
in 1951. Riazuddin is the only student who has privileged to study Physics
Physics
Physics is a natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion through spacetime, along with related concepts such as energy and force. More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves.Physics is one of the oldest academic...
and Mathematics
Mathematics
Mathematics is the study of quantity, space, structure, and change. Mathematicians seek out patterns and formulate new conjectures. Mathematicians resolve the truth or falsity of conjectures by mathematical proofs, which are arguments sufficient to convince other mathematicians of their validity...
under the watchful supervision of Professor Abdus Salam at the Undergraduate
Undergraduate education
Undergraduate education is an education level taken prior to gaining a first degree . Hence, in many subjects in many educational systems, undergraduate education is post-secondary education up to the level of a bachelor's degree, such as in the United States, where a university entry level is...
level in Punjab University and at the Postgraduate
Postgraduate education
Postgraduate education involves learning and studying for degrees or other qualifications for which a first or Bachelor's degree generally is required, and is normally considered to be part of higher education...
level at the Cambridge University. As student of mathematics, he learned the advanced course on quantum mechanics
Quantum mechanics
Quantum mechanics, also known as quantum physics or quantum theory, is a branch of physics providing a mathematical description of much of the dual particle-like and wave-like behavior and interactions of energy and matter. It departs from classical mechanics primarily at the atomic and subatomic...
under Abdus Salam, as he had made the course of quantum mechanics outside the regular curriculum. In 1951, Salam funded his scholarship, and helped him admitted at the graduate school of the Punjab University. In 1953, Abdus Salam supervised his M.Sc.
Master of Science
A Master of Science is a postgraduate academic master's degree awarded by universities in many countries. The degree is typically studied for in the sciences including the social sciences.-Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay:...
in Applied Mathematics
Applied mathematics
Applied mathematics is a branch of mathematics that concerns itself with mathematical methods that are typically used in science, engineering, business, and industry. Thus, "applied mathematics" is a mathematical science with specialized knowledge...
where his master's dissertation dealt with fundamental concepts of Mathematical physics. By the time, he published his thesis in 1953, it had gained him a national reputation and received a Gold medal
Gold medal
A gold medal is typically the medal awarded for highest achievement in a non-military field. Its name derives from the use of at least a fraction of gold in form of plating or alloying in its manufacture...
from the Punjab University for the post-graduate contributions to physics and mathematics.
With the help of Abdus Salam, Riazuddin went to the United Kingdom on a scholarship under the auspices of Abdus Salam, and attended Cambridge University. At Cambridge, he was awarded his PhD
Doctor of Philosophy
Doctor of Philosophy, abbreviated as Ph.D., PhD, D.Phil., or DPhil , in English-speaking countries, is a postgraduate academic degree awarded by universities...
in Theoretical physics
Theoretical physics
Theoretical physics is a branch of physics which employs mathematical models and abstractions of physics to rationalize, explain and predict natural phenomena...
under the watchful supervision of Dr. Abdus Salam
Abdus Salam
Mohammad Abdus Salam, NI, SPk Mohammad Abdus Salam, NI, SPk Mohammad Abdus Salam, NI, SPk (Urdu: محمد عبد السلام, pronounced , (January 29, 1926– November 21, 1996) was a Pakistani theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate in Physics for his work on the electroweak unification of the...
in 1959. Riazuddin's dissertation were written on "Charge Radius of Pion" where he had also covered a vast amount of study to the field of quantum theory
Quantum theory
Quantum theory may mean:In science:*Quantum mechanics: a subset of quantum physics explaining the physical behaviours at atomic and sub-atomic levels*Old quantum theory under the Bohr model...
. Riazuddin came back to Pakistan where he joined his Alma mater
Alma mater
Alma mater , pronounced ), was used in ancient Rome as a title for various mother goddesses, especially Ceres or Cybele, and in Christianity for the Virgin Mary.-General term:...
as an Associate professor. In 1968, Riazuddin was awarded the Gold Medal in Physical Sciences
Gold Medal
Gold Medal is the sixth studio album by the American hard rock band The Donnas, released in 2004 on Atlantic Records. It was one of the first albums released in the DualDisc format, but was recalled due to a mastering error which resulted in the final track being partially omitted from the CD...
for scientists under 40 years of age by the Pakistan Academy of Sciences
Pakistan Academy of Sciences
The Pakistan Academy of Sciences The Pakistan Academy of Sciences The Pakistan Academy of Sciences (Urdu: پاکستان اكيڈ مى ﺁف سائس; shortened to PAS, is a learned society for science and technology based in Pakistan. The academy consisted and served as the network of science across the Pakistan as...
.
Academic career
After his doctorate in 1959 Riazuddin returned to Pakistan to visit his family. In 1959, he joined Punjab University as an associate professor of Mathematics. In 1963, Riazuddin traveled to United States in a fellowship awarded by his physicist friends Norman March and Michael Duff. At United States, he became a research associateResearch associate
The title of research associate is used to denote an academic research position at a university or similar institution. A research associate usually conducts research under the supervision of a principal investigator. In contrast to a research assistant or research officer, a research associate...
professor at University of Rochester
University of Rochester
The University of Rochester is a private, nonsectarian, research university in Rochester, New York, United States. The university grants undergraduate and graduate degrees, including doctoral and professional degrees. The university has six schools and various interdisciplinary programs.The...
where he stayed until 1965. The same year, he joined University of Pennsylvania
University of Pennsylvania
The University of Pennsylvania is a private, Ivy League university located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Penn is the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States,Penn is the fourth-oldest using the founding dates claimed by each institution...
where he taught physics until 1966. Later, he went to Chicago
Chicago
Chicago is the largest city in the US state of Illinois. With nearly 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the Midwestern United States and the third most populous in the US, after New York City and Los Angeles...
, Illinois where he joined his brother Fayyazuddin
Fayyazuddin
Dr. Prof. Fayyazuddin or , , , is a Pakistani theoretical physicist and an emeritus professor of Theoretical and Mathematical Physics at National Centre for Physics and Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad....
, and theoretical physicists Faheem Hussain and Peter Rottoli. Riazuddin joined University of Chicago
University of Chicago
The University of Chicago is a private research university in Chicago, Illinois, USA. It was founded by the American Baptist Education Society with a donation from oil magnate and philanthropist John D. Rockefeller and incorporated in 1890...
's Enrico Fermi Institute
Enrico Fermi Institute
The Institute for Nuclear Studies was founded September, 1945 as part of the University of Chicago with Samuel King Allison as director. On November 20, 1955 it was renamed The Enrico Fermi Institute for Nuclear Studies...
where they created "Relativity Group". However in 1968, Riazuddin returned to Pakistan on the request of Abdus Salam, and joined Quaid-i-Azam University
Quaid-i-Azam University
The Quaid-i-Azam University is a public, research university in Islamabad Capital Territory of Pakistan. It was initially founded as the "University of Islamabad" in July 1967...
's Institute of Physics. He was the founding director of Institute of Physics (IP) where he engaged the research on string theory, theory of relativity, particle physics and nuclear physics. Later, the scientists of Relativity Group at Enrico Fermi Institute returned to Pakistan on the request of Abdus Salam. In 1970, he again went to United States where he became professor of Mathematics at the University of Maryland
University of Maryland, College Park
The University of Maryland, College Park is a top-ranked public research university located in the city of College Park in Prince George's County, Maryland, just outside Washington, D.C...
. Riazuddin left United States for Italy as he was asked by Salam to join International Centre for Theoretical Physics
International Centre for Theoretical Physics
The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics was founded in 1964 by Pakistani scientist and Nobel Laureate Abdus Salam after consulting with Munir Ahmad Khan. It operates under a tripartite agreement among the Italian Government, UNESCO, and International Atomic Energy Agency...
in 1970. He was joined by other Salam's student where they created Theoretical Physics Group at the ICTP. In 1971, Riazuddin traveled to United Kingdom to join Daresbury Nuclear Physics Laboratory where he was joined by Michael Duff. At Daresbury, he became senior research associate at ALICE
ALICE (accelerator)
Accelerators and Lasers In Combined Experiments , or Energy Recovery Linac Prototype is a project to build a 35MeV energy recovery linac at Daresbury Laboratory in Cheshire, England...
and EMMA
EMMA (accelerator)
The Electron Machine with Many Applications is a project at Daresbury Laboratory in the UK to build a linear non-scaling FFAG to accelerate electrons from 10 to 20 MeV. A FFAG is a type of accelerator in which the magnetic field in the bending magnets is constant during acceleration...
— both electron
Electron
The electron is a subatomic particle with a negative elementary electric charge. It has no known components or substructure; in other words, it is generally thought to be an elementary particle. An electron has a mass that is approximately 1/1836 that of the proton...
accelerator
Particle accelerator
A particle accelerator is a device that uses electromagnetic fields to propel charged particles to high speeds and to contain them in well-defined beams. An ordinary CRT television set is a simple form of accelerator. There are two basic types: electrostatic and oscillating field accelerators.In...
s. There, Riazuddin gained expertise and specialized in nuclear physics. At the Laboratory, he was among one of the respected and well-known senior research scientists, where he also trained British scientists in the field of nuclear physics.
In 1981, he became visiting professor of physics and mathematics University of Iowa and Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. In 1982, Riazuddin came back to Pakistan where he joined Quaid-e-Azam University as a professor of theoretical physics. In 1982, Riazuddin also went to Saudia Arabia where he joined King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals
King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals
King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals is a public university in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia....
where Riazuddin became Chairman of Department of Mathematics and Statistics whereas also taught physics at the Department of Physics. In 1983, Riazuddin, along with Asghar Qadir, went to Trieste
Trieste
Trieste is a city and seaport in northeastern Italy. It is situated towards the end of a narrow strip of land lying between the Adriatic Sea and Italy's border with Slovenia, which lies almost immediately south and east of the city...
, Italy, to join International Centre for Theoretical Physics
International Centre for Theoretical Physics
The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics was founded in 1964 by Pakistani scientist and Nobel Laureate Abdus Salam after consulting with Munir Ahmad Khan. It operates under a tripartite agreement among the Italian Government, UNESCO, and International Atomic Energy Agency...
. Both scientists joined Abdus Salam where they had continued research in their respected fields under Salam. In 1998, Riazuddin left King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals
King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals
King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals is a public university in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia....
and came back to Pakistan to rejoin PAEC.
Scientific research
Riazuddin made important contributions in physics, and he either pioneered or associated with all aspects of the field. During his post-graduate research, Riazuddin made important contribution to mathematical physics, as he was highly interested in complex mathematical series, and its relations to modern physicsModern physics
The term modern physics refers to the post-Newtonian conception of physics. The term implies that classical descriptions of phenomena are lacking, and that an accurate, "modern", description of reality requires theories to incorporate elements of quantum mechanics or Einsteinian relativity, or both...
. In 1959, Riazuddin was the first one to use the dispersion relation
Dispersion relation
In physics and electrical engineering, dispersion most often refers to frequency-dependent effects in wave propagation. Note, however, that there are several other uses of the word "dispersion" in the physical sciences....
for Compton scattering
Compton scattering
In physics, Compton scattering is a type of scattering that X-rays and gamma rays undergo in matter. The inelastic scattering of photons in matter results in a decrease in energy of an X-ray or gamma ray photon, called the Compton effect...
of virtual photons on pions to analyze their charge radius. For this contributions, he was awarded the doctorate in physics (theoretical) by the Cambridge University. He seldom published papers, preferring long correspondences with his brother Fayyazuddin, mentor Abdus Salam, and colleagues such as Asghar Qadir
Asghar Qadir
Asghar Qadir , HI, SI, FPAS, is a renowned Pakistani mathematician and a prominent cosmologist, specialized in Mathematical physics and Physical cosmology. He is considered as one of the top mathematicians in Pakistan...
, Michael Duff, and Masud Ahmad
Masud Ahmad
Muhammad Masud Ahmad, Born: 1942, known as Masood Ahmad, D.Phil, Sc.D, SI, HI , is a Pakistani theoretical physicist and ICTP laureate who is renowned for his work in Neutron t scattering...
with whom he has developed extremely close friendships. During 1960s, he associated himself with complex mathematical applications of nuclear physics. In 1960, Riazuddin used Nucleon-nucleon dispersion relation to discriminate proton-proton scattering in Pseudoscalar meson
Pseudoscalar meson
In high energy physics, a pseudoscalar meson is a meson with total spin 0 and odd parity . Compare to scalar meson.Pseudoscalar mesons are commonly seen in proton-proton scattering and proton-antiproton annihilation...
. In 1965, Riazuddin carried out the pioneering work on Vector current
Four-current
In special and general relativity, the four-current is the Lorentz covariant four-vector that replaces the electromagnetic current density, or indeed any conventional charge current density...
, in which, he showed the discrepancy between μ-decay and the constant gravity, and the strong interaction renormalization of the β-decay
Beta decay
In nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta particle is emitted from an atom. There are two types of beta decay: beta minus and beta plus. In the case of beta decay that produces an electron emission, it is referred to as beta minus , while in the case of a...
.
The same year, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, partnered with Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, , is an administrative governmental and autonomous science and technology governmental department of Pakistan, responsible for development of nuclear energy and development of nuclear power sector in Pakistan...
, sponsored a research to Riazuddin. Along with Munir Ahmad Rashid and Fayyazuddin, Riazuddin realized that the physical baryons are considered broken in Special unitary group
Special unitary group
The special unitary group of degree n, denoted SU, is the group of n×n unitary matrices with determinant 1. The group operation is that of matrix multiplication...
, Symmetric group
Symmetric group
In mathematics, the symmetric group Sn on a finite set of n symbols is the group whose elements are all the permutations of the n symbols, and whose group operation is the composition of such permutations, which are treated as bijective functions from the set of symbols to itself...
and the Tensor product
Tensor product
In mathematics, the tensor product, denoted by ⊗, may be applied in different contexts to vectors, matrices, tensors, vector spaces, algebras, topological vector spaces, and modules, among many other structures or objects. In each case the significance of the symbol is the same: the most general...
. The papers of such knowledge were submitted at the United States Atomic Energy Commission, due to its sensitive applications. In 1967, at the Fermi Institute, Riazuddin, with his brother Fayyazuddin, carried out the in field of Current algebra
Current algebra
Current algebra is a mathematical framework in quantum field theory where the fields form a Lie algebra under their commutation relations.For instance, in a non-Abelian Yang–Mills symmetry, where ρ is the charge density,...
, where they applied the mathematical framework of current algebra in the applications of Radiative decays of mesons.
In 1982, Riazuddin and Fayyazuddin published a pioneering work on K mesons. Riazuddin postulated that radioactive decay in K mesons are almost vanished up when Chiral symmetry
Chiral symmetry
In quantum field theory, chiral symmetry is a possible symmetry of the Lagrangian under which the left-handed and right-handed parts of Dirac fields transform independently...
is introduced. After the introduction, the symmetries breaks the Standard Model
Standard Model
The Standard Model of particle physics is a theory concerning the electromagnetic, weak, and strong nuclear interactions, which mediate the dynamics of the known subatomic particles. Developed throughout the mid to late 20th century, the current formulation was finalized in the mid 1970s upon...
even when the contribution from penguin diagrams is included.
From 1972, Riazuddin made pioneering research on neutrinos— an elusive particle postulated by Wolfgang Pauli
Wolfgang Pauli
Wolfgang Ernst Pauli was an Austrian theoretical physicist and one of the pioneers of quantum physics. In 1945, after being nominated by Albert Einstein, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics for his "decisive contribution through his discovery of a new law of Nature, the exclusion principle or...
in 1930. In 1972, Riazuddin and Fayyazuddin were the first one to mathematical frameworks of Current-algebra in neutrino scattering to determine the Scale invariance
Scale invariance
In physics and mathematics, scale invariance is a feature of objects or laws that do not change if scales of length, energy, or other variables, are multiplied by a common factor...
of Chiral symmetry breaking the Hamiltonian Quantum Mechanics
Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics)
In quantum mechanics, the Hamiltonian H, also Ȟ or Ĥ, is the operator corresponding to the total energy of the system. Its spectrum is the set of possible outcomes when one measures the total energy of a system...
.
In 1987, Riazuddin and Fayyazuddin, theorized that it is possible get light-neutrino masses in the range of a few electron volts by equalizing the masses of superheavy neutrinos in Background independence
Background independence
Background independence, also called universality, is the concept or assumption, fundamental to all physical sciences, that the nature of reality is consistent throughout all of space and time...
(universality).
In 2000, Riazuddin began his research in the series unsolved problems in physics where he published papers in a large sum. In 2005, at the National Center for Physics (NCP), Riazuddin presented his briefed papers on neutrinos where he provided the mathematical framework of the neutrinos. Neutrinos have heavier masses but the Neutrino oscillations do not completely identify the overall scale of their exact masses because they are exceedingly tiny. To determine the exact masses, Riazuddin introduced the laws of limits, as he realized there was a limit, to the electron energy spectra
Astronomical spectroscopy
Astronomical spectroscopy is the technique of spectroscopy used in astronomy. The object of study is the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, including visible light, which radiates from stars and other celestial objects...
in tritium
Tritium
Tritium is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen. The nucleus of tritium contains one proton and two neutrons, whereas the nucleus of protium contains one proton and no neutrons...
β-decay
Beta decay
In nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta particle is emitted from an atom. There are two types of beta decay: beta minus and beta plus. In the case of beta decay that produces an electron emission, it is referred to as beta minus , while in the case of a...
. In 2007, Riazuddin introduced SU(3) symmetry in the theory of light neutrinos
Neutrino theory of light
The neutrino theory of light is the proposal that the photon is a composite particle formed of a neutrino-antineutrino pair. It is based on the idea that emission and absorption of a photon corresponds to the creation and annihilation of a particle-antiparticle pair...
. He postulated the light neutrinos formed a Triplet state
Triplet state
A spin triplet is a set of three quantum states of a system, each with total spin S = 1 . The system could consist of a single elementary massive spin 1 particle such as a W or Z boson, or be some multiparticle state with total spin angular momentum of one.In physics, spin is the angular momentum...
in a SU(3) symmetry during the double beta decay. In 2008, Riazuddin pointed out that the neutrino mass has μ and τ symmetry and Lepton number
Lepton number
In particle physics, the lepton number is the number of leptons minus the number of antileptons.In equation form,so all leptons have assigned a value of +1, antileptons −1, and non-leptonic particles 0...
remains constant, a new type of Seesaw mechanism
Seesaw mechanism
In theoretical physics, the seesaw mechanism is a mechanism within grand unification theory, and in particular in theories of neutrino masses and neutrino oscillation, where it can be used to explain the smallness of observed neutrino masses relative to those of quarks and leptons.There are several...
is formed, the so-called Riazuddin's Seesaw Model, the Dirac mass
Dirac equation
The Dirac equation is a relativistic quantum mechanical wave equation formulated by British physicist Paul Dirac in 1928. It provided a description of elementary spin-½ particles, such as electrons, consistent with both the principles of quantum mechanics and the theory of special relativity, and...
matrix provided the Yukawa coupling to follow the Majorana fermion
Majorana fermion
In physics, a Majorana fermion is a fermion which is its own anti-particle. The term is used in opposition to Dirac fermion, which describes particles that differ from their antiparticles...
to satisfy the Leptogenesis
Leptogenesis (physics)
In physical cosmology, leptogenesis is the generic term for hypothetical physical processes that produced an asymmetry between leptons and antileptons in the very early universe, resulting in the dominance of leptons over antileptons...
asymmetry. Riazuddin proposed that this such interaction can be avoid when two of the heavy right-hand neutrinos are (nearly) degenerate.
In recent 2009, Riazuddin published a mathematical theory of non standard model
Non-standard model
In model theory, a discipline within mathematical logic, a non-standard model is a model of a theory that is not isomorphic to the intended model . If the intended model is infinite and the language is first-order, then the Löwenheim-Skolem theorems guarantee the existence of non-standard models...
, and its brief extensions to τ (tau) — a particle that is similar to electron with negative electric charge. In an experiment performed at Synchrotron light source installed at the National Center for Physics (NCP), Riazuddin observed the decay of Tau particle, in which he theorized, that hadronization Vector current and Axial vector can be used to study the implicit proprieties and functions of hadronic resonances, together with Chiral symmetry. These natural elements can be assigned to the parts weak current that the strong nuclear interaction conserve. With introduction of such elementary particles, it will be critical to study the particle elements that rules to hold the weak interaction.
Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
During his stay at PAECPakistan Atomic Energy Commission
The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, , is an administrative governmental and autonomous science and technology governmental department of Pakistan, responsible for development of nuclear energy and development of nuclear power sector in Pakistan...
, Riazuddin and his physicist
Physicist
A physicist is a scientist who studies or practices physics. Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many branches of physics spanning all length scales: from sub-atomic particles of which all ordinary matter is made to the behavior of the material Universe as a whole...
brother Fayyazuddin
Fayyazuddin
Dr. Prof. Fayyazuddin or , , , is a Pakistani theoretical physicist and an emeritus professor of Theoretical and Mathematical Physics at National Centre for Physics and Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad....
, who is also a distinguished student of Dr. Abdus Salam
Abdus Salam
Mohammad Abdus Salam, NI, SPk Mohammad Abdus Salam, NI, SPk Mohammad Abdus Salam, NI, SPk (Urdu: محمد عبد السلام, pronounced , (January 29, 1926– November 21, 1996) was a Pakistani theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate in Physics for his work on the electroweak unification of the...
, were central figures of Pakistan's atomic program during the early and critical years. In December 1972, Riazuddin at ICTP, returned to Pakistan on the request of Dr. Abdus Salam
Abdus Salam
Mohammad Abdus Salam, NI, SPk Mohammad Abdus Salam, NI, SPk Mohammad Abdus Salam, NI, SPk (Urdu: محمد عبد السلام, pronounced , (January 29, 1926– November 21, 1996) was a Pakistani theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate in Physics for his work on the electroweak unification of the...
. Salam asked Riazuddin to report to Munir Ahmad Khan
Munir Ahmad Khan
Munir Ahmad Khan , HI, was a Pakistani nuclear engineer and a scientist who served as the Chairman of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission from 1972 to 1991...
— chairman of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission at that time. At PAEC, Salam personally assigned Riazuddin to his Theoretical Physics Group (TPG). The Theoretical Physics Group took research in Fast neutron calculations — how neutrons moved in a nuclear chain reaction — the theory simultaneity
Relativity of simultaneity
In physics, the relativity of simultaneity is the concept that simultaneity–whether two events occur at the same time–is not absolute, but depends on the observer's reference frame. According to the special theory of relativity, it is impossible to say in an absolute sense whether two events occur...
— how would fission weapon would detonated from several points at the same point during the detonation process — and hydrodynamics — how the explosion produced by a chain reaction might behave — and what kind of and how much fissile material and reflectors would be use. Salam had gravitated theoretical physicists who worked under Riazuddin despite his younger age. Riazuddin was among one the scientist that attended the Multan meeting that was managed by Abdus Salam and convened by President
President of Pakistan
The President of Pakistan is the head of state, as well as figurehead, of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Recently passed an XVIII Amendment , Pakistan has a parliamentary democratic system of government. According to the Constitution, the President is chosen by the Electoral College to serve a...
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was 9th Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1973 to 1977, and prior to that, 4th President of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973. Bhutto was the founder of the Pakistan Peoples Party — the largest and most influential political party in Pakistan— and served as its chairman until his...
, later elected Prime minister
Prime Minister of Pakistan
The Prime Minister of Pakistan , is the Head of Government of Pakistan who is designated to exercise as the country's Chief Executive. By the Constitution of Pakistan, Pakistan has the parliamentary democratic system of government...
. After the meeting, Salam had took Riazuddin, with Munir Ahmad Khan, to Bhutto's residence in Islamabad where scientists have had brief Bhutto about the development of nuclear weapons programme.
Although Salam had traveled to United States to evade the 1971 Winter war
Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was a military conflict between India and Pakistan. Indian, Bangladeshi and international sources consider the beginning of the war to be Operation Chengiz Khan, Pakistan's December 3, 1971 pre-emptive strike on 11 Indian airbases...
, and returned to Pakistan with stacks of historical books on Manhattan Project
Manhattan Project
The Manhattan Project was a research and development program, led by the United States with participation from the United Kingdom and Canada, that produced the first atomic bomb during World War II. From 1942 to 1946, the project was under the direction of Major General Leslie Groves of the US Army...
in December 1971. In December 1973, University of Maryland
University of Maryland
When the term "University of Maryland" is used without any qualification, it generally refers to the University of Maryland, College Park.University of Maryland may refer to the following:...
offered him a fellowship, and on the advice of Salam, Riazuddin went to United States. There, he became a senior research scientist at the University of Maryland, obtained the open-source information on the "Manhattan Project
Manhattan Project
The Manhattan Project was a research and development program, led by the United States with participation from the United Kingdom and Canada, that produced the first atomic bomb during World War II. From 1942 to 1946, the project was under the direction of Major General Leslie Groves of the US Army...
" from the Library of Congress
Library of Congress
The Library of Congress is the research library of the United States Congress, de facto national library of the United States, and the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States. Located in three buildings in Washington, D.C., it is the largest library in the world by shelf space and...
. Riazuddin carefully studied American theoretical physicist Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer's approach to developed the first implosion device, and made further advanced on Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff limit
Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff limit
The Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit is an upper bound to the mass of stars composed of neutron-degenerate matter . The TOV limit is analogous to the Chandrasekhar limit for white dwarf stars.-History:...
, Oppenheimer-Phillips process
Oppenheimer-Phillips process
The Oppenheimer–Phillips process or strip reaction is a type of deuteron-induced nuclear reaction. In this process the neutron half of an energetic deuteron fuses with a target nucleus, transmuting the target to a heavier isotope while ejecting a proton...
, Born–Oppenheimer approximation.
After his return from the United States, Riazuddin was inducted into the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) as member (technical)
Chief technical officer
A chief technology officer is an executive-level position in a company or other entity whose occupant is focused on scientific and technological issues within an organization....
. In 1974, he began to take research with the TPG, and began one of the pioneering member of the TPG. In 1973, Raziddin Siddiqui formed the Mathematical Physics Group (MPG) which closely collaborated with Theoretical Physics Group. Riazuddin called his mathematician friend Asghar Qadir
Asghar Qadir
Asghar Qadir , HI, SI, FPAS, is a renowned Pakistani mathematician and a prominent cosmologist, specialized in Mathematical physics and Physical cosmology. He is considered as one of the top mathematicians in Pakistan...
, who specialized in special relativity
Special relativity
Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's...
under Riazuddin and Salam, to join Mathematical Physics Group. Qadir later in his career published a college text book on theory of special relativity. Shortly after the India's surprise nuclear test — Pokhran-I. Munir Ahmad Khan had called for a meeting to initiate the work on atomic bomb. Riazuddin and Salam had represented the Theoretical Physics Group (TPG), and it was decided to developed the Implosion methods for the first device. During the meeting, the word "bomb" was never used, instead academic scientists preferred to use the scientific research rationale. The Theoretical Physics Group began its research and directly reported to Abdus Salam.
In 1977, both MPG and TPG scientists completed the design and calculation of an atomic bomb. Along with Qadir, Riazuddin continued to developed the theoretical designs of the atomic weapon which was in 1978. In 1982, the PAEC finally developed the device under the leadership of Munir Ahmad Khan
Munir Ahmad Khan
Munir Ahmad Khan , HI, was a Pakistani nuclear engineer and a scientist who served as the Chairman of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission from 1972 to 1991...
. The PAEC carried out the first cold-test of the TPG's theoretical designed b May 1983 at the Kirana Hills. The test teams were headed by dr. Ishfaq Ahmad
Ishfaq Ahmad
Ishfaq Ahmad , D.Sc., Minister of State, SI, HI, NI, FPAS, is a Pakistani nuclear physicist, and well-known educationist and academic from Pakistan...
, a nuclear physicist, as Munir Ahmad Khan supervised the testings
Dr. Riazuddin later disclosed that he worked as part of the team, under Abdus Salam, that worked on designs for Pakistan's nuclear explosive device. As he explained:
Riazuddin also worked in a neutron
Neutron
The neutron is a subatomic hadron particle which has the symbol or , no net electric charge and a mass slightly larger than that of a proton. With the exception of hydrogen, nuclei of atoms consist of protons and neutrons, which are therefore collectively referred to as nucleons. The number of...
particle accelerator
Particle accelerator
A particle accelerator is a device that uses electromagnetic fields to propel charged particles to high speeds and to contain them in well-defined beams. An ordinary CRT television set is a simple form of accelerator. There are two basic types: electrostatic and oscillating field accelerators.In...
at PAEC. In 2000, Riazuddin retired from PAEC as a chief scientist
Scientist
A scientist in a broad sense is one engaging in a systematic activity to acquire knowledge. In a more restricted sense, a scientist is an individual who uses the scientific method. The person may be an expert in one or more areas of science. This article focuses on the more restricted use of the word...
. In the same year, he was elected as Fellow of the Third World Academy of Sciences
Third World Academy of Sciences
TWAS, until 2004 named Third World Academy of Sciences and now TWAS, the academy of sciences for the developing world, is a merit-based science academy uniting 1,000 scientists in some 70 countries. Its principal aim is to promote scientific capacity and excellence for sustainable development in...
and Fellow of the Islamic Academy of Sciences. Riazuddin is also a visiting scientist at CERN.
Legacy and fame
Riazuddin is an internationally known theoretical physicist. He has made contributions in CERNCERN
The European Organization for Nuclear Research , known as CERN , is an international organization whose purpose is to operate the world's largest particle physics laboratory, which is situated in the northwest suburbs of Geneva on the Franco–Swiss border...
's LHC
Large Hadron Collider
The Large Hadron Collider is the world's largest and highest-energy particle accelerator. It is expected to address some of the most fundamental questions of physics, advancing the understanding of the deepest laws of nature....
. At CERN, he is a widely respected theoretician
Physicist
A physicist is a scientist who studies or practices physics. Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many branches of physics spanning all length scales: from sub-atomic particles of which all ordinary matter is made to the behavior of the material Universe as a whole...
. Riazuddin is the recipient of Pakistan's highest civil awards
Civil decorations of Pakistan
The Pakistan Civil Awards were established on March 19, 1957, following the proclamation of Pakistan as an independent Republic on March 23, 1956. The announcement of civil awards is generally made once a year on Independence Day, August 14, and their investiture takes place on the following...
: Tamgha-i-Imtiaz
Tamgha-i-Imtiaz
Tamgha-i-Imtiaz , English: Medal of Excellence, is state organized honour of State of Pakistan. It is the fourth-highest decoration given to any civilian in Pakistan based on their achievements. While, it is civilian award, it can also be bestowed to Military officers of the Pakistan Armed Forces...
, Sitara-i-Imtiaz
Sitara-i-Imtiaz
The Sitara-i-Imtiaz , is the third highest honour and civilian award in the State of Pakistan. It recognizes the individuals who made an "especially meritorious contribution to the security or national interests of Pakistan, world peace, cultural or other significant public endeavors"...
, Hilal-i-Imtiaz
Hilal-i-Imtiaz
The Hilal-i-Imtiaz, English: Crescent of Excellence, Urdu: هلال ا متيا ز , is the second highest civilian award and honor given to both civilians and military officers of the State of Pakistan|Pakistan armed forces by the Government of Pakistan...
. He is one of the Pakistani scientists who were very close to Pakistani Prime Minister
Prime Minister of Pakistan
The Prime Minister of Pakistan , is the Head of Government of Pakistan who is designated to exercise as the country's Chief Executive. By the Constitution of Pakistan, Pakistan has the parliamentary democratic system of government...
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and Dr. Abdus Salam
Abdus Salam
Mohammad Abdus Salam, NI, SPk Mohammad Abdus Salam, NI, SPk Mohammad Abdus Salam, NI, SPk (Urdu: محمد عبد السلام, pronounced , (January 29, 1926– November 21, 1996) was a Pakistani theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate in Physics for his work on the electroweak unification of the...
. At PAEC, Riazuddin has closely worked with another noted Pakistani theoretical physicist Dr. Raziuddin Siddiqui
Raziuddin Siddiqui
Dr. Professor Muhammad Raziuddin Siddiqui , , also known as Dr. Razi, was an eminent Pakistani theoretical physicist and a renowned mathematician who played an instrumental and an influential role in Pakistan's education system and Pakistan's integrated nuclear detterence development...
(late). Currently, he is working as a professor of theoretical physics
Theoretical physics
Theoretical physics is a branch of physics which employs mathematical models and abstractions of physics to rationalize, explain and predict natural phenomena...
and neutrino physics
Neutrino
A neutrino is an electrically neutral, weakly interacting elementary subatomic particle with a half-integer spin, chirality and a disputed but small non-zero mass. It is able to pass through ordinary matter almost unaffected...
at the National University of Sciences and Technology, in Islamabad
Islamabad
Islamabad is the capital of Pakistan and the tenth largest city in the country. Located within the Islamabad Capital Territory , the population of the city has grown from 100,000 in 1951 to 1.7 million in 2011...
.
He has also been the director of the Riazuddin National Center for Physics
Riazuddin National Center for Physics
The National Centre for Physics, known as NCP, is an academic physics and mathematical sciences national research institute in Islamabad, Pakistan. The NCP was being run by Government of Pakistan till March 2004. However, in April 2004, Government of Pakistan made NCP an autonomous scientific...
, also at Quaid-e-Azam University. He is most famous for his TPG Group where Riazuddin and his team of theoretical physicists are widely credited to have developed and designed Pakistan's nuclear weapon devices theoretically. Due to his contributions to his nation's nuclear program, Riazuddin is a respected scientist in his country.
On 26 April 2009, a day-long conference was held in Islamabad
Islamabad
Islamabad is the capital of Pakistan and the tenth largest city in the country. Located within the Islamabad Capital Territory , the population of the city has grown from 100,000 in 1951 to 1.7 million in 2011...
to pay tribute to an eminent research scientist and theoretical physicist, Dr. Riazuddin. The conference was organized by National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST
NUST
NUST may refer to:*Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China*National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan in Islamabad, Pakistan*National University of Science and Technology, Zimbabwe in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe...
) and Riazuddin National Centre for Physics (RNCP). In the conference, Dr. Masud Ahmad
Masud Ahmad
Muhammad Masud Ahmad, Born: 1942, known as Masood Ahmad, D.Phil, Sc.D, SI, HI , is a Pakistani theoretical physicist and ICTP laureate who is renowned for his work in Neutron t scattering...
, who is also the student of his, said:
"Prof. Riaz always put in his best efforts to obtain original results while working on various issues related to science and technology
Science and technology
Science and technology is a term of art used to encompass the relationship between science and technology. It frequently appears within titles of academic disciplines and government offices.-See also:...
".
NUST
NUST
NUST may refer to:*Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China*National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan in Islamabad, Pakistan*National University of Science and Technology, Zimbabwe in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe...
Rector and a famous Pakistan
Pakistan
Pakistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is a sovereign state in South Asia. It has a coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in the east and China in the far northeast. In the north, Tajikistan...
i aerospace engineer, Air Commodore
Air Commodore
Air commodore is an air-officer rank which originated in and continues to be used by the Royal Air Force...
Muhammad Asghar heavily paid tributes to him and said:
"Prof. Riazuddin has a very strong and professional background in the field of Physics
Physics
Physics is a natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion through spacetime, along with related concepts such as energy and force. More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves.Physics is one of the oldest academic...
. He achieved many distinctions and awards from national as well as international institutes, which includes Tamgha-e-Imtiaz, Sitara-i-Imtiaz
Sitara-i-Imtiaz
The Sitara-i-Imtiaz , is the third highest honour and civilian award in the State of Pakistan. It recognizes the individuals who made an "especially meritorious contribution to the security or national interests of Pakistan, world peace, cultural or other significant public endeavors"...
and Hilal-e-Imtiaz and awards from UNESCO
UNESCO
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations...
, Economic Cooperation Organisation and COMSTECH
COMSTECH
COMSTECH is an abbreviation for the OIC's Standing Committee on Scientific and Technological Cooperation for the promotion and cooperation of science and technology activities among the OIC member states. The coordinator general of the Committee is Prof Ata ur Rahman.Department of Public Relations,...
Prize in Physics".
Quotes by Prof. Riazuddin
Riazuddin eulogizing Abdus Salam
Abdus Salam
Mohammad Abdus Salam, NI, SPk Mohammad Abdus Salam, NI, SPk Mohammad Abdus Salam, NI, SPk (Urdu: محمد عبد السلام, pronounced , (January 29, 1926– November 21, 1996) was a Pakistani theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate in Physics for his work on the electroweak unification of the...
on his anniversary at International Centre for Theoretical Physics
International Centre for Theoretical Physics
The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics was founded in 1964 by Pakistani scientist and Nobel Laureate Abdus Salam after consulting with Munir Ahmad Khan. It operates under a tripartite agreement among the Italian Government, UNESCO, and International Atomic Energy Agency...
(ICTP) in 1997.
Riazuddin while condoling the death of Prof. Gallieno Denardo at ICTP in 2004.
Awards and honours
- H.E.C. Life Time Achievement AwardHigher Education CommissionThe Higher Education Commission , formerly the University Grant Commission, is the primary regulator of higher education in Pakistan. It also facilitated the development of higher educational system in Pakistan. Its main purpose was to upgrade universities in Pakistan to be centres of education,...
(2009) - Agha Hasan Abedi Prize for Best Scientist of the YearAgha Hasan AbediAgha Hasan Abedi also known as Agha Sahab was a banker and philanthropist who founded the Bank of Credit and Commerce International in 1972...
(2001) - Albert Einstein World Award of ScienceAlbert Einstein World Award of ScienceThe Albert Einstein World Award for Science is a yearly award given by the World Cultural Council "as a means of recognition, and as an incentive to scientific and technological research and development", with special consideration for researches which "have brought true benefit and well being to...
(2000) - UNESCO Science Prize in PhysicsUNESCO Science PrizeThe UNESCO Science Prize is a biennial scientific prize awarded by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization to "a person or group of persons for an outstanding contribution they have made to the technological development of a developing member state or region through...
(2000) - Khwarizmi International AwardKhwarizmi International AwardThe Khwarizmi International Award is given annually by the Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology to individuals who have made outstanding achievements in research, innovation and invention, in fields related to science and technology....
(2000) - COMSTECH Prize in PhysicsCOMSTECHCOMSTECH is an abbreviation for the OIC's Standing Committee on Scientific and Technological Cooperation for the promotion and cooperation of science and technology activities among the OIC member states. The coordinator general of the Committee is Prof Ata ur Rahman.Department of Public Relations,...
(2000) - Sitara-i-ImtiazSitara-i-ImtiazThe Sitara-i-Imtiaz , is the third highest honour and civilian award in the State of Pakistan. It recognizes the individuals who made an "especially meritorious contribution to the security or national interests of Pakistan, world peace, cultural or other significant public endeavors"...
(1999) - Hilal-i-ImtiazHilal-i-ImtiazThe Hilal-i-Imtiaz, English: Crescent of Excellence, Urdu: هلال ا متيا ز , is the second highest civilian award and honor given to both civilians and military officers of the State of Pakistan|Pakistan armed forces by the Government of Pakistan...
(1999) - Nishan-e-Imtiaz (1998)
- Tamgha-i-ImtiazTamgha-i-ImtiazTamgha-i-Imtiaz , English: Medal of Excellence, is state organized honour of State of Pakistan. It is the fourth-highest decoration given to any civilian in Pakistan based on their achievements. While, it is civilian award, it can also be bestowed to Military officers of the Pakistan Armed Forces...
(1990) - Hilal-i-ImtiazHilal-i-ImtiazThe Hilal-i-Imtiaz, English: Crescent of Excellence, Urdu: هلال ا متيا ز , is the second highest civilian award and honor given to both civilians and military officers of the State of Pakistan|Pakistan armed forces by the Government of Pakistan...
(1980) - Fellow of the Royal Society (1970)
- Gold Medal in Physical SciencesGold MedalGold Medal is the sixth studio album by the American hard rock band The Donnas, released in 2004 on Atlantic Records. It was one of the first albums released in the DualDisc format, but was recalled due to a mastering error which resulted in the final track being partially omitted from the CD...
(1968)
Fellowships
- Fellow of the Third World Academy of SciencesThird World Academy of SciencesTWAS, until 2004 named Third World Academy of Sciences and now TWAS, the academy of sciences for the developing world, is a merit-based science academy uniting 1,000 scientists in some 70 countries. Its principal aim is to promote scientific capacity and excellence for sustainable development in...
(2000) - Fellow of the Islamic Academy of Sciences (2000)
- Member of the Pakistan Nuclear Society (1993)
- An elected fellow of American Physical SocietyAmerican Physical SocietyThe American Physical Society is the world's second largest organization of physicists, behind the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft. The Society publishes more than a dozen scientific journals, including the world renowned Physical Review and Physical Review Letters, and organizes more than 20...
(2004).
Institutes named after Riazuddin
- Riazuddin National Center for PhysicsRiazuddin National Center for PhysicsThe National Centre for Physics, known as NCP, is an academic physics and mathematical sciences national research institute in Islamabad, Pakistan. The NCP was being run by Government of Pakistan till March 2004. However, in April 2004, Government of Pakistan made NCP an autonomous scientific...
, Quaid-e-Azam University, in IslamabadIslamabadIslamabad is the capital of Pakistan and the tenth largest city in the country. Located within the Islamabad Capital Territory , the population of the city has grown from 100,000 in 1951 to 1.7 million in 2011...
.
Scientific articles
- The Role of Great Equations in Life by dr. Riazuddin, Riazuddin National Center of Physics.
- Tribimaximal mixing and leptogenesis in a seesaw model, Riazuddin, Islamabad.
- Dirac equation in (1+2) dimensions for quasi-particles in graphene and quantum field theory of their Coulomb interaction.
Riazuddin, Riazuddin National Center for Physics.
- SU)Special unitary groupThe special unitary group of degree n, denoted SU, is the group of n×n unitary matrices with determinant 1. The group operation is that of matrix multiplication...
× U(1)Special unitary groupThe special unitary group of degree n, denoted SU, is the group of n×n unitary matrices with determinant 1. The group operation is that of matrix multiplication...
model for electroweak unification and sterile neutrinos. Jointly written with Riazuddin and Fayyazuddin.
- An SU(3)Special unitary groupThe special unitary group of degree n, denoted SU, is the group of n×n unitary matrices with determinant 1. The group operation is that of matrix multiplication...
symmetry for light neutrinos, Riazuddin
- Branching Ratio and CP-asymmetryCP violationIn particle physics, CP violation is a violation of the postulated CP-symmetry: the combination of C-symmetry and P-symmetry . CP-symmetry states that the laws of physics should be the same if a particle were interchanged with its antiparticle , and left and right were swapped...
for B→ gamma decays, jointly wrtten with M. Jamil Aslam and Riazuddin
- Neutrino flavor mixing in an SU(3) symmetry for light neutrinos. Published by dr.Riazuddin
- Neutrinos: recent developments and origin of neutrino mass matrix dr. Riazuddin (May 2004)
- Role of Mathematics in Physical Sciences by dr.Riazuddin (February 2004)
- Some comments on narrow resonances. By Fayyazuddin and Riazuddin (September 2003)
- Neutrino Mass Matrix with Approximate Flavor Symmetry by dr. Riazuddin (July 2003)
- Particle Aspects of Cosmology and Baryogenesis by dr. Riazuddin (February 2003)
- Role of lepton flavor violating (LFV) muon decay in Seesaw model and LSND by M. Jamil Aslam and Riazuddin(September 2002)
- Role of gauge invariance in B→v gamma radiative weak decays by dr. Riazuddin (October 2001)
- The ∑ and τ in D and B decays, jointly written by dr. N. Paver and dr. Riazuddin (July 2001)
- Potential Models for Radiative Rare B Decays by dr. Saeed Ahmad and Riazuddin (January 2001)
- Off-diagonal structure of neutrino mass matrix in see-saw mechanism and electron-muon-tau lepton universality by dr. Riazuddin (July 2000)
- Two body non-leptonic $Lambda_b$ decays in quark model with factorization ansatz, published by dr. Fayyazuddin and dr. Riazuddin (February 1998)
- Double Counting Ambiguities in the Linear Sigma Model by A. Bramon, Riazuddin and M. D. Scadron (September 1997)
- Vector Meson Exchanges and CP Asymmetry in by dr. Riazuddin, N. Paver and F. Simeoni
See also
- Theoretical physicsTheoretical physicsTheoretical physics is a branch of physics which employs mathematical models and abstractions of physics to rationalize, explain and predict natural phenomena...
- Abdus SalamAbdus SalamMohammad Abdus Salam, NI, SPk Mohammad Abdus Salam, NI, SPk Mohammad Abdus Salam, NI, SPk (Urdu: محمد عبد السلام, pronounced , (January 29, 1926– November 21, 1996) was a Pakistani theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate in Physics for his work on the electroweak unification of the...
- Daresbury Nuclear Physics LaobratoryDaresbury LaboratoryDaresbury Laboratory is a scientific research laboratory near Daresbury in Cheshire, England, which began operations in 1962 and was officially opened on 16 June 1967 as the Daresbury Nuclear Physics Laboratory by the then Prime Minister of United Kingdom, Harold Wilson...
- Charge radiusCharge radiusThe rms charge radius is a measure of the size of an atomic nucleus, particularly of a proton or a deuteron. It can be measured by the scattering of electrons by the nucleus and also inferred from the effects of finite nuclear size on electron energy levels as measured in atomic...
External links
- Prof. Riazuddin
- http://www.ias-worldwide.org/profiles/prof89.htm
- http://www.chowk.com/articles/4104
- http://www.ncp.edu.pk/newsletters/Vol1-1/ncpvol1-1_details.htm
- http://www.ncp.edu.pk/docs/iscp/ISCP%20Summary.pdf
- http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=174421
- http://eprintweb.org/S/authors/All/R/R_Riazuddin
- ICTP Page on Dr. Riazuddin
- CERN Page on Dr. Riazuddin
- CERN-Courier Page on Dr. Riazuddin
- Quantum Mechanics, World Scientific, by Riazuddin and Fayyazuddin
- Neutrinos by Riazuddin
- Mathematical Physics by Riazuddin and Faheem Hussain