Raziuddin Siddiqui
Encyclopedia
Dr.
Professor
Muhammad Raziuddin Siddiqui (Urdu
:رضی الدین صدیقی rəzɪ.ʊd̪d̪iːn sɪˈd̪d̪iːqi; January 8, 1908 – January 8, 1998), (FPAS, NI
, HI
, SI
, Ph.D.
), also known as Dr. Razi, was an eminent Pakistani theoretical physicist
and a renowned mathematician
who played an instrumental and an influential role in Pakistan's education system
and Pakistan's integrated nuclear detterence development. An educationist and a scientist, Siddiqui had established numerous educational research institutes and universities in his country.
During 1940s in Europe, he had made important and advance contributions in Mathematical physics as well as work on the theory of relativity, nuclear energy, and the Quantum gravity. Siddiqui was an eminent and prominent educationist
of Pakistan
who dedicated his life for physics
and mathematics
in his country. An avid supporter of Science in Pakistan
, Siddiqui attended various conferences for physics, mathematics, and science in Pakistan and abroad.
He had been the Vice-Chancellor
of four Pakistan universities and the first V.Chancellor of Quaid-e-Azam University and served as the Emeritus professor of Physics there until his death in 1998.
. He was one of the pioneering students who attended the newly established Osmania University
. After passing the Rashidia Exams in 1918, Siddiqui completed his matriculation
from Osmania University
in 1921, and earned the B.A.
degree in Mathematics
with distinction in 1925. He was one of the earliest graduate of Osmania University first batch in 1925.
from the Government
of State of Hyderabad to pursue higher studies in United Kingdom
where he completed his M.A.
in Mathematics, under Paul Dirac
from the University of Cambridge
in 1928. Then, he proceeded further to work for his Ph.D
at the University of Leipzig
in Germany
(Weimar Republic
). In those days renowned scientist
and theoretical physicist Albert Einstein
was also teaching at the same University
.
He had the rare privilege to study Mathematics and Quantum mechanics
under Albert Einstein in Berlin
and Heisenberg at Leipzig
. He then received his M.Sc.
in Mathematics and M.Phil.
in Quantum Physics under the distinction of Albert Einstein. He completed his Ph.D
in Theoretical Physics
, writing a brief research thesis on the Theory of relativity
and the Nuclear energy
, under the supervision of the renowned Physicist
and Nobel Laureate dr. Werner Karl Heisenberg in 1930. During his early career, Siddiqui interacted and researched in important aspects of theoretical physics with Edward Teller
, contributor of Teller-Ullam design, when he was the pioneering student of Heisenberg's doctorate group. Later, he did his post doctoral work at the University of Paris
, France
.
, Siddique was doing his post-doctoral research at the Paris University when he had opportunity to meet with the members of "The Paris Group" where he had led the discussions on unsolved problems in physics and in mathematics. At there, he held discussion with Hélène Langevin-Joliot
, Frédéric Joliot-Curie
, Hans von Halban
, and Louis de Broglie. When Germany invaded France, Siddiqui immediately traveled back to Cambridge
, United Kingdom, where he had joined Cavendish Laboratory
of the Cambridge University. During the early 1940s, Siddiqui closely collaborated with Britain's atomic weapons program
, and participated in the secret Tube Alloys
nuclear weapons development project.
During his stay in Great Britain
, he gained expertise to the fields of Quantum mechanics and Supersymmetric quantum mechanics
and published scientific papers at the Cavendish Laboratory. He later made further advanced contributions in Nuclear
and Theoretical physics; and enjoyed a distinguished career in Cambridge, Great Britain. During this time, Siddiqui was responsible to supervised High-energy physics experiments at the Cavendish Laboratory, and was named one of the senior scientists at the Cavendish Laboratory. In early 1941, he was later invited by the British physicists to participated in Tube Alloys, the secret and classified British development of nuclear weapon. As Tube Alloys emerged with Manhattan Project
, Siddiqui joined the Manhattan Project as a part of British delegation headed by British
mathematician William Penney. There, he along with William Penney had closely worked in the development of the nuclear weapon, and had published classified papers concerning with the development of the proposed designs of nuclear weapon and controlled Thermonuclear fission
at Montreal Laboratory. At there, he later joined his Mentor
's group where, under his mentor's guidance, carried out further research and made advances to the fields of Quantum gravity
, Quantum electrodynamics
and Tensor–vector–scalar gravity.
Soon after his research work at Montreal Laboratory, Siddique had an opportunity continued his research work at Atomic Energy Research Establishment
(AERE), in 1945, and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique
, in 1946, where he published his research thesis in the fields of Nuclear energy and the Fission
.
In 1947, Raziuddin Siddiqui then returned to Hyderabad, British Indian Empire, and joined Osmania University
, Hyderabad, as an Associate Professor of Mathematics. During 1948-49, he served as Vice-Chancellor of Osmania University
as he was appointed by the Governor. During 1930s, the Pakistan Movement
was taking place in the region and it is said that the philosopher Muhammad Iqbal
, a Pakistani intellectual and philosopher, requested him to write down a book on the Theory of relativity
(in Urdu) but Philosopher Iqbal
had died before the completion of the book. Maulvi Abdul Haq
published this title from Anjuman Taraqqi-i-Urdu
in Delhi
.
After the Partition
in 1947, Siddiqui then migrated to Karachi
, Sindh, along with a majority of his family members, as he was requested by the Government of Pakistan in 1950. In Karachi, he joined the Karachi University's teaching faculty and taught as Professor of Applied Mathematics
there. In 1953, he was then appointed as the simultaneously Vice-Chancellor of the University of Sindh
and the University of Peshawar
. Siddiqui founded the first mathematical society in Pakistan in 1952 by the name of "All Pakistan Mathematics Association" (now known as Pakistan Mathematical Society). The organization, under his leadership, expanded the mathematical education throughout the country. As President of the PMS, he led and sat up mathematical conferences throughout the country, and remained its President
until 1972.
In 1964, he moved to Islamabad where he had joined Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
. At there, he began his academic research in Theoretical physics. In 1965, with the establishment of Quaid-e-Azam University (Qau), Siddiqui was appointed as its first Vice-Chancellor by then Foreign Minister
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. He was one the first professor of Physics at the Quaid-e-Azam University where he also served as the Chairman of the Physics Department. He continued his tenure until 1972, when he rejoined the PAEC on the request of Bhutto. During 1960s, he was an instrumental to convinced President
Field Marshal
Ayub Khan to make a proposed university a research institution. He, at first, had established "Institute of Physics" at the Qau, and had invited Professor Riazuddin to be its first director and the dean of the faculty. Then, Professor Riazuddin, with the help of his father like mentor dr. Abdus Salam, convinced then-PAEC chairman dr. Ishrat Hussain Usmani
to send all the theoreticians to Institute of Physics to form a vital physics group. This embark of establishing the "Theoretical Physics Group", which later designed the of nuclear weapons for the country.
With the establishment of TPG, Raziuddin Siddiqui began to work with dr. Abdus Salam, and his advice he began the research in theoretical physics at the PAEC. In 1970, he established the Mathematical Physics Group at the PAEC, where he led academic research in advanced mathematics. He also delegated numerous mathematicians to PAEC to specialized in their field at the MPG Division of PAEC.
After the Indo-Pakistani Winter War of 1971
, Siddiqui joined the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) on the request of Prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. Siddiqui was the first full-time Technical Member
of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
and was responsible for preparation of its charter.
During the 1970s, Siddiqui worked with notable Pakistani physicists and engineers in Pakistan's project to acquire the atomic bomb. He had had a distinguished career in Europe, during which he had carried out a wide variety of nuclear research in British atomic weapon program
and French atomic program. At the PAEC
, he became a mentor
of Pakistan's nuclear scientists and heavily carried out the research in Pakistan's atomic program. At PAEC, he had supervised the classified research at the PAEC. Both MPG and TPG had reported directly to him as he had coordinated each meeting with the scientists there. At the commission, he directed the research as he had led the establishment of Laboratories there.
After his work at the PAEC, Raziuddin Siddiqui again joined Quaid-e-Azam University's Physics Faculty. A professor of Physics, he continued his research at the Institute of Physics, Qau. He began to mobilized and established different physics group as he had led annual conferences to promote science in Pakistan. Throughout late 1979, he contributed richly to the advancement of science in Pakistan. He then played an influential role in the development of higher education sector, and placed mainframe policies in the institution.
Siddiqui remained in Islamabad, and had associated himself with Quaid-e-Azam University. In 1990, he was made Professor Emeritus of Physics and Mathematics there. He had passion for both Physics and Mathematics which remained with him until his death. He peacefully died on January 8, 1998, at the age of 90. A reputed scientist, Siddiqui's autobiography was written by the renowned scienstists who had opportunity to with work him. In Pakistan, he was well-known for his effort to introduced the complex applications of theoretical physics in the different universities of Pakistan. He played an important and key role in establishing of Mathematics and Theoretical physics Laboratories at the PAEC. In 1960, due to his efforts to expand education, he was awarded the third-high civilian award of Pakistan
, Sitara-i-Imtiaz
, from the then-President of Pakistan
, Field Marshal Ayub Khan.
In 1981, he was awarded the second highest civilian award
, Hilal-i-Imtiaz
, from President
General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
due to his significant efforts in Pakistan's atomic program, and popularizing science in Pakistan
. Siddqui remained as one of the few Pakistani scientists who were personally knew Premier
, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
and the only Pakistani Nobel laureate, dr. Abdus Salam
(late).In May 1998, the Government of Pakistan
belatedly recognized Siddiqui's vital services by awarding the highest civilian award
, Nishan-i-Imtiaz
posthumously by the prime minister
Nawaz Sharif
when Pakistan conducted its first successful nuclear tests
.
His eldest daughter, dr. Shirin Tahir-Kheli, is a former Special Assistant to the President
of the United States of America, and Senior Adviser for women's empowerment.
's Central Library was dedicated in the name of founding Vice Chancellor of Qau as Dr. Raziuddin Siddiqi Memorial Library.
Doctor (title)
Doctor, as a title, originates from the Latin word of the same spelling and meaning. The word is originally an agentive noun of the Latin verb docēre . It has been used as an honored academic title for over a millennium in Europe, where it dates back to the rise of the university. This use spread...
Professor
Professor
A professor is a scholarly teacher; the precise meaning of the term varies by country. Literally, professor derives from Latin as a "person who professes" being usually an expert in arts or sciences; a teacher of high rank...
Muhammad Raziuddin Siddiqui (Urdu
Urdu
Urdu is a register of the Hindustani language that is identified with Muslims in South Asia. It belongs to the Indo-European family. Urdu is the national language and lingua franca of Pakistan. It is also widely spoken in some regions of India, where it is one of the 22 scheduled languages and an...
:رضی الدین صدیقی rəzɪ.ʊd̪d̪iːn sɪˈd̪d̪iːqi; January 8, 1908 – January 8, 1998), (FPAS, NI
Nishan-i-Imtiaz
The Nishan-i-Imtiaz is one of the state organized civil decorations of State of Pakistan. It is the highest honor — along with comparable to optimum award Nishan-e-Pakistan — given to any civilian in Pakistan based on their achievements that caused the world recognition for Pakistan or/ done a...
, HI
Hilal-i-Imtiaz
The Hilal-i-Imtiaz, English: Crescent of Excellence, Urdu: هلال ا متيا ز , is the second highest civilian award and honor given to both civilians and military officers of the State of Pakistan|Pakistan armed forces by the Government of Pakistan...
, SI
Sitara-i-Imtiaz
The Sitara-i-Imtiaz , is the third highest honour and civilian award in the State of Pakistan. It recognizes the individuals who made an "especially meritorious contribution to the security or national interests of Pakistan, world peace, cultural or other significant public endeavors"...
, Ph.D.
Doctor of Philosophy
Doctor of Philosophy, abbreviated as Ph.D., PhD, D.Phil., or DPhil , in English-speaking countries, is a postgraduate academic degree awarded by universities...
), also known as Dr. Razi, was an eminent Pakistani theoretical physicist
Theoretical physics
Theoretical physics is a branch of physics which employs mathematical models and abstractions of physics to rationalize, explain and predict natural phenomena...
and a renowned mathematician
Mathematician
A mathematician is a person whose primary area of study is the field of mathematics. Mathematicians are concerned with quantity, structure, space, and change....
who played an instrumental and an influential role in Pakistan's education system
Education in Pakistan
Education in Pakistan is overseen by the government Ministry of Education and the provincial governments, whereas the federal government mostly assists in curriculum development, accreditation and some financing of research....
and Pakistan's integrated nuclear detterence development. An educationist and a scientist, Siddiqui had established numerous educational research institutes and universities in his country.
During 1940s in Europe, he had made important and advance contributions in Mathematical physics as well as work on the theory of relativity, nuclear energy, and the Quantum gravity. Siddiqui was an eminent and prominent educationist
Education in Pakistan
Education in Pakistan is overseen by the government Ministry of Education and the provincial governments, whereas the federal government mostly assists in curriculum development, accreditation and some financing of research....
of Pakistan
Pakistan
Pakistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is a sovereign state in South Asia. It has a coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in the east and China in the far northeast. In the north, Tajikistan...
who dedicated his life for physics
Physics
Physics is a natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion through spacetime, along with related concepts such as energy and force. More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves.Physics is one of the oldest academic...
and mathematics
Mathematics
Mathematics is the study of quantity, space, structure, and change. Mathematicians seek out patterns and formulate new conjectures. Mathematicians resolve the truth or falsity of conjectures by mathematical proofs, which are arguments sufficient to convince other mathematicians of their validity...
in his country. An avid supporter of Science in Pakistan
Science and technology in Pakistan
In Pakistan, science and technology served as an important part of national politics, practices, and extreme national identities. From 1960s till the present, both science and technology were immediately linked to national ideology and practical functioning of Pakistan, notably the Pakistan Armed...
, Siddiqui attended various conferences for physics, mathematics, and science in Pakistan and abroad.
He had been the Vice-Chancellor
Chancellor (education)
A chancellor or vice-chancellor is the chief executive of a university. Other titles are sometimes used, such as president or rector....
of four Pakistan universities and the first V.Chancellor of Quaid-e-Azam University and served as the Emeritus professor of Physics there until his death in 1998.
Life and education
Raziuddin Siddiqui was born on January 8, 1908 in Hyderabad- Deccan, IndiaIndia
India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world...
. He was one of the pioneering students who attended the newly established Osmania University
Osmania University
Osmania University , , since 1918, is a public university located in Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. It was established and named after the last Nizam of Hyderabad, Mir Osman Ali Khan. It is one of the oldest modern universities in India. It is the first Indian University to have Urdu and...
. After passing the Rashidia Exams in 1918, Siddiqui completed his matriculation
Matriculation
Matriculation, in the broadest sense, means to be registered or added to a list, from the Latin matricula – little list. In Scottish heraldry, for instance, a matriculation is a registration of armorial bearings...
from Osmania University
Osmania University
Osmania University , , since 1918, is a public university located in Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. It was established and named after the last Nizam of Hyderabad, Mir Osman Ali Khan. It is one of the oldest modern universities in India. It is the first Indian University to have Urdu and...
in 1921, and earned the B.A.
Bachelor of Arts
A Bachelor of Arts , from the Latin artium baccalaureus, is a bachelor's degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both...
degree in Mathematics
Mathematics
Mathematics is the study of quantity, space, structure, and change. Mathematicians seek out patterns and formulate new conjectures. Mathematicians resolve the truth or falsity of conjectures by mathematical proofs, which are arguments sufficient to convince other mathematicians of their validity...
with distinction in 1925. He was one of the earliest graduate of Osmania University first batch in 1925.
Siddiqui in Europe
He was then awarded a scholarshipScholarship
A scholarship is an award of financial aid for a student to further education. Scholarships are awarded on various criteria usually reflecting the values and purposes of the donor or founder of the award.-Types:...
from the Government
Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority
Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority or HMDA is the urban planning agency of Hyderabad, India. It was formed in 2008 by expanding the Hyderabad Urban Development Authority...
of State of Hyderabad to pursue higher studies in United Kingdom
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
where he completed his M.A.
Master of Arts (postgraduate)
A Master of Arts from the Latin Magister Artium, is a type of Master's degree awarded by universities in many countries. The M.A. is usually contrasted with the M.S. or M.Sc. degrees...
in Mathematics, under Paul Dirac
Paul Dirac
Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac, OM, FRS was an English theoretical physicist who made fundamental contributions to the early development of both quantum mechanics and quantum electrodynamics...
from the University of Cambridge
University of Cambridge
The University of Cambridge is a public research university located in Cambridge, United Kingdom. It is the second-oldest university in both the United Kingdom and the English-speaking world , and the seventh-oldest globally...
in 1928. Then, he proceeded further to work for his Ph.D
Doctor of Philosophy
Doctor of Philosophy, abbreviated as Ph.D., PhD, D.Phil., or DPhil , in English-speaking countries, is a postgraduate academic degree awarded by universities...
at the University of Leipzig
University of Leipzig
The University of Leipzig , located in Leipzig in the Free State of Saxony, Germany, is one of the oldest universities in the world and the second-oldest university in Germany...
in Germany
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
(Weimar Republic
Weimar Republic
The Weimar Republic is the name given by historians to the parliamentary republic established in 1919 in Germany to replace the imperial form of government...
). In those days renowned scientist
Scientist
A scientist in a broad sense is one engaging in a systematic activity to acquire knowledge. In a more restricted sense, a scientist is an individual who uses the scientific method. The person may be an expert in one or more areas of science. This article focuses on the more restricted use of the word...
and theoretical physicist Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of general relativity, effecting a revolution in physics. For this achievement, Einstein is often regarded as the father of modern physics and one of the most prolific intellects in human history...
was also teaching at the same University
University of Leipzig
The University of Leipzig , located in Leipzig in the Free State of Saxony, Germany, is one of the oldest universities in the world and the second-oldest university in Germany...
.
He had the rare privilege to study Mathematics and Quantum mechanics
Quantum mechanics
Quantum mechanics, also known as quantum physics or quantum theory, is a branch of physics providing a mathematical description of much of the dual particle-like and wave-like behavior and interactions of energy and matter. It departs from classical mechanics primarily at the atomic and subatomic...
under Albert Einstein in Berlin
Berlin
Berlin is the capital city of Germany and is one of the 16 states of Germany. With a population of 3.45 million people, Berlin is Germany's largest city. It is the second most populous city proper and the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union...
and Heisenberg at Leipzig
Leipzig
Leipzig Leipzig has always been a trade city, situated during the time of the Holy Roman Empire at the intersection of the Via Regia and Via Imperii, two important trade routes. At one time, Leipzig was one of the major European centres of learning and culture in fields such as music and publishing...
. He then received his M.Sc.
Master of Science
A Master of Science is a postgraduate academic master's degree awarded by universities in many countries. The degree is typically studied for in the sciences including the social sciences.-Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay:...
in Mathematics and M.Phil.
Master of Philosophy
The Master of Philosophy is a postgraduate research degree.An M.Phil. is a lesser degree than a Doctor of Philosophy , but in many cases it is considered to be a more senior degree than a taught Master's degree, as it is often a thesis-only degree. In some instances, an M.Phil...
in Quantum Physics under the distinction of Albert Einstein. He completed his Ph.D
Doctor of Philosophy
Doctor of Philosophy, abbreviated as Ph.D., PhD, D.Phil., or DPhil , in English-speaking countries, is a postgraduate academic degree awarded by universities...
in Theoretical Physics
Theoretical physics
Theoretical physics is a branch of physics which employs mathematical models and abstractions of physics to rationalize, explain and predict natural phenomena...
, writing a brief research thesis on the Theory of relativity
Theory of relativity
The theory of relativity, or simply relativity, encompasses two theories of Albert Einstein: special relativity and general relativity. However, the word relativity is sometimes used in reference to Galilean invariance....
and the Nuclear energy
Nuclear binding energy
Nuclear binding energy is the energy required to split a nucleus of an atom into its component parts. The component parts are neutrons and protons, which are collectively called nucleons...
, under the supervision of the renowned Physicist
Physicist
A physicist is a scientist who studies or practices physics. Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many branches of physics spanning all length scales: from sub-atomic particles of which all ordinary matter is made to the behavior of the material Universe as a whole...
and Nobel Laureate dr. Werner Karl Heisenberg in 1930. During his early career, Siddiqui interacted and researched in important aspects of theoretical physics with Edward Teller
Edward Teller
Edward Teller was a Hungarian-American theoretical physicist, known colloquially as "the father of the hydrogen bomb," even though he did not care for the title. Teller made numerous contributions to nuclear and molecular physics, spectroscopy , and surface physics...
, contributor of Teller-Ullam design, when he was the pioneering student of Heisenberg's doctorate group. Later, he did his post doctoral work at the University of Paris
University of Paris
The University of Paris was a university located in Paris, France and one of the earliest to be established in Europe. It was founded in the mid 12th century, and officially recognized as a university probably between 1160 and 1250...
, France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
.
Academic career
While in EuropeEurope
Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...
, Siddique was doing his post-doctoral research at the Paris University when he had opportunity to meet with the members of "The Paris Group" where he had led the discussions on unsolved problems in physics and in mathematics. At there, he held discussion with Hélène Langevin-Joliot
Hélène Langevin-Joliot
Hélène Langevin-Joliot is a French nuclear physicist. She was educated at the Institut de physique nucléaire at Orsay, a laboratory which was set up by her parents Irène Joliot-Curie and Frédéric Joliot-Curie. She is a member of the French government's advisory committee...
, Frédéric Joliot-Curie
Frédéric Joliot-Curie
Jean Frédéric Joliot-Curie , born Jean Frédéric Joliot, was a French physicist and Nobel laureate.-Early years:...
, Hans von Halban
Hans von Halban
Hans von Halban was a French physicist, of Austrian-Jewish descent.- Family :He was descended on his father's side from Polish Jews, who left Kraków for Vienna in the 1850s...
, and Louis de Broglie. When Germany invaded France, Siddiqui immediately traveled back to Cambridge
Cambridge
The city of Cambridge is a university town and the administrative centre of the county of Cambridgeshire, England. It lies in East Anglia about north of London. Cambridge is at the heart of the high-technology centre known as Silicon Fen – a play on Silicon Valley and the fens surrounding the...
, United Kingdom, where he had joined Cavendish Laboratory
Cavendish Laboratory
The Cavendish Laboratory is the Department of Physics at the University of Cambridge, and is part of the university's School of Physical Sciences. It was opened in 1874 as a teaching laboratory....
of the Cambridge University. During the early 1940s, Siddiqui closely collaborated with Britain's atomic weapons program
Nuclear weapons and the United Kingdom
The United Kingdom was the third country to test an independently developed nuclear weapon, in October 1952. It is one of the five "Nuclear Weapons States" under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, which the UK ratified in 1968...
, and participated in the secret Tube Alloys
Tube Alloys
Tube Alloys was the code-name for the British nuclear weapon directorate during World War II, when the development of nuclear weapons was kept at such a high level of secrecy that it had to be referred to by code even in the highest circles of government...
nuclear weapons development project.
During his stay in Great Britain
Great Britain
Great Britain or Britain is an island situated to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the ninth largest island in the world, and the largest European island, as well as the largest of the British Isles...
, he gained expertise to the fields of Quantum mechanics and Supersymmetric quantum mechanics
Supersymmetric quantum mechanics
In theoretical physics, supersymmetric quantum mechanics is an area of research where mathematical concepts from high-energy physics are applied to the seemingly more prosaic field of quantum mechanics.-Introduction:...
and published scientific papers at the Cavendish Laboratory. He later made further advanced contributions in Nuclear
Nuclear physics
Nuclear physics is the field of physics that studies the building blocks and interactions of atomic nuclei. The most commonly known applications of nuclear physics are nuclear power generation and nuclear weapons technology, but the research has provided application in many fields, including those...
and Theoretical physics; and enjoyed a distinguished career in Cambridge, Great Britain. During this time, Siddiqui was responsible to supervised High-energy physics experiments at the Cavendish Laboratory, and was named one of the senior scientists at the Cavendish Laboratory. In early 1941, he was later invited by the British physicists to participated in Tube Alloys, the secret and classified British development of nuclear weapon. As Tube Alloys emerged with Manhattan Project
Manhattan Project
The Manhattan Project was a research and development program, led by the United States with participation from the United Kingdom and Canada, that produced the first atomic bomb during World War II. From 1942 to 1946, the project was under the direction of Major General Leslie Groves of the US Army...
, Siddiqui joined the Manhattan Project as a part of British delegation headed by British
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
mathematician William Penney. There, he along with William Penney had closely worked in the development of the nuclear weapon, and had published classified papers concerning with the development of the proposed designs of nuclear weapon and controlled Thermonuclear fission
Nuclear fission
In nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry, nuclear fission is a nuclear reaction in which the nucleus of an atom splits into smaller parts , often producing free neutrons and photons , and releasing a tremendous amount of energy...
at Montreal Laboratory. At there, he later joined his Mentor
Werner Heisenberg
Werner Karl Heisenberg was a German theoretical physicist who made foundational contributions to quantum mechanics and is best known for asserting the uncertainty principle of quantum theory...
's group where, under his mentor's guidance, carried out further research and made advances to the fields of Quantum gravity
Quantum gravity
Quantum gravity is the field of theoretical physics which attempts to develop scientific models that unify quantum mechanics with general relativity...
, Quantum electrodynamics
Quantum electrodynamics
Quantum electrodynamics is the relativistic quantum field theory of electrodynamics. In essence, it describes how light and matter interact and is the first theory where full agreement between quantum mechanics and special relativity is achieved...
and Tensor–vector–scalar gravity.
Soon after his research work at Montreal Laboratory, Siddique had an opportunity continued his research work at Atomic Energy Research Establishment
Atomic Energy Research Establishment
The Atomic Energy Research Establishment near Harwell, Oxfordshire, was the main centre for atomic energy research and development in the United Kingdom from the 1940s to the 1990s.-Founding:...
(AERE), in 1945, and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique
Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique
The Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives or CEA, is a French “public establishment related to industrial and commercial activities” whose mission is to develop all applications of nuclear power, both civilian and military...
, in 1946, where he published his research thesis in the fields of Nuclear energy and the Fission
Nuclear fission
In nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry, nuclear fission is a nuclear reaction in which the nucleus of an atom splits into smaller parts , often producing free neutrons and photons , and releasing a tremendous amount of energy...
.
In 1947, Raziuddin Siddiqui then returned to Hyderabad, British Indian Empire, and joined Osmania University
Osmania University
Osmania University , , since 1918, is a public university located in Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. It was established and named after the last Nizam of Hyderabad, Mir Osman Ali Khan. It is one of the oldest modern universities in India. It is the first Indian University to have Urdu and...
, Hyderabad, as an Associate Professor of Mathematics. During 1948-49, he served as Vice-Chancellor of Osmania University
Osmania University
Osmania University , , since 1918, is a public university located in Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. It was established and named after the last Nizam of Hyderabad, Mir Osman Ali Khan. It is one of the oldest modern universities in India. It is the first Indian University to have Urdu and...
as he was appointed by the Governor. During 1930s, the Pakistan Movement
Pakistan Movement
The Pakistan Movement or Tehrik-e-Pakistan refers to the historical movement to have an independent Muslim state named Pakistan created from the separation of the north-western region of the Indian subcontinent, partitioned within or outside the British Indian Empire. It had its origins in the...
was taking place in the region and it is said that the philosopher Muhammad Iqbal
Muhammad Iqbal
Sir Muhammad Iqbal , commonly referred to as Allama Iqbal , was a poet and philosopher born in Sialkot, then in the Punjab Province of British India, now in Pakistan...
, a Pakistani intellectual and philosopher, requested him to write down a book on the Theory of relativity
Theory of relativity
The theory of relativity, or simply relativity, encompasses two theories of Albert Einstein: special relativity and general relativity. However, the word relativity is sometimes used in reference to Galilean invariance....
(in Urdu) but Philosopher Iqbal
Muhammad Iqbal
Sir Muhammad Iqbal , commonly referred to as Allama Iqbal , was a poet and philosopher born in Sialkot, then in the Punjab Province of British India, now in Pakistan...
had died before the completion of the book. Maulvi Abdul Haq
Maulvi Abdul Haq
Maulvi Abdul Haq was a scholar and linguist, who is also regarded as Baba-e-Urdu . He was a champion of the Urdu language and the demand for it to be made the national language of Pakistan.-Early life:...
published this title from Anjuman Taraqqi-i-Urdu
Anjuman Taraqqi-i-Urdu
Anjuman Taraqqi-e-Urdu is an organisation founded by Maulvi Abdul Haq in 1903 in Aligarh for the promotion of Urdu language, Urdu literature and Indian Muslim cultural heritage. The organisation publishes many journals and books, and supports research and creative work in Urdu linguistics and...
in Delhi
Delhi
Delhi , officially National Capital Territory of Delhi , is the largest metropolis by area and the second-largest by population in India, next to Mumbai. It is the eighth largest metropolis in the world by population with 16,753,265 inhabitants in the Territory at the 2011 Census...
.
After the Partition
Partition of India
The Partition of India was the partition of British India on the basis of religious demographics that led to the creation of the sovereign states of the Dominion of Pakistan and the Union of India on 14 and 15...
in 1947, Siddiqui then migrated to Karachi
Karachi
Karachi is the largest city, main seaport and the main financial centre of Pakistan, as well as the capital of the province of Sindh. The city has an estimated population of 13 to 15 million, while the total metropolitan area has a population of over 18 million...
, Sindh, along with a majority of his family members, as he was requested by the Government of Pakistan in 1950. In Karachi, he joined the Karachi University's teaching faculty and taught as Professor of Applied Mathematics
Applied mathematics
Applied mathematics is a branch of mathematics that concerns itself with mathematical methods that are typically used in science, engineering, business, and industry. Thus, "applied mathematics" is a mathematical science with specialized knowledge...
there. In 1953, he was then appointed as the simultaneously Vice-Chancellor of the University of Sindh
University of Sindh
The University of Sindh informally known as Sindh University is the second oldest university in Pakistan accredited by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan....
and the University of Peshawar
University of Peshawar
The University of Peshawar is a public sector university in the city of Peshawar, Pakistan. The university was established in October 1950 by Mr...
. Siddiqui founded the first mathematical society in Pakistan in 1952 by the name of "All Pakistan Mathematics Association" (now known as Pakistan Mathematical Society). The organization, under his leadership, expanded the mathematical education throughout the country. As President of the PMS, he led and sat up mathematical conferences throughout the country, and remained its President
President
A president is a leader of an organization, company, trade union, university, or country.Etymologically, a president is one who presides, who sits in leadership...
until 1972.
In 1964, he moved to Islamabad where he had joined Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, , is an administrative governmental and autonomous science and technology governmental department of Pakistan, responsible for development of nuclear energy and development of nuclear power sector in Pakistan...
. At there, he began his academic research in Theoretical physics. In 1965, with the establishment of Quaid-e-Azam University (Qau), Siddiqui was appointed as its first Vice-Chancellor by then Foreign Minister
Foreign Minister of Pakistan
The Foreign Minister of Pakistan heads the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The current Foreign Minister is Hina Rabbani Khar who took office as Minister of State for Foreign Affairs on 11 February 2011, and as full Minister of Foreign Affairs on 20 July, 2011...
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. He was one the first professor of Physics at the Quaid-e-Azam University where he also served as the Chairman of the Physics Department. He continued his tenure until 1972, when he rejoined the PAEC on the request of Bhutto. During 1960s, he was an instrumental to convinced President
President of Pakistan
The President of Pakistan is the head of state, as well as figurehead, of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Recently passed an XVIII Amendment , Pakistan has a parliamentary democratic system of government. According to the Constitution, the President is chosen by the Electoral College to serve a...
Field Marshal
Field Marshal
Field Marshal is a military rank. Traditionally, it is the highest military rank in an army.-Etymology:The origin of the rank of field marshal dates to the early Middle Ages, originally meaning the keeper of the king's horses , from the time of the early Frankish kings.-Usage and hierarchical...
Ayub Khan to make a proposed university a research institution. He, at first, had established "Institute of Physics" at the Qau, and had invited Professor Riazuddin to be its first director and the dean of the faculty. Then, Professor Riazuddin, with the help of his father like mentor dr. Abdus Salam, convinced then-PAEC chairman dr. Ishrat Hussain Usmani
Ishrat Hussain Usmani
Ishrat Hussain Usmani, , , , best known as Dr. I. H. Usmani, was a Pakistani bureaucrat and an atomic physicist who was the chairman of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission from 1960 to 1972; as well as the Co-chairman of the Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission...
to send all the theoreticians to Institute of Physics to form a vital physics group. This embark of establishing the "Theoretical Physics Group", which later designed the of nuclear weapons for the country.
With the establishment of TPG, Raziuddin Siddiqui began to work with dr. Abdus Salam, and his advice he began the research in theoretical physics at the PAEC. In 1970, he established the Mathematical Physics Group at the PAEC, where he led academic research in advanced mathematics. He also delegated numerous mathematicians to PAEC to specialized in their field at the MPG Division of PAEC.
After the Indo-Pakistani Winter War of 1971
Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was a military conflict between India and Pakistan. Indian, Bangladeshi and international sources consider the beginning of the war to be Operation Chengiz Khan, Pakistan's December 3, 1971 pre-emptive strike on 11 Indian airbases...
, Siddiqui joined the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) on the request of Prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. Siddiqui was the first full-time Technical Member
Chief technical officer
A chief technology officer is an executive-level position in a company or other entity whose occupant is focused on scientific and technological issues within an organization....
of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, , is an administrative governmental and autonomous science and technology governmental department of Pakistan, responsible for development of nuclear energy and development of nuclear power sector in Pakistan...
and was responsible for preparation of its charter.
During the 1970s, Siddiqui worked with notable Pakistani physicists and engineers in Pakistan's project to acquire the atomic bomb. He had had a distinguished career in Europe, during which he had carried out a wide variety of nuclear research in British atomic weapon program
Nuclear weapons and the United Kingdom
The United Kingdom was the third country to test an independently developed nuclear weapon, in October 1952. It is one of the five "Nuclear Weapons States" under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, which the UK ratified in 1968...
and French atomic program. At the PAEC
Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, , is an administrative governmental and autonomous science and technology governmental department of Pakistan, responsible for development of nuclear energy and development of nuclear power sector in Pakistan...
, he became a mentor
Mentor
In Greek mythology, Mentor was the son of Alcimus or Anchialus. In his old age Mentor was a friend of Odysseus who placed Mentor and Odysseus' foster-brother Eumaeus in charge of his son Telemachus, and of Odysseus' palace, when Odysseus left for the Trojan War.When Athena visited Telemachus she...
of Pakistan's nuclear scientists and heavily carried out the research in Pakistan's atomic program. At PAEC, he had supervised the classified research at the PAEC. Both MPG and TPG had reported directly to him as he had coordinated each meeting with the scientists there. At the commission, he directed the research as he had led the establishment of Laboratories there.
After his work at the PAEC, Raziuddin Siddiqui again joined Quaid-e-Azam University's Physics Faculty. A professor of Physics, he continued his research at the Institute of Physics, Qau. He began to mobilized and established different physics group as he had led annual conferences to promote science in Pakistan. Throughout late 1979, he contributed richly to the advancement of science in Pakistan. He then played an influential role in the development of higher education sector, and placed mainframe policies in the institution.
Death and legacy
Civil decorations of Pakistan
The Pakistan Civil Awards were established on March 19, 1957, following the proclamation of Pakistan as an independent Republic on March 23, 1956. The announcement of civil awards is generally made once a year on Independence Day, August 14, and their investiture takes place on the following...
, Sitara-i-Imtiaz
Sitara-i-Imtiaz
The Sitara-i-Imtiaz , is the third highest honour and civilian award in the State of Pakistan. It recognizes the individuals who made an "especially meritorious contribution to the security or national interests of Pakistan, world peace, cultural or other significant public endeavors"...
, from the then-President of Pakistan
President of Pakistan
The President of Pakistan is the head of state, as well as figurehead, of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Recently passed an XVIII Amendment , Pakistan has a parliamentary democratic system of government. According to the Constitution, the President is chosen by the Electoral College to serve a...
, Field Marshal Ayub Khan.
In 1981, he was awarded the second highest civilian award
Civil decorations of Pakistan
The Pakistan Civil Awards were established on March 19, 1957, following the proclamation of Pakistan as an independent Republic on March 23, 1956. The announcement of civil awards is generally made once a year on Independence Day, August 14, and their investiture takes place on the following...
, Hilal-i-Imtiaz
Hilal-i-Imtiaz
The Hilal-i-Imtiaz, English: Crescent of Excellence, Urdu: هلال ا متيا ز , is the second highest civilian award and honor given to both civilians and military officers of the State of Pakistan|Pakistan armed forces by the Government of Pakistan...
, from President
President of Pakistan
The President of Pakistan is the head of state, as well as figurehead, of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Recently passed an XVIII Amendment , Pakistan has a parliamentary democratic system of government. According to the Constitution, the President is chosen by the Electoral College to serve a...
General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq , was the 4th Chief Martial Law Administrator and the sixth President of Pakistan from July 1977 to his death in August 1988...
due to his significant efforts in Pakistan's atomic program, and popularizing science in Pakistan
Science and technology in Pakistan
In Pakistan, science and technology served as an important part of national politics, practices, and extreme national identities. From 1960s till the present, both science and technology were immediately linked to national ideology and practical functioning of Pakistan, notably the Pakistan Armed...
. Siddqui remained as one of the few Pakistani scientists who were personally knew Premier
Prime Minister of Pakistan
The Prime Minister of Pakistan , is the Head of Government of Pakistan who is designated to exercise as the country's Chief Executive. By the Constitution of Pakistan, Pakistan has the parliamentary democratic system of government...
, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was 9th Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1973 to 1977, and prior to that, 4th President of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973. Bhutto was the founder of the Pakistan Peoples Party — the largest and most influential political party in Pakistan— and served as its chairman until his...
and the only Pakistani Nobel laureate, dr. Abdus Salam
Abdus Salam
Mohammad Abdus Salam, NI, SPk Mohammad Abdus Salam, NI, SPk Mohammad Abdus Salam, NI, SPk (Urdu: محمد عبد السلام, pronounced , (January 29, 1926– November 21, 1996) was a Pakistani theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate in Physics for his work on the electroweak unification of the...
(late).In May 1998, the Government of Pakistan
Government of Pakistan
The Government of Pakistan is a federal parliamentary system, with an indirectly-elected President as the Head of State and Commander in Chief of the Pakistani Armed Forces, and an indirectly-elected Prime Minister as the Head of Government. The President’s appointment and term are...
belatedly recognized Siddiqui's vital services by awarding the highest civilian award
Civil decorations of Pakistan
The Pakistan Civil Awards were established on March 19, 1957, following the proclamation of Pakistan as an independent Republic on March 23, 1956. The announcement of civil awards is generally made once a year on Independence Day, August 14, and their investiture takes place on the following...
, Nishan-i-Imtiaz
Nishan-i-Imtiaz
The Nishan-i-Imtiaz is one of the state organized civil decorations of State of Pakistan. It is the highest honor — along with comparable to optimum award Nishan-e-Pakistan — given to any civilian in Pakistan based on their achievements that caused the world recognition for Pakistan or/ done a...
posthumously by the prime minister
Prime Minister of Pakistan
The Prime Minister of Pakistan , is the Head of Government of Pakistan who is designated to exercise as the country's Chief Executive. By the Constitution of Pakistan, Pakistan has the parliamentary democratic system of government...
Nawaz Sharif
Nawaz Sharif
Mian Mohammad Nawaz Sharif is a Pakistani conservative politician and steel magnate who served as 12th Prime Minister of Pakistan in two non-consecutive terms from November 1990 to July 1993, and from February 1997 to October 12, 1999...
when Pakistan conducted its first successful nuclear tests
Chagai-I
The Chagai-I was a codename referring to the five underground nuclear tests conducted by Pakistan at 15:15hrs in 28th May of 1998. It was named Chagai-I, as the tests were conducted in the Chagai District...
.
Family
Siddiqui's forefathers were reputedly Judges and professional lawyers who settled in Hyderabad around the time of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. After this, his forefathers took up administrative positions under the Nawabs of Hyderabad.His eldest daughter, dr. Shirin Tahir-Kheli, is a former Special Assistant to the President
President
A president is a leader of an organization, company, trade union, university, or country.Etymologically, a president is one who presides, who sits in leadership...
of the United States of America, and Senior Adviser for women's empowerment.
Civil Awards
- Sitara-i-ImtiazSitara-i-ImtiazThe Sitara-i-Imtiaz , is the third highest honour and civilian award in the State of Pakistan. It recognizes the individuals who made an "especially meritorious contribution to the security or national interests of Pakistan, world peace, cultural or other significant public endeavors"...
(1960) - Hilal-i-ImtiazHilal-i-ImtiazThe Hilal-i-Imtiaz, English: Crescent of Excellence, Urdu: هلال ا متيا ز , is the second highest civilian award and honor given to both civilians and military officers of the State of Pakistan|Pakistan armed forces by the Government of Pakistan...
(1981) - Nishan-e-Imtiaz (1998)
- Gold Medal, Pakistan Academy of SciencesPakistan Academy of SciencesThe Pakistan Academy of Sciences The Pakistan Academy of Sciences The Pakistan Academy of Sciences (Urdu: پاکستان اكيڈ مى ﺁف سائس; shortened to PAS, is a learned society for science and technology based in Pakistan. The academy consisted and served as the network of science across the Pakistan as...
(1950) - Gold Medal, Pakistan Mathematical SocietyPakistan Mathematical SocietyThe Pakistan Mathematical Society , is a learned society for mathematical sciences, possibly the largest learned society of its own kind, and a research institute to promote mathematics in the country...
(1980) - Gold Medallion, Pakistan Physical Society (1953)
- Doctorate of Science Honoris Causa, Osmania UniversityOsmania UniversityOsmania University , , since 1918, is a public university located in Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. It was established and named after the last Nizam of Hyderabad, Mir Osman Ali Khan. It is one of the oldest modern universities in India. It is the first Indian University to have Urdu and...
(1938)
Membership of Learned Societies
- Fellow of Indian Academy of Sciences
- Fellow of the Indian National Science AcademyIndian National Science AcademyThe Indian National Science Academy , New Delhi is the apex body of Indian scientists representing all branches of science & technology.-History:...
- Fellow of Indian Mathematical SocietyIndian Mathematical SocietyIndian Mathematical Society is the oldest organization in India devoted to the promotion of study and research in mathematics. The Society was founded in April 1907 by V. Ramaswamy Aiyer with its head-quarters at Pune. The Society started its activities under the name Analytic Club and the name...
- Fellow of American Physical SocietyAmerican Physical SocietyThe American Physical Society is the world's second largest organization of physicists, behind the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft. The Society publishes more than a dozen scientific journals, including the world renowned Physical Review and Physical Review Letters, and organizes more than 20...
- Elected fellow of Pakistan Nuclear Society
- Fellow of Pakistan Academy of SciencesPakistan Academy of SciencesThe Pakistan Academy of Sciences The Pakistan Academy of Sciences The Pakistan Academy of Sciences (Urdu: پاکستان اكيڈ مى ﺁف سائس; shortened to PAS, is a learned society for science and technology based in Pakistan. The academy consisted and served as the network of science across the Pakistan as...
- Fellow of Pakistan Physical Society
- Fellow of Pakistan Mathematical Society
- Fellow of Pakistan Atomic Scientists Foundation (PASF)
Positions held
- Director of Institute of Physics, Quaid-e-Azam University (1965–1972).
- President of Pakistan Physical Society (1950–1955).
- President of Pakistan Mathematical Society (1952–1972).
- Chairman of Physics Department, Quaid-e-Azam University (1965–1971)
- President of Pakistan Academy of Sciences (1975–1980)
- Director, Department of Applied Physics, Karachi University (1950–1952).
- Vice-Chancellor, Osmania University, India (1948–1949).
- Vice-Chancellor, University of Sindh (1953–1957)
- Vice-Chancellor, University of Peshawar (1953–1957).
- Chancellor, Quaid-e-Azam University (1968–1972).
- Chief Technical Officer, Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (1972–1975).
- Director-General, Mathematical Physics Group, PINSTECHPakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and TechnologyThe Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, or commonly known as "PINSTECH", is a multi-program science and technology national research institute managed by the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission. The PINSTECH offers a post-graduate and post-doctoral research in the field of nuclear...
(1976–1983). - Emeritus Professor (Physics), Quaid-e-Azam University (1983–1998).
Institution named after Raziuddin Siddiqui
In 1996, the Quaid-i-Azam UniversityQuaid-i-Azam University
The Quaid-i-Azam University is a public, research university in Islamabad Capital Territory of Pakistan. It was initially founded as the "University of Islamabad" in July 1967...
's Central Library was dedicated in the name of founding Vice Chancellor of Qau as Dr. Raziuddin Siddiqi Memorial Library.
- Dr. Raziuddin Siddiqui Memorial Library, Quaid-i-Azam UniversityQuaid-i-Azam UniversityThe Quaid-i-Azam University is a public, research university in Islamabad Capital Territory of Pakistan. It was initially founded as the "University of Islamabad" in July 1967...
Award named after Raziuddin Siddiqui
- M. Raziuddin Siddiqi Gold Medal. Pakistan Academy of SciencesPakistan Academy of SciencesThe Pakistan Academy of Sciences The Pakistan Academy of Sciences The Pakistan Academy of Sciences (Urdu: پاکستان اكيڈ مى ﺁف سائس; shortened to PAS, is a learned society for science and technology based in Pakistan. The academy consisted and served as the network of science across the Pakistan as...
Books
- Quantum Mechanics and its Physics
- Dastan-e-Riazi (The Tale of Mathematics)
- Izafiat
- Tasawur-e-Zaman-o-Makaan
- Experiences in science and education by M. Raziuddin Siddiqui, published in 1977.
- Establishing a new university in a developing country: Policies and procedures by M. Raziuddin Siddiqui, published in 1990.
- South Asian Cultures of the Bomb: Atomic Publics and the State in India and Pakistan ( the book is written by Dr. Itty Abraham under the guidance of Raziuddin Siddiqui)
See also
- Abdus SalamAbdus SalamMohammad Abdus Salam, NI, SPk Mohammad Abdus Salam, NI, SPk Mohammad Abdus Salam, NI, SPk (Urdu: محمد عبد السلام, pronounced , (January 29, 1926– November 21, 1996) was a Pakistani theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate in Physics for his work on the electroweak unification of the...
- Salimuzzaman SiddiquiSalimuzzaman SiddiquiSalimuzzaman Siddiqui , HI, MBE, SI, D.Phil., FPAS, FRS. was a leading Pakistani scientist in Natural Product Chemistry. He is credited for pioneering the isolation of unique chemical compounds from the Neem , Rauwolfia, and various other flora. As the founder director of H.E.J...
- Piara Singh GillPiara Singh GillPiara Singh Gill was an Indian nuclear physicist who was a pioneer in cosmic ray nuclear physics and worked on the American Manhattan project. He was the first Director of Central Scientific Instruments Organisation of India. He was research fellow of Chicago University...
- Quaid-i-Azam UniversityQuaid-i-Azam UniversityThe Quaid-i-Azam University is a public, research university in Islamabad Capital Territory of Pakistan. It was initially founded as the "University of Islamabad" in July 1967...
- Nuclear weaponNuclear weaponA nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. Both reactions release vast quantities of energy from relatively small amounts of matter. The first fission bomb test released the same amount...
s
External links
- Muhammad Raziuddin Siddiqui
- Dr. Raziuddin Siddiqui Memorial Library
- Ias.ac.in
- Iiit.ac.in, Iqbal Ka Tasawwuf-e-Zaman-o-MakaN at Digital Library of India