Housekeeping gene
Encyclopedia
A housekeeping gene is typically a constitutive gene that is required for the maintenance of basic cellular function, and are found in all cells of an organism. Although some housekeeping genes are expressed at relatively constant levels (such as HSP90
and Beta-actin
), other housekeeping genes may vary depending on experimental conditions. In a recent study involving cardiac stem cells Actb and GADPH were found to be the most consistent, while β2M, HPRT-1 and RPLP-1 varied significantly between neonatal and adult cardiac cells. The origin of the term "housekeeping gene" remains obscure. Literature from 1976 used the term to describe specifically tRNA and rRNA. Interpreting gene expression data can be problematic, with most human genes registering 5-10 copies per cell (possibly representing error). Housekeeping genes are expressed in at least 25 copies per cell and sometimes number in the thousands.
tetratricopeptide
Hsp90
Hsp90 is a molecular chaperone and is one of the most abundant proteins expressed in cells. It is a member of the heat shock protein family, which is upregulated in response to stress...
and Beta-actin
Beta-actin
Beta-actin is one of six different actin isoforms which have been identified in humans. This is one of the two nonmuscle cytoskeletal actins. Actins are highly conserved proteins that are involved in cell motility, structure and integrity...
), other housekeeping genes may vary depending on experimental conditions. In a recent study involving cardiac stem cells Actb and GADPH were found to be the most consistent, while β2M, HPRT-1 and RPLP-1 varied significantly between neonatal and adult cardiac cells. The origin of the term "housekeeping gene" remains obscure. Literature from 1976 used the term to describe specifically tRNA and rRNA. Interpreting gene expression data can be problematic, with most human genes registering 5-10 copies per cell (possibly representing error). Housekeeping genes are expressed in at least 25 copies per cell and sometimes number in the thousands.
Transcription Factors
- ATF4ATF4Activating transcription factor 4 , also known as ATF4, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ATF4 gene.- Function :...
Activating transcription factor 4 - BTF3BTF3Transcription factor BTF3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BTF3 gene.-Further reading:...
- E2F4E2F4Transcription factor E2F4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the E2F4 gene.-Interactions:E2F4 has been shown to interact with Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3.-Further reading:...
- ERH (gene)ERH (gene)-Further reading:...
Enhancer of rudimentary homolog of drosophila (which in turn is the first enzymatic step in pyrimidine synthesis. Regulated by MITF) - HMGB1HMGB1High-mobility group protein B1, also known as high-mobility group protein 1 and amphoterin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HMGB1 gene.HMG-1 belongs to high mobility group.-Role in Inflammation:...
High mobility group box binds DNA - ILF2ILF2Interleukin enhancer-binding factor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ILF2 gene.-Interactions:ILF2 has been shown to interact with CDC5L and DNA-PKcs....
- IER2 formerly ETR101 Immediate Early Protein
- JUNDJunDTranscription factor jun-D is a protein that in humans is encoded by the JUND gene.-Interactions:JunD has been shown to interact with ATF3, MEN1, DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 and BRCA1....
- LTBP4
- LMO1LMO1Rhombotin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LMO1 gene.-Interactions:LMO1 has been shown to interact with GATA3 and TAL1.-Further reading:...
Rhombotin 1 - MYCMycMyc is a regulator gene that codes for a transcription factor. In the human genome, Myc is located on chromosome 8 and is believed to regulate expression of 15% of all genes through binding on Enhancer Box sequences and recruiting histone acetyltransferases...
also considered an oncogene when mutated regulates transcription of 15% of all genes - PAX8PAX8Paired box gene 8, also known as PAX8, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the PAX8 gene.- Function :This gene is a member of the paired box family of transcription factors. Members of this gene family typically encode proteins which contain a paired box domain, an octapeptide, and a...
- PHF1PHF1PHD finger protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PHF1 gene....
Plant homology domain - PTTG1IPPTTG1IPPituitary tumor-transforming gene 1 protein-interacting protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PTTG1IP gene.-Further reading:...
- SREBF1SREBF1Sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1 also known as sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SREBF1 gene....
Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein Smith Magenis - TBP aka TATA-binding protein or GTF2D or TFIID
- TCEB2TCEB2Transcription elongation factor B polypeptide 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TCEB2 gene.-Interactions:TCEB2 has been shown to interact with TCEB1, Von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor and CUL2.-Further reading:...
Elongin - TCOF1TCOF1Treacle protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TCOF1 gene.TCOF1 is a gene that provides instructions for making a protein called treacle. This protein is active during early embryonic development in structures that become bones and other tissues in the face...
interacts with UBF to translate rRNA
Repressors
- ANF91, HPF7, HTF10 Kruppel Associated Box domain
- ID3 (gene)ID3 (gene)DNA-binding protein inhibitor ID-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ID3 gene.-Interactions:ID3 has been shown to interact with TCF3.-Repressors of ID3:...
inhibits DNA binding - PUF60PUF60Poly-binding-splicing factor PUF60 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PUF60 gene.-Further reading:...
- NFKBIA Suppresses NF-kappa
- RING1RING1E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RING1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RING1 gene.-Interactions:RING1 has been shown to interact with CBX8, BMI1 and RYBP.-Further reading:...
RNA Splicing
- ADARADARDouble-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ADAR gene.-Further reading:...
- BAT1BAT1Spliceosome RNA helicase BAT1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the BAT1 gene.-Further reading:...
- FBL FibrillarinFibrillarinFibrillarin is a component of several ribonucleoproteins including a nucleolar small nuclear ribonucleoprotein and one of the two classes of small nucleolar ribonucleoproteins . SnRNAs function in RNA splicing while snoRNPs function in ribosomal RNA processing.Fibrillarin is associated with U3, U8...
- HNRPDHNRPDHeterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D0 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HNRNPD gene.-Interactions:HNRPD has been shown to interact with SAFB and Hsp27.-Further reading:...
- HNRPKHNRPKHeterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HNRNPK gene.-Interactions:HNRPK has been shown to interact with KHDRBS1, PCBP2, PTBP1, DDX1, PRMT1, HNRNPL and C-src tyrosine kinase.-Further reading:...
- PTBP1PTBP1Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PTBP1 gene.-Interactions:PTBP1 has been shown to interact with HNRPK, PCBP2, SFPQ and HNRNPL.This gene is targeted by the microRNA miR-124...
- PABPN1PABPN1Polyadenylate-binding protein 2 also known as polyadenylate-binding nuclear protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PABPN1 gene.- Function :...
- SFRS3SFRS3Splicing factor, arginine/serine-rich 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SFRS3 gene.-Browser View:-Further reading:...
- SFRS9SFRS9Splicing factor, arginine/serine-rich 9, also known as SFRS9, is a human gene encoding an SR protein involved in splice site selection in alternative splicing.-Interactions:SFRS9 has been shown to interact with Y box binding protein 1 and NOL3....
- SFNRPA
- SNRPBSNRPBSmall nuclear ribonucleoprotein-associated proteins B and B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SNRPB gene.-Interactions:SNRPB has been shown to interact with DDX20 and Coilin.-Further reading:...
- SNRPD
- SNRPD2
- SNRPGSNRPGSmall nuclear ribonucleoprotein G is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SNRPG gene.-Interactions:SNRPG has been shown to interact with DDX20 and TACC1.-Further reading:...
Translation Factors
- EIF1EIF1Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EIF1 gene.-External links:* from Nature Reviews Microbiology. A good image and overview of the function of initiation factors-Further reading:...
aka SUI1 - EIF3CEIF3CEukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit C is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EIF3C gene.-Interactions:EIF3C has been shown to interact with EIF3G and EIF3A.-Further reading:...
formerly EIF3S8 - EIF3DEIF3DEukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit D is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EIF3D gene.-Interactions:EIF3D has been shown to interact with PHLDA1 and EIF3A.-Further reading:...
formerly EIF3S4 - EIF3FEIF3FEukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit F is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EIF3F gene.-Interactions:EIF3F has been shown to interact with Mammalian target of rapamycin and EIF3A.-Further reading:...
formerly EIF3S5 - EIF3IEIF3IEukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit I is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EIF3I gene.-Interactions:EIF3I has been shown to interact with TGF beta 1 and EIF3A.-Further reading:...
formerly EIF3S2 - EIF3GEIF3GEukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit G is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EIF3G gene.-Interactions:EIF3G has been shown to interact with Band 4.1, EIF3C and EIF3A.-Further reading:...
formerly EIF3S7 - EIF4A2EIF4A2Eukaryotic initiation factor 4A-II is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EIF4A2 gene.-Further reading:...
- EIF4G2EIF4G2Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EIF4G2 gene.-Interactions:EIF4G2 has been shown to interact with EIF4E and EIF3A.-Further reading:...
- TUFMTUFMElongation factor Tu, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TUFM gene.-Further reading:...
Tu translational elongation factor mitochondrial
Ribosomal Proteins
- RPL3RPL360S ribosomal protein L3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL3 gene.-Further reading:...
- RPL5RPL560S ribosomal protein L5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL5 gene.- Function :Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of 4 RNA species and approximately 80 structurally...
- RPL8RPL860S ribosomal protein L8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL8 gene.-Further reading:...
- RPL9RPL960S ribosomal protein L9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL9 gene.-Further reading:...
- RPL10RPL1060S ribosomal protein L10 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL10 gene.-Further reading:...
- RPL11RPL1160S ribosomal protein L11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL11 gene.-Interactions:RPL11 has been shown to interact with P16, BLMH, Mdm2, Promyelocytic leukemia protein and P53.-External links:*...
- RPL12RPL1260S ribosomal protein L12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL12 gene.-Further reading:...
- RPL13RPL1360S ribosomal protein L13 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL13 gene.-Further reading:...
- RPL13ARPL13A60S ribosomal protein L13a is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL13A gene.-Further reading:...
Introns contain genes for small nucleolar RNAs U32, U33, U34, and U35 - RPL14RPL1460S ribosomal protein L14 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL14 gene.-Further reading:...
- RPL15RPL1560S ribosomal protein L15 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL15 gene.-Further reading:...
- RPL17RPL1760S ribosomal protein L17 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL17 gene.-Further reading:...
- RPL18RPL1860S ribosomal protein L18 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL18 gene.-Further reading:...
- RPL19RPL1960S ribosomal protein L19 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL19 gene.-Further reading:...
- RPL25
- RPL27RPL2760S ribosomal protein L27 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL27 gene.-Further reading:...
- RPL29RPL2960S ribosomal protein L29 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL29 gene.-Further reading:...
- RPL30RPL3060S ribosomal protein L30 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL30 gene.-Further reading:...
- RPL32RPL3260S ribosomal protein L32 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL32 gene.-Further reading:...
- RPL34RPL3460S ribosomal protein L34 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL34 gene.-Further reading:...
- RPL35RPL3560S ribosomal protein L35 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL35 gene.-Further reading:...
- RPL36RPL3660S ribosomal protein L36 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL36 gene.-Further reading:...
- RPL37RPL3760S ribosomal protein L37 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL37 gene.-Further reading:...
- RPL38RPL3860S ribosomal protein L38 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL38 gene.- Gene :The human RPL38 gene resides on the long arm of chromosome 17 at 17q25.1. It consists of five exons spread out over a distance of 6223 bp. The 213 nucleotide open reading frame encodes a 70 amino acid...
- RPL40 transcribed with ubiquitin (see FAU (gene)FAU (gene)40S ribosomal protein S30 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FAU gene.-Further reading:...
) - RPLP1RPLP160S acidic ribosomal protein P1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPLP1 gene.-Further reading:...
- RPLP2RPLP260S acidic ribosomal protein P2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPLP2 gene.-Further reading:...
- RPS2RPS240S ribosomal protein S2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPS2 gene.-Further reading:...
- RPS5RPS540S ribosomal protein S5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPS5 gene.-Further reading:...
- RPS9RPS940S ribosomal protein S9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPS9 gene.-Further reading:...
- RPS10RPS1040S ribosomal protein S10 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPS10 gene.- Function :Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of 4 RNA species and approximately 80 structurally...
- RPS11RPS1140S ribosomal protein S11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPS11 gene.-Further reading:...
- RPS12RPS1240S ribosomal protein S12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPS12 gene.-Further reading:...
- RPS13RPS1340S ribosomal protein S13 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPS13 gene.- Function :Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of 4 RNA species and approximately 80 structurally...
- RPS14RPS1440S ribosomal protein S14 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPS14 gene.-Further reading:...
- RPS15RPS1540S ribosomal protein S15 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPS15 gene.-Further reading:...
- RPS16RPS1640S ribosomal protein S16 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPS16 gene.-Further reading:...
- RPS18RPS1840S ribosomal protein S18 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPS18 gene.-Further reading:...
- RPS19
- RPS20RPS2040S ribosomal protein S20 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPS20 gene.-Further reading:...
- RPS23RPS2340S ribosomal protein S23 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPS23 gene.-Further reading:...
- RPS24RPS2440S ribosomal protein S24 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPS24 gene.-Further reading:...
- RPS25RPS2540S ribosomal protein S25 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPS25 gene.-Further reading:...
- RPS26RPS2640S ribosomal protein S26 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPS26 gene.- Function :Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of 4 RNA species and approximately 80 structurally...
- RPS27RPS2740S ribosomal protein S27 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPS27 gene.-Further reading:...
transcribed with ubiquitin (see FAU (gene)FAU (gene)40S ribosomal protein S30 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FAU gene.-Further reading:...
) - RPS28RPS2840S ribosomal protein S28 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPS28 gene.-Further reading:...
- RPS30 transcribed with ubiquitin as the FAU (gene)FAU (gene)40S ribosomal protein S30 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FAU gene.-Further reading:...
- RPN1RPN1Dolichyl-diphosphooligosaccharide--protein glycosyltransferase subunit 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RPN1 gene.-Further reading:...
Ribophorin anchors the ribosome to rough endoplasmic reticulum
- MRPL9
Protein Processing
- Cyclophilin A Serine-threonine phosphatase inhibitor involved in protein folding
- CANX Folding of glycoproteins within endoplasmic reticulum
- CAPNS1CAPNS1Calpain small subunit 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CAPNS1 gene.-Further reading:...
Calpain protease - NACANACA- Organizations :* National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, the forerunner of the U.S. federal agency NASA* National Association for Campus Activities, an organization for programmers of university and college activities...
Nascent polypeptide associated complex alpha polypeptide - PFDN1PFDN1Prefoldin subunit 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PFDN1 gene.-Further reading:...
Prefoldin 1 - PFDN5PFDN5Prefoldin subunit 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PFDN5 gene.-Further reading:...
Prefoldin 5 - SNX3SNX3Sorting nexin-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SNX3 gene.-Further reading:...
Sorting nexin - SNX17SNX17Sorting nexin-17 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SNX17 gene.-Interactions:SNX17 has been shown to interact with Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 8 and LDL receptor.-Further reading:...
- SNX27SNX27Sorting nexin family member 27, also known as SNX27, is a human gene.This gene encodes a member of the sorting nexin family, a diverse group of cytoplasmic and membrane-associated proteins involved in endocytosis of plasma membrane receptors and protein trafficking through these compartments. All...
- SSR2SSR2Translocon-associated protein subunit beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SSR2 gene.-Further reading:...
Protein translocation in ER - SUMO2SUMO2Small ubiquitin-related modifier 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SUMO2 gene.-Further reading:...
Protein targeting
Histone
- CDH4CDH4Cadherin-4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDH4 gene.-Further reading:...
Nucleosome remodeling - HIST1H2BC
- H2AFYH2AFYCore histone macro-H2A.1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the H2AFY gene.-Further reading:...
Histone 2 Subfamily - H2AFZH2AFZHistone H2A.Z is a protein that in humans is encoded by the H2AFZ gene.-Further reading:...
essential for embryogenesis - H3F3AH3F3AHistone H3.3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the H3F3A gene.-Further reading:...
H3 Histone Famiy
Cell Cycle
- ARHGAP1ARHGAP1Rho GTPase-activating protein 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ARHGAP1 gene.-Interactions:ARHGAP1 has been shown to interact with CDC42, BNIP2 and RHOA.-Further reading:...
- ARHGDIAARHGDIARho GDP-dissociation inhibitor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARHGDIA gene.-Interactions:ARHGDIA has been shown to interact with RHOA, CDC42, RhoH, RAC1 and Rac2.-Further reading:...
- CENPB Centromere protein B
- CTBP1CTBP1C-terminal-binding protein 1 also known as CtBP1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CTBP1 gene.- Function :The CtBP1 protein binds to the C-terminus of adenovirus E1A proteins. This phosphoprotein is a transcriptional repressor and may play a role during cellular proliferation...
- cyclophilinCyclophilinCyclophilins are a family of proteins from vertebrates and other organisms that bind to cyclosporine, an immunosuppressant which is usually used to suppress rejection after internal organ transplants...
- CCND3CCND3G1/S-specific cyclin-D3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCND3 gene.-Interactions:Cyclin D3 has been shown to interact with Retinoic acid receptor alpha, AKAP8, CDC2L1, CRABP2, Cyclin-dependent kinase 4, Cyclin-dependent kinase 6, EIF3K and CDKN1B.-References:...
- GAS1GAS1Growth arrest-specific protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GAS1 gene.-Further reading:...
Blocks entry into S phase - PPP2CBPPP2CBSerine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit beta isoform is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPP2CB gene.-Interactions:PPP2CB has been shown to interact with TLX1, PPP2R1B and PPP2R1A.-Further reading:...
Negative regulator of growth and cell division - PPP2R1APPP2R1ASerine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 65 kDa regulatory subunit A alpha isoform is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPP2R1A gene. In the plant Arabidopsis thaliana a similar enzyme is encoded by the RCN1 gene .- Function :...
Negative regulator of growth and cell division - RAD9
- KIAA0174KIAA0174IST1 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KIAA0174 gene.-Further reading:...
or IST1 homolog (locates to central dividing line of dividing cells)
Apoptosis
- DAD1DAD1Dolichyl-diphosphooligosaccharide--protein glycosyltransferase subunit DAD1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DAD1 gene.-Further reading:...
Defender against cell death - DAP (gene)DAP (gene)Death-associated protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DAP gene.-Further reading:...
- DAXX Death Associated Protein 6
Oncogenes
- ARAFARAFSerine/threonine-protein kinase A-Raf or simply A-Raf is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ARAF gene. A-Raf is a member of the Raf kinase family of serine/threonine-specific protein kinases.-Interactions:...
- MAZ (gene)MAZ (gene)Myc-associated zinc finger protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MAZ gene.-Interactions:MAZ has been shown to interact with BPTF and Deleted in Colorectal Cancer.-Further reading:...
- MYCMycMyc is a regulator gene that codes for a transcription factor. In the human genome, Myc is located on chromosome 8 and is believed to regulate expression of 15% of all genes through binding on Enhancer Box sequences and recruiting histone acetyltransferases...
also considered a transcription factor - SAFBSAFBScaffold attachment factor B, also known as SAFB, is a gene with homologs that have been studied in humans and mice.-Interactions:SAFB has been shown to interact with Estrogen receptor alpha, TAF15, SAFB2 and HNRPD.-Further reading:...
- RAB1ARAB1ARas-related protein Rab-1A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAB1A gene.-Interactions:RAB1A has been shown to interact with CHM, GOLGA5, CHML, RABAC1, MICAL1 and GOLGA2.-Further reading:...
Metabolism
- PRKAG1PRKAG15'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRKAG1 gene.-Interactions:PRKAG1 has been shown to interact with PRKAB2 and PRKAB1.-Further reading:...
Senses energy level and inactivates HMGCoA reductase and Acetyl CoA Carboxylase
Carbohydrate Metabolism
- PRKCSHPRKCSHGlucosidase 2 subunit beta is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRKCSH gene.-Further reading:...
Glucosidase 2, subunit beta (activated by PKC) - B4GALT2B4GALT2Beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the B4GALT2 gene.-Further reading:...
- GUSBGUSBBeta-glucuronidase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GUSB gene.-Further reading:...
Beta Glucuronidase Sly syndrome - ChitinaseChitinaseChitinases are hydrolytic enzymes that break down glycosidic bonds in chitin. As chitin is a component of the cell walls of fungi and exoskeletal elements of some animals , chitinases are generally found in organisms that either need to reshape their own chitin or dissolve and digest the chitin of...
- Phosphogluconate dehydrogenasePhosphogluconate dehydrogenasePhosphogluconate dehydrogenase is an enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway. It forms ribulose 5-phosphate from 6-phosphogluconate.It is an oxidative carboxylase that catalyses the decarboxylating reduction of 6-phosphogluconate into ribulose 5-phosphate in the presence of NADP. This reaction is a...
- GSK3AGSK3AGlycogen synthase kinase-3 alpha is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GSK3A gene.Glycogen synthase kinase 3-alpha is a multifunctional protein serine kinase, homologous to Drosophila 'shaggy' and implicated in the control of several regulatory proteins including glycogen synthase and...
- hexokinaseHexokinaseA hexokinase is an enzyme that phosphorylates a six-carbon sugar, a hexose, to a hexose phosphate. In most tissues and organisms, glucose is the most important substrate of hexokinases, and glucose-6-phosphate the most important product....
rate limiting step? no reference - H6PDH6PDGDH/6PGL endoplasmic bifunctional protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the H6PD gene.-Further reading:...
- Glucose-6-phosphate isomeraseGlucose-6-phosphate isomerase-Other functions:There is evidence that phosphoglucose isomerase acts as a molecular messenger. It is produced and secreted by white blood cells, and acts to regulate the growth of several different cell types.-Pathology:...
- Phosphofructokinase 1
- Aldolase A
- Aldolase C
- Triosephosphate isomerase
- GAPDH
- Phosphoglycerate kinasePhosphoglycerate kinasePhosphoglycerate kinase is a transferase enzyme used in the seventh step of glycolysis. It transfers a phosphate group from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to ADP, forming ATP and 3-Phosphoglycerate....
- Phosphoglycerate mutasePhosphoglycerate mutase-Overview:Phosphoglycerate mutase is an enzyme that catalyzes step 8 of glycolysis. It catalyzes the internal transfer of a phosphate group from C-3 to C-2 which results in the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate through a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate intermediate.This enzyme is...
- EnolaseEnolaseEnolase, also known as phosphopyruvate dehydratase, is a metalloenzyme responsible for the catalysis of the conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate , the ninth and penultimate step of glycolysis. Enolase belongs to the class Lyase. Enolase can also catalyze the reverse reaction,...
- PKM2PKM2Pyruvate kinase isozymes M1/M2 also known as pyruvate kinase muscle isozyme , pyruvate kinase type K, cytosolic thyroid hormone-binding protein , thyroid hormone-binding protein 1 , or opa-interacting protein 3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PKM2 gene.PKM2 is an isoenzyme of the...
Pyruvate kinase, muscle - Lactate dehydrogenaseLactate dehydrogenaseLactate dehydrogenase is an enzyme present in a wide variety of organisms, including plants and animals.Lactate dehydrogenases exist in four distinct enzyme classes. Two of them are cytochrome c-dependent enzymes, each acting on either D-lactate or L-lactate...
- LDHB Lactate dehydrogenaseLactate dehydrogenaseLactate dehydrogenase is an enzyme present in a wide variety of organisms, including plants and animals.Lactate dehydrogenases exist in four distinct enzyme classes. Two of them are cytochrome c-dependent enzymes, each acting on either D-lactate or L-lactate...
- TALDO1 Transaldolase in pentose shunt
- TransketolaseTransketolaseTransketolase, an enzyme of both the pentose phosphate pathway in animals and the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis, catalyzes two important reactions, which operate in opposite directions in these two pathways...
- TSTA3TSTA3GDP-L-fucose synthetase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TSTA3 gene.-Further reading:...
Mannose metabolism
Lipid Metabolism
- GM2AGM2AGM2 ganglioside activator also known as GM2A is a protein which in humans is encoded by the GM2A gene.- Function :The protein encoded by this gene is a small glycolipid transport protein which acts as a substrate specific co-factor for the lysosomal enzyme β-hexosaminidase A...
not highly expressed constitutively - HADHAHADHAHADHA is a gene associated with long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency.-See also:* Mitochondrial trifunctional protein...
Trifunctional protein subunit alpha - HADHBHADHBTrifunctional enzyme subunit beta, mitochondrial also known as 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, acetyl-CoA acyltransferase, or beta-ketothiolase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HADHB gene....
Trifunctional protein subunit beta
Amino Acid Metabolism
- COMT Catechol-O-methyl transferase
- GGTLA1GGTLA1Gamma-glutamyltransferase 5 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GGT5 gene.-Further reading:...
Gamma glutamyl transferase-like 1 - PHGDH Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (first and rate-limiting step of serine biosynthesis)
- ODC1ODC1Ornithine decarboxylase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ODC1 gene.-Further reading:...
- TPMT
NADH Dehydrogenase
- NDUFA1NDUFA1NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NDUFA1 gene.- Function :The human NDUFA1 gene codes for an essential component of complex I of the respiratory chain, which transfers electrons from NADH to ubiquinone...
- NDUFA2NDUFA2NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NDUFA2 gene.-Further reading:...
- NDUFA7
- NDUFB7NDUFB7NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 7 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NDUFB7 gene.-Further reading:...
- NDUFC1NDUFC1NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C1, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NDUFC1 gene.-Further reading:...
- NDUFS5NDUFS5NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 5 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NDUFS5 gene.-Further reading:...
- NDUFV2NDUFV2NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 2, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NDUFV2 gene.-Further reading:...
- DIA1
Cytochrome C Oxidase
(Note that COX1, COX2, and COX3 are mitochondrially encoded)- COX4I1COX4I1Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 1, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the COX4I1 gene.Cytochrome c oxidase is the terminal enzyme of the mitochondrial respiratory chain...
- COX5A
- COX5BCOX5BCytochrome c oxidase subunit 5B, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the COX5B gene.-Interactions:COX5B has been shown to interact with Androgen receptor.-External links:* in PROSITE...
- COX6A1COX6A1Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6A1, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the COX6A1 gene.-Further reading:...
- COX6B1COX6B1Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the COX6B1 gene.-Further reading:...
- COX7A2LCOX7A2LCytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A-related protein, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the COX7A2L gene.-Further reading:...
- COX7CCOX7CCytochrome c oxidase subunit 7C, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the COX7C gene.-Further reading:...
- COX8
- CYC1CYC1Cytochrome c1, heme protein, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYC1 gene.-Further reading:...
- UQCRC1UQCRC1Cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 1, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UQCRC1 gene.Its gene product is a subunit of the respiratory chain protein Ubiquinol Cytochrome c Reductase , which consists of the products of one mitochondrially encoded gene, MTCYTB and ten nuclear...
- UQCRHUQCRHCytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 6, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UQCRH gene.Its gene product is a subunit of the respiratory chain protein Ubiquinol Cytochrome c Reductase Cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 6, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the...
- UQCRQ see Cytochrome C1Cytochrome C1Cytochrome C1 is formed in the cytosol and targeted to the mitochondrial intermembrane space. It is one of the constituents of complex III, which forms the third proton pump in the mitochondrial electron transport chain....
Mitochondrial
- ATP5A1ATP5A1ATP synthase subunit alpha, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ATP5A1 gene.-Further reading:...
- ATP5DATP5DATP synthase subunit delta, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ATP5D gene.-Further reading:...
- ATP5G1ATP5G1ATP synthase lipid-binding protein, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ATP5G1 gene.-Further reading:...
- ATP5G3ATP5G3ATP synthase lipid-binding protein, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ATP5G3 gene.-Further reading:...
- ATP5HATP5HATP synthase subunit d, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ATP5H gene.-Further reading:...
- ATP5IATP5IIn yeast, the FO complex E subunit appears to play an important role in supporting F-ATPase dimerisation. This subunit is anchored to the inner mitochondrial membrane via its N-terminal region, which is involved in stabilising subunits G and K of the FO complex...
- ATP5J2ATP5J2The ATP5J2 gene encodes the ATP synthase subunit f, mitochondrial enzyme in humans.-Further reading:...
- ATP5OATP5OATP synthase subunit O, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ATP5O gene.-Further reading:...
Lysosome
- CTSDCTSDCathepsin D is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CTSD gene.It has been used as a breast cancer tumor marker.Cathepsin-D is an aspartic protease that depends critically on protonation of its active site Asp residue and gets activated at pH 5 in endosome of hepatocytes where it degrades...
can degrade insulin in hepatocytes - Cystatin BCystatin BCystatin-B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CSTB gene.-Interactions:Cystatin B has been shown to interact with Cathepsin B.-External Links:* * The MEROPS online database for peptidases and their inhibitors:...
May protect cell from leaking lysosomes - LAMP1LAMP1Lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 also known as CD107a , is a human gene.-External links:...
- Mannose 6-phosphate receptorMannose 6-phosphate receptorIn the fields of biochemistry and cell biology, mannose 6-phosphate receptors are proteins that bind newly synthesized lysosomal hydrolases in the trans-Golgi network and deliver them to pre-lysosomal compartments. There are two different MPRs, one of ~300kDa and a smaller, dimeric receptor of...
- SGSHSGSHN-sulphoglucosamine sulphohydrolase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SGSH gene.-Further reading:...
Mutations can cause Sanfilippo syndromeSanfilippo syndromeSanfilippo syndrome, or Mucopolysaccharidosis III is a rare autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease. It is caused by a deficiency in one of the enzymes needed to break down the glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate .Although undegraded heparan sulfate is the primary stored substrate,...
Proteosome
- PSMB1PSMB1Proteasome subunit beta type-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PSMB1 gene.-Further reading:...
- PSMB2PSMB2Proteasome subunit beta type-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PSMB2 gene.-Further reading:...
- PSMB4PSMB4Proteasome subunit beta type-4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PSMB4 gene.-Interactions:PSMB4 has been shown to interact with Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 1.-Further reading:...
- PSMB6PSMB6Proteasome subunit beta type-6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PSMB6 gene.-Further reading:...
- PSMA7PSMA7Proteasome subunit alpha type-7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PSMA7 gene.-Interactions:PSMA7 has been shown to interact with HIF1A and PLK1.-Further reading:...
- PSMB7PSMB7Proteasome subunit beta type-7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PSMB7 gene.-Further reading:...
- PSMD8PSMD826S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 8 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PSMD8 gene.-Further reading:...
- PSMD11PSMD1126S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 11 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PSMD11 gene.-Further reading:...
- PSME2PSME2Proteasome activator complex subunit 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PSME2 gene.-Further reading:...
- UBA1
- Ubiquitin BUbiquitin BUbiquitin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UBB gene.- Function :Ubiquitin, one of the most conserved proteins known. Ubiquitin is required for ATP-dependent, non-lysosomal intracellular protein degradation of abnormal proteins and normal proteins with a rapid turnover...
- UBE2IUBE2ISUMO-conjugating enzyme UBC9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UBE2I gene.-Interactions:UBE2I has been shown to interact with WT1, TOP1, RAD51, Activating transcription factor 2, PIAS1, SALL1, FHIT, RANBP2, Protein inhibitor of activated STAT2, DNMT3A, DNMT3B, Small ubiquitin-related...
- UBE2D2UBE2D2Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 D2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UBE2D2 gene.-Interactions:UBE2D2 has been shown to interact with PJA1, Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 3, PJA2, UBE3A and NEDD4.-Further reading:...
- UBE2MUBE2MNEDD8-conjugating enzyme Ubc12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UBE2M gene.-Interactions:UBE2M has been shown to interact with NEDD8, PRKAR1A and UBA3.-Further reading:...
- USP11USP11Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 11 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the USP11 gene.-Further reading:...
Cytoskeletal
- Actinin alpha 4Actinin alpha 4Alpha-actinin-4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACTN4 gene.-Interactions:Actinin alpha 4 has been shown to interact with PDLIM1, Sodium-hydrogen exchange regulatory cofactor 2, Collagen, type XVII, alpha 1, CAMK2A, CAMK2B, MAGI1 and TRIM3.-Further reading:...
- ACTG1ACTG1Actin, gamma 1, also known as ACTG1, is a gene.-Interactions:ACTG1 has been shown to interact with TMSB4X and CAP1.-Further reading:...
gamma actin - ADD1ADD1Alpha-adducin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ADD1 gene.-Further reading:...
- ANXA6ANXA6Annexin A6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ANXA6 gene.-Interactions:ANXA6 has been shown to interact with RAS p21 protein activator 1.-Further reading:...
- ARPC4ARPC4Actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARPC4 gene.-Further reading:...
Actin-related protein 2/3 complex - Beta-actinBeta-actinBeta-actin is one of six different actin isoforms which have been identified in humans. This is one of the two nonmuscle cytoskeletal actins. Actins are highly conserved proteins that are involved in cell motility, structure and integrity...
- CAPZBCAPZBF-actin-capping protein subunit beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CAPZB gene.-Further reading:...
- COL6A1COL6A1Collagen alpha-1 chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the COL6A1 gene.- Function :The collagens are a superfamily of proteins that play a role in maintaining the integrity of various tissues. Collagens are extracellular matrix proteins and have a triple-helical domain as their common...
- DNCL1 Cytoplasmic DyneinDyneinDynein is a motor protein in cells which converts the chemical energy contained in ATP into the mechanical energy of movement. Dynein transports various cellular cargo by "walking" along cytoskeletal microtubules towards the minus-end of the microtubule, which is usually oriented towards the cell...
- EZR Ezrin (anchors actin to plasma membrane)
- KIFC3KIFC3Kinesin-like protein KIFC3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KIFC3 gene.-Further reading:...
kinesin - MoesinMoesinMoesin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MSN gene.Moesin is a member of the ERM protein family which includes ezrin and radixin. ERM proteins appear to function as cross-linkers between plasma membranes and actin-based cytoskeletons...
- MYH9MYH9Myosin, heavy chain 9, non-muscle is a protein which in humans is encoded by the MYH9 gene.-Clinical significance:MYH9 polymorphisms have been shown to associate with glomerulosclerosis and non-diabetic end stage renal disease in African Americans and in Hispanic Americans, though it was later...
Myosin chain 9 - RHOARHOARas homolog gene family, member A is a small GTPase protein known to regulate the actin cytoskeleton in the formation of stress fibers. In humans, it is encoded by the gene RHOA....
also implicated in regulation of cell cycle - SEPT1SEPT1Septin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SEPT1 gene.-Further reading:...
homologus to CDC10 in S. cerevesiae - SEPT2SEPT2Septin 2, also known as SEPT2, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the SEPT2 gene.- Function :SEPT2 can hetero-oligomerize with SEPT6 and SEPT7 to form filaments. SEPT2 interacted with SEPT6 through its C-terminal coiled-coil domain. Knockdown of SEPT2, SEPT6, and SEPT7 in causes actin...
- SLC9A3R2 Links SLC9A3 to cytoskeleton
- TAGLNTAGLNTransgelin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAGLN gene.-Further reading:...
- TAGLN2TAGLN2Transgelin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAGLN2 gene.-Further reading:...
- TMSB10TMSB10Thymosin beta-10 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMSB10 gene. TMSB10 is a member of the beta-thymosin are a family of peptides....
Thymosin beta 10 - TUBBTUBBTubulin beta chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TUBB gene.-Interactions:TUBB has been shown to interact with NCOA6 and SYT9.-Further reading:...
Tubulin, beta polypeptide - TUBB4TUBB4Tubulin beta-4 chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TUBB4 gene.-Further reading:...
- WDR1WDR1WD repeat-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WDR1 gene.-Further reading:...
actin dissassembly?
Organelle Synthesis
A specialized form of cell signaling- BLOC1S1BLOC1S1Biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex 1 subunit 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BLOC1S1 gene.-Interactions:BLOC1S1 has been shown to interact with BLOC1S2, SNAPAP and PLDN.-Further reading:...
- AP2M1AP2M1AP-2 complex subunit mu is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AP2M1 gene.-Interactions:AP2M1 has been shown to interact with CTLA-4 and Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor.-Further reading:...
- ANXA2
- ANXA6ANXA6Annexin A6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ANXA6 gene.-Interactions:ANXA6 has been shown to interact with RAS p21 protein activator 1.-Further reading:...
- ANXA7ANXA7Annexin A7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ANXA7 gene.-Interactions:ANXA7 has been shown to interact with ALG2 and SRI.-Further reading:...
- AP1B1AP1B1AP-1 complex subunit beta-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AP1B1 gene.-Interactions:AP1B1 has been shown to interact with KIF13A and AP1G1.-Further reading:...
Coated vessicles - CLTA Clathrin A (vessicles)
- CLTB Clathrin B (vessicles)
- GP2 (gene)GP2 (gene)Pancreatic secretory granule membrane major glycoprotein GP2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GP2 gene.-Further reading:...
enzymatic secretory granules (hugely upregulated in pancreas) - KDELR1KDELR1KDEL endoplasmic reticulum protein retention receptor 1, also known as KDELR1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the KDELR1 gene.- Function :...
Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu tag that targets to endoplasmic reticulum
Channels and Transporters
- ABCG2ABCG2ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ABCG2 gene. ABCG2 has also been designated as CDw338 . - External links :...
formerly BCRP1 xenobiotic transporter (not expressed in great amounts in most tissues) - CALM1 CalmodulinCalmodulinCalmodulin is a calcium-binding protein expressed in all eukaryotic cells...
grasps calcium ions - CALM2CALM2Calmodulin 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CALM2 gene.- Further reading :...
CalmodulinCalmodulinCalmodulin is a calcium-binding protein expressed in all eukaryotic cells...
grasps calcium ions - HPCAL1HPCAL1Hippocalcin-like protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HPCAL1 gene.-Further reading:...
also grasps calcium; upregulated in retina - GRIK5GRIK5Glutamate receptor, ionotropic kainate 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRIK5 gene.-Interactions:GRIK5 has been shown to interact with DLG4 and GRIK2....
- MFSD10 aka TETRAN or tetracycline transporter-like protein
- TFRCTFRCTransferrin receptor protein 1 also known as is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TFRC gene...
Transferrin receptor - FOLR1 Folate receptor
- SLC25A11SLC25A11Mitochondrial 2-oxoglutarate/malate carrier protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC25A11 gene.-Further reading:...
mitochondrial oxoglutarate/malate carrier
Receptors
- ACVRL1ACVRL1Serine/threonine-protein kinase receptor R3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ACVRL1 gene.ACVRL1 is a receptor in the TGF beta signaling pathway.It is also known as "activin receptor-like kinase 1", or "ALK1".-Further reading:...
TGF Beta receptor family Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome - CD23A FCER2 low affinity IgE receptor (lectin)
- GRM4 Metabotropic glutamate receptor
- JAG1JAG1JAG1 is a protein associated with Alagille syndrome. JAG1 has also been designated as CD339 .-External links:* *...
NOTCH2NOTCH2Neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 2 also known as notch 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NOTCH2 gene.NOTCH2 is associated with Alagille syndrome and Hajdu–Cheney syndrome.- Function :Notch 2 a member of the notch family...
Receptor associated with Alagille syndromeAlagille syndromeAlagille syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects the liver, heart, kidney, and other systems of the body. Problems associated with the disorder generally become evident in infancy or early childhood... - MC2R Melanocortin receptor type 2 (similar to ACTH receptor)
- SSTR5 Somatostatin receptor tends to inhibit other hormones
HLA/Immunoglobulin/Cell recognition
- BAT1BAT1Spliceosome RNA helicase BAT1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the BAT1 gene.-Further reading:...
- BSGBasiginBasigin also known as extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer or cluster of differentiation 147 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BSG gene. This protein is a determinant for the Ok blood group system...
Basigin Immunoglobulin Superfamily, extracelluar metalloproteinase - B2M Beta-2 microglobulinBeta-2 microglobulinβ2 microglobulin also known as B2M is a component of MHC class I molecules, which are present on all nucleated cells . In humans, the β2 microglobulin protein is encoded by the B2M gene.-Structure and function:...
- HLA-CHLA-CHLA-C belongs to the MHC class I heavy chain receptors. The C receptor is a heterodimer consisting of a HLA-C mature gene product and β2-microglobulin. The mature C chain is anchored in the membrane...
- HLA-GHLA-GHLA-G histocompatibility antigen, class I, G, also known as human leukocyte antigen G , is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HLA-G gene....
- MIF macrophage migration inhibitory factorMacrophage migration inhibitory factorMacrophage migration inhibitory factor also known as glycosylation-inhibiting factor , L-dopachrome isomerase, or phenylpyruvate tautomerase is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MIF gene.- Structure :...
- TAPBP
Kinases/Signalling
- ADRBK1 can downregulate response to epinephrine
- AGPAT1AGPAT11-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase alpha is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the AGPAT1 gene.-Further reading:...
acyl 3 phosphoglycerol acyl transferase - ARF1ARF1ADP-ribosylation factor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARF1 gene.-Interactions:ARF1 has been shown to interact with GGA3, PLD2, COPB1 and Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3.-Further reading:...
- ARF3ARF3ADP-ribosylation factor 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARF3 gene.-Interactions:ARF3 has been shown to interact with ARFIP2, GGA3, GGA1, ARFIP1 and KIF23.-Further reading:...
- ARF4ARF4ADP-ribosylation factor 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARF4 gene.-Interactions:ARF4 has been shown to interact with Epidermal growth factor receptor.-Further reading:...
- ARF5ARF5ADP-ribosylation factor 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARF5 gene.-Further reading:...
- ARL2ARL2ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARL2 gene.-Interactions:ARL2 has been shown to interact with Protein unc-119 homolog, TBCD and PDE6D.-Further reading:...
RAS Superfamily - CSF1 Colony stimulating factor not highly expressed constitutively at 5-12
- C-src tyrosine kinaseC-src tyrosine kinaseC-src tyrosine kinase, also known as CSK, is a human protein and gene. It includes an SH2 domain, an SH3 domain, and a tyrosine kinase domain. This protein specifically phosphorylates Tyr-504 residue on human leukocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase, which acts as a negative regulatory site...
- DCT dopachrome tautomeraseDopachrome tautomeraseDopachrome tautomerase , also known as DCT, is a human gene. Its expression is regulated by the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor .-Further reading:...
- EFNA3EFNA3Ephrin-A3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EFNA3 gene.-Further reading:...
- FKBP1AFKBP1APeptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase FKBP1A is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FKBP1A gene.-Interactions:FKBP1A has been shown to interact with RYR1, Mammalian target of rapamycin, TGF beta receptor 1, GLMN, ITPR1 and KIAA1303....
- GDI1GDI1Rab GDP dissociation inhibitor alpha is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GDI1 gene.Rab GTPases cycles between the cytosolic compartment, where it is bound to a protein called GDI , and the membrane, where it interacts with a receptor, a nucleotide exchange factor, a GAP and probably...
GDP Dissociation inhibitor (Rab family) - GNAS1GNAS1GNAS complex locus, also known as GNAS, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the GNAS gene. The protein encoded by this gene is the stimulatory G-protein alpha subunit , a key component of many signal transduction pathways.- Gene :...
ubiquitously expressed, but differentially imprinted - GNAI2GNAI2Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G, alpha-2 subunit is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GNAI2 gene.-Interactions:GNAI2 has been shown to interact with GPSM2, RIC8A, Interleukin 8 receptor, alpha, EYA2, RGS5 and MDFI.-Further reading:...
- HAX1HAX1HCLS1-associated protein X-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HAX1 gene.-Severe congenital neutropenia:Homozygous mutations in HAX1 are associated with autosomal recessive severe congenital neutropenia, also known as Kostmann syndrome....
associated with tyrosine kinases - ILKIlkIlk is a village in Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg county, in the Northern Great Plain region of eastern Hungary.-Geography:It covers an area of and has a population of 1263 people ....
Integrin linked kinase - MAPKAPK2MAPKAPK2MAP kinase-activated protein kinase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAPKAPK2 gene.-Interactions:MAPKAPK2 has been shown to interact with MAPK14, AKT1, PHC2 and SHC1.-Further reading:...
- MAP2K2MAP2K2Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAP2K2 gene.- Function :The protein encoded by this gene is a dual specificity protein kinase that belongs to the MAP kinase kinase family. This kinase is known to play a critical role in...
- MAP3K11MAP3K11Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 11 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAP3K11 gene.-Interactions:MAP3K11 has been shown to interact with MAPK8IP1, CDC42, SH3RF1, MAPK8IP2 and AKT1.-Further reading:...
- PITPNM Phosphatidylinositol transfer protein
- RAC1RAC1Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 also known as Rac1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAC1 gene. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been described, but the full-length nature of some of these variants has not been determined.- Function :Rac1 is...
Ro GTPase involved with many signaling pathways - RAP1BRAP1BRas-related protein Rap-1b, also known as GTP-binding protein smg p21B, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAP1B gene....
GTPase involved with cell adhesion - RAGARagaA raga is one of the melodic modes used in Indian classical music.It is a series of five or more musical notes upon which a melody is made...
Ras-related GTP Binding - STK19STK19Serine/threonine-protein kinase 19 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the STK19 gene.-Further reading:...
- STK24STK24Serine/threonine-protein kinase 24 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the STK24 gene.-Interactions:STK24 has been shown to interact with PDCD10, TRAF3IP3, STRN3, MOBKL3, STRN, SLMAP, PPP2R1A, CTTNBP2NL, FAM40A and STRN4.-Further reading:...
Serine/Threonine Kinase - STK25STK25Serine/threonine-protein kinase 25 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the STK25 gene.-Interactions:STK25 has been shown to interact with STRN, PDCD10 and MOBKL3....
- YWHABYWHAB14-3-3 protein beta/alpha is a protein that in humans is encoded by the YWHAB gene.-Interactions:YWHAB has been shown to interact with CDC25A, CDC25B, BRAF, C-Raf, RPS6KA1, EPB41L3, CD29, Wee1-like protein kinase, PTPN3, Protein kinase Mζ, MAPK7, TESK1, TNFAIP3, Cbl gene, HDAC4 and KCNK3.-Further...
Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, beta polypeptide - YWHAHYWHAH14-3-3 protein eta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the YWHAH gene.-Interactions:YWHAH has been shown to interact with TNFAIP3, KLC3, C-Raf, Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1, RIMS2, KIF5B, RIMS1, CDC25B, ZFP36, EPB41L3, Glucocorticoid receptor and TLX2.-Further reading:...
Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, h polypeptide - YWHAQYWHAQ14-3-3 protein theta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the YWHAQ gene.-Interactions:YWHAQ has been shown to interact with MEF2D, Bcl-2-associated X protein, CRTC2, C-Raf, Histone deacetylase 5, NRIP1, Protein kinase Mζ, UCP3, PFKFB2, Telomerase reverse transcriptase, Bcl-2-associated death...
Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, theta polypeptide - YWHAZYWHAZ14-3-3 protein zeta/delta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the YWHAZ gene.-Interactions:YWHAZ has been shown to interact with TSC2, LIMK1, CDC25B, AKT1, BCAR1, Interleukin-9 receptor, C-Raf, HMGN1, Vimentin, Tau protein, Protein kinase Mζ, GP1BB, GP1BA, TNFAIP3, Bcl-2-associated death...
Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, zeta polypeptide
Growth Factors
- AIF1AIF1Allograft inflammatory factor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AIF1 gene.-Further reading:...
- HDGF Hepatoma derived growth factor (translocates to nucleus)
- HGSHGS (gene)Hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HGS gene.-Interactions:HGS has been shown to interact with TSG101, STAM2, Merlin, DLG4, IL2RB, EPS15, CLTC and Signal transducing adaptor molecule.-Further reading:...
- LTBP4
- VEGFB
- ZFP36L1ZFP36L1Butyrate response factor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZFP36L1 gene.-Further reading:...
Miscellaneous
- ALAS1ALAS1Delta-aminolevulinate synthase 1 also known as ALAS1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ALAS1 gene. ALAS1 is an aminolevulinic acid synthase....
Aminolevulinic Acid Synthase type 1 (type 2 is erythroid and associated with porphyria) - ARHGEF2ARHGEF2Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARHGEF2 gene.-Further reading:...
Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor - ARMETARMETMesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MANF gene.-Further reading:...
Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor - AES amino terminal enhancer of split
- BECN1BECN1Beclin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BECN1 gene.Beclin-1 is also known as autophagy-related gene 6. Beclin-1 and its binding partner class III phosphoinositide 3-kinase , also named Vps34, are required for the initiation of the formation of the autophagasome in...
involved in autophagy and partners with PI3K - BUD31 formerly Maternal G10 transcript
- Creatine kinaseCreatine kinaseCreatine kinase , also known as creatine phosphokinase or phospho-creatine kinase , is an enzyme expressed by various tissues and cell types. CK catalyses the conversion of creatine and consumes adenosine triphosphate to create phosphocreatine and adenosine diphosphate...
CKB (ATP reservoir) - Cytidine deaminase questionable: not present in very high levels at all
- CPNE1CPNE1Copine-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CPNE1 gene.-Further reading:...
- ENSA (gene)ENSA (gene)Alpha-endosulfine is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ENSA gene.-Further reading:...
- FTH1FTH1Ferritin heavy chain is a ferroxidase enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FTH1 gene.- Function :This gene encodes the heavy subunit of ferritin, the major intracellular iron storage protein in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It is composed of 24 subunits of the heavy and light ferritin chains...
Heavy chain of Ferritin - GDI2GDI2Rab GDP dissociation inhibitor beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GDI2 gene.-Further reading:...
rab/ras vessicular trafficking - GUK1GUK1Guanylate kinase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GUK1 gene.-Further reading:...
Guanylate kinase transfers phosphate from ATP to GMP - HPRTHypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferaseHypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase is an enzyme encoded in humans by the HPRT1 gene.HGPRT is a transferase that catalyzes conversion of hypoxanthine to inosine monophosphate and guanine to guanosine monophosphate. This reaction transfers the 5-phosphoribosyl group from...
Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase - IFITM1IFITM1Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IFITM1 gene. IFITM1 has also recently been designated CD225 ....
Induced by interferon, transmembrane protein - JTB (gene)JTB (gene)Protein JTB also known as the jumping translocation breakpoint protein or prostate androgen-regulated protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the JTB gene.-Further reading:...
Jumping translocation breakpoint - MMPL2
- NME2NME2Nucleoside diphosphate kinase B is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NME2 gene.-Interactions:NME2 has been shown to interact with NME3 and HERC5.-Further reading:...
(formerly NM23B) Nucleoside diphosphate kinase - NONONONONon-POU domain-containing octamer-binding protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NONO gene.-Interactions:NONO has been shown to interact with SFPQ, SPI1 and Androgen receptor.-Further reading:...
- P4HBP4HBProtein disulfide-isomerase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the P4HB gene.-Interactions:P4HB has been shown to interact with UBQLN1, ERO1LB and ERO1L.-Further reading:...
- PRDX1 peroxiredoxin (reduces peroxides)
- PTMA Prothymosin
- RPA2RPA2Replication protein A 32 kDa subunit is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPA2 gene.-Interactions:RPA2 has been shown to interact with Ku70, Replication protein A1, RPA3, DNA-PKcs, STAT3, Cyclin O, MEN1, TP53BP1 and Uracil-DNA glycosylase....
Binds DNA during replication to keep it straightened out - SULT1A3SULT1A3Sulfotransferase 1A3/1A4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SULT1A3 gene.-Further reading:...
Sulfate conjugation (note: SULT1C is cited in earlier literature as being ubiquitous but this may be an example of different tags being used to refer to a common area of 2 closely related genes. If the tag is too short, then it may not be specific enough to truly specify one member of a gene family from another) - SYNGR2 Synaptogyrin (may participate in vessicle translocation)
- TetratricopeptideTetratricopeptideThe tetratricopeptide repeat is a structural motif. It consists in a degenerate 34 amino acid sequence motif identified in a wide variety of proteins. It is found in tandem arrays of 3–16 motifs, which form scaffolds to mediate protein–protein interactions and often the assembly of multiprotein...
, TTC1TTC1Tetratricopeptide repeat protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TTC1 gene.-Further reading:...
small glutamine rich
tetratricopeptide
Sperm/Testis
Although this page is devoted to genes that should be ubiquitously expressed, this section is for genes whose current name reflects their relative upregulation in testes- SPAG7SPAG7Sperm-associated antigen 7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SPAG7 gene.-Further reading:...
- SRM Spermidine synthase
- TEGTTEGTBax inhibitor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMBIM6 gene.-Further reading:...
Bax-1 inhibitor - DAZAP2DAZAP2DAZ-associated protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DAZAP2 gene.-Further reading:...
Deleted in azoospermia - MEA1 Male enhanced antigen