Tetratricopeptide
Encyclopedia
The tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) is a structural motif
. It consists in a degenerate 34 amino acid sequence motif
identified in a wide variety of protein
s. It is found in tandem arrays of 3–16 motifs, which form scaffolds to mediate protein–protein interactions and often the assembly of multiprotein complexes. TPR-containing proteins include the anaphase-promoting complex (APC
) subunits cdc16
, cdc23
and cdc27
, the NADPH oxidase subunit p67-phox, hsp90-binding immunophilins, transcription factor
s, the PKR
protein kinase inhibitor, the major receptor for peroxisomal matrix protein import PEX5
and mitochondrial import proteins.
by Das and colleagues showed that the TPR sequence motif was composed of a pair of antiparallel alpha helices. The PP5 structure contained 3 tandem TPR repeats which showed the sequential TPR repeats formed an alpha-helical solenoid structure.
Structural motif
In a chain-like biological molecule, such as a protein or nucleic acid, a structural motif is a supersecondary structure, which appears also in a variety of other molecules...
. It consists in a degenerate 34 amino acid sequence motif
Sequence motif
In genetics, a sequence motif is a nucleotide or amino-acid sequence pattern that is widespread and has, or is conjectured to have, a biological significance...
identified in a wide variety of protein
Protein
Proteins are biochemical compounds consisting of one or more polypeptides typically folded into a globular or fibrous form, facilitating a biological function. A polypeptide is a single linear polymer chain of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of...
s. It is found in tandem arrays of 3–16 motifs, which form scaffolds to mediate protein–protein interactions and often the assembly of multiprotein complexes. TPR-containing proteins include the anaphase-promoting complex (APC
Anaphase-promoting complex
Anaphase-Promoting Complex, also called cyclosome , is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that marks target cell cycle proteins for degradation by the 26S proteasome. The APC/C is a large complex of 11–13 subunit proteins, including a cullin and RING subunit much like SCF...
) subunits cdc16
CDC16
Cell division cycle protein 16 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDC16 gene.-Interactions:CDC16 has been shown to interact with CDC27 and CDC20.-Further reading:...
, cdc23
CDC23
Cell division cycle 23 homolog , also known as CDC23, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDC23 gene.- Function :...
and cdc27
CDC27
Cell division cycle protein 27 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDC27 gene.-Interactions:CDC27 has been shown to interact with ANAPC1, ANAPC4, ANAPC5, ANAPC11, FZR1, CDC20, CDH1, CDC23, PIN1, CDC16, ANAPC7, MAD2L1 and ANAPC10....
, the NADPH oxidase subunit p67-phox, hsp90-binding immunophilins, transcription factor
Transcription factor
In molecular biology and genetics, a transcription factor is a protein that binds to specific DNA sequences, thereby controlling the flow of genetic information from DNA to mRNA...
s, the PKR
Protein kinase R
Protein kinase RNA-activated also known as protein kinase R , interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase, or eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the EIF2AK2 gene.PKR protects against viral...
protein kinase inhibitor, the major receptor for peroxisomal matrix protein import PEX5
PEX5
Peroxisomal targeting signal 1 receptor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PEX5 gene.-Interactions:PEX5 has been shown to interact with PEX12, PEX13 and PEX14.-External Links:* *...
and mitochondrial import proteins.
Structure
The structure of the PP5 protein was the first structure to be determined. The structure solved by X-ray crystallographyX-ray crystallography
X-ray crystallography is a method of determining the arrangement of atoms within a crystal, in which a beam of X-rays strikes a crystal and causes the beam of light to spread into many specific directions. From the angles and intensities of these diffracted beams, a crystallographer can produce a...
by Das and colleagues showed that the TPR sequence motif was composed of a pair of antiparallel alpha helices. The PP5 structure contained 3 tandem TPR repeats which showed the sequential TPR repeats formed an alpha-helical solenoid structure.
Examples
Human genes encoding proteins containing this motif include:- AAG2, ANAPC7ANAPC7Anaphase-promoting complex subunit 7 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ANAPC7 gene.-Interactions:ANAPC7 has been shown to interact with ANAPC1, ANAPC4, CDC27 and CDC20.-Further reading:...
- BBS4BBS4Bardet-Biedl syndrome 4 protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BBS4 gene.This gene encodes a protein which contains tetratricopeptide repeats , similar to O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase. Mutations in this gene have been observed in patients with Bardet-Biedl syndrome type 4...
- CABIN1CABIN1Calcineurin-binding protein cabin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CABIN1 gene.-Interactions:CABIN1 has been shown to interact with MEF2B, MEF2D, Amphiphysin and SIN3A.-Further reading:...
, CDC16CDC16Cell division cycle protein 16 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDC16 gene.-Interactions:CDC16 has been shown to interact with CDC27 and CDC20.-Further reading:...
, CDC23CDC23Cell division cycle 23 homolog , also known as CDC23, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDC23 gene.- Function :...
, CDC27CDC27Cell division cycle protein 27 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDC27 gene.-Interactions:CDC27 has been shown to interact with ANAPC1, ANAPC4, ANAPC5, ANAPC11, FZR1, CDC20, CDH1, CDC23, PIN1, CDC16, ANAPC7, MAD2L1 and ANAPC10....
, CNOT10, CTR9CTR9RNA polymerase-associated protein CTR9 homolog is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CTR9 gene.-Further reading:... - DNAJC3DNAJC3DnaJ homolog subfamily C member 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DNAJC3 gene.-Interactions:DNAJC3 has been shown to interact with Protein kinase R, PRKRIR and EIF2AK3.-Further reading:...
, DNAJC7DNAJC7DnaJ homolog subfamily C member 7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DNAJC7 gene.-Further reading:...
, DYX1C1DYX1C1Dyslexia susceptibility 1 candidate gene 1 protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DYX1C1 gene. This protein contains 420-amino acids with 3 tetratricopeptide repeat domains, thought to mediate protein–protein interactions.... - FAM10A4, FAM10A5, FKBP4, FKBP5FKBP5FK506 binding protein 5, also known as FKBP5, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the FKBP5 gene.- Function :The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the immunophilin protein family, which play a role in immunoregulation and basic cellular processes involving protein folding and...
, FKBP8FKBP8FK506-binding protein 8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FKBP8 gene.-Further reading:...
, FKBPLFKBPLFK506-binding protein like, also known as FKBPL is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FKBPL gene.- Function :FKBPL has similarity to the immunophilin protein family, which play a role in immunoregulation and basic cellular processes involving protein folding and trafficking. The encoded... - GPSM1GPSM1G-protein-signaling modulator 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPSM1 gene.-Further reading:...
, GPSM2GPSM2G-protein-signaling modulator 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPSM2 gene.-Interactions:GPSM2 has been shown to interact with Nuclear mitotic apparatus protein 1 and GNAI2.-Further reading:...
, GTF3C3 - IFIT1IFIT1Interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IFIT1 gene.-Further reading:...
, IFIT1L, IFIT2IFIT2Interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IFIT2 gene.-Further reading:...
, IFIT3IFIT3Interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IFIT3 gene.-Further reading:...
, IFIT5, IFT88IFT88Intraflagellar transport protein 88 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IFT88 gene.-Further reading:... - KLC1KLC1Kinesin light chain 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KLC1 gene.-Interactions:KLC1 has been shown to interact with MAPK8IP3, KIF5B and KIF5A.-Further reading:...
, KLC2KLC2Kinesin light chain 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KLC2 gene.-Interactions:KLC2 has been shown to interact with MAPK8IP3 and KIF5B.-Further reading:...
, KLC3KLC3Kinesin light chain 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KLC3 gene.-Further reading:...
, KLC4KLC4Kinesin light chain 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KLC4 gene.-Further reading:...
, KNS2 - LONRF2
- NARG1NARG1NMDA receptor-regulated protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NARG1 gene.-Further reading:...
, NARG1L, NASPNASP (gene)Nuclear autoantigenic sperm protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NASP gene. Multiple isoforms are encoded by transcript variants of this gene.- Function :...
, NCF2NCF2Neutrophil cytosol factor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NCF2 gene.-Further reading:...
, NFKBIL2, NOXA1NOXA1NADPH oxidase activator 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NOXA1 gene.-Further reading:...
, NPHP3NPHP3Nephrocystin-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NPHP3 gene.-Further reading:... - OGTOGT (gene)UDP-N-acetylglucosamine--peptide N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 110 kDa subunit is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the OGT gene.-Interactions:OGT has been shown to interact with Host cell factor C1 and SIN3A.-Further reading:...
- PEX5PEX5Peroxisomal targeting signal 1 receptor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PEX5 gene.-Interactions:PEX5 has been shown to interact with PEX12, PEX13 and PEX14.-External Links:* *...
, PEX5L, PPIDPPIDPeptidylprolyl isomerase D , also known as PPID, is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the PPID gene.- Function :...
, PPP5CPPP5CSerine/threonine-protein phosphatase 5 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPP5C gene.-Interactions:PPP5C has been shown to interact with ASK1, CRY2 GNA12. and Rac1,-Further reading:...
, PRPF6PRPF6Pre-mRNA-processing factor 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PRPF6 gene.-Interactions:PRPF6 has been shown to interact with TXNL4B, ARAF and Androgen receptor.-External links:*... - RANBP2RANBP2RAN binding protein 2, also known as RANBP2 is protein which in humans is encoded by the RANBP2 gene.RanBP2 is also known as Nup358 since it is a member nucleoporin family that makes-up the nuclear pore complex. RanBP2 has a 358 KDa molecular weight.- Function :RAN is a small GTP-binding protein of...
, RANBP2L2, RANBP2L6, RAPSNRAPSN43 kDa receptor-associated protein of the synapse is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAPSN gene.-Further reading:...
, RGPD5RGPD5RANBP2-like and GRIP domain-containing protein 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RGPD5 gene.-Interactions:RGPD5 has been shown to interact with Transportin 1.-Further reading:...
, RGPD7, RPAP3 - SGTASGTASmall glutamine-rich tetratricopeptide repeat-containing protein alpha is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SGTA gene. SGTA orthologs have also been identified in several mammals for which complete genome data are available....
, SGTB, SH3TC1, SH3TC2SH3TC2SH3 domain and tetratricopeptide repeats-containing protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SH3TC2 gene. It is expressed in in the Schwann cells that wrap the myelin sheath around nerves.- Function :...
, SPAG1SPAG1Sperm-associated antigen 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SPAG1 gene.-Further reading:...
, SRP72, ST13ST13Hsc70-interacting protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ST13 gene.-Further reading:...
, STIP1, STUB1STUB1STUB1 , also known as CHIP , is a human gene.- Function :...
, SUGT1SUGT1Suppressor of G2 allele of SKP1 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SUGT1 gene.-Further reading:... - TMTC1, TMTC2TMTC2Transmembrane and TPR repeat-containing protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMTC2 gene.-Further reading:...
, TMTC3, TMTC4TMTC4Transmembrane and TPR repeat-containing protein 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMTC4 gene.-Further reading:...
, TOMM34TOMM34Mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOM34 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TOMM34 gene.-Further reading:...
, TOMM70ATOMM70AMitochondrial import receptor subunit TOM70 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TOMM70A gene.-Further reading:... - TTC1TTC1Tetratricopeptide repeat protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TTC1 gene.-Further reading:...
, TTC3TTC3Tetratricopeptide repeat protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TTC3 gene.-Further reading:...
, TTC4TTC4Tetratricopeptide repeat protein 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TTC4 gene.-Further reading:...
, TTC5, TTC6, TTC7A, TTC7B, TTC8TTC8Tetratricopeptide repeat domain 8 also known as Bardet-Biedl syndrome 8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TTC8 gene.- Function :TTC8 is associated with gamma-tubulin, BBS4, and PCM1 in the centrosome...
, TTC9C, TTC12, TTC13, TTC14, TTC15, TTC16, TTC17, TTC18, TTC21A, TTC21B, TTC22, TTC24, TTC25TTC25Tetratricopeptide repeat protein 25 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TTC25 gene.-Further reading:...
, TTC27, TTC28, TTC29, TTC30A, TTC30B, TTC31, TTC33, TTC37 - UNC45AUNC45AProtein unc-45 homolog A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UNC45A gene.-Further reading:...
, UNC45B, UTXUTX (gene)Ubiquitously transcribed tetratricopeptide repeat, X chromosome, also known as UTX, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the UTX gene.- Function :...
, UTYUTY (gene)Histone demethylase UTY is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the UTY gene.-Interactions:UTY has been shown to interact with TLE1.-Further reading:... - WDTC1WDTC1WDTC1 is a gene associated with obesity.- External links :*...
- ZC3H7BRoxan (protein)RoXaN also known as ZC3H7B , is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZC3H7B gene. RoXaN is a protein that contains tetratricopeptide repeat and leucine-aspartate repeat as well as zinc finger domains...