H. Stuart Hughes
Encyclopedia
Henry Stuart Hughes was an American
historian
, professor
, and activist
; he also advocated the application of psychoanalysis
to history.
, 1916 Republican Party
nominee for President
, and claimed in his memoirs to have been used as a "campaign baby" as an infant. Hughes' father left for World War I
while Stuart was still an infant, returning a year later when his son was three.
Stuart was his parents' second child and second son and was born only 14 months after his elder brother, Charles Evans Hughes, III
; the couple was later to have two daughters as well.
In 1922, Hughes' family moved to suburban Riverdale, Bronx
, New York
, where he spent most of his boyhood. This was interrupted in early 1929, when Hughes' father Charles Evans Hughes, Jr.
was appointed United States Solicitor General
by the new President, Herbert Hoover
. The family's stay in Washington, D.C.
was relatively brief; Charles Hughes, Jr. was compelled to resign as Solicitor General when his father was appointed Chief Justice of the United States
upon the death of William Howard Taft
in 1930. He moved his family back to New York. Stuart was soon sent to boarding school
at Deerfield Academy
. He then attended Amherst College
from 1933 to 1937. While in college, Hughes spent two summers in Germany
in summer study programs, which were to serve him in good stead later.
at Harvard University
, where he wrote his thesis on "The Crisis of the Imperial French Economy, 1810-1812." He was in Paris working on this thesis when World War II
started on September 1, 1939. Hughes soon returned to Cambridge.
With his new Ph.D.
, Hughes was appointed a junior faculty member at Brown University
. He remained there only briefly before enlisting in the United States Army
as a private. The Army soon recognized that a historian who was fluent in French
and German
would better serve by being in military intelligence
than in the field artillery
. Hughes was soon after Pearl Harbor
commissioned as an officer (initially, a second lieutenant) in what was soon to become the Office of Strategic Services
. During the war, he served as an intelligence analyst whose work was generally well received, despite his association with political views that were, especially in the context of the United States military establishment of the time, decidedly left-wing
.
Hughes, by then a lieutenant colonel
, was honorably discharged from active duty in 1946 and was soon reassigned as a civilian intelligence analyst, returning to Europe. In this role, he was to befriend pioneering black
State Department
official Ralph Bunche
. In the State Department, Hughes bemoaned the rise of the Cold War
mentality. In late 1947, he left to return to Harvard as an instructor and as the associate director of its new Russia
n Research Center. However, Hughes felt that he unwittingly sabotaged his career there by his early support for former Vice President
Henry Wallace
for President in 1948. In 1950, Hughes married his first wife, Suzanne, a member of a wealthy and influential French
Protestant
family. Failing to be published as a historian at a level sufficient to allow him to be promoted in the atmosphere of the Harvard of that time, and somewhat ostracized for his activism, Hughes left Harvard for Stanford University
in 1952 at the height of the McCarthy
era.
, Hughes was published at a level sufficient to encourage Harvard to recall him, which it did in 1957. During this second stay at Harvard, Hughes became involved with SANE
(then the Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy, now Peace Action). Early in this period, he also engaged in a series of debates with a young Harvard professor of government, Henry Kissinger
. In 1962
, Hughes filed as an independent candidate for the final two years of the unexpired U.S. Senate
term of President John F. Kennedy
. Major-party candidates included Democratic Party
members Edward M. Kennedy, the President's youngest brother, and Eddie McCormack
, nephew of the Speaker of the House
, and Republican
George C. Lodge
. Hughes collected well over the 72,000 signatures then required under Massachusetts law to be placed on the ballot as an independent candidate; the September Democratic primary
eliminated McCormick from further contention.
For most of the campaign, Hughes was taken seriously, even engaging in two televised debates with Lodge. (Kennedy, by now an overwhelming favorite, declined to participate.) Any chance, however slim, that Hughes might have had to win the election or even receive widespread support was destroyed in the aftermath of the Cuban Missile Crisis
, only weeks before the election, in which the President and his other brother, Bobby
, took the nation "to the brink" of nuclear confrontation with the Soviet Union
. A pro-nuclear disarmament
candidate suddenly seemed unrealistic and out of touch; Hughes received less than two per cent of the vote and far fewer votes than he previously had signatures. ("Ted" Kennedy won the election resoundingly and served in the seat until his death in 2009.)
. His widow, Judith Hughes, is a European historian and psychoanalyst. He, in the words of his wife, “could not have lived the life he did, at least the last 40-plus years of it, without benefit of psychoanalysis.”
As a historian Stuart Hughes saw enormous value of the Freudian world view applied to history. In Gentleman Rebel he reported being close to his Harvard colleague Erik Erikson
and serving in the ”supporting cast” of psychohistory. When Richard Schoenwald established the first psychohistory
newsletter (the predecessor to The Psychohistory Review), Hughes made serious contributuions and encouraged the new and bold direction of the publication.
An important bibliographer of psychohistory, William Gilmore, calls “History and Psychoanalysis: The Explanation of Motive,” in Hughes’ book, History as Art and as Science (1964), an indispensable “classic” and “a must reading.” Hughes’ memoirs are particularly revealing, as he does not begin his account with any mention of his distinguished family, but instead with a question from his psychoanalyst, Avery Weisman.
and fellow activist Dr. Benjamin Spock
. In March 1964, Hughes married his second wife, Judy, whom he initially had met as one of his graduate school students. As SANE expanded its anti-nuclear activities to include anti-Vietnam War
activism, Hughes was branded by the State Department's Passport Office as a potential subversive. He also found himself in an increasingly isolated position on the Harvard faculty, opposed to both the Vietnam War and also many of the actions that began to be taken in opposition to it. Hughes, however, served as the sole chairman of SANE from 1967 to 1970 after Spock resigned his co-chairmanship.
Hughes also became associated with male support for feminism
. In part, this seems to have been prompted by his perception of academic discrimination against his wife after she had earned her own doctorate. It was this discrimination that, in large measure, seems to have led to the Hughes' departure from Harvard for the University of California at San Diego; unlike his first departure from Harvard, it could not now be linked to any failure to have been sufficiently published. They moved to San Diego
in 1975; Hughes taught at UCSD until taking emeritus
status in 1989 and died in the suburb of La Jolla (actual site of the UCSD campus), following a protracted illness, in 1999.
Note:ISBNs referenced are to editions currently available and may not reflect the ISBN assigned to the first edition of a given work
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
historian
Historian
A historian is a person who studies and writes about the past and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human race; as well as the study of all history in time. If the individual is...
, professor
Professor
A professor is a scholarly teacher; the precise meaning of the term varies by country. Literally, professor derives from Latin as a "person who professes" being usually an expert in arts or sciences; a teacher of high rank...
, and activist
Activism
Activism consists of intentional efforts to bring about social, political, economic, or environmental change. Activism can take a wide range of forms from writing letters to newspapers or politicians, political campaigning, economic activism such as boycotts or preferentially patronizing...
; he also advocated the application of psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis is a psychological theory developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud. Psychoanalysis has expanded, been criticized and developed in different directions, mostly by some of Freud's former students, such as Alfred Adler and Carl Gustav...
to history.
Early life
Hughes was born to privilege as the grandson of Charles Evans HughesCharles Evans Hughes
Charles Evans Hughes, Sr. was an American statesman, lawyer and Republican politician from New York. He served as the 36th Governor of New York , Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States , United States Secretary of State , a judge on the Court of International Justice , and...
, 1916 Republican Party
Republican Party (United States)
The Republican Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Democratic Party. Founded by anti-slavery expansion activists in 1854, it is often called the GOP . The party's platform generally reflects American conservatism in the U.S...
nominee for President
President of the United States
The President of the United States of America is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces....
, and claimed in his memoirs to have been used as a "campaign baby" as an infant. Hughes' father left for World War I
World War I
World War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...
while Stuart was still an infant, returning a year later when his son was three.
Stuart was his parents' second child and second son and was born only 14 months after his elder brother, Charles Evans Hughes, III
Charles Evans Hughes, III
Charles Evans Hughes III was an American architect.-Biography:Hughes was the grandson of Chief Justice and 1916 Republican presidential nominee Charles Evans Hughes and the son of Charles Evans Hughes, Jr., who served as United States Solicitor General, 1929–30 under President Herbert Hoover...
; the couple was later to have two daughters as well.
In 1922, Hughes' family moved to suburban Riverdale, Bronx
Riverdale, Bronx
Riverdale is an affluent residential neighborhood in the northwest portion of the Bronx in New York City. Riverdale contains the northernmost point in New York City.-History:...
, New York
New York
New York is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east...
, where he spent most of his boyhood. This was interrupted in early 1929, when Hughes' father Charles Evans Hughes, Jr.
Charles Evans Hughes, Jr.
Charles Evans Hughes, Jr. was the United States Solicitor General in 1929-1930.As a young man, Hughes was an honor graduate of Brown University where he was a member of Delta Upsilon Fraternity...
was appointed United States Solicitor General
United States Solicitor General
The United States Solicitor General is the person appointed to represent the federal government of the United States before the Supreme Court of the United States. The current Solicitor General, Donald B. Verrilli, Jr. was confirmed by the United States Senate on June 6, 2011 and sworn in on June...
by the new President, Herbert Hoover
Herbert Hoover
Herbert Clark Hoover was the 31st President of the United States . Hoover was originally a professional mining engineer and author. As the United States Secretary of Commerce in the 1920s under Presidents Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge, he promoted partnerships between government and business...
. The family's stay in Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, "the District", or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States. On July 16, 1790, the United States Congress approved the creation of a permanent national capital as permitted by the U.S. Constitution....
was relatively brief; Charles Hughes, Jr. was compelled to resign as Solicitor General when his father was appointed Chief Justice of the United States
Chief Justice of the United States
The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the United States federal court system and the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States. The Chief Justice is one of nine Supreme Court justices; the other eight are the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States...
upon the death of William Howard Taft
William Howard Taft
William Howard Taft was the 27th President of the United States and later the tenth Chief Justice of the United States...
in 1930. He moved his family back to New York. Stuart was soon sent to boarding school
Boarding school
A boarding school is a school where some or all pupils study and live during the school year with their fellow students and possibly teachers and/or administrators. The word 'boarding' is used in the sense of "bed and board," i.e., lodging and meals...
at Deerfield Academy
Deerfield Academy
Deerfield Academy is an independent, coeducational boarding school in Deerfield, Massachusetts, United States. It is a four-year college-preparatory school with approximately 600 students and about 100 faculty, all of whom live on or near campus....
. He then attended Amherst College
Amherst College
Amherst College is a private liberal arts college located in Amherst, Massachusetts, United States. Amherst is an exclusively undergraduate four-year institution and enrolled 1,744 students in the fall of 2009...
from 1933 to 1937. While in college, Hughes spent two summers in Germany
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
in summer study programs, which were to serve him in good stead later.
Early career
Hughes then attended graduate schoolGraduate school
A graduate school is a school that awards advanced academic degrees with the general requirement that students must have earned a previous undergraduate degree...
at Harvard University
Harvard University
Harvard University is a private Ivy League university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, established in 1636 by the Massachusetts legislature. Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and the first corporation chartered in the country...
, where he wrote his thesis on "The Crisis of the Imperial French Economy, 1810-1812." He was in Paris working on this thesis when World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
started on September 1, 1939. Hughes soon returned to Cambridge.
With his new Ph.D.
Doctor of Philosophy
Doctor of Philosophy, abbreviated as Ph.D., PhD, D.Phil., or DPhil , in English-speaking countries, is a postgraduate academic degree awarded by universities...
, Hughes was appointed a junior faculty member at Brown University
Brown University
Brown University is a private, Ivy League university located in Providence, Rhode Island, United States. Founded in 1764 prior to American independence from the British Empire as the College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations early in the reign of King George III ,...
. He remained there only briefly before enlisting in the United States Army
United States Army
The United States Army is the main branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for land-based military operations. It is the largest and oldest established branch of the U.S. military, and is one of seven U.S. uniformed services...
as a private. The Army soon recognized that a historian who was fluent in French
French language
French is a Romance language spoken as a first language in France, the Romandy region in Switzerland, Wallonia and Brussels in Belgium, Monaco, the regions of Quebec and Acadia in Canada, and by various communities elsewhere. Second-language speakers of French are distributed throughout many parts...
and German
German language
German is a West Germanic language, related to and classified alongside English and Dutch. With an estimated 90 – 98 million native speakers, German is one of the world's major languages and is the most widely-spoken first language in the European Union....
would better serve by being in military intelligence
Military intelligence
Military intelligence is a military discipline that exploits a number of information collection and analysis approaches to provide guidance and direction to commanders in support of their decisions....
than in the field artillery
Field artillery
Field artillery is a category of mobile artillery used to support armies in the field. These weapons are specialized for mobility, tactical proficiency, long range, short range and extremely long range target engagement....
. Hughes was soon after Pearl Harbor
Attack on Pearl Harbor
The attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike conducted by the Imperial Japanese Navy against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on the morning of December 7, 1941...
commissioned as an officer (initially, a second lieutenant) in what was soon to become the Office of Strategic Services
Office of Strategic Services
The Office of Strategic Services was a United States intelligence agency formed during World War II. It was the wartime intelligence agency, and it was a predecessor of the Central Intelligence Agency...
. During the war, he served as an intelligence analyst whose work was generally well received, despite his association with political views that were, especially in the context of the United States military establishment of the time, decidedly left-wing
Left-wing politics
In politics, Left, left-wing and leftist generally refer to support for social change to create a more egalitarian society...
.
Hughes, by then a lieutenant colonel
Lieutenant Colonel (United States)
In the United States Army, United States Air Force, and United States Marine Corps, a lieutenant colonel is a field grade military officer rank just above the rank of major and just below the rank of colonel. It is equivalent to the naval rank of commander in the other uniformed services.The pay...
, was honorably discharged from active duty in 1946 and was soon reassigned as a civilian intelligence analyst, returning to Europe. In this role, he was to befriend pioneering black
Black people
The term black people is used in systems of racial classification for humans of a dark skinned phenotype, relative to other racial groups.Different societies apply different criteria regarding who is classified as "black", and often social variables such as class, socio-economic status also plays a...
State Department
United States Department of State
The United States Department of State , is the United States federal executive department responsible for international relations of the United States, equivalent to the foreign ministries of other countries...
official Ralph Bunche
Ralph Bunche
Ralph Johnson Bunche or 1904December 9, 1971) was an American political scientist and diplomat who received the 1950 Nobel Peace Prize for his late 1940s mediation in Palestine. He was the first person of color to be so honored in the history of the Prize...
. In the State Department, Hughes bemoaned the rise of the Cold War
Cold War
The Cold War was the continuing state from roughly 1946 to 1991 of political conflict, military tension, proxy wars, and economic competition between the Communist World—primarily the Soviet Union and its satellite states and allies—and the powers of the Western world, primarily the United States...
mentality. In late 1947, he left to return to Harvard as an instructor and as the associate director of its new Russia
Russia
Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
n Research Center. However, Hughes felt that he unwittingly sabotaged his career there by his early support for former Vice President
Vice President of the United States
The Vice President of the United States is the holder of a public office created by the United States Constitution. The Vice President, together with the President of the United States, is indirectly elected by the people, through the Electoral College, to a four-year term...
Henry Wallace
Henry Wallace
Henry or Harry Wallace may refer to:*Henry A. Wallace , U.S. Vice President 1941-1945, presidential candidate for the Progressive Party 1948**Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center...
for President in 1948. In 1950, Hughes married his first wife, Suzanne, a member of a wealthy and influential French
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
Protestant
Protestantism
Protestantism is one of the three major groupings within Christianity. It is a movement that began in Germany in the early 16th century as a reaction against medieval Roman Catholic doctrines and practices, especially in regards to salvation, justification, and ecclesiology.The doctrines of the...
family. Failing to be published as a historian at a level sufficient to allow him to be promoted in the atmosphere of the Harvard of that time, and somewhat ostracized for his activism, Hughes left Harvard for Stanford University
Stanford University
The Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly referred to as Stanford University or Stanford, is a private research university on an campus located near Palo Alto, California. It is situated in the northwestern Santa Clara Valley on the San Francisco Peninsula, approximately northwest of San...
in 1952 at the height of the McCarthy
Joseph McCarthy
Joseph Raymond "Joe" McCarthy was an American politician who served as a Republican U.S. Senator from the state of Wisconsin from 1947 until his death in 1957...
era.
Acclaim and activism
While in CaliforniaCalifornia
California is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is by far the most populous U.S. state, and the third-largest by land area...
, Hughes was published at a level sufficient to encourage Harvard to recall him, which it did in 1957. During this second stay at Harvard, Hughes became involved with SANE
Peace Action
Peace Action is a peace organization formed through the merger of The Committee for a SANE Nuclear Policy and the Nuclear Weapons Freeze Campaign...
(then the Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy, now Peace Action). Early in this period, he also engaged in a series of debates with a young Harvard professor of government, Henry Kissinger
Henry Kissinger
Heinz Alfred "Henry" Kissinger is a German-born American academic, political scientist, diplomat, and businessman. He is a recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize. He served as National Security Advisor and later concurrently as Secretary of State in the administrations of Presidents Richard Nixon and...
. In 1962
United States Senate special election in Massachusetts, 1962
The United States Senate special election of 1962 in Massachusetts was held on November 6, 1962.-History:Senator John F. Kennedy resigned the seat to become President of the United States after winning the presidential election in 1960. Benjamin A...
, Hughes filed as an independent candidate for the final two years of the unexpired U.S. Senate
United States Senate
The United States Senate is the upper house of the bicameral legislature of the United States, and together with the United States House of Representatives comprises the United States Congress. The composition and powers of the Senate are established in Article One of the U.S. Constitution. Each...
term of President John F. Kennedy
John F. Kennedy
John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy , often referred to by his initials JFK, was the 35th President of the United States, serving from 1961 until his assassination in 1963....
. Major-party candidates included Democratic Party
Democratic Party (United States)
The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The party's socially liberal and progressive platform is largely considered center-left in the U.S. political spectrum. The party has the lengthiest record of continuous...
members Edward M. Kennedy, the President's youngest brother, and Eddie McCormack
Edward J. McCormack, Jr.
Edward "Eddy" Joseph McCormack, Jr. was a former Attorney General of Massachusetts.-Personal life and education:...
, nephew of the Speaker of the House
Speaker of the United States House of Representatives
The Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, or Speaker of the House, is the presiding officer of the United States House of Representatives...
, and Republican
Republican Party (United States)
The Republican Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Democratic Party. Founded by anti-slavery expansion activists in 1854, it is often called the GOP . The party's platform generally reflects American conservatism in the U.S...
George C. Lodge
George C. Lodge
George Cabot Lodge II is an American professor and former politician.-Early life:His father was Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., a U.S. Senator from Massachusetts, U.S. Ambassador to United Nations and South Vietnam, and 1960 vice presidential candidate for Richard Nixon against John F. Kennedy-Lyndon B....
. Hughes collected well over the 72,000 signatures then required under Massachusetts law to be placed on the ballot as an independent candidate; the September Democratic primary
Primary election
A primary election is an election in which party members or voters select candidates for a subsequent election. Primary elections are one means by which a political party nominates candidates for the next general election....
eliminated McCormick from further contention.
For most of the campaign, Hughes was taken seriously, even engaging in two televised debates with Lodge. (Kennedy, by now an overwhelming favorite, declined to participate.) Any chance, however slim, that Hughes might have had to win the election or even receive widespread support was destroyed in the aftermath of the Cuban Missile Crisis
Cuban Missile Crisis
The Cuban Missile Crisis was a confrontation among the Soviet Union, Cuba and the United States in October 1962, during the Cold War...
, only weeks before the election, in which the President and his other brother, Bobby
Robert F. Kennedy
Robert Francis "Bobby" Kennedy , also referred to by his initials RFK, was an American politician, a Democratic senator from New York, and a noted civil rights activist. An icon of modern American liberalism and member of the Kennedy family, he was a younger brother of President John F...
, took the nation "to the brink" of nuclear confrontation with the Soviet Union
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991....
. A pro-nuclear disarmament
Nuclear disarmament
Nuclear disarmament refers to both the act of reducing or eliminating nuclear weapons and to the end state of a nuclear-free world, in which nuclear weapons are completely eliminated....
candidate suddenly seemed unrealistic and out of touch; Hughes received less than two per cent of the vote and far fewer votes than he previously had signatures. ("Ted" Kennedy won the election resoundingly and served in the seat until his death in 2009.)
Support of psychoanalysis and psychohistory
As a beneficiary of it, Hughes saw the value of psychoanalysisPsychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis is a psychological theory developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud. Psychoanalysis has expanded, been criticized and developed in different directions, mostly by some of Freud's former students, such as Alfred Adler and Carl Gustav...
. His widow, Judith Hughes, is a European historian and psychoanalyst. He, in the words of his wife, “could not have lived the life he did, at least the last 40-plus years of it, without benefit of psychoanalysis.”
As a historian Stuart Hughes saw enormous value of the Freudian world view applied to history. In Gentleman Rebel he reported being close to his Harvard colleague Erik Erikson
Erik Erikson
Erik Erikson was a Danish-German-American developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst known for his theory on social development of human beings. He may be most famous for coining the phrase identity crisis. His son, Kai T...
and serving in the ”supporting cast” of psychohistory. When Richard Schoenwald established the first psychohistory
Psychohistory
Psychohistory is the study of the psychological motivations of historical events. It attempts to combine the insights of psychotherapy with the research methodology of the social sciences to understand the emotional origin of the social and political behavior of groups and nations, past and present...
newsletter (the predecessor to The Psychohistory Review), Hughes made serious contributuions and encouraged the new and bold direction of the publication.
An important bibliographer of psychohistory, William Gilmore, calls “History and Psychoanalysis: The Explanation of Motive,” in Hughes’ book, History as Art and as Science (1964), an indispensable “classic” and “a must reading.” Hughes’ memoirs are particularly revealing, as he does not begin his account with any mention of his distinguished family, but instead with a question from his psychoanalyst, Avery Weisman.
Later career
Early in 1963, Hughes and Suzanne filed for divorce. In the fall of 1963, Hughes agreed to become co-chairman of the SANE organization, alongside renowned pediatricianPediatrics
Pediatrics or paediatrics is the branch of medicine that deals with the medical care of infants, children, and adolescents. A medical practitioner who specializes in this area is known as a pediatrician or paediatrician...
and fellow activist Dr. Benjamin Spock
Benjamin Spock
Benjamin McLane Spock was an American pediatrician whose book Baby and Child Care, published in 1946, is one of the biggest best-sellers of all time. Its message to mothers is that "you know more than you think you do."Spock was the first pediatrician to study psychoanalysis to try to understand...
. In March 1964, Hughes married his second wife, Judy, whom he initially had met as one of his graduate school students. As SANE expanded its anti-nuclear activities to include anti-Vietnam War
Vietnam War
The Vietnam War was a Cold War-era military conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. This war followed the First Indochina War and was fought between North Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and the government of...
activism, Hughes was branded by the State Department's Passport Office as a potential subversive. He also found himself in an increasingly isolated position on the Harvard faculty, opposed to both the Vietnam War and also many of the actions that began to be taken in opposition to it. Hughes, however, served as the sole chairman of SANE from 1967 to 1970 after Spock resigned his co-chairmanship.
Hughes also became associated with male support for feminism
Feminism
Feminism is a collection of movements aimed at defining, establishing, and defending equal political, economic, and social rights and equal opportunities for women. Its concepts overlap with those of women's rights...
. In part, this seems to have been prompted by his perception of academic discrimination against his wife after she had earned her own doctorate. It was this discrimination that, in large measure, seems to have led to the Hughes' departure from Harvard for the University of California at San Diego; unlike his first departure from Harvard, it could not now be linked to any failure to have been sufficiently published. They moved to San Diego
San Diego, California
San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest city in California. The city is located on the coast of the Pacific Ocean in Southern California, immediately adjacent to the Mexican border. The birthplace of California, San Diego is known for its mild year-round...
in 1975; Hughes taught at UCSD until taking emeritus
Emeritus
Emeritus is a post-positive adjective that is used to designate a retired professor, bishop, or other professional or as a title. The female equivalent emerita is also sometimes used.-History:...
status in 1989 and died in the suburb of La Jolla (actual site of the UCSD campus), following a protracted illness, in 1999.
Books by H. Stuart Hughes
- An Essay for Our Times (ISBN 0-374-94032-0) (1950)
- Oswald Spengler: A Critical Estimate (ISBN 0-8371-8214-X) (1952)
- The United States and Italy (Cambridge: Harvard Press ISBN 0674925459 ) (1953)
- Consciousness and Society: The Reorientation of European Social Thought (Cambridge: Harvard University Press ISBN 0-674-70728-1) (1958)
- Contemporary Europe: A History (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall ISBN 0-13-291840-4) (1961)
- An Approach to Peace, and Other Essays (Atheneum ASINAmazon Standard Identification NumberThe Amazon Standard Identification Number is a unique identification number assigned by Amazon.com and its partners for product identification within the Amazon.com organization. Amazon.ca, Amazon.co.uk, Amazon.de, Amazon.fr, Amazon.it, Amazon.co.jp, Amazon.cn, and Amazon.es also use ASINs.ASINs...
B0007DFG2V) (1962) - History as Art and Science: Twin Vistas on the Past (1964)
- Prisoners of Hope: The Silver Age of the Italian Jews, 1924-1974 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press ISBN 0674707273 ) (1983)
- Between Commitment and Disillusion (1987), comprising two earlier works:
- The Obstructed Path (1968) and The Sea Change (Wesleyan University Press ISBN 0-674-70728-1)
- Sophisticated Rebels: The Political Culture of European Dissent, 1968-1987 (ISBN 0-674-82130-0) (1988)
- Gentleman Rebel (New York: Tichnor & Fields ISBN 0-395-56316-X) (a memoir) (1990)
Note:ISBNs referenced are to editions currently available and may not reflect the ISBN assigned to the first edition of a given work