Eurovision Song Contest 1986
Encyclopedia
The Eurovision Song Contest 1986 was the 31st Eurovision Song Contest
Eurovision Song Contest
The Eurovision Song Contest is an annual competition held among active member countries of the European Broadcasting Union .Each member country submits a song to be performed on live television and then casts votes for the other countries' songs to determine the most popular song in the competition...

 and was held on 3 May 1986 in the Grieg Hall
Grieg Hall
The Grieg Hall is a 1,500 seat concert hall in Bergen, Norway. It has been the home of the Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra since the hall's completion in 1978. It hosted the Eurovision Song Contest in 1986, and is the host of the annual Norwegian Brass Band Championship competition, which occurs in...

 in Bergen
Bergen
Bergen is the second largest city in Norway with a population of as of , . Bergen is the administrative centre of Hordaland county. Greater Bergen or Bergen Metropolitan Area as defined by Statistics Norway, has a population of as of , ....

, Norway
Norway
Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic unitary constitutional monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jan Mayen, and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard and Bouvet Island. Norway has a total area of and a population of about 4.9 million...

. It was the first occasion on which Norway played host to the contest. The presenter was Åse Kleveland
Åse Kleveland
Åse Maria Kleveland is a Swedish-Norwegian singer and politician.A well-known folk singer and traditional guitarist in Norway, she was appointed Minister of Culture in Norway from 1990 to 1996, representing the Labour Party under the Gro Harlem Brundtland administration...

, a well-known folk guitarist who was President of the Norwegian Association of Musicians (and a former Eurovision entrant, in 1966).

The 1986 contest was a first for Eurovision in that royalty were among the guests—Crown Prince Harald
Harald V of Norway
Harald V is the king of Norway. He succeeded to the throne of Norway upon the death of his father Olav V on 17 January 1991...

, Crown Princess Sonja
Queen Sonja of Norway
Queen Sonja of Norway is the wife of King Harald V of Norway.-Prior to marriage:Sonja was born in Oslo on 4 July 1937 as the daughter of clothing merchant Karl August Haraldsen and Dagny Ulrichsen .Queen Sonja grew up in the district of Vinderen in Oslo and completed her lower secondary schooling...

, Princess Märtha Louise
Princess Märtha Louise of Norway
Princess Märtha Louise of Norway is the only daughter of King Harald V and Queen Sonja. She is fourth in the line of succession to the Norwegian throne, after her brother and his two children.-Early life:...

 and Prince Haakon Magnus
Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway
Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway is the heir apparent to the throne of Norway. On birth he was named Prince Haakon Magnus but it was stressed in the announcement that he would go by the name Haakon. He became Crown Prince Haakon when his father ascended to the crown as Harald V in 1991...

 were all in attendance.

Sandra Kim
Sandra Kim
Sandra Caldarone , better known as Sandra Kim, is a Belgian singer of Italian descent who won the Eurovision Song Contest 1986 held in Bergen, Norway, on 3 May 1986....

 was the winner of this Eurovision with the song, "J'aime la vie
J'Aime La Vie
"J'aime la vie" was the winner of the Eurovision Song Contest 1986, performed for Belgium by Sandra Kim. Belgium had finished the 1985 Contest in last place, and thus achieved the rare turnaround from last to first in the space of one year...

". Aged 13, Kim was the youngest ever Eurovision winner. Current rules require Eurovision Song Contest participants to be at least 16, so unless the rule is changed Kim's record will never be broken. In the lyrics of her song, Kim claimed to be 15 years of age, but after the contest, it was revealed that she was actually 13. Switzerland
Switzerland
Switzerland name of one of the Swiss cantons. ; ; ; or ), in its full name the Swiss Confederation , is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe,Or Central Europe depending on the definition....

, who finished second, appealed for her to be disqualified, but this was to no avail.

Background

By 1985
Eurovision Song Contest 1985
The Eurovision Song Contest 1985 was the 30th Eurovision Song Contest and was held on 4 May 1985 in Gothenburg, Sweden. The presenter was Lill Lindfors, and Norwegian duo Bobbysocks! was the winner of this Eurovision with the song "La det swinge"....

, Norway had received the unwanted distinction of being "the nul points country," receiving 0 points three times and coming in last six times. When they did win the 1985 Contest, it was a source of pride among Norwegian population, and the national broadcaster, NRK, took full advantage of being able to showcase Norway and its achievements in front of over 500 million television viewers. By the autumn of 1985, NRK had decided to hold the next year's contest at the Grieghallen in Bergen, turning down other bids from capital Oslo
Oslo
Oslo is a municipality, as well as the capital and most populous city in Norway. As a municipality , it was established on 1 January 1838. Founded around 1048 by King Harald III of Norway, the city was largely destroyed by fire in 1624. The city was moved under the reign of Denmark–Norway's King...

, and main cities of Stavanger
Stavanger
Stavanger is a city and municipality in the county of Rogaland, Norway.Stavanger municipality has a population of 126,469. There are 197,852 people living in the Stavanger conurbation, making Stavanger the fourth largest city, but the third largest urban area, in Norway...

, Sandnes
Sandnes
is a city and municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. It is part of the region of Jæren.-History:Sandnes was separated from Høyland as a municipality of its own in 1860, and gained city status the same year...

 and Trondheim
Trondheim
Trondheim , historically, Nidaros and Trondhjem, is a city and municipality in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. With a population of 173,486, it is the third most populous municipality and city in the country, although the fourth largest metropolitan area. It is the administrative centre of...

.

Norway first hosts Eurovision

As this was the first time Norway hosted a Eurovision Song Contest, NRK commissioned a lavish budget for the event, turning Grieghallen into a Viking
Viking
The term Viking is customarily used to refer to the Norse explorers, warriors, merchants, and pirates who raided, traded, explored and settled in wide areas of Europe, Asia and the North Atlantic islands from the late 8th to the mid-11th century.These Norsemen used their famed longships to...

-esque "ice palace" for the live show, complete with white and pastel neon lights for the stage. In addition, NRK also had a special diamond-encrusted dress made for presenter Åse Kleveland for her opening number. The prized dress, which weighed upwards of 15 pounds (6.8 kg), is still available for viewing at NRK's costuming department at Marienlyst
Marienlyst
Marienlyst is an area in the borough of St. Hanshaugen in Oslo. It is best known as the site of the national headquarters of the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation , and "Marienlyst" is often used synonymously with NRK....

 in Oslo
Oslo
Oslo is a municipality, as well as the capital and most populous city in Norway. As a municipality , it was established on 1 January 1838. Founded around 1048 by King Harald III of Norway, the city was largely destroyed by fire in 1624. The city was moved under the reign of Denmark–Norway's King...

.

Kleveland sang the multilingual "Welcome to Music" as the opening act, incorporating English
English language
English is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into what was to become south-east Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria...

 and French
French language
French is a Romance language spoken as a first language in France, the Romandy region in Switzerland, Wallonia and Brussels in Belgium, Monaco, the regions of Quebec and Acadia in Canada, and by various communities elsewhere. Second-language speakers of French are distributed throughout many parts...

 primarily, in addition to other European languages. BBC commentator Terry Wogan
Terry Wogan
Sir Michael Terence Wogan, KBE, DL , or also known as Terry Wogan, is a veteran Irish radio and television broadcaster who holds dual Irish and British citizenship. Wogan has worked for the BBC in the United Kingdom for most of his career...

, at the close of Kleveland's number, dryly remarked, "Katie Boyle
Katie Boyle
Katie Boyle is an Italian-born British actress, television personality, and game show panelist, well known for appearing on TV panel games such as What's My Line? and for presenting the Eurovision Song Contest in the 1960s and 1970s....

 [a former Eurovision host for the UK] never sang, did she?"

During her opening speech, Kleveland said of Norway's road in the contest, "For those of you who have followed Norway's course through the history of the Eurovision Song Contest, you will know that it has been quite thorny, in fact. So, imagine our joy when last year we finally won, and the pleasure we feel today, being able to welcome 700 million viewers to the top of Europe, to Norway, and to Bergen."

One of the interval acts presented featured Norwegian musicians Sissel Kyrkjebø
Sissel Kyrkjebø
Sissel Kyrkjebø , also simply known as Sissel, is a Norwegian soprano.Sissel is considered one of the world's top crossover sopranos. Sissel's musical style runs the gamut from pop recordings and folk songs, to classical vocals and operatic arias...

 and Steinar Ofsdal, accompanied by Norwegian national broadcasting orchestra, Kringkastingsorkesteret (KORK). They opened with the traditional song of the city of Bergen, Udsikter fra Ulriken
Udsikter fra Ulriken
"Udsigter fra Ulriken" is the town song of Bergen, Norway. It's also known as "Bergenssangen", "Bergensiana", "Jeg tok min nystemte" and among the public "Nystemten". The lyrics were written by the priest, politician and poet Johan Nordahl Brun when he worked as vicar at Bergen Cathedral...

 (also known as "Nystemte'n"), and presented a number of familiar tunes while showing the sights and sounds of Bergen area. Ofsdal played a range of traditional Norwegian folk instruments such as accordion
Accordion
The accordion is a box-shaped musical instrument of the bellows-driven free-reed aerophone family, sometimes referred to as a squeezebox. A person who plays the accordion is called an accordionist....

, recorder
Recorder
The recorder is a woodwind musical instrument of the family known as fipple flutes or internal duct flutes—whistle-like instruments which include the tin whistle. The recorder is end-blown and the mouth of the instrument is constricted by a wooden plug, known as a block or fipple...

 and hardingfele
Hardingfele
A Hardanger fiddle is a traditional stringed instrument used originally to play the music of Norway. In modern designs, the instruments are very similar to the violin, though with eight or nine strings and thinner wood...

. The presentation launched Kyrkjebø into a career as an internationally recognized artist.

Debuts and withdrawals

Iceland
Iceland in the Eurovision Song Contest
Iceland has entered the Eurovision Song Contest 24 times since their debut in 1986. Iceland did not enter in 1998 and 2002 when prevented due to finishing outside qualification places the preceding years....

 competed for the first time, as the national broadcaster RÚV
RÚV
Ríkisútvarpið is Iceland's national public-service broadcasting organization.Operating from studios in the country's capital, Reykjavík, as well as regional centres around the country, the service broadcasts a variety of general programming to a wide audience across the whole country via radio...

 finally cemented their satellite television connections with the rest of Europe.

Greece
Greece in the Eurovision Song Contest
Greece has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 32 times since 1974, with the exception of 1975, 1982, 1984, 1986, 1999 and 2000. Greece won for the first time in 2005 with "My Number One" song by Elena Paparizou. Following the introduction of a semi-final round for the 2004 contest, Greece...

 withdrew, having been drawn eighteenth in order of presentation. The reason behind the withdrawal, was that the Eurovision contest coincided with Holy Saturday. Their entry would have been "Wagon-lit" (βάγκον λι) performed by Polina
Polina Misailidou
Polina Paraskevi Misailidou is a Greek singer, who is better known in her own country simply as Polina.Polina was born and raised in Nea Smyrni, a suburb south of Athens. She started her career in 1977 singing the song "Lives" at the Thessaloniki Song Festival...

. The Italian broadcaster, RAI
RAI
RAI — Radiotelevisione italiana S.p.A. known until 1954 as Radio Audizioni Italiane, is the Italian state owned public service broadcaster controlled by the Ministry of Economic Development. Rai is the biggest television company in Italy...

, simply decided not to send any delegation to Bergen.

Results

Draw Country Language Artist Song English translation Place Points
01 French
French language
French is a Romance language spoken as a first language in France, the Romandy region in Switzerland, Wallonia and Brussels in Belgium, Monaco, the regions of Quebec and Acadia in Canada, and by various communities elsewhere. Second-language speakers of French are distributed throughout many parts...

 
Sherisse Laurence
Sherisse Stevens
Sherisse Stevens is a singer and entertainer.From 1978 to 1983 she hosted the show "Circus" on CTV in Canada. At that time she was billed as Sherisse Lawrence....

 
"L'amour de ma vie
L'Amour De Ma Vie
"L'amour de ma vie" was the Luxembourgish entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1986, performed in French by Canadian singer Sherisse Laurence.The song was composed by Alain Garcia, Rolf Soja and Frank Dostal...

"
The love of my life 3 117
02 Serbo-Croatian
Serbo-Croatian
Serbo-Croatian or Serbo-Croat, less commonly Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian , is a South Slavic language with multiple standards and the primary language of Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro...

 
Doris Dragović
Doris Dragovic
Dorotea "Doris" Dragović is a Croatian singer-songwriter. She represented Yugoslavia in the Eurovision Song Contest 1986 with the song "Željo moja", finishing the 11th with 49 points, and Croatia in the Eurovision Song Contest 1999 with the song "Marija Magdalena", finishing fourth with 118...

 
"Željo moja
Željo moja
"Željo moja" was the song which represented Yugoslavia at the Eurovision Song Contest 1986 in Bergen, Norway. It was performed by the Croatian singer Doris Dragović who finished eleventh on the night....

"
My desire 11 49
03 French
French language
French is a Romance language spoken as a first language in France, the Romandy region in Switzerland, Wallonia and Brussels in Belgium, Monaco, the regions of Quebec and Acadia in Canada, and by various communities elsewhere. Second-language speakers of French are distributed throughout many parts...

 
Cocktail Chic
Cocktail Chic
Cocktail Chic were a French female singing group, best known for their participation in the 1986 Eurovision Song Contest.Although the Cocktail Chic name was a one-off for Eurovision, the group, consisting of sisters Dominique Poulain and Catherine Bonnevay and their cousins Francine Chanterau and...

 
"Européennes
Européennes
"Européennes" was the French entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1986, performed in French by Cocktail Chic....

"
European girls 17 13
04 Norwegian
Norwegian language
Norwegian is a North Germanic language spoken primarily in Norway, where it is the official language. Together with Swedish and Danish, Norwegian forms a continuum of more or less mutually intelligible local and regional variants .These Scandinavian languages together with the Faroese language...

 
Ketil Stokkan
Ketil Stokkan
Ketil Stokkan is a Norwegian pop artist who has performed as solo artist as well as the singer in the Norwegian band Zoo. 1983 saw him participate in the Norwegian qualifying heat for Eurovision with the song "Samme charmeur" which was placed second...

 
"Romeo" 12 44
05 English
English language
English is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into what was to become south-east Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria...

 
Ryder
Ryder (band)
Ryder was a purpose-made pop group led by Maynard Williams whose primary purpose was to represent the United Kingdom at the 1986 Eurovision Song Contest in Bergen, Norway. Ryder performed the song "Runner in the Night" which was placed 7th. They were criticised in the media for being a particularly...

 
"Runner In The Night
Runner in the Night
"Runner in the Night", written by Maureen Darbyshire and composed by Brian Wade, was the United Kingdom's entry at the Eurovision Song Contest 1986, performed by the sextet Ryder, led by Maynard Williams....

"
7 72
06 Icelandic
Icelandic language
Icelandic is a North Germanic language, the main language of Iceland. Its closest relative is Faroese.Icelandic is an Indo-European language belonging to the North Germanic or Nordic branch of the Germanic languages. Historically, it was the westernmost of the Indo-European languages prior to the...

 
ICY
ICY
ICY was a vocal trio consisting of Pálmi Gunnarson, Helga Möller and Eiríkur Hauksson. They were the first Icelandic entrants to the Eurovision Song Contest, appearing at the 1986 final in Bergen...

 
"Gleðibankinn
Gleðibankinn
"Gleðibankinn" was the Icelandic entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1986, performed in Icelandic by ICY, where singers Eiríkur Hauksson, Helga Möller and Pálmi Gunnarsson joined their efforts...

"
The bank of fun 16 19
07 Dutch
Dutch language
Dutch is a West Germanic language and the native language of the majority of the population of the Netherlands, Belgium, and Suriname, the three member states of the Dutch Language Union. Most speakers live in the European Union, where it is a first language for about 23 million and a second...

 
Frizzle Sizzle
Frizzle Sizzle
Frizzle Sizzle were a Dutch teenage girl group of the 1980s. The four members of the group were Karin Vlasblom , Laura Vlasblom , Mandy Huydts and Marjon Keller ....

 
"Alles heeft ritme
Alles Heeft Ritme
"Alles heeft ritme" was the Dutch entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1986, performed in Dutch by Frizzle Sizzle.The song is up-tempo with a tropical-tinged musical arrangement, in which the point is made that there is nothing to be gained by worrying about being late or having to make deadlines...

"
Everything has rhythm 13 40
08 Turkish
Turkish language
Turkish is a language spoken as a native language by over 83 million people worldwide, making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Its speakers are located predominantly in Turkey and Northern Cyprus with smaller groups in Iraq, Greece, Bulgaria, the Republic of Macedonia, Kosovo,...

 
Klips ve Onlar
Klips ve Onlar
Klips ve Onlar was a Turkish band of the 1980s.They represented Turkey in the Eurovision Song Contest 1986 with the song Halley which reached 9th position, the highest ever for the country until then....

 
"Halley
Halley (song)
"Halley" was the Turkish entrant to the Eurovision Song Contest 1986 in Bergen, Norway. It was sung by Klips ve Onlar in Turkish.On the night of the final, the song performed in the eighth position , and at the close of the voting had received 53 points, placing 9th in a...

"
Halley  9 53
09 Spanish
Spanish language
Spanish , also known as Castilian , is a Romance language in the Ibero-Romance group that evolved from several languages and dialects in central-northern Iberia around the 9th century and gradually spread with the expansion of the Kingdom of Castile into central and southern Iberia during the...

 
Cadillac
Cadillac (band)
Cadillac were a Spanish pop group, active between 1981 and 1986. They are known internationally for their participation in the 1986 Eurovision Song Contest....

 
"Valentino
Valentino (song)
"Valentino" was the Spanish entrant to the Eurovision Song Contest 1986 in Bergen, Norway. It was sung by the male quartet Cadillac and performed in Spanish....

"
10 51
10 French
French language
French is a Romance language spoken as a first language in France, the Romandy region in Switzerland, Wallonia and Brussels in Belgium, Monaco, the regions of Quebec and Acadia in Canada, and by various communities elsewhere. Second-language speakers of French are distributed throughout many parts...

 
Daniela Simmons  "Pas pour moi
Pas pour moi
"Pas pour moi" was the Swiss entrant to the Eurovision Song Contest 1986 in Bergen, Norway. It was sung by Daniela Simmons and performed in French....

"
Not for me 2 140
11 Hebrew
Hebrew language
Hebrew is a Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family. Culturally, is it considered by Jews and other religious groups as the language of the Jewish people, though other Jewish languages had originated among diaspora Jews, and the Hebrew language is also used by non-Jewish groups, such...

 
Moti Giladi & Sarai Tzuriel  "Yavo Yom
Yavo Yom
"Yavo Yom" was the Israeli entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1986, performed in Hebrew by Moti Giladi & Sarai Tzuriel....

" (יבוא יום)
A day will come 19 7
12 English
English language
English is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into what was to become south-east Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria...

 
Luv Bug
Luv Bug
Luv Bug are an Irish pop band originating from Newry in Northern Ireland. They are most famous for representing Ireland in the Eurovision Song Contest in 1986 with the song "You Can Count On Me".- Career :...

 
"You Can Count On Me
You Can Count On Me (song)
You Can Count On Me was the Irish entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1986, performed in English by Luv Bug. It was written by Kevin Sheerin.- Overview :The song is an up-tempo number, with the singer recounting a relationship she hopes might begin again...

"
4 96
13 French
French language
French is a Romance language spoken as a first language in France, the Romandy region in Switzerland, Wallonia and Brussels in Belgium, Monaco, the regions of Quebec and Acadia in Canada, and by various communities elsewhere. Second-language speakers of French are distributed throughout many parts...

Sandra Kim
Sandra Kim
Sandra Caldarone , better known as Sandra Kim, is a Belgian singer of Italian descent who won the Eurovision Song Contest 1986 held in Bergen, Norway, on 3 May 1986....

"J'aime la vie
J'Aime La Vie
"J'aime la vie" was the winner of the Eurovision Song Contest 1986, performed for Belgium by Sandra Kim. Belgium had finished the 1985 Contest in last place, and thus achieved the rare turnaround from last to first in the space of one year...

"
I love life 1 176
14 German
German language
German is a West Germanic language, related to and classified alongside English and Dutch. With an estimated 90 – 98 million native speakers, German is one of the world's major languages and is the most widely-spoken first language in the European Union....

 
Ingrid Peters
Ingrid Peters
Ingrid Peters is a German singer.She represented Germany in the Eurovision Song Contest 1986 held in Bergen. Her song, Über die Brücke geh'n was placed eight. Peters had made previous attempts to represent Germany. In 1979 she performed a song called Du bist nicht frei and in 1983 was runner-up in...

 
"Über die Brücke geh'n
Über Die Brücke Geh'n
Über Die Brücke Geh'n was the German entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1986, performed in German by Ingrid Peters....

"
Crossing the bridge 8 62
15 Greek
Greek language
Greek is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages. Native to the southern Balkans, it has the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, spanning 34 centuries of written records. Its writing system has been the Greek alphabet for the majority of its history;...

 
Elpida  "Tora Zo
Tora Zo
"Tora Zo" was the Cypriot entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1986, performed in Greek by Elpida....

" (Τώρα ζω)
Now I live 20 4
16 German
German language
German is a West Germanic language, related to and classified alongside English and Dutch. With an estimated 90 – 98 million native speakers, German is one of the world's major languages and is the most widely-spoken first language in the European Union....

 
Timna Brauer
Timna Brauer
Timna Brauer is an Austrian singer-songwriter, and the daughter of painter, writer and singer Arik Brauer. She is married to Israeli pianist Elias Meiri with whom she collaborates...

 
"Die Zeit ist einsam
Die Zeit Ist Einsam
"Die Zeit ist einsam" was the Austrian entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1986, performed in German by Timna Brauer....

"
Time is lonely 18 12
17 Swedish
Swedish language
Swedish is a North Germanic language, spoken by approximately 10 million people, predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, especially along its coast and on the Åland islands. It is largely mutually intelligible with Norwegian and Danish...

 
Lasse Holm
Lasse Holm
Lars-Eric Gustav "Lasse" Holm, born 9 December 1943 in Stockholm, Sweden, is known as a composer, lyricist and singer.Since childhood, he was interested in music and was a member of a lot of pop music and rock music groups in the 1960s: Doug and the Millsmen, The Spacemen and The Moonlighters...

 & Monica Törnell
Monica Törnell
Monica Kristina Ingeborg Törnell, is a Swedish singer and songwriter. After being discovered by Cornelis Vreeswijk 1971, she was a prominent singer in several genres, mainly folk and rock music, for over two decades. Together with Lasse Holm, she represented Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest...

 
"E' de' det här du kallar kärlek?
E' de' det här du kallar kärlek?
"E' de' det här du kallar kärlek?" is a Swedish language song by Monica Törnell and Lasse Holm that won the Swedish music competition Melodifestivalen 1986....

"
Is this what you call love? 5 78
18 Danish
Danish language
Danish is a North Germanic language spoken by around six million people, principally in the country of Denmark. It is also spoken by 50,000 Germans of Danish ethnicity in the northern parts of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, where it holds the status of minority language...

 
Lise Haavik
Lise Haavik
Lise Haavik is a Norwegian singer, best known for representing Denmark at the Eurovision Song Contest in Bergen, Norway in 1986. She is also well-known domestically for her partnership in the duo Trax with John Hatting, her husband....

 
"Du er fuld af løgn
Du Er Fuld Af Løgn
"Du er fuld af løgn" was the Danish entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1986, performed in Danish by Lise Haavik.The song was performed eighteenth on the night, following Sweden's Monica Törnell & Lasse Holm with "E' de' det här du kallar kärlek?" and preceding Finland's Kari Kuivalainen with...

"
You are full of lies 6 77
19 Finnish
Finnish language
Finnish is the language spoken by the majority of the population in Finland Primarily for use by restaurant menus and by ethnic Finns outside Finland. It is one of the two official languages of Finland and an official minority language in Sweden. In Sweden, both standard Finnish and Meänkieli, a...

 
Kari Kuivalainen
Kari Kuivalainen
Kari Kuivalainen is a Finnish singer-songwriter, best known for his participation in the 1986 Eurovision Song Contest.Kuivalainen was primarily a composer rather than a singer, and in 1985 he submitted his song "Haaveissa vainko oot mun?" to the Finnish Eurovision selection, where it was...

 
"Never The End
Never The End
"Never The End" was the Finnish entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1986, performed in Finnish by Kari Kuivalainen...

"
15 22
20 Portuguese
Portuguese language
Portuguese is a Romance language that arose in the medieval Kingdom of Galicia, nowadays Galicia and Northern Portugal. The southern part of the Kingdom of Galicia became independent as the County of Portugal in 1095...

 
Dora
Dora (singer)
Dora is a Portuguese singer.She represented Portugal twice at the Eurovision Song Contest. In 1986 she was 14th with Não sejas mau para mim and two years later she was 18th with Voltarei....

 
"Não sejas mau para mim
Não Sejas Mau Para Mim
"Não sejas mau para mim" was the Portuguese entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1986 performed in Portuguese by Dora....

"
Don't be bad to me 14 28

Voting

The winning song, Belgium's "J'aime la vie," received points from every jury (Belgium received five sets of 12 points; every country awarded Belgium at least five points except for Germany, which gave them just one point). Belgium was the winner in the voting from the results of the second jury out of twenty, in the longest winning stretch during voting since 1974
Eurovision Song Contest 1974
The Eurovision Song Contest 1974 was the 19th Eurovision Song Contest. It was held in the seaside resort of Brighton on the south coast of the United Kingdom...

.

Switzerland was behind Belgium in nearly every part of the voting, but Belgium had a commanding lead from the very beginning.

Traditionally some juries give high points to the host country's entrant, but this did not happen this year; no jury gave Norway's song "Romeo" more than six points out of a possible 12.

Score sheet

Juries
Luxembourg 117 5 8 12 8 1 8 2 4 7 10 12 8 10 10 2 4 6
Yugoslavia 49 2 7 5 7 3 3 1 3 4 12 1 1
France 13 3 7 3
Norway 44 4 4 2 6 6 5 6 6 5
United Kingdom 72 4 10 6 6 2 4 2 5 2 3 8 8 10 2
Iceland 19 5 2 6 4 2
Netherlands 40 1 2 7 1 8 10 1 3 7
Turkey 53 6 12 2 6 8 3 6 8 2
Spain 51 7 4 6 1 2 8 1 5 3 7 3 1 3
Switzerland 140 12 6 7 5 5 3 12 10 4 12 10 12 5 4 12 4 7 10
Israel 7 1 1 5
Ireland 96 3 8 3 2 8 5 12 6 2 12 7 12 8 8
Belgium 176 10 10 12 8 10 10 10 12 10 10 5 12 1 10 6 6 10 12 12
Germany 62 8 1 12 8 7 8 5 7 2 4
Cyprus 4 3 1
Austria 12 2 1 2 6 1
Sweden 78 5 7 2 7 3 12 3 7 12 4 5 6 5
Denmark 77 5 10 6 7 4 5 3 10 4 7 7 4 5
Finland 22 6 1 1 8 3 3
Portugal 28 4 4 4 8 7 1


As the free language rule was still cancelled, all songs were performed in native languages to the country they represented. All songs however, with the exception of the song from Cyprus
Cyprus
Cyprus , officially the Republic of Cyprus , is a Eurasian island country, member of the European Union, in the Eastern Mediterranean, east of Greece, south of Turkey, west of Syria and north of Egypt. It is the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea.The earliest known human activity on the...

, have had studio versions recorded by the original Eurovision artists in English
English language
English is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into what was to become south-east Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria...

 as well as their own languages.

12 points

Below is a summary of all 12 points in the final:
N. Recipient nation Voting nation
5 Belgium
Belgium
Belgium , officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, and those of several other major international organisations such as NATO.Belgium is also a member of, or affiliated to, many...

 
Finland
Finland
Finland , officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden in the west, Norway in the north and Russia in the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.Around 5.4 million people reside...

, France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...

, Ireland
Ireland
Ireland is an island to the northwest of continental Europe. It is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island on Earth...

, Portugal
Portugal
Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the...

, Turkey
Turkey
Turkey , known officially as the Republic of Turkey , is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe...

Switzerland
Switzerland
Switzerland name of one of the Swiss cantons. ; ; ; or ), in its full name the Swiss Confederation , is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe,Or Central Europe depending on the definition....

 
Belgium
Belgium
Belgium , officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, and those of several other major international organisations such as NATO.Belgium is also a member of, or affiliated to, many...

, Israel
Israel
The State of Israel is a parliamentary republic located in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea...

, Luxembourg
Luxembourg
Luxembourg , officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg , is a landlocked country in western Europe, bordered by Belgium, France, and Germany. It has two principal regions: the Oesling in the North as part of the Ardennes massif, and the Gutland in the south...

, Netherlands
Netherlands
The Netherlands is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with several islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders...

, Sweden
Sweden
Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund....

3 Ireland
Ireland
Ireland is an island to the northwest of continental Europe. It is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island on Earth...

 
Austria
Austria
Austria , officially the Republic of Austria , is a landlocked country of roughly 8.4 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the...

, Denmark
Denmark
Denmark is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. The countries of Denmark and Greenland, as well as the Faroe Islands, constitute the Kingdom of Denmark . It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark...

, Spain
Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...

2 Luxembourg
Luxembourg
Luxembourg , officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg , is a landlocked country in western Europe, bordered by Belgium, France, and Germany. It has two principal regions: the Oesling in the North as part of the Ardennes massif, and the Gutland in the south...

 
Germany
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...

, Norway
Norway
Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic unitary constitutional monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jan Mayen, and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard and Bouvet Island. Norway has a total area of and a population of about 4.9 million...

Sweden
Sweden
Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund....

 
Iceland
Iceland
Iceland , described as the Republic of Iceland, is a Nordic and European island country in the North Atlantic Ocean, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Iceland also refers to the main island of the country, which contains almost all the population and almost all the land area. The country has a population...

, Switzerland
Switzerland
Switzerland name of one of the Swiss cantons. ; ; ; or ), in its full name the Swiss Confederation , is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe,Or Central Europe depending on the definition....

1 Germany
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...

 
United Kingdom
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...

Turkey
Turkey
Turkey , known officially as the Republic of Turkey , is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe...

 
Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia refers to three political entities that existed successively on the western part of the Balkans during most of the 20th century....

Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia refers to three political entities that existed successively on the western part of the Balkans during most of the 20th century....

 
Cyprus
Cyprus
Cyprus , officially the Republic of Cyprus , is a Eurasian island country, member of the European Union, in the Eastern Mediterranean, east of Greece, south of Turkey, west of Syria and north of Egypt. It is the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea.The earliest known human activity on the...


Returning artists

Artist Country Previous year(s)
Elpida 1979
Eurovision Song Contest 1979
The Eurovision Song Contest 1979 was the 24th Eurovision Song Contest and was held on 31 March 1979 in Jerusalem, Israel. The presenters were Daniel Pe'er and Yardena Arazi, and the event was staged at the International Convention Center. Representing Israel, Gali Atari and Milk and Honey were the...

 (for Greece
Greece
Greece , officially the Hellenic Republic , and historically Hellas or the Republic of Greece in English, is a country in southeastern Europe....

)

Commentators

- Valérie Sarn
Valérie Sarn
Valérie Sarn is a French born, Luxembourgian television producer, television presenter and artist. She is a presenter on RTL Television and commentating for Luxembourg in the Eurovision Song Contest from 1983 until 1991.-References:...

 (RTL Télévision
RTL9
RTL9 is a Luxembourger television channel shown internationally to viewers in Luxembourg, France, Belgium and francophone Switzerland.- Télé-Luxembourg :...

) - Mladen Popović (TVB1), Oliver Mlakar
Oliver Mlakar
Oliver Mlakar is a Croatian television presenter, best known for hosting game shows. He was one of the most popular television personalities of Yugoslavia and Croatia.Mlakar was born in Ptuj and lived in Osijek from 1945 to 1954...

 (TVZ 2), Miša Molk
Miša Molk
Miša Molk is an award-winning journalist and television personality based in Slovenia. Molk graduated with a university degree from the Ljubljana Faculty of Social Sciences...

 (TVL2
Radiotelevizija Slovenija
Radiotelevizija Slovenija – usually abbreviated to RTV Slovenija – is Slovenia's national public broadcasting organization. Based in the country's capital, Ljubljana, it has regional broadcasting centres in Koper and Maribor and correspondents around Slovenia, Europe and the world...

) - Patrice Laffont (Antenne 2
France 2
France 2 is a French public national television channel. It is part of the state-owned France Télévisions group, along with France 3, France 4, France 5 and France Ô...

), Julien Lepers
Julien Lepers
Julien Lepers is the stage name of Ronan Lepers, a French television and radio host.He was born in Paris.He is known for hosting Questions pour un champion since 1988, the French version of Going for Gold.-Notes:...

 (France Bleu
France Bleu
France Bleu is a network of 43 local and regional radio stations in France. National programming from Paris is relayed by local and regional stations supplemented with local news and content. It is part of the public broadcaster Radio France...

) - Knut Bjørnsen
Knut Bjørnsen
Knut Bjørnsen was a former sports commentator and journalist for the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation.In his youth, Bjørnsen was a promising speed skater. He was junior Norwegian champion in 1951...

 (NRK
NRK1
NRK1 is the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation's main television channel. Test broadcasts started on 12 January 1954, regular test broadcasts started on 13 April 1958 and regular broadcasts started in 20 August 1960. It is Norway's oldest and largest television channel...

), Erik Diesen
Erik Diesen
Erik Tangevald Diesen was a Norwegian revue writer and radio- and television personality. He was associated with the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation for more than fifty years, and is regarded the founder of television entertainment in Norway.He was awarded the Amanda Honorary Award in 1989, and...

 and Sverre Christophersen (NRK P1
NRK P1
NRK P1 is one of three nation-wide analogue radio channels operated by the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation . It is the direct descendant of NRK's first radio station which began broadcasting in 1933...

) - Terry Wogan
Terry Wogan
Sir Michael Terence Wogan, KBE, DL , or also known as Terry Wogan, is a veteran Irish radio and television broadcaster who holds dual Irish and British citizenship. Wogan has worked for the BBC in the United Kingdom for most of his career...

 (BBC 1), Ray Moore
Ray Moore (broadcaster)
Raymond Moore was a British broadcaster who was best known for his long running early morning show on BBC Radio 2....

 (BBC Radio 2
BBC Radio 2
BBC Radio 2 is one of the BBC's national radio stations and the most popular station in the United Kingdom. Much of its daytime playlist-based programming is best described as Adult Contemporary or AOR, although the station is also noted for its specialist broadcasting of other musical genres...

) - Þorgeir Ástvaldsson (Sjónvarpið) – Leo van der Goot
Leo van der Goot
Leo van der Goot is a Dutch Radio DJ and singer.In the Early 1970s, he was a disc jockey of offshore Radio North Sea International . This was the counterpart and rival of Radio Veronica...

 (Nederland 1
Nederland 1
Nederland 1 is the first national television station in the Netherlands, it was launched on 2 October 1951. It provides public broadcasting and currently exists next to sister channels Nederland 2 and 3. The several broadcasting organisations of the Publieke Omroep deliver programmes. A wide...

) - Bülend Özveren
Bülend Özveren
Bülend Özveren is a Turkish television presenter and sport speaker. He completed his secondary education from Lycée Saint-Benoît and higher education from Galatasaray High School. He graduated from Istanbul University, faculty of Law. He started to work at TRT on 31 July 1965. For a long time he...

 (TRT
TRT 1
TRT 1 is the first Turkish national television station. It launched on January 31 , 1968.-Introduction:TRT 1, the first television channel in Turkey, started their test transmissions on January 31, 1968, and commenced full national broadcasts in December 1971. It was the only channel in Turkey...

) - Antonio Gómez
Antonio Gomez
Antonio Gomez is a former professional boxer who fought in the featherweight division. Gomez won the WBA world featherweight title in 1971.-Professional career:...

 (TVE2) - Bernard Thurnheer (SF DRS
SF 1
SF 1 is a Swiss television channel run under the public SRG SSR idée suisse broadcasting group. It is the first of the three national German language channels in Switzerland ....

), Serge Moisson (TSR
TSR 1
TSR 1 is a Swiss public television channel owned by Télévision Suisse Romande.- History :Launched on 1 November 1954 to succeed Télé Geneva, TSR 1 is the first channel of the two French Swiss networks of television group TSR ....

), Giovanni Bertini
Giovanni Bertini
Giovanni Bertini is a retired Italian professional football player.He played for 6 seasons in the Serie A for A.S. Roma, Ascoli Calcio 1898 and ACF Fiorentina.-External links:*...

 (TSI) - No commentator - Gerry Ryan
Gerry Ryan
Gerard "Gerry" Ryan was an Irish presenter of radio and television employed by Raidió Teilifís Éireann...

 (RTÉ 1), Mike Murphy (RTÉ Radio 1
RTÉ Radio 1
RTÉ Radio 1 is the principal radio channel of Irish public-service broadcaster Raidió Teilifís Éireann and is the direct descendant of Dublin radio station 2RN, which began broadcasting on a regular basis on 1 January 1926...

) - Jacques Mercier
Jacques Mercier
Jacques Mercier is a Belgian writer and television and radio presenter.The third eldest son of René and Denise Mercier, Jacques Mercier was educated at St. Joseph's College. Mercier joined RTBF in September 1963 and started hosting radio shows such as Sunday music and music for breakfast...

 (RTBF1
La Une
La Une is a Belgian national television channel, owned and operated by RTBF.- INR :The Institut National de Radiodiffusion began experimental television in Belgium on 2 June 1953, with the crowning of Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom...

), Luc Appermont
Luc Appermont
Luc Appermont is a Flemish television presenter. He started his career on Radio 2 as a radio announcer, he hosted the talent show Observatory. From 1976 until 1990 he was the regular Belgian commentator for the Dutch speaking region in the Eurovision Song Contest.In 1990, Appermont left BRT and...

 (BRT TV1
EEN
EEN may refer to:* Eastern Educational Television Network, the original name for American Public Television.* Elemental Energy, a Yu-Gi-Oh! Trading Card Game booster pack.* Emerald Energy, an oil company...

) - Ado Schlier
Ado Schlier
Ado Schlier is a German television presenter, journalist, Television director and actor.-Career:Schlier started his broadcating career on Rai Sender Bozen before joining Radio Bremen in 1961 and became associated with jazz music...

 (Erstes Deutsches Fernsehen), Peter Urban
Peter Urban
Peter Urban is a German musician and radio host.Since the 1997 Contest, Urban following Jan Hofer has been the German commentator for the Eurovision Song Contest. Due to illness in 2009, Urban was unable to commentate on the 2009 Contest, with Tim Frühling filling in, however returning to...

 (NDR Radio 2
Norddeutscher Rundfunk
Norddeutscher Rundfunk is a public radio and television broadcaster, based in Hamburg. In addition to the city-state of Hamburg, NDR transmits for the German states of Lower Saxony, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Schleswig-Holstein...

) - Neophytos Taliotis (RIK
Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation
The Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation ) or CyBC is Cyprus's public broadcasting service, transmitting island-wide on four radio and two television channels. CyBC is a non-profit organization that utilises its entire income for the promotion of its main mission, which is the objective provision of...

) - Ernst Grissemann
Ernst Grissemann
Ernst Grissemann is an Austrian television presenter, journalist and actor.Grissemann was born in Imst, he joint radio in July 1954 as a news broadcaster and continuity announcer for Radio Luxembourg, when Österreichischer Rundfunk was launched in 1955 Grisseman joint and worked as an odd-job man...

 (FS1) - Ulf Elfving
Ulf Elfving
Ulf Elfving is a Swedish journalist.Elfving started his career in the 1960s. He was programme manager of the Swedish charts between 1966 and 1973 and Record Mirror in the 1970s...

 (SVT, TV1
SVT1
SVT1 is the primary television station of the Swedish public service broadcaster Sveriges Television in Sweden.-History:The channel began broadcasting in 1956 and was known as Radiotjänst TV, A year later, it was renamed Sveriges Radio TV. In 1969, the second television station TV2 was launched and...

), Jacob Dahlin
Jacob Dahlin
Jacob Dahlin was a popular Swedish TV- and radio-host.Dahlin got his big break-through with the radio-program Galaxen in the beginning of the 1980s. He later acted on popular TV-shows such as "Jacobs Stege" and "Caramba!"...

 (SR P3) - Jørgen de Mylius
Jørgen de Mylius
Jørgen de Mylius is a Danish radio and TV personality that is best known for his work in connection with the Dansk Melodi Grand Prix as a host and commentator...

 (DR TV
DR1
DR1 is a Danish national television channel, produced by the public service broadcaster, DR. It was the first television station to be established in Denmark, and began broadcasting in 1951 – at first only for an hour a day three times a week....

) - Heikki Harma & Kari Lumikero (YLE TV1
YLE TV1
YLE TV1 is a Finnish television channel owned and operated by Finnish public broadcaster Yleisradio. It is the first and oldest Television channel in Finland. More than 70% of channel's programs are documentaries, news or educative programmes...

) - Fialho Gouveia
Fialho Gouveia
José Manuel Bastos Fialho Gouveia, was a Portuguese television entertainment pioneer and former radio host, having hosted Portugal’s first television talk show....

 (RTP1) (Non-participating country) - Mako Georgiadou (ERT)

Spokespersons

- Frédérique Ries
Frédérique Ries
Frédérique Ries is a Belgian politician and Member of the European Parliament for the French Community of Belgium with the MR/MCC/PRL, part of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe....

 - Enver Petrovci
Enver Petrovci
Enver Petrovci is a Kosovar actor, writer and director. He went to high school in Pristina and completed acting school in Belgrade....

 - Patricia Lesieur - Nina Matheson - Colin Berry
Colin Berry
Colin Berry is a British radio disc jockey/presenter and newsreader, best known for his many years at BBC Radio 2.Colin started his radio career reading news on Radio Caroline in 1965....

 - Guðrún Skúladóttir – Joop van Zijl - Ümit Tunçağ - Matilde Jarrín - Michel Stocker - Yitzhak Shim'oni - John Skehan
John Skehan
John Skehan was a prolific broadcaster on RTÉ, radio and television, for four decades.Prior to joining RTÉ, Skehan served in the Irish Army, reaching the rank of captain during The Emergency....

 - TBC - Christoph Deumling - Anna Partelidou - Tilia Herold - Agneta Bolme-Börjefors - Bent Henius - Solveig Herlin - Margarida Mercês de Mello

National jury members

- Berglind Orradóttir, Davíð Scheving Thorsteinsson, Elsa Björnsdóttir, Guðjón Vigfússon, Guðlaug Þorsteinsdóttir, Karl Þorsteins, Margrét Stefánsdóttir, Ríkharður Ríkharðsson, Salóme Þorkelsdóttir, Sigurdór Sigurdórsson, Svanhildur Kristjónsdóttir – José María Tío (industralist), Carolina Conejero (student), Rosario Cabanas (horsewoman), Rafael Camino
Rafael Camino
Rafael Trajano Camino Collantes is an Ecuadorian dancer. He is the producer, general director, choreographer, and founder of the Jacchigua Foundation...

 (bullfighter), Marta Cantón (gymnast), Emilio Aragón (comedian), María Cuadra
Maria Cuadra
Maria Cuadra is a leading Spanish film, television and theater actress who has starred in several high profile Spanish and international productions including: Platero y yo, Ultimo Encuentro, Vuelve San Valentin, Marinai, donne e guai, and La Cancion del Olvido...

 (actress), Javier Escrivá (actor), Blanca Fernández Ochoa
Blanca Fernández Ochoa
Blanca Fernández Ochoa is a former World Cup alpine ski racer. She competed in four Winter Olympics, from 1980 through 1992....

 (skier), Antonio Imízcoz (journalist), Pablo Pérez
Pablo Pérez
Pablo Javier Pérez is an Argentine football midfielder who currently plays for Unión de Santa Fe.-Career:Pérez made his professional debut in a 2-2 draw with Godoy Cruz on 2 December 2006...

(hairdresser)
The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
x
OK