Demographics of the Netherlands
Encyclopedia
This article is about the demographic
of the Netherlands, including population density
, ethnicity
, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population
.
is the 61st most populated country in the world and as of March 9, 2011 it has a population of 16,663,831.
Between 1900 and 1950 the population had doubled from 5.1 to 10.0 million people. From 1951 to 2000 the population increased from 10.0 to 15.9 million people, making the relative increase smaller.
The Netherlands is the twenty-seventh most densely populated country in the world. The 16,499,084 Dutch men and women are concentrated on an area of 41,526 km²; this means that the country has a population density of per km², or per km² if only the land area, 33,883 km², is counted.
Bangladesh
and South Korea
are larger and more densely populated (hence have a larger population), and only Taiwan
is smaller and has a larger population (hence a larger population density). There are 21 more countries (12 independent ones and 9 dependent territories
) with a larger population density, but they all have a smaller population (hence a smaller area). If the water area is not counted then Taiwan is larger, and there are 16 more countries (9 independent ones and 7 dependent territories) with a larger population density.
As a result of these demographic characteristics the Netherlands has had to plan its land use
strictly. Since 1946 the Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment has been occupied with the national coordination of land use. Because of its high population density the Netherlands has also reclaimed land from the sea
by polder
ing. Between 1927 and 1968 an entire province, Flevoland
was created. It currently houses 365,301 people. Because of these policies, the Dutch have been able to combine high levels of population density with extremely high levels of agricultural production
.
Even though the Netherlands is so densely populated; there are no cities with a population over 1 million in the Netherlands. Instead 'four big cities' as they are called (Amsterdam
, Rotterdam
, The Hague
and Utrecht
) can in many ways be regarded as a single metropolitan area, the Randstad
('rim or edge city') with about 7 million inhabitants around an agricultural 'green heart' (het Groene Hart). The unity of this conurbation can be illustrated by the current idea effort to create a circular train system connecting the four cities.
The Dutch population is ageing
. Furthermore, the life expectancy
has increased because of developments in medicine
, and in addition to this, the Netherlands has seen increasing immigration. These developments combined with the population boom after the Second World War has created extremely low population growth: in 2005 saw the lowest absolute population growth since 1900.
This has created a demographic problem with consequences for health care
and social security
policy. As the Dutch population ages, the number of people able to work, as a percentage of the entire population, decreases. Important policy advisors like the CBS and the CPB have predicted that this makes the current system of old age pensions problematic: fewer people will work to pay for old age pensions, while there will be more people receiving those pensions. Furthermore the costs of health care are also projected to increase. These developments have caused several cabinets, most notably the recent Second cabinet Balkenende to reform the system of health care and social security: increasing participation in the labour market and making people more conscious of the money they spend on health care.
In 2003, the birth rate was highest in the province of Flevoland (15.9). Total fertility rate
(TFR) was highest in the province of Flevoland (2.0) and lowest in the province of Limburg (1.6). The municipality with the highest TFR was Urk (3.23) followed by Valkenburg (2.83), Graafstroom (2.79) and Staphorst (2.76). The lowest TFR were recorded in Vaals (1.11)and Thorn (1.21).http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/themas/bevolking/publicaties/artikelen/archief/2003/2003-1269-wm.htm
The total population at December 31, 2006 was 16,356,914. The population loss due to net emigration was 35,502 (an estimated 40-50% of emigrants were ethnic non-Dutch).
In 2007, there were 117,000 immigrants(Including 7,000 Germans, 6,000 Poles, 5,000 Bulgarians, 3,000 Turks and 2,000 Moroccans) and 123,000 emigrants(Nearly half of emigrants were native Dutch, followed at a distance by nearly 5000 Poles and more than 3000 Germans). There was an observable increase in net-immigration from the former USSR, Bulgaria and Romania. http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/themas/bevolking/publicaties/artikelen/archief/2008/2008-011-pb.htm
The death rate were lowest in the municipalities of Valkenburg (2.9 per 1000), Zeewolde (3.2), Renswoude (3.4), Westervoort and Zeevang (both 3.9). The highest death rates were recorded in Warmond (22.3), Laren (19.9) and Doorn (18.8).
http://www.cbs.nl/nl-NL/menu/publicaties/periodieken/bevolkingstrends/archief/2003/2003-k3-b15-pub.htm
16.4% of the total births in 2003 were to parents of non-European origin, although they account for only 12.4% of the population in the 25-34 age group. For example, 3.8% of the births were ethnic Moroccan, although they were only 2.26% of the 25-34 age group. Respective figures were 3.27% and 3.0% for Turks. The TFR for Moroccans in 2003 was 3.3 while the general TFR was 1.73. TFR was 2.3 for Turks, 1.7 for Surinamese, 1.8 for Aruba
ns, 3.0 for Africans and 1.8 for Latin Americans
. http://forum.europa.eu.int/irc/dsis/jointestatunece/info/data/paper_alders.pdf
According to Statistics Netherlands, for the year 2007, TFR for those who were born in Netherlands was 1.72 (1.65 in 2000). TFR of Moroccan immigrants was 2.87 (3.22 in 2000) and that of Turkish immigrants was 1.88 (2.18 in 2000). http://paa2007.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=70869
p=preliminary
, in 2010 there were 1.8 million foreign-born residents in the Netherlands, corresponding to 11.1% of the total population. Of these, 1.4 million (8.5%) were born outside the EU and 0.428 million (2.6%) were born in another EU Member State.
As the result of immigration
, the Netherlands has a sizeable minority of non-indigenous peoples. There is also considerable emigration. In 2005 some 121,000 people left the country, while 94,000 entered it. Out of a total of 101,150 people immigrating to Netherlands in 2006, 66,658 were from Europe, Oceania, Americas or Japan, and 34,492 were from other (mostly developing) countries. Out of a total of 132,470 emigrants, 94,834 were going to Europe, Oceania, Americas or Japan and 37,636 to other countries. http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/table.asp?LYR=G2:0,G3:0,G4:0&LA=en&DM=SLEN&PA=03742eng&D1=0-4&D2=0-7&D6=a,!0-7&HDR=T&STB=G5:D,G1
A large number of immigrants come from countries in Western Europe, mostly from the bordering countries of Germany
and Belgium
. There were five subsequent waves of immigration from other countries in recent history.
As of 2011:
, South Africa
, Australia
, Canada
and New Zealand
, leaving their war-torn and overpopulated home country behind. At least 60,000 of these migrants were Indo-European (Eurasian) repatriants that moved on, mostly to the US, after being repatriated to the Netherlands from the former Dutch East Indies
during and after the Indonesian revolution.
In 2005 some 121,000 people migrated from the Netherlands. There is considerable migration towards neighbouring states, Belgium
, Germany
and the United Kingdom
and to the Netherlands Antilles
. Furthermore almost half of the current emigration consists of people returning to their country of birth, including rejected asylum seekers, after the more stringent migration laws were implemented.
, 2.5% other and 41% none. However, according to a survey done in 2006, 25% of the Dutch people are Christian, 3% adhere to another organised religion (Judaism
, Islam
, Hinduism
etc.) , 26% are 'unbounded spiritual' (individual spiritual beliefs, agnostics, etc.), 26% are non-religious (moderate) humanist and the remaining 18% are non-religious non-humanist.
, while West Frisian
is also a recognized language and it is used by the government in the province of Fryslan. Several dialects of Low Saxon
(Nedersaksisch in Dutch) are spoken in much of the north and east and are recognized by the Netherlands as regional languages according to the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Another Dutch dialect granted the status of regional language is Limburgish, which is spoken in the south-eastern province of Limburg
. Major immigrant languages are Turkish
, Arabic and Berber
.
(averaging 25%). These chromosomes are associated with Eurasiatic Cro Magnoid
homo sapiens of the Aurignacian
culture, the first modern humans in Europe, and the people of the Gravettian
culture that entered Europe from the Middle East 20,000 to 25,000 years ago.
With 70.4%, the Dutch have one of the highest percentages of haplogroup R1b occurrences in Northwestern Europe, comparable to that of the (combined) British population; 72%. Neighbouring populations have lower occurrence of this chromosome (French: 52.2% and Germans
: 50.0%); with again a percentage similar to that of the Dutch among the inhabitants of the Iberian peninsula
(Spain and Portugal) and French Atlantic coast
. The Dutch hence fit the Atlantic Haplotype Modal
, which is the primary model of peoples living along or in the vicinity of the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea
.
Within the R1b haplogroup its R1b1b2a1
subclade is most dominant, and in fact peaks in occurrence among the Dutch and Frisians at 37.2%. The Dutch share this high rate with the people in Southwest England (21.4%) and Denmark (17.7%). Other haplogroups are less frequent in the Dutch population: Haplogroup E1b1b (8%) and haplogroup R1a1 (3.7%). The latter is found more frequently in East of the Netherlands.
Demographics
Demographics are the most recent statistical characteristics of a population. These types of data are used widely in sociology , public policy, and marketing. Commonly examined demographics include gender, race, age, disabilities, mobility, home ownership, employment status, and even location...
of the Netherlands, including population density
Population density
Population density is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume. It is frequently applied to living organisms, and particularly to humans...
, ethnicity
Ethnic group
An ethnic group is a group of people whose members identify with each other, through a common heritage, often consisting of a common language, a common culture and/or an ideology that stresses common ancestry or endogamy...
, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population
Population
A population is all the organisms that both belong to the same group or species and live in the same geographical area. The area that is used to define a sexual population is such that inter-breeding is possible between any pair within the area and more probable than cross-breeding with individuals...
.
Population size
The NetherlandsNetherlands
The Netherlands is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with several islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders...
is the 61st most populated country in the world and as of March 9, 2011 it has a population of 16,663,831.
Between 1900 and 1950 the population had doubled from 5.1 to 10.0 million people. From 1951 to 2000 the population increased from 10.0 to 15.9 million people, making the relative increase smaller.
Population density
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bangladesh , officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh is a sovereign state located in South Asia. It is bordered by India on all sides except for a small border with Burma to the far southeast and by the Bay of Bengal to the south...
and South Korea
South Korea
The Republic of Korea , , is a sovereign state in East Asia, located on the southern portion of the Korean Peninsula. It is neighbored by the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east, North Korea to the north, and the East China Sea and Republic of China to the south...
are larger and more densely populated (hence have a larger population), and only Taiwan
Taiwan
Taiwan , also known, especially in the past, as Formosa , is the largest island of the same-named island group of East Asia in the western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. The island forms over 99% of the current territory of the Republic of China following...
is smaller and has a larger population (hence a larger population density). There are 21 more countries (12 independent ones and 9 dependent territories
Dependent territory
A dependent territory, dependent area or dependency is a territory that does not possess full political independence or sovereignty as a State, and remains politically outside of the controlling state's integral area....
) with a larger population density, but they all have a smaller population (hence a smaller area). If the water area is not counted then Taiwan is larger, and there are 16 more countries (9 independent ones and 7 dependent territories) with a larger population density.
As a result of these demographic characteristics the Netherlands has had to plan its land use
Land management
Land management is the process of managing the use and development of land resources. Land resources are used for a variety of purposes which may include organic agriculture, reforestation, water resource management and eco-tourism projects.-See also:*Sustainable land management*Acreage...
strictly. Since 1946 the Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment has been occupied with the national coordination of land use. Because of its high population density the Netherlands has also reclaimed land from the sea
Land reclamation
Land reclamation, usually known as reclamation, is the process to create new land from sea or riverbeds. The land reclaimed is known as reclamation ground or landfill.- Habitation :...
by polder
Polder
A polder is a low-lying tract of land enclosed by embankments known as dikes, that forms an artificial hydrological entity, meaning it has no connection with outside water other than through manually-operated devices...
ing. Between 1927 and 1968 an entire province, Flevoland
Flevoland
Flevoland is a province of the Netherlands. Located in the centre of the country, at the location of the former Zuiderzee, the province was established on January 1, 1986; the twelfth province of the country, with Lelystad as its capital...
was created. It currently houses 365,301 people. Because of these policies, the Dutch have been able to combine high levels of population density with extremely high levels of agricultural production
Agriculture
Agriculture is the cultivation of animals, plants, fungi and other life forms for food, fiber, and other products used to sustain life. Agriculture was the key implement in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that nurtured the...
.
Even though the Netherlands is so densely populated; there are no cities with a population over 1 million in the Netherlands. Instead 'four big cities' as they are called (Amsterdam
Amsterdam
Amsterdam is the largest city and the capital of the Netherlands. The current position of Amsterdam as capital city of the Kingdom of the Netherlands is governed by the constitution of August 24, 1815 and its successors. Amsterdam has a population of 783,364 within city limits, an urban population...
, Rotterdam
Rotterdam
Rotterdam is the second-largest city in the Netherlands and one of the largest ports in the world. Starting as a dam on the Rotte river, Rotterdam has grown into a major international commercial centre...
, The Hague
The Hague
The Hague is the capital city of the province of South Holland in the Netherlands. With a population of 500,000 inhabitants , it is the third largest city of the Netherlands, after Amsterdam and Rotterdam...
and Utrecht
Utrecht (city)
Utrecht city and municipality is the capital and most populous city of the Dutch province of Utrecht. It is located in the eastern corner of the Randstad conurbation, and is the fourth largest city of the Netherlands with a population of 312,634 on 1 Jan 2011.Utrecht's ancient city centre features...
) can in many ways be regarded as a single metropolitan area, the Randstad
Randstad
Image:Randstad_with_scale.png|400px|thumb|right|Clickable schematic map of the Randstadcircle 528 380 26 Schipholrect 426 356 498 436 Haarlemmermeerrect 399 166 479 245 Velsencircle 250 716 32 Delftcircle 220 642 60 The Hague...
('rim or edge city') with about 7 million inhabitants around an agricultural 'green heart' (het Groene Hart). The unity of this conurbation can be illustrated by the current idea effort to create a circular train system connecting the four cities.
Births and deaths
| % | Male | Age | Female | % |
| 0.36 | 85+ | 1.05 | ||
| 0.60 | 80-84 | 1.18 | ||
| 1.14 | 75-79 | 1.74 | ||
| 1.55 | 70-74 | 1.95 | ||
| 1.93 | 65-69 | 2.13 | ||
| 2.30 | 60-64 | 2.33 | ||
| 2.77 | 55-59 | 2.69 | ||
| 3.73 | 50-54 | 3.60 | ||
| 3.65 | 45-49 | 3.54 | ||
| 3.93 | 40-44 | 3.81 | ||
| 4.27 | 35-39 | 4.08 | ||
| 4.25 | 30-34 | 4.05 | ||
| 3.63 | 25-29 | 3.54 | ||
| 3.04 | 20-24 | 2.93 | ||
| 2.96 | 15-19 | 2.83 | ||
| 3.11 | 10-14 | 2.97 | ||
| 3.20 | 05-09 | 3.06 | ||
| 3.11 | 00-04 | 2.98 | ||
| Data: International Data Base (2000) | ||||
The Dutch population is ageing
Population ageing
Population ageing or population aging occurs when the median age of a country or region rises. This happens because of rising life expectancy or declining birth rates. Excepting 18 countries termed 'demographic outliers' by the UN) this process is taking place in every country and region across...
. Furthermore, the life expectancy
Life expectancy
Life expectancy is the expected number of years of life remaining at a given age. It is denoted by ex, which means the average number of subsequent years of life for someone now aged x, according to a particular mortality experience...
has increased because of developments in medicine
Medicine
Medicine is the science and art of healing. It encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness....
, and in addition to this, the Netherlands has seen increasing immigration. These developments combined with the population boom after the Second World War has created extremely low population growth: in 2005 saw the lowest absolute population growth since 1900.
This has created a demographic problem with consequences for health care
Health care
Health care is the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease, illness, injury, and other physical and mental impairments in humans. Health care is delivered by practitioners in medicine, chiropractic, dentistry, nursing, pharmacy, allied health, and other care providers...
and social security
Social security
Social security is primarily a social insurance program providing social protection or protection against socially recognized conditions, including poverty, old age, disability, unemployment and others. Social security may refer to:...
policy. As the Dutch population ages, the number of people able to work, as a percentage of the entire population, decreases. Important policy advisors like the CBS and the CPB have predicted that this makes the current system of old age pensions problematic: fewer people will work to pay for old age pensions, while there will be more people receiving those pensions. Furthermore the costs of health care are also projected to increase. These developments have caused several cabinets, most notably the recent Second cabinet Balkenende to reform the system of health care and social security: increasing participation in the labour market and making people more conscious of the money they spend on health care.
In 2003, the birth rate was highest in the province of Flevoland (15.9). Total fertility rate
Total Fertility Rate
The total fertility rate of a population is the average number of children that would be born to a woman over her lifetime if she were to experience the exact current age-specific fertility rates through her lifetime, and she...
(TFR) was highest in the province of Flevoland (2.0) and lowest in the province of Limburg (1.6). The municipality with the highest TFR was Urk (3.23) followed by Valkenburg (2.83), Graafstroom (2.79) and Staphorst (2.76). The lowest TFR were recorded in Vaals (1.11)and Thorn (1.21).http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/themas/bevolking/publicaties/artikelen/archief/2003/2003-1269-wm.htm
The total population at December 31, 2006 was 16,356,914. The population loss due to net emigration was 35,502 (an estimated 40-50% of emigrants were ethnic non-Dutch).
In 2007, there were 117,000 immigrants(Including 7,000 Germans, 6,000 Poles, 5,000 Bulgarians, 3,000 Turks and 2,000 Moroccans) and 123,000 emigrants(Nearly half of emigrants were native Dutch, followed at a distance by nearly 5000 Poles and more than 3000 Germans). There was an observable increase in net-immigration from the former USSR, Bulgaria and Romania. http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/themas/bevolking/publicaties/artikelen/archief/2008/2008-011-pb.htm
The death rate were lowest in the municipalities of Valkenburg (2.9 per 1000), Zeewolde (3.2), Renswoude (3.4), Westervoort and Zeevang (both 3.9). The highest death rates were recorded in Warmond (22.3), Laren (19.9) and Doorn (18.8).
http://www.cbs.nl/nl-NL/menu/publicaties/periodieken/bevolkingstrends/archief/2003/2003-k3-b15-pub.htm
16.4% of the total births in 2003 were to parents of non-European origin, although they account for only 12.4% of the population in the 25-34 age group. For example, 3.8% of the births were ethnic Moroccan, although they were only 2.26% of the 25-34 age group. Respective figures were 3.27% and 3.0% for Turks. The TFR for Moroccans in 2003 was 3.3 while the general TFR was 1.73. TFR was 2.3 for Turks, 1.7 for Surinamese, 1.8 for Aruba
Aruba
Aruba is a 33 km-long island of the Lesser Antilles in the southern Caribbean Sea, located 27 km north of the coast of Venezuela and 130 km east of Guajira Peninsula...
ns, 3.0 for Africans and 1.8 for Latin Americans
Latin Americans
Latin Americans are the citizens of the Latin American countries and dependencies. Latin American countries are multi-ethnic, home to people of different ethnic and national backgrounds. As a result, some Latin Americans don't take their nationality as an ethnicity, but identify themselves with...
. http://forum.europa.eu.int/irc/dsis/jointestatunece/info/data/paper_alders.pdf
According to Statistics Netherlands, for the year 2007, TFR for those who were born in Netherlands was 1.72 (1.65 in 2000). TFR of Moroccan immigrants was 2.87 (3.22 in 2000) and that of Turkish immigrants was 1.88 (2.18 in 2000). http://paa2007.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=70869
Vital statistics since 1900
| Average population (x 1000) | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1000) | Crude death rate (per 1000) | Natural change (per 1000) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1900 | 5 142 | 162 611 | 92 043 | 70 568 | 31.6 | 17.9 | 13.7 |
| 1901 | 5 221 | 168 380 | 89 967 | 78 413 | 32.3 | 17.2 | 15.0 |
| 1902 | 5 305 | 168 728 | 86 248 | 82 480 | 31.8 | 16.3 | 15.5 |
| 1903 | 5 389 | 170 108 | 83 933 | 86 175 | 31.6 | 15.6 | 16.0 |
| 1904 | 5 470 | 171 495 | 87 091 | 84 404 | 31.4 | 15.9 | 15.4 |
| 1905 | 5 551 | 170 767 | 85 016 | 85 751 | 30.8 | 15.3 | 15.4 |
| 1906 | 5 632 | 170 952 | 83 259 | 87 693 | 30.4 | 14.8 | 15.6 |
| 1907 | 5 710 | 171 506 | 82 250 | 89 256 | 30.0 | 14.4 | 15.6 |
| 1908 | 5 786 | 171 861 | 86 936 | 84 925 | 29.7 | 15.0 | 14.7 |
| 1909 | 5 862 | 170 766 | 80 283 | 90 483 | 29.1 | 13.7 | 15.4 |
| 1910 | 5 899 | 168 894 | 79 984 | 88 910 | 28.6 | 13.6 | 15.1 |
| 1911 | 5 976 | 166 527 | 86 786 | 79 741 | 27.9 | 14.5 | 13.3 |
| 1912 | 6 054 | 170 269 | 74 647 | 95 622 | 28.1 | 12.3 | 15.8 |
| 1913 | 6 145 | 173 541 | 75 867 | 97 674 | 28.2 | 12.3 | 15.9 |
| 1914 | 6 251 | 176 831 | 77 739 | 99 092 | 28.3 | 12.4 | 15.9 |
| 1915 | 6 364 | 167 426 | 79 613 | 87 813 | 26.3 | 12.5 | 13.8 |
| 1916 | 6 480 | 172 572 | 84 024 | 88 548 | 26.6 | 13.0 | 13.7 |
| 1917 | 6 612 | 173 112 | 87 273 | 85 839 | 26.2 | 13.2 | 13.0 |
| 1918 | 6 705 | 167 636 | 115 440 | 52 196 | 25.0 | 17.2 | 7.8 |
| 1919 | 6 752 | 164 447 | 89 646 | 74 801 | 24.4 | 13.3 | 11.1 |
| 1920 | 6 820 | 192 987 | 81 525 | 111 462 | 28.3 | 12.0 | 16.3 |
| 1921 | 6 921 | 189 546 | 77 002 | 112 544 | 27.4 | 11.1 | 16.3 |
| 1922 | 7 032 | 181 886 | 80 381 | 101 505 | 25.9 | 11.4 | 14.4 |
| 1923 | 7 150 | 187 512 | 72 809 | 114 703 | 26.2 | 10.2 | 16.0 |
| 1924 | 7 264 | 182 430 | 71 167 | 111 263 | 25.1 | 9.8 | 15.3 |
| 1925 | 7 366 | 178 545 | 72 121 | 106 424 | 24.2 | 9.8 | 14.4 |
| 1926 | 7 472 | 177 498 | 73 357 | 104 141 | 23.8 | 9.8 | 13.9 |
| 1927 | 7 576 | 175 098 | 77 614 | 97 484 | 23.1 | 10.2 | 12.9 |
| 1928 | 7 678 | 179 028 | 73 816 | 105 212 | 23.3 | 9.6 | 13.7 |
| 1929 | 7 781 | 177 216 | 83 224 | 93 992 | 22.8 | 10.7 | 12.1 |
| 1930 | 7 884 | 182 310 | 71 682 | 110 628 | 23.1 | 9.1 | 14.0 |
| 1931 | 7 999 | 177 387 | 77 048 | 100 339 | 22.2 | 9.6 | 12.5 |
| 1932 | 8 122 | 178 525 | 73 059 | 105 466 | 22.0 | 9.0 | 13.0 |
| 1933 | 8 237 | 171 289 | 72 096 | 99 193 | 20.8 | 8.8 | 12.0 |
| 1934 | 8 341 | 172 214 | 70 164 | 102 050 | 20.6 | 8.4 | 12.2 |
| 1935 | 8 433 | 170 425 | 73 660 | 96 765 | 20.2 | 8.7 | 11.5 |
| 1936 | 8 516 | 171 675 | 73 923 | 97 752 | 20.2 | 8.7 | 11.5 |
| 1937 | 8 598 | 170 220 | 75 516 | 94 704 | 19.8 | 8.8 | 11.0 |
| 1938 | 8 684 | 178 422 | 77 043 | 101 379 | 20.5 | 8.9 | 11.7 |
| 1939 | 8 781 | 180 917 | 75 841 | 105 076 | 20.6 | 8.6 | 12.0 |
| 1940 | 8 879 | 184 846 | 87 722 | 97 124 | 20.8 | 9.9 | 10.9 |
| 1941 | 8 965 | 181 959 | 89 716 | 92 243 | 20.3 | 10.0 | 10.3 |
| 1942 | 9 042 | 189 975 | 76 040 | 113 935 | 21.0 | 8.4 | 12.6 |
| 1943 | 9 102 | 209 379 | 91 438 | 117 941 | 23.0 | 10.0 | 13.0 |
| 1944 | 9 174 | 219 946 | 108 087 | 111 859 | 24.0 | 11.8 | 12.2 |
| 1945 | 9 262 | 209 607 | 141 398 | 68 209 | 22.6 | 15.3 | 7.4 |
| 1946 | 9 423 | 284 456 | 80 151 | 204 305 | 30.2 | 8.5 | 21.7 |
| 1947 | 9 629 | 267 348 | 77 646 | 189 702 | 27.8 | 8.1 | 19.7 |
| 1948 | 9 800 | 247 923 | 72 459 | 175 464 | 25.3 | 7.4 | 17.9 |
| 1949 | 9 956 | 236 177 | 81 077 | 155 100 | 23.7 | 8.1 | 15.6 |
| 1950 | 10 114 | 229 718 | 75 929 | 153 789 | 22.7 | 7.5 | 15.2 |
| 1951 | 10 264 | 228 405 | 77 560 | 150 845 | 22.3 | 7.6 | 14.7 |
| 1952 | 10 382 | 231 888 | 76 346 | 155 542 | 22.3 | 7.4 | 15.0 |
| 1953 | 10 493 | 227 964 | 80 901 | 147 063 | 21.7 | 7.7 | 14.0 |
| 1954 | 10 615 | 228 173 | 79 623 | 148 550 | 21.5 | 7.5 | 14.0 |
| 1955 | 10 751 | 229 222 | 81 708 | 147 514 | 21.3 | 7.6 | 13.7 |
| 1956 | 10 889 | 231 492 | 84 809 | 146 683 | 21.3 | 7.8 | 13.5 |
| 1957 | 11 021 | 233 892 | 82 961 | 150 931 | 21.2 | 7.5 | 13.7 |
| 1958 | 11 186 | 236 859 | 84 491 | 152 368 | 21.2 | 7.6 | 13.6 |
| 1959 | 11 346 | 242 518 | 86 072 | 156 446 | 21.4 | 7.6 | 13.8 |
| 1960 | 11 480 | 239 128 | 87 825 | 151 303 | 20.8 | 7.7 | 13.2 |
| 1961 | 11 637 | 247 407 | 88 321 | 159 086 | 21.3 | 7.6 | 13.7 |
| 1962 | 11 890 | 246 150 | 93 969 | 152 181 | 20.7 | 7.9 | 12.8 |
| 1963 | 12 042 | 249 879 | 95 734 | 154 145 | 20.8 | 8.0 | 12.8 |
| 1964 | 12 212 | 250 914 | 93 437 | 157 477 | 20.5 | 7.7 | 12.9 |
| 1965 | 12 377 | 245 216 | 98 026 | 147 190 | 19.8 | 7.9 | 11.9 |
| 1966 | 12 535 | 239 611 | 100 516 | 139 095 | 19.1 | 8.0 | 11.1 |
| 1967 | 12 597 | 238 678 | 99 792 | 138 886 | 18.9 | 7.9 | 11.0 |
| 1968 | 12 725 | 237 112 | 104 989 | 132 123 | 18.6 | 8.3 | 10.4 |
| 1969 | 12 958 | 247 588 | 107 615 | 139 973 | 19.1 | 8.3 | 10.8 |
| 1970 | 13 032 | 238 912 | 109 619 | 129 293 | 18.3 | 8.4 | 9.9 |
| 1971 | 13 266 | 227 180 | 110 243 | 116 937 | 17.1 | 8.3 | 8.8 |
| 1972 | 13 330 | 214 133 | 113 576 | 100 557 | 16.1 | 8.5 | 7.5 |
| 1973 | 13 438 | 194 993 | 110 682 | 84 311 | 14.5 | 8.2 | 6.3 |
| 1974 | 13 541 | 185 982 | 109 250 | 76 732 | 13.7 | 8.1 | 5.7 |
| 1975 | 13 653 | 177 876 | 113 737 | 64 139 | 13.0 | 8.3 | 4.7 |
| 1976 | 13 770 | 177 090 | 114 454 | 62 636 | 12.9 | 8.3 | 4.5 |
| 1977 | 13 853 | 173 296 | 110 093 | 63 203 | 12.5 | 7.9 | 4.6 |
| 1978 | 13 937 | 175 550 | 114 415 | 61 135 | 12.6 | 8.2 | 4.4 |
| 1979 | 14 030 | 174 979 | 112 565 | 62 414 | 12.5 | 8.0 | 4.4 |
| 1980 | 14 144 | 181 294 | 114 279 | 67 015 | 12.8 | 8.1 | 4.7 |
| 1981 | 14 246 | 178 569 | 115 515 | 63 054 | 12.5 | 8.1 | 4.4 |
| 1982 | 14 310 | 172 071 | 117 264 | 54 807 | 12.0 | 8.2 | 3.8 |
| 1983 | 14 362 | 170 246 | 117 761 | 52 485 | 11.9 | 8.2 | 3.7 |
| 1984 | 14 420 | 174 436 | 119 812 | 54 624 | 12.1 | 8.3 | 3.8 |
| 1985 | 14 484 | 178 136 | 122 704 | 55 432 | 12.3 | 8.5 | 3.8 |
| 1986 | 14 564 | 184 513 | 125 307 | 59 206 | 12.7 | 8.6 | 4.1 |
| 1987 | 14 665 | 186 667 | 122 199 | 64 468 | 12.7 | 8.3 | 4.4 |
| 1988 | 14 758 | 186 647 | 124 163 | 62 484 | 12.6 | 8.4 | 4.2 |
| 1989 | 14 849 | 188 979 | 128 905 | 60 086 | 12.7 | 8.7 | 4.0 |
| 1990 | 14 951 | 197 965 | 128 824 | 69 115 | 13.2 | 8.6 | 4.6 |
| 1991 | 15 070 | 198 665 | 129 958 | 68 707 | 13.2 | 8.6 | 4.6 |
| 1992 | 15 184 | 196 734 | 129 887 | 66 847 | 13.0 | 8.6 | 4.4 |
| 1993 | 15 290 | 195 748 | 137 795 | 57 953 | 12.8 | 9.0 | 3.8 |
| 1994 | 15 383 | 195 611 | 133 471 | 62 140 | 12.7 | 8.7 | 4.0 |
| 1995 | 15 459 | 190 513 | 135 675 | 54 838 | 12.3 | 8.8 | 3.5 |
| 1996 | 15 528 | 189 521 | 137 561 | 51 960 | 12.2 | 8.9 | 3.3 |
| 1997 | 15 611 | 192 443 | 135 783 | 56 660 | 12.3 | 8.7 | 3.6 |
| 1998 | 15 706 | 199 412 | 137 968 | 61 444 | 12.7 | 8.8 | 3.9 |
| 1999 | 15 812 | 200 445 | 140 487 | 59 958 | 12.7 | 8.9 | 3.8 |
| 2000 | 15 924 | 206 619 | 140 527 | 66 092 | 13.0 | 8.8 | 4.2 |
| 2001 | 16 044 | 202 603 | 140 377 | 62 226 | 12.6 | 8.7 | 3.9 |
| 2002 | 16 149 | 202 083 | 142 355 | 59 728 | 12.5 | 8.8 | 3.7 |
| 2003 | 16 225 | 200 297 | 141 936 | 58 361 | 12.3 | 8.7 | 3.6 |
| 2004 | 16 282 | 194 007 | 136 553 | 57 454 | 11.9 | 8.4 | 3.5 |
| 2005 | 16 320 | 187 910 | 136 402 | 51 508 | 11.5 | 8.4 | 3.2 |
| 2006 | 16 346 | 185 057 | 135 372 | 49 685 | 11.3 | 8.3 | 3.0 |
| 2007 | 16 382 | 181 336 | 133 022 | 48 314 | 11.1 | 8.1 | 2.9 |
| 2008 | 16 446 | 184 634 | 135 136 | 49 498 | 11.2 | 8.2 | 3.0 |
| 2009 | 16 530 | 184 915 | 134 235 | 50 680 | 11.2 | 8.1 | 3.1 |
| 2010 (p) | 16 615 | 183 866 | 135 895 | 47 971 | 11.1 | 8.2 | 2.9 |
p=preliminary
Migration and ethnicity
According to EurostatEurostat
Eurostat is a Directorate-General of the European Commission located in Luxembourg. Its main responsibilities are to provide the European Union with statistical information at European level and to promote the integration of statistical methods across the Member States of the European Union,...
, in 2010 there were 1.8 million foreign-born residents in the Netherlands, corresponding to 11.1% of the total population. Of these, 1.4 million (8.5%) were born outside the EU and 0.428 million (2.6%) were born in another EU Member State.
As the result of immigration
Immigration
Immigration is the act of foreigners passing or coming into a country for the purpose of permanent residence...
, the Netherlands has a sizeable minority of non-indigenous peoples. There is also considerable emigration. In 2005 some 121,000 people left the country, while 94,000 entered it. Out of a total of 101,150 people immigrating to Netherlands in 2006, 66,658 were from Europe, Oceania, Americas or Japan, and 34,492 were from other (mostly developing) countries. Out of a total of 132,470 emigrants, 94,834 were going to Europe, Oceania, Americas or Japan and 37,636 to other countries. http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/table.asp?LYR=G2:0,G3:0,G4:0&LA=en&DM=SLEN&PA=03742eng&D1=0-4&D2=0-7&D6=a,!0-7&HDR=T&STB=G5:D,G1
A large number of immigrants come from countries in Western Europe, mostly from the bordering countries of Germany
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
and Belgium
Belgium
Belgium , officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, and those of several other major international organisations such as NATO.Belgium is also a member of, or affiliated to, many...
. There were five subsequent waves of immigration from other countries in recent history.
- After World War IIWorld War IIWorld War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
in the 1940s and the 1950s people from the newly independent Indonesian republicIndonesiaIndonesia , officially the Republic of Indonesia , is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is an archipelago comprising approximately 13,000 islands. It has 33 provinces with over 238 million people, and is the world's fourth most populous country. Indonesia is a republic, with an...
repatriated or migrated to the Netherlands - mainly Indo-European (people of mixed European and Indonesian ancestry with Dutch passports) and supporters of the Republic of South Maluku. - In the 1960s and 1970s migrants from Southern EuropeSouthern EuropeThe term Southern Europe, at its most general definition, is used to mean "all countries in the south of Europe". However, the concept, at different times, has had different meanings, providing additional political, linguistic and cultural context to the definition in addition to the typical...
, West Asia, and northern Africa (i.e. ItalyItalyItaly , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...
, PortugalPortugalPortugal , officially the Portuguese Republic is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the...
and SpainSpainSpain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
), TurkeyTurkeyTurkey , known officially as the Republic of Turkey , is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe...
and MoroccoMoroccoMorocco , officially the Kingdom of Morocco , is a country located in North Africa. It has a population of more than 32 million and an area of 710,850 km², and also primarily administers the disputed region of the Western Sahara...
came to work in the Netherlands as guest workers. They were expected to return to their own country and many did, but others remained and in the 1980s and 1990s were joined by their families. In the 2000s their children usually marry people from their home country. - In the 1970s and 1980s people migrated from the newly independent Surinam and from the Netherlands AntillesNetherlands AntillesThe Netherlands Antilles , also referred to informally as the Dutch Antilles, was an autonomous Caribbean country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands, consisting of two groups of islands in the Lesser Antilles: Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao , in Leeward Antilles just off the Venezuelan coast; and Sint...
, which remained part of the Kingdom of the NetherlandsKingdom of the NetherlandsThe Kingdom of the Netherlands is a sovereign state and constitutional monarchy with territory in Western Europe and in the Caribbean. The four parts of the Kingdom—Aruba, Curaçao, the Netherlands, and Sint Maarten—are referred to as "countries", and participate on a basis of equality...
. These people migrated because these people still held a Dutch passport and saw a better future in the Netherlands. - In the 1990s the Netherlands saw increasing migration of asylum seekers. Most notably are Iraqis, IraniansIranian peoplesThe Iranian peoples are an Indo-European ethnic-linguistic group, consisting of the speakers of Iranian languages, a major branch of the Indo-European language family, as such forming a branch of Indo-European-speaking peoples...
, ThaisThai peopleThe Thai people, or Siamese, are the main ethnic group of Thailand and are part of the larger Tai ethnolinguistic peoples found in Thailand and adjacent countries in Southeast Asia as well as southern China. Their language is the Thai language, which is classified as part of the Kradai family of...
, BurmeseBamarThe Bamar are the dominant ethnic group of Burma , constituting approximately two-thirds of the population. The Bamar live primarily in the Irrawaddy basin, and speak the Burmese language, which is also the official language of Burma. Bamar customs and identity are closely intertwined with general...
, Chileans and Argentines fleeing from political oppression and/or persecution. - And in the 2000s, migrant workers from new EU member states in Eastern EuropeEastern EuropeEastern Europe is the eastern part of Europe. The term has widely disparate geopolitical, geographical, cultural and socioeconomic readings, which makes it highly context-dependent and even volatile, and there are "almost as many definitions of Eastern Europe as there are scholars of the region"...
like PolandPolandPoland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
, RomaniaRomaniaRomania is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea...
and BulgariaBulgariaBulgaria , officially the Republic of Bulgaria , is a parliamentary democracy within a unitary constitutional republic in Southeast Europe. The country borders Romania to the north, Serbia and Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, as well as the Black Sea to the east...
, and non-EU states MoldovaMoldovaMoldova , officially the Republic of Moldova is a landlocked state in Eastern Europe, located between Romania to the West and Ukraine to the North, East and South. It declared itself an independent state with the same boundaries as the preceding Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1991, as part...
, UkraineUkraineUkraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after Russia...
and former YugoslaviaYugoslaviaYugoslavia refers to three political entities that existed successively on the western part of the Balkans during most of the 20th century....
in Southern Europe. - The remigration or return migration from the Netherlands. See article in Turkish Review: Turkey Pulls, The Netherlands Pushes? An increasing number of Turks, the Netherlands’ largest ethnic minority, are beginning to return to Turkey, taking with them the education and skills they have acquired abroad, as the Netherlands faces challenges from economic difficulties, social tension and increasingly powerful far-right parties. At the same time Turkey’s political, social and economic conditions have been improving, making returning home all the more appealing for Turks at large. (pp.94-96).
Recent developments
With the enlargement of the European Union during the 2000s, the Netherlands has seen a rise of migrants coming from new member countries. Migrant workers from these countries total about 100,000 as of 2007. Legal migrants from new EU-memberstates doubled between 2007 and 2011 to 200.000, with estimates totaling up to 300.000. Of the Poles who initially moved in 2004, about a quarter had returned by 2006.| Ethnic Group | Number | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Ethnic Dutch | 13,228,780 | 79.42% |
| Turkish | 388,967 | 2.33% |
| Indonesian Indonesian people Indonesian people may be:*any nation or ethnic group of Indonesia**see Demographics of Indonesia**see Overseas Indonesians**see Ethnic groups in Indonesia**see Native Indonesians... |
380,047 | 2.28% |
| Moroccans Moroccan-Dutch The terms Moroccan-Dutch or Dutch-Moroccans refer to immigrants from Morocco to the Netherlands and their descendants. They are one of the larger allochtoon groups, making up 10.4% of the country's total population of foreign background.... |
355,883 | 2.13% |
| Surinamese Surinamese people Surinamese people are the inhabitants of Suriname or people of Surinamese descent. Suriname had formerly been the colony of Dutch Guiana which was founded during the early 17th century. Following Suriname's independence in 1975, many Surinamers migrated to the Netherlands... |
344,734 | 2.06% |
| Netherlands Antilles Netherlands Antilles The Netherlands Antilles , also referred to informally as the Dutch Antilles, was an autonomous Caribbean country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands, consisting of two groups of islands in the Lesser Antilles: Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao , in Leeward Antilles just off the Venezuelan coast; and Sint... and Aruba Aruba Aruba is a 33 km-long island of the Lesser Antilles in the southern Caribbean Sea, located 27 km north of the coast of Venezuela and 130 km east of Guajira Peninsula... |
141,345 | 0.84% |
| Others | 1,437,462 | 8.63% |
| Total | 16,655,799 | 100% |
Emigration
The Netherlands has seen considerable emigration. In the 1950s 560,000 people migrated to the United StatesUnited States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
, South Africa
South Africa
The Republic of South Africa is a country in southern Africa. Located at the southern tip of Africa, it is divided into nine provinces, with of coastline on the Atlantic and Indian oceans...
, Australia
Australia
Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area...
, Canada
Canada
Canada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean...
and New Zealand
New Zealand
New Zealand is an island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses and numerous smaller islands. The country is situated some east of Australia across the Tasman Sea, and roughly south of the Pacific island nations of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga...
, leaving their war-torn and overpopulated home country behind. At least 60,000 of these migrants were Indo-European (Eurasian) repatriants that moved on, mostly to the US, after being repatriated to the Netherlands from the former Dutch East Indies
Dutch East Indies
The Dutch East Indies was a Dutch colony that became modern Indonesia following World War II. It was formed from the nationalised colonies of the Dutch East India Company, which came under the administration of the Netherlands government in 1800....
during and after the Indonesian revolution.
In 2005 some 121,000 people migrated from the Netherlands. There is considerable migration towards neighbouring states, Belgium
Belgium
Belgium , officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, and those of several other major international organisations such as NATO.Belgium is also a member of, or affiliated to, many...
, Germany
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
and the United Kingdom
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
and to the Netherlands Antilles
Netherlands Antilles
The Netherlands Antilles , also referred to informally as the Dutch Antilles, was an autonomous Caribbean country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands, consisting of two groups of islands in the Lesser Antilles: Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao , in Leeward Antilles just off the Venezuelan coast; and Sint...
. Furthermore almost half of the current emigration consists of people returning to their country of birth, including rejected asylum seekers, after the more stringent migration laws were implemented.
Religion
According to the CIA World Factbook, the religious makeup of the Netherlands was 24% Roman Catholic (as of 2011), 13% Dutch Reformed, 7% Calvinist, 5.5% MuslimMuslim
A Muslim, also spelled Moslem, is an adherent of Islam, a monotheistic, Abrahamic religion based on the Quran, which Muslims consider the verbatim word of God as revealed to prophet Muhammad. "Muslim" is the Arabic term for "submitter" .Muslims believe that God is one and incomparable...
, 2.5% other and 41% none. However, according to a survey done in 2006, 25% of the Dutch people are Christian, 3% adhere to another organised religion (Judaism
History of the Jews in the Netherlands
Most history of the Jews in the Netherlands was generated between the end of the 16th century and World War II.The area now known as the Netherlands was once part of the Spanish Empire but in 1581, the northern Dutch provinces declared independence...
, Islam
Islam
Islam . The most common are and . : Arabic pronunciation varies regionally. The first vowel ranges from ~~. The second vowel ranges from ~~~...
, Hinduism
Hinduism
Hinduism is the predominant and indigenous religious tradition of the Indian Subcontinent. Hinduism is known to its followers as , amongst many other expressions...
etc.) , 26% are 'unbounded spiritual' (individual spiritual beliefs, agnostics, etc.), 26% are non-religious (moderate) humanist and the remaining 18% are non-religious non-humanist.
Language
The main language is DutchDutch language
Dutch is a West Germanic language and the native language of the majority of the population of the Netherlands, Belgium, and Suriname, the three member states of the Dutch Language Union. Most speakers live in the European Union, where it is a first language for about 23 million and a second...
, while West Frisian
West Frisian language
West Frisian is a language spoken mostly in the province of Friesland in the north of the Netherlands. West Frisian is the name by which this language is usually known outside the Netherlands, to distinguish it from the closely related Frisian languages of Saterland Frisian and North Frisian,...
is also a recognized language and it is used by the government in the province of Fryslan. Several dialects of Low Saxon
Dutch Low Saxon
Dutch Low Saxon is a group of Low Saxon, i.e. West Low German dialects spoken in the northeastern Netherlands. In comparison, the remainder of the Netherlands speak a collection of Low Franconian dialects.The class "Dutch Low Saxon" is not unanimous...
(Nedersaksisch in Dutch) are spoken in much of the north and east and are recognized by the Netherlands as regional languages according to the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Another Dutch dialect granted the status of regional language is Limburgish, which is spoken in the south-eastern province of Limburg
Limburg (Netherlands)
Limburg is the southernmost of the twelve provinces of the Netherlands. It is located in the southeastern part of the country and bordered by the province of Gelderland to the north, Germany to the east, Belgium to the south and part of the west, andthe Dutch province of North Brabant partly to...
. Major immigrant languages are Turkish
Turkish language
Turkish is a language spoken as a native language by over 83 million people worldwide, making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Its speakers are located predominantly in Turkey and Northern Cyprus with smaller groups in Iraq, Greece, Bulgaria, the Republic of Macedonia, Kosovo,...
, Arabic and Berber
Berber languages
The Berber languages are a family of languages indigenous to North Africa, spoken from Siwa Oasis in Egypt to Morocco , and south to the countries of the Sahara Desert...
.
Genetics
The genetic makeup of the Dutch is typified by a high occurrence of the Y-chromosome markers: haplogroup R1b (averaging 70%) and haplogroup IHaplogroup I (Y-DNA)
In human genetics, Haplogroup I is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup, a subgroup of haplogroup IJ, itself a derivative of Haplogroup IJK....
(averaging 25%). These chromosomes are associated with Eurasiatic Cro Magnoid
Cro-Magnon
The Cro-Magnon were the first early modern humans of the European Upper Paleolithic. The earliest known remains of Cro-Magnon-like humans are radiometrically dated to 35,000 years before present....
homo sapiens of the Aurignacian
Aurignacian
The Aurignacian culture is an archaeological culture of the Upper Palaeolithic, located in Europe and southwest Asia. It lasted broadly within the period from ca. 45,000 to 35,000 years ago in terms of conventional radiocarbon dating, or between ca. 47,000 and 41,000 years ago in terms of the most...
culture, the first modern humans in Europe, and the people of the Gravettian
Gravettian
thumb|right|Burins to the Gravettian culture.The Gravettian toolmaking culture was a specific archaeological industry of the European Upper Palaeolithic era prevalent before the last glacial epoch. It is named after the type site of La Gravette in the Dordogne region of France where its...
culture that entered Europe from the Middle East 20,000 to 25,000 years ago.
With 70.4%, the Dutch have one of the highest percentages of haplogroup R1b occurrences in Northwestern Europe, comparable to that of the (combined) British population; 72%. Neighbouring populations have lower occurrence of this chromosome (French: 52.2% and Germans
Germans
The Germans are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe. The English term Germans has referred to the German-speaking population of the Holy Roman Empire since the Late Middle Ages....
: 50.0%); with again a percentage similar to that of the Dutch among the inhabitants of the Iberian peninsula
Iberian Peninsula
The Iberian Peninsula , sometimes called Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe and includes the modern-day sovereign states of Spain, Portugal and Andorra, as well as the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar...
(Spain and Portugal) and French Atlantic coast
Atlantic Coast
The Atlantic Coast is any coast fronting the Atlantic Ocean. The term differentiates the coasts of countries or continents with coastlines on more than one body of water, such as North America, South America, Africa and Europe.-See also:*Indian Ocean...
. The Dutch hence fit the Atlantic Haplotype Modal
Atlantic Modal Haplotype
In human genetics, the Atlantic Modal Haplotype or haplotype 15 is a Y chromosome haplotype of Y-STR microsatellite variations, associated with the Haplogroup R1b. It was discovered prior to many of the SNPs now used to identify subclades of R1b and references to it can be found in some of the...
, which is the primary model of peoples living along or in the vicinity of the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea
Atlantic Europe
Atlantic Europe is a geographical and anthropological term for the western portion of Europe which borders the Atlantic Ocean. The term may refer to the idea of Atlantic Europe as a cultural unit and/or as an biogeographical region....
.
Within the R1b haplogroup its R1b1b2a1
Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)
The point of origin of R1b is thought to lie in Eurasia, most likely in Western Asia. T. Karafet et al. estimated the age of R1, the parent of R1b, as 18,500 years before present....
subclade is most dominant, and in fact peaks in occurrence among the Dutch and Frisians at 37.2%. The Dutch share this high rate with the people in Southwest England (21.4%) and Denmark (17.7%). Other haplogroups are less frequent in the Dutch population: Haplogroup E1b1b (8%) and haplogroup R1a1 (3.7%). The latter is found more frequently in East of the Netherlands.
See also
- Dutch peopleDutch peopleThe Dutch people are an ethnic group native to the Netherlands. They share a common culture and speak the Dutch language. Dutch people and their descendants are found in migrant communities worldwide, notably in Suriname, Chile, Brazil, Canada, Australia, South Africa, New Zealand, and the United...
- Islam in the NetherlandsIslam in the NetherlandsThe history of Islam in the Netherlands started in the 19th century when the Netherlands experienced sporadic Muslim migration from the Dutch East Indies when it was a colony from the Netherlands...
- Immigration to EuropeImmigration to EuropeImmigration to Europe increased from the 1980s onward, as a result of people from developing countries wanting to escape war, oppression, natural disasters or poverty. Some EU countries saw a dramatic growth in immigration after World War II until the 1970s. Most European nations today have...
- List of countries by immigrant population
External links
- CIA World Factbook data
- CBS Dutch Bureau of Statistics