Iberian Latin American Symposium Terminology
Encyclopedia
At the Iberian Latin American Symposia Terminology (SILAT) of anatomy, histology and embryology is studied, analyzes, translates and disseminates international morphological terminology, for it is used daily by educational institutions of medicine and other areas of health, speaking Spanish and Portuguese.
The communication in health sciences requires a clear and precise terminology
. However, in some areas of morphological sciences
(anatomy
, histology
and embryology
) remain different names for a single structure based on analogies of forms, names of teachers, synonyms and eponyms. To overcome these uncertainties is necessary an international morphological terminology
. The terminology seeks to achieve the unification of the names of the structures that in practice this have not yet been achieved satisfactorily.
The first committee was founded by the German Society of Anatomy in 1895 and were indicated more than 5,000 anatomical terms with a single name. Their work was the Basle Nomina Anatomica
(BNA). It was subsequently revised and expanded in the 6th International Congress of Anatomists in Paris in 1955, and was adopted a new denomination, Paris
Nomina Anatomica
(PNA). This work was made by IANC. Then followed others, until the 13th International Congress in Rio de Janeiro
, in 1989, where was established the Federative International Committee on Anatomical Terminology
(FICAT). Therefore, the former International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee (IANC) continues operating today as the Federative International Committee on Anatomical Terminology.
The latter seeks to:
Since 1933, the International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee formally established the removal of eponyms.
Anatomical terminology
was born 114 years ago in Basel and its last update was published in 1998. Moreover, histological terminology
, most recently, had its update in 2008. And finally, embryological terminology
was discussed and adopted at the 17th International Congress of Anatomy in Cape Town
, South Africa
, in August 2009. These international morphological terminologies
are the result of expert meetings that constitute the FICAT, dependent from the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists
(IFAA
).
, providing a solid basis for understanding this structure.
It allows the use of a common scientific language
for the entire scientific community
. Therefore, their knowledge and management is very useful for researchers and professors of morphological science.
) are a scientific activity of the Pan American Association of Anatomy
(PAA). The initiative was from Dr. Rolando Cruz Gutierrez (Costa Rica), supported by the PAA Honoraries Presidents and led by Dr. Ricardo J. Losardo (Argentina).
The reasons for its creation were: a) to respond to difficulties in the use of terminology in educational institutions of the region, and b) the need to train in the use of a common scientific language
used throughout this international community
.
At these Symposia scientific from all participating countries: Argentina
, Brazil
, Colombia
, Costa Rica
, Chile
, Ecuador
, El Salvador
, Guatemala
, Honduras
, Mexico
, Nicaragua
and Peru
, presented and discussed terms of some body structures.
de Costa Rica
, was conducted the 1st Iberian Latin American Symposium Terminology on anatomy and histology, from 13 to 16 April 2009, at the University of Costa Rica, Research City, and was its president, Prof. Dr. Rolando Cruz Gutierrez.
In Lima
, Perú
, was performed the 2nd Iberian Latin American Symposium Terminology on anatomy and histology, between 15 and 18 September 2009, at the University of San Martín de Porres, Faculty of Dentistry, together with 4th International Dental Congress, and was its president, Prof. Dr. Germán Molina Albornoz.
In San José
de Costa Rica
, was conducted the 3rd Ibero-Latin American Symposium Terminology on anatomy, histology and embryology, from 26 to 30 April 2010 at the University of Costa Rica, School of Medicine, and was its President Prof. Dr. Rolando Cruz Gutierrez.
and Greek
roots, but considering the translations according the rules of the linguistic official language.
Terminology must be adapted to the vernacular language and its denomination should concentrate not only in the descriptive information but also in the function of the morphological structure.
Any change in the terminology should follow the principles that were originated in Basel
, Switzerland
in 1895:
a) the universality;
b) comply as far as possible the word in Latin and its translation into Spanish;
c) describe the element in the most faithful to the principles of geometry and form, and
d) that the term be consistent, that is accept its derivatives must accept the primitive word which gave rise to these derivatives.
At these Iberian Latin American Symposia are held proposals that seek to provide more accurate information of some structures and achieve a single name, because in some terms it is observed a lack of precision in them.
It was noted that in some Latin American Universities included terms of anatomy, histology and embryology with its synonyms and eponyms but privileging those with greater international consensus.
It was suggested that there were problems with some anatomical terms frequently used in professional surgical practice and in current medical publications.
Although some morphologic terms are inadequate and lead to an altered vision of reality morphology, this is compounded by the entries made in the field of tradition, popular science and manuscripts.
These issues unfortunately tend to confuse students, graduates and professors and is recommend to do not give value to the publications which use outdated terms.
, folk
and even vulgar
to avoid losing them for the next generations. If not probably to be gather and rescue now, in a hundred years will be very difficult to re-mention or investigate.
There are also terms that were born in the dissection laboratories, in the anatomical amphitheaters and in operating rooms, which differ in different countries and regions and that they should be preserved for history.
Also was emphasized the importance of preservation of eponym’s terms from a historical point of view. This perpetuated the memory of those anatomists who have investigated, discovered and described anatomical structures and were honored for their contemporary colleagues by granting them their names on its merits.
They could join in other publications with historical interest, not exactly terminology and which are the medical history and folklore of each country or region.
The communication in health sciences requires a clear and precise terminology
Terminology
Terminology is the study of terms and their use. Terms are words and compound words that in specific contexts are given specific meanings, meanings that may deviate from the meaning the same words have in other contexts and in everyday language. The discipline Terminology studies among other...
. However, in some areas of morphological sciences
Morphology (biology)
In biology, morphology is a branch of bioscience dealing with the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features....
(anatomy
Anatomy
Anatomy is a branch of biology and medicine that is the consideration of the structure of living things. It is a general term that includes human anatomy, animal anatomy , and plant anatomy...
, histology
Histology
Histology is the study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues of plants and animals. It is performed by examining cells and tissues commonly by sectioning and staining; followed by examination under a light microscope or electron microscope...
and embryology
Embryology
Embryology is a science which is about the development of an embryo from the fertilization of the ovum to the fetus stage...
) remain different names for a single structure based on analogies of forms, names of teachers, synonyms and eponyms. To overcome these uncertainties is necessary an international morphological terminology
International Morphological Terminology
International Morphological Terminology is used by the colleges of medicine and dentistry and other areas of the health sciences. Facilitates communication and exchanges between scientists from different countries of the world and is used daily in the fields of research, teaching and medical...
. The terminology seeks to achieve the unification of the names of the structures that in practice this have not yet been achieved satisfactorily.
History
In the past there were no current media thus was ignored what was written in others countries and in others languages. This caused the proliferation of differents terms for the same structure. Also several factors intervened to facilitate the persistence of some names over others.The first committee was founded by the German Society of Anatomy in 1895 and were indicated more than 5,000 anatomical terms with a single name. Their work was the Basle Nomina Anatomica
Nomina Anatomica
In the late nineteenth century some 50,000 terms for various body parts were in use. The same structures were described by different names, depending on the anatomist’s school and national tradition. Vernacular translations of Latin and Greek, as well as various eponymous terms, were barriers to...
(BNA). It was subsequently revised and expanded in the 6th International Congress of Anatomists in Paris in 1955, and was adopted a new denomination, Paris
Paris
Paris is the capital and largest city in France, situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region...
Nomina Anatomica
Nomina Anatomica
In the late nineteenth century some 50,000 terms for various body parts were in use. The same structures were described by different names, depending on the anatomist’s school and national tradition. Vernacular translations of Latin and Greek, as well as various eponymous terms, were barriers to...
(PNA). This work was made by IANC. Then followed others, until the 13th International Congress in Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro , commonly referred to simply as Rio, is the capital city of the State of Rio de Janeiro, the second largest city of Brazil, and the third largest metropolitan area and agglomeration in South America, boasting approximately 6.3 million people within the city proper, making it the 6th...
, in 1989, where was established the Federative International Committee on Anatomical Terminology
Federative International Committee on Anatomical Terminology
The Federative International Committee on Anatomical Terminology is a groups of expert, who review, analyze and discuss the terms of the morphological structures of the human body...
(FICAT). Therefore, the former International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee (IANC) continues operating today as the Federative International Committee on Anatomical Terminology.
The latter seeks to:
- The language used is Latin.
- Almost all the anatomical structures are named with a word.
- Terms should involve some descriptive value.
- Eponymy are removed, i.e., indications of an anatomical detail using the name of a person or place.
Since 1933, the International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee formally established the removal of eponyms.
Anatomical terminology
Terminologia Anatomica
Terminologia Anatomica is the international standard on human anatomic terminology. It was developed by the Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology and the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists and was released in 1998. It supersedes the previous standard, Nomina...
was born 114 years ago in Basel and its last update was published in 1998. Moreover, histological terminology
Terminologia Histologica
The Terminologia Histologica is a controlled vocabulary for use in cytology and histology. In April 2011, Terminologia Histologica has been by the Federative International Programme on Anatomical Terminologies , the successor of FCAT....
, most recently, had its update in 2008. And finally, embryological terminology
Terminologia Embryologica
The Terminologia Embryologica is a standardized list of words used in the description of human embryologic and fetal structures. It was produced by the Federative International Committee on Anatomical Terminology on behalf of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists and recently...
was discussed and adopted at the 17th International Congress of Anatomy in Cape Town
Cape Town
Cape Town is the second-most populous city in South Africa, and the provincial capital and primate city of the Western Cape. As the seat of the National Parliament, it is also the legislative capital of the country. It forms part of the City of Cape Town metropolitan municipality...
, South Africa
South Africa
The Republic of South Africa is a country in southern Africa. Located at the southern tip of Africa, it is divided into nine provinces, with of coastline on the Atlantic and Indian oceans...
, in August 2009. These international morphological terminologies
International Morphological Terminology
International Morphological Terminology is used by the colleges of medicine and dentistry and other areas of the health sciences. Facilitates communication and exchanges between scientists from different countries of the world and is used daily in the fields of research, teaching and medical...
are the result of expert meetings that constitute the FICAT, dependent from the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists
International Federation of Associations of Anatomists
The International Federation of Associations of Anatomists is an umbrella scientific organization of national and multinational Anatomy Associations, dedicated to anatomy and biomorphological sciences.-Origins and objectives:In 1903, Prof...
(IFAA
IFAA
IFAA may refer to:* International Field Archery Association* International Federation of Associations of Anatomists...
).
Objectives
The terms elect by the Committee must be as accurate as possible in order to give sense and meaning of the word chosen to identify a structure. The term chosen should relate the morphological characteristics with the functionFunction (biology)
A function is part of an answer to a question about why some object or process occurred in a system that evolved through a process of selection. Thus, function refers forward from the object or process, along some chain of causation, to the goal or success...
, providing a solid basis for understanding this structure.
It allows the use of a common scientific language
Scientific language
In computer programming, a scientific language is a programming language optimized for the use of mathematical formulas and matrices. Scientific languages include ALGOL, FORTRAN, and APL....
for the entire scientific community
Scientific community
The scientific community consists of the total body of scientists, its relationships and interactions. It is normally divided into "sub-communities" each working on a particular field within science. Objectivity is expected to be achieved by the scientific method...
. Therefore, their knowledge and management is very useful for researchers and professors of morphological science.
History
The Iberian Latin American Symposia Terminology (SILATSilat
Silat Melayu is a blanket term for the types of silat created in peninsular Southeast Asia, particularly Malaysia, Thailand, Brunei and Singapore. The silat tradition has deep roots in Malay culture and can trace its origin to the dawn of Malay civilization, 2000 years ago...
) are a scientific activity of the Pan American Association of Anatomy
Pan American Association of Anatomy
Pan American Association of Anatomy is a public, nonprofit, scientific organization that brings together professionals engaged in the study of Anatomy and related sciences in the area of the Americas.-Origins and objectives:...
(PAA). The initiative was from Dr. Rolando Cruz Gutierrez (Costa Rica), supported by the PAA Honoraries Presidents and led by Dr. Ricardo J. Losardo (Argentina).
The reasons for its creation were: a) to respond to difficulties in the use of terminology in educational institutions of the region, and b) the need to train in the use of a common scientific language
Scientific language
In computer programming, a scientific language is a programming language optimized for the use of mathematical formulas and matrices. Scientific languages include ALGOL, FORTRAN, and APL....
used throughout this international community
Scientific community
The scientific community consists of the total body of scientists, its relationships and interactions. It is normally divided into "sub-communities" each working on a particular field within science. Objectivity is expected to be achieved by the scientific method...
.
At these Symposia scientific from all participating countries: Argentina
Argentina
Argentina , officially the Argentine Republic , is the second largest country in South America by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires...
, Brazil
Brazil
Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...
, Colombia
Colombia
Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia , is a unitary constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments. The country is located in northwestern South America, bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the...
, Costa Rica
Costa Rica
Costa Rica , officially the Republic of Costa Rica is a multilingual, multiethnic and multicultural country in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, Panama to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west and the Caribbean Sea to the east....
, Chile
Chile
Chile ,officially the Republic of Chile , is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow coastal strip between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far...
, Ecuador
Ecuador
Ecuador , officially the Republic of Ecuador is a representative democratic republic in South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and by the Pacific Ocean to the west. It is one of only two countries in South America, along with Chile, that do not have a border...
, El Salvador
El Salvador
El Salvador or simply Salvador is the smallest and the most densely populated country in Central America. The country's capital city and largest city is San Salvador; Santa Ana and San Miguel are also important cultural and commercial centers in the country and in all of Central America...
, Guatemala
Guatemala
Guatemala is a country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west, the Pacific Ocean to the southwest, Belize to the northeast, the Caribbean to the east, and Honduras and El Salvador to the southeast...
, Honduras
Honduras
Honduras is a republic in Central America. It was previously known as Spanish Honduras to differentiate it from British Honduras, which became the modern-day state of Belize...
, Mexico
Mexico
The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of...
, Nicaragua
Nicaragua
Nicaragua is the largest country in the Central American American isthmus, bordered by Honduras to the north and Costa Rica to the south. The country is situated between 11 and 14 degrees north of the Equator in the Northern Hemisphere, which places it entirely within the tropics. The Pacific Ocean...
and Peru
Peru
Peru , officially the Republic of Peru , is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean....
, presented and discussed terms of some body structures.
Places and dates
In San JoséSan José, Costa Rica
San José is the capital and largest city of Costa Rica. Located in the Central Valley, San José is the seat of national government, the focal point of political and economic activity, and the major transportation hub of this Central American nation.Founded in 1738 by order of Cabildo de León, San...
de Costa Rica
Costa Rica
Costa Rica , officially the Republic of Costa Rica is a multilingual, multiethnic and multicultural country in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, Panama to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west and the Caribbean Sea to the east....
, was conducted the 1st Iberian Latin American Symposium Terminology on anatomy and histology, from 13 to 16 April 2009, at the University of Costa Rica, Research City, and was its president, Prof. Dr. Rolando Cruz Gutierrez.
In Lima
Lima
Lima is the capital and the largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers, in the central part of the country, on a desert coast overlooking the Pacific Ocean. Together with the seaport of Callao, it forms a contiguous urban area known as the Lima...
, Perú
Peru
Peru , officially the Republic of Peru , is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean....
, was performed the 2nd Iberian Latin American Symposium Terminology on anatomy and histology, between 15 and 18 September 2009, at the University of San Martín de Porres, Faculty of Dentistry, together with 4th International Dental Congress, and was its president, Prof. Dr. Germán Molina Albornoz.
In San José
San José, Costa Rica
San José is the capital and largest city of Costa Rica. Located in the Central Valley, San José is the seat of national government, the focal point of political and economic activity, and the major transportation hub of this Central American nation.Founded in 1738 by order of Cabildo de León, San...
de Costa Rica
Costa Rica
Costa Rica , officially the Republic of Costa Rica is a multilingual, multiethnic and multicultural country in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, Panama to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west and the Caribbean Sea to the east....
, was conducted the 3rd Ibero-Latin American Symposium Terminology on anatomy, histology and embryology, from 26 to 30 April 2010 at the University of Costa Rica, School of Medicine, and was its President Prof. Dr. Rolando Cruz Gutierrez.
Basic principles
Following the guidelines of FICAT, it is accepted the denomination of morphological structures, respecting the LatinLatin
Latin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. It, along with most European languages, is a descendant of the ancient Proto-Indo-European language. Although it is considered a dead language, a number of scholars and members of the Christian clergy speak it fluently, and...
and Greek
Greek language
Greek is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages. Native to the southern Balkans, it has the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, spanning 34 centuries of written records. Its writing system has been the Greek alphabet for the majority of its history;...
roots, but considering the translations according the rules of the linguistic official language.
Terminology must be adapted to the vernacular language and its denomination should concentrate not only in the descriptive information but also in the function of the morphological structure.
Any change in the terminology should follow the principles that were originated in Basel
Basel
Basel or Basle In the national languages of Switzerland the city is also known as Bâle , Basilea and Basilea is Switzerland's third most populous city with about 166,000 inhabitants. Located where the Swiss, French and German borders meet, Basel also has suburbs in France and Germany...
, Switzerland
Switzerland
Switzerland name of one of the Swiss cantons. ; ; ; or ), in its full name the Swiss Confederation , is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe,Or Central Europe depending on the definition....
in 1895:
a) the universality;
b) comply as far as possible the word in Latin and its translation into Spanish;
c) describe the element in the most faithful to the principles of geometry and form, and
d) that the term be consistent, that is accept its derivatives must accept the primitive word which gave rise to these derivatives.
At these Iberian Latin American Symposia are held proposals that seek to provide more accurate information of some structures and achieve a single name, because in some terms it is observed a lack of precision in them.
Objectives
- The aim of these symposia is to study, analyze, translate and disseminate international morphological terminology.
- In them it intend to simplify the name of the morphological structure and facilitate learning and communication.
- They are also intended to guide both teacher and student (undergraduate and postgraduate) about the terminological diversity that occurs when they consults diverse literature.
- The conclusions and recommendations of these Iberian Latin American Symposia, serve up as a basis for understanding and reconciling of "Pan American terms" arising in various areas, which were not included in the editions in circulation. This will enrich future editions.
Findings and results
It is necessary to update and unification terms to avoid confusion, making easier the teaching-learning and research.It was noted that in some Latin American Universities included terms of anatomy, histology and embryology with its synonyms and eponyms but privileging those with greater international consensus.
It was suggested that there were problems with some anatomical terms frequently used in professional surgical practice and in current medical publications.
Although some morphologic terms are inadequate and lead to an altered vision of reality morphology, this is compounded by the entries made in the field of tradition, popular science and manuscripts.
These issues unfortunately tend to confuse students, graduates and professors and is recommend to do not give value to the publications which use outdated terms.
a) Dictionaries of regionalism and eponyms
It was insisted that it is our duty to perpetuate the anatomical terms vernacularVernacular
A vernacular is the native language or native dialect of a specific population, as opposed to a language of wider communication that is not native to the population, such as a national language or lingua franca.- Etymology :The term is not a recent one...
, folk
Folk
The English word Folk is derived from a Germanic noun, *fulka meaning "people" or "army"...
and even vulgar
VULGAR
Vulgar is the fourth studio album released by Dir En Grey on September 10, 2003 in Japan and on February 21, 2006 in Europe. A limited edition containing an additional DVD was also released. It featured the video of the song "Obscure", albeit a censored version...
to avoid losing them for the next generations. If not probably to be gather and rescue now, in a hundred years will be very difficult to re-mention or investigate.
There are also terms that were born in the dissection laboratories, in the anatomical amphitheaters and in operating rooms, which differ in different countries and regions and that they should be preserved for history.
Also was emphasized the importance of preservation of eponym’s terms from a historical point of view. This perpetuated the memory of those anatomists who have investigated, discovered and described anatomical structures and were honored for their contemporary colleagues by granting them their names on its merits.
They could join in other publications with historical interest, not exactly terminology and which are the medical history and folklore of each country or region.
b) Historical list in Spanish
It was suggested to compare historical lists of anatomical terminology done by Latin American anatomists, such as Prof. Dr. Yves Chatain (Colombia) with current translated into Spanish and in circulation.Conclusions
- Knowledge of this International Morphological TerminologyInternational Morphological TerminologyInternational Morphological Terminology is used by the colleges of medicine and dentistry and other areas of the health sciences. Facilitates communication and exchanges between scientists from different countries of the world and is used daily in the fields of research, teaching and medical...
motivates us to give new generations of health and biological area professionals the right tool 21st century.
- Achieve global consensus is representing a great effort but must continue working to reach an optimal denomination of each anatomical, histology and embryology structure.
- SILATSilatSilat Melayu is a blanket term for the types of silat created in peninsular Southeast Asia, particularly Malaysia, Thailand, Brunei and Singapore. The silat tradition has deep roots in Malay culture and can trace its origin to the dawn of Malay civilization, 2000 years ago...
want to help with suggestions for changes to FICAT, so they can be considered. So as to link the LatinLatinLatin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. It, along with most European languages, is a descendant of the ancient Proto-Indo-European language. Although it is considered a dead language, a number of scholars and members of the Christian clergy speak it fluently, and...
and EnglishEnglish languageEnglish is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into what was to become south-east Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria...
list with the SpanishSpanish languageSpanish , also known as Castilian , is a Romance language in the Ibero-Romance group that evolved from several languages and dialects in central-northern Iberia around the 9th century and gradually spread with the expansion of the Kingdom of Castile into central and southern Iberia during the...
and Portuguese languagePortuguese languagePortuguese is a Romance language that arose in the medieval Kingdom of Galicia, nowadays Galicia and Northern Portugal. The southern part of the Kingdom of Galicia became independent as the County of Portugal in 1095...
s.
- These Ibero Latin American Symposia are having a good participation, with the assistance of leading academics of the Pan American Association of AnatomyPan American Association of AnatomyPan American Association of Anatomy is a public, nonprofit, scientific organization that brings together professionals engaged in the study of Anatomy and related sciences in the area of the Americas.-Origins and objectives:...
.
- It has made the commitment to continue them in different countries, with the purpose to continue to review, analyze, discuss and translate the morphological terms and correct any errors or defects of the studied structures.
See also
- Terminologia AnatomicaTerminologia AnatomicaTerminologia Anatomica is the international standard on human anatomic terminology. It was developed by the Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology and the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists and was released in 1998. It supersedes the previous standard, Nomina...
- Nomina AnatomicaNomina AnatomicaIn the late nineteenth century some 50,000 terms for various body parts were in use. The same structures were described by different names, depending on the anatomist’s school and national tradition. Vernacular translations of Latin and Greek, as well as various eponymous terms, were barriers to...
- International Morphological TerminologyInternational Morphological TerminologyInternational Morphological Terminology is used by the colleges of medicine and dentistry and other areas of the health sciences. Facilitates communication and exchanges between scientists from different countries of the world and is used daily in the fields of research, teaching and medical...
- Federative International Committee on Anatomical TerminologyFederative International Committee on Anatomical TerminologyThe Federative International Committee on Anatomical Terminology is a groups of expert, who review, analyze and discuss the terms of the morphological structures of the human body...
- Pan American Association of AnatomyPan American Association of AnatomyPan American Association of Anatomy is a public, nonprofit, scientific organization that brings together professionals engaged in the study of Anatomy and related sciences in the area of the Americas.-Origins and objectives:...