Terminologia Anatomica is the international standard on human anatomic terminology. It was developed by the Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FCAT) and the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists

International Federation of Associations of Anatomists

The International Federation of Associations of Anatomists is an umbrella scientific organization of national and multinational Anatomy Associations, dedicated to anatomy and biomorphological sciences.-Origins and objectives:In 1903, Prof...

 (IFAA) and was released in 1998. It supersedes the previous standard, Nomina Anatomica

Nomina Anatomica

In the late nineteenth century some 50,000 terms for various body parts were in use. The same structures were described by different names, depending on the anatomist’s school and national tradition. Vernacular translations of Latin and Greek, as well as various eponymous terms, were barriers to...

. Terminologia Anatomica contains terminology for about 7500 human gross (macroscopic) anatomical structures. In April 2011, Terminologia Anatomica has been published online by the Federative International Programme on Anatomical Terminologies (FIPAT), the successor of FCAT.

Categories of anatomical structures

The TA divides anatomical structures into the following main categories (Latin standard in parentheses) :

A01: General anatomy (anatomia generalis)

• General terms (anatomia generalissima) http://www.unifr.ch/ifaa/Public/EntryPage/ViewTA/TAa01.html

1. Parts of human body
2. Planes, lines and regions

A02: Bones (ossa)

• General terms http://www.unifr.ch/ifaa/Public/EntryPage/ViewTA/TAa02.html

1. Cranium
2. Bones of cranium
3. Vertebral column
   Vertebral column
   In human anatomy, the vertebral column is a column usually consisting of 24 articulating vertebrae, and 9 fused vertebrae in the sacrum and the coccyx. It is situated in the dorsal aspect of the torso, separated by intervertebral discs...
   
   
4. Thoracic column
   Thoracic vertebrae
   In human anatomy, twelve thoracic vertebrae compose the middle segment of the vertebral column, between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. They are intermediate in size between those of the cervical and lumbar regions; they increase in size as one proceeds down the spine, the upper...
   
   
5. Bones of upper limb
   Upper limb
   The upper limb or upper extremity is the region in an animal extending from the deltoid region to the hand, including the arm, axilla and shoulder.-Definition:...
   
   
6. Bones of lower limb
   Lower limb
   The lower limb is a limb of the body.According to Terminologia Anatomica, it includes the pelvic girdle, buttocks, hip, and thigh, as well as the components distal to the knee.-References:...
   
   

A03: Joints (juncturae)

• General terms http://www.unifr.ch/ifaa/Public/EntryPage/ViewTA/TAa03.html

1. Joints of skull
2. Vertebral joints
3. Thoracic joint
4. Joints of pelvic girdle
5. Joints of upper limb
6. Joints of lower limb

A04: Muscles (musculi)

• General terms http://www.unifr.ch/ifaa/Public/EntryPage/ViewTA/TAa04.html

1. Muscles of head
2. Muscles of neck
3. Muscles of back
4. Muscles of thorax
5. Muscles of abdomen
6. Muscles of upper limb
7. Muscles of lower limb
8. Tendon sheaths and bursae

A05: Alimentary system (systema digestorium)

1. Mouth
   Mouth
   The mouth is the first portion of the alimentary canal that receives food andsaliva. The oral mucosa is the mucous membrane epithelium lining the inside of the mouth....
   
   
2. Fauces
3. Pharynx
   Pharynx
   The human pharynx is the part of the throat situated immediately posterior to the mouth and nasal cavity, and anterior to the esophagus and larynx. The human pharynx is conventionally divided into three sections: the nasopharynx , the oropharynx , and the laryngopharynx...
   
   
4. Oesophagus
5. Stomach
   Stomach
   The stomach is a muscular, hollow, dilated part of the alimentary canal which functions as an important organ of the digestive tract in some animals, including vertebrates, echinoderms, insects , and molluscs. It is involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication .The stomach is...
   
   
6. Small intestine
   Small intestine
   The small intestine is the part of the gastrointestinal tract following the stomach and followed by the large intestine, and is where much of the digestion and absorption of food takes place. In invertebrates such as worms, the terms "gastrointestinal tract" and "large intestine" are often used to...
   
   
7. Large intestine
   Large intestine
   The large intestine is the third-to-last part of the digestive system — — in vertebrate animals. Its function is to absorb water from the remaining indigestible food matter, and then to pass useless waste material from the body...
   
   
8. Liver
   Liver
   The liver is a vital organ present in vertebrates and some other animals. It has a wide range of functions, including detoxification, protein synthesis, and production of biochemicals necessary for digestion...
   
   , Gallbladder
   Gallbladder
   In vertebrates the gallbladder is a small organ that aids mainly in fat digestion and concentrates bile produced by the liver. In humans the loss of the gallbladder is usually easily tolerated....
   
   
9. Pancreas
   Pancreas
   The pancreas is a gland organ in the digestive and endocrine system of vertebrates. It is both an endocrine gland producing several important hormones, including insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin, as well as a digestive organ, secreting pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes that assist...
   
   

A06: Respiratory system (systema respiratorium)

1. Nose
   Human nose
   The visible part of the human nose is the protruding part of the face that bears the nostrils. The shape of the nose is determined by the ethmoid bone and the nasal septum, which consists mostly of cartilage and which separates the nostrils...
   
   
2. Larynx
   Larynx
   The larynx , commonly called the voice box, is an organ in the neck of amphibians, reptiles and mammals involved in breathing, sound production, and protecting the trachea against food aspiration. It manipulates pitch and volume...
   
   
3. Trachea
   Vertebrate trachea
   In tetrapod anatomy the trachea, or windpipe, is a tube that connects the pharynx or larynx to the lungs, allowing the passage of air. It is lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium cells with goblet cells that produce mucus...
   
   
4. Bronchi
5. Lungs

A08: Urinary system (systema urinarium)

1. Kidney
   Kidney
   The kidneys, organs with several functions, serve essential regulatory roles in most animals, including vertebrates and some invertebrates. They are essential in the urinary system and also serve homeostatic functions such as the regulation of electrolytes, maintenance of acid–base balance, and...
   
   
2. Ureter
   Ureter
   In human anatomy, the ureters are muscular tubes that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. In the adult, the ureters are usually long and ~3-4 mm in diameter....
   
   
3. Urinary bladder
   Urinary bladder
   The urinary bladder is the organ that collects urine excreted by the kidneys before disposal by urination. A hollow muscular, and distensible organ, the bladder sits on the pelvic floor...
   
   
4. Female urethra
5. Male urethra

A09: Genital systems (systemata genitalia)

1. Female internal genitalia
   Female internal genitalia
   The female internal genitalia refers to the portion of the female reproductive system consisting of the adnexa, uterus, and vagina....
   
   
2. Female external genitalia
   Female external genitalia
   The female external genitalia refers to the portion of the female reproductive system consisting of the labia, clitoris, and related structures....
   
   
3. Male internal genitalia
   Male internal genitalia
   The male internal genitalia refers to the portion of the male reproductive system consisting of seminal tract and prostate....
   
   
4. Male external genitalia
   Male external genitalia
   The male external genitalia refers to the portion of the male reproductive system consisting of penis, urinary tract, and scrotum....
   
   
5. Perineum
   Perineum
   In human anatomy, the perineum is a region of the body including the perineal body and surrounding structures...
   
   

A10: Abdominopelvic cavity (cavitas abdominis et pelvis)

• http://www.unifr.ch/ifaa/Public/EntryPage/ViewTA/TAa10.html

A11: Endocrine glands (glandulae endocrinae)

1. Pituitary gland
   Pituitary gland
   In vertebrate anatomy the pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea and weighing 0.5 g , in humans. It is a protrusion off the bottom of the hypothalamus at the base of the brain, and rests in a small, bony cavity covered by a dural fold...
   
   
2. Pineal gland
   Pineal gland
   The pineal gland is a small endocrine gland in the vertebrate brain. It produces the serotonin derivative melatonin, a hormone that affects the modulation of wake/sleep patterns and seasonal functions...
   
   
3. Thyroid gland
4. Parathyroid gland
   Parathyroid gland
   The parathyroid glands are small endocrine glands in the neck that produce parathyroid hormone. Humans usually have four parathyroid glands, which are usually located on the rear surface of the thyroid gland, or, in rare cases, within the thyroid gland itself or in the chest...
   
   
5. Suprarenal gland
6. Pancreatic islets

A12: Cardiovascular system (systema cardiovasculare)

• General terms http://www.unifr.ch/ifaa/Public/EntryPage/ViewTA/TAa12.html

1. Heart
   Heart
   The heart is a myogenic muscular organ found in all animals with a circulatory system , that is responsible for pumping blood throughout the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions...
   
   
2. Arteries
3. Veins
4. Lymphatic trunks and ducts

A13: Lymphoid system (systema lymphoideum)

1. Primary lymphoid organs
2. Secondary lymphoid organs
3. Regional lymph node
   Lymph node
   A lymph node is a small ball or an oval-shaped organ of the immune system, distributed widely throughout the body including the armpit and stomach/gut and linked by lymphatic vessels. Lymph nodes are garrisons of B, T, and other immune cells. Lymph nodes are found all through the body, and act as...
   
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A14: Nervous system (systema nervosum)

• General terms http://www.unifr.ch/ifaa/Public/EntryPage/ViewTA/TAa14.html

1. Central nervous system
   Central nervous system
   The central nervous system is the part of the nervous system that integrates the information that it receives from, and coordinates the activity of, all parts of the bodies of bilaterian animals—that is, all multicellular animals except sponges and radially symmetric animals such as jellyfish...
   
   
   1. Meninges
      Meninges
      The meninges is the system of membranes which envelopes the central nervous system. The meninges consist of three layers: the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. The primary function of the meninges and of the cerebrospinal fluid is to protect the central nervous system.-Dura...
      
      
   2. Spinal cord
      Spinal cord
      The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue and support cells that extends from the brain . The brain and spinal cord together make up the central nervous system...
      
      
   3. Brain
      Brain
      The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals—only a few primitive invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, sea squirts and starfishes do not have one. It is located in the head, usually close to primary sensory apparatus such as vision, hearing,...
      
      
   4. Medulla oblongata
      Medulla oblongata
      The medulla oblongata is the lower half of the brainstem. In discussions of neurology and similar contexts where no ambiguity will result, it is often referred to as simply the medulla...
      
      
   5. Pons
      Pons
      The pons is a structure located on the brain stem, named after the Latin word for "bridge" or the 16th-century Italian anatomist and surgeon Costanzo Varolio . It is superior to the medulla oblongata, inferior to the midbrain, and ventral to the cerebellum. In humans and other bipeds this means it...
      
      
   6. Mesencephalon
      Mesencephalon
      The midbrain or mesencephalon is a portion of the central nervous system associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal , and temperature regulation....
      
      
   7. Cerebellum
      Cerebellum
      The cerebellum is a region of the brain that plays an important role in motor control. It may also be involved in some cognitive functions such as attention and language, and in regulating fear and pleasure responses, but its movement-related functions are the most solidly established...
      
      
   8. Diencephalon
      Diencephalon
      The diencephalon is the region of the vertebrate neural tube which gives rise to posterior forebrain structures. In development, the forebrain develops from the prosencephalon, the most anterior vesicle of the neural tube which later forms both the diencephalon and the...
      
      
   9. Telencephalon
      Telencephalon
      The cerebrum or telencephalon, together with the diencephalon, constitutes the forebrain. The cerebrum is the most anterior region of the vertebrate central nervous system. Telencephalon refers to the embryonic structure, from which the mature cerebrum develops...
      
      
2. Peripheral nervous system
   Peripheral nervous system
   The peripheral nervous system consists of the nerves and ganglia outside of the brain and spinal cord. The main function of the PNS is to connect the central nervous system to the limbs and organs. Unlike the CNS, the PNS is not protected by the bone of spine and skull, or by the blood–brain...
   
   
   1. Cranial nerves
      Cranial nerves
      Cranial nerves are nerves that emerge directly from the brain, in contrast to spinal nerves, which emerge from segments of the spinal cord. In humans, there are traditionally twelve pairs of cranial nerves...
      
      
   2. Spinal nerves
3. Autonomic nervous system
   Autonomic nervous system
   The autonomic nervous system is the part of the peripheral nervous system that acts as a control system functioning largely below the level of consciousness, and controls visceral functions. The ANS affects heart rate, digestion, respiration rate, salivation, perspiration, diameter of the pupils,...
   
   

A15: Sense organs (organa sensuum)

1. Olfactory organ
   Olfactory system
   The olfactory system is the sensory system used for olfaction, or the sense of smell. Most mammals and reptiles have two distinct parts to their olfactory system: a main olfactory system and an accessory olfactory system. The main olfactory system detects volatile, airborne substances, while the...
   
    (the nose
   Nose
   Anatomically, a nose is a protuberance in vertebrates that houses the nostrils, or nares, which admit and expel air for respiration in conjunction with the mouth. Behind the nose are the olfactory mucosa and the sinuses. Behind the nasal cavity, air next passes through the pharynx, shared with the...
   
    and related structures) - See also: olfaction
   Olfaction
   Olfaction is the sense of smell. This sense is mediated by specialized sensory cells of the nasal cavity of vertebrates, and, by analogy, sensory cells of the antennae of invertebrates...
   
   .
2. Eye
   Human eye
   The human eye is an organ which reacts to light for several purposes. As a conscious sense organ, the eye allows vision. Rod and cone cells in the retina allow conscious light perception and vision including color differentiation and the perception of depth...
   
    and related structures (visual system
   Visual system
   The visual system is the part of the central nervous system which enables organisms to process visual detail, as well as enabling several non-image forming photoresponse functions. It interprets information from visible light to build a representation of the surrounding world...
   
   ) - See also: visual perception
   Visual perception
   Visual perception is the ability to interpret information and surroundings from the effects of visible light reaching the eye. The resulting perception is also known as eyesight, sight, or vision...
   
   .
3. Ear
   Ear
   The ear is the organ that detects sound. It not only receives sound, but also aids in balance and body position. The ear is part of the auditory system....
   
    (auditory system
   Auditory system
   The auditory system is the sensory system for the sense of hearing.- Outer ear :The folds of cartilage surrounding the ear canal are called the pinna...
   
   ) - See also: hearing
   Hearing (sense)
   Hearing is the ability to perceive sound by detecting vibrations through an organ such as the ear. It is one of the traditional five senses...
   
   .
4. Gustatory organ
   Gustatory system
   The gustatory system is the sensory system for the sense of taste.- Importance :The gustatory system allows humans to distinguish between safe and harmful food. Bitter and sour foods we find unpleasant, while salty, sweet, and meaty tasting foods generally provide a pleasurable sensation...
   
    (the tongue
   Tongue
   The tongue is a muscular hydrostat on the floors of the mouths of most vertebrates which manipulates food for mastication. It is the primary organ of taste , as much of the upper surface of the tongue is covered in papillae and taste buds. It is sensitive and kept moist by saliva, and is richly...
   
    and related structures) - See also: taste
   Taste
   Taste is one of the traditional five senses. It refers to the ability to detect the flavor of substances such as food, certain minerals, and poisons, etc....
   
   .

A16: The integument (integumentum commune)

• Skin
  Skin
  -Dermis:The dermis is the layer of skin beneath the epidermis that consists of connective tissue and cushions the body from stress and strain. The dermis is tightly connected to the epidermis by a basement membrane. It also harbors many Mechanoreceptors that provide the sense of touch and heat...
  
  

1. Subcutaneous tissue
   Subcutaneous tissue
   The hypodermis, also called the hypoderm, subcutaneous tissue, or superficial fascia is the lowermost layer of the integumentary system in vertebrates. Types of cells that are found in the hypodermis are fibroblasts, adipose cells, and macrophages...
   
   

See also

• Terminologia Embryologica
  Terminologia Embryologica
  The Terminologia Embryologica is a standardized list of words used in the description of human embryologic and fetal structures. It was produced by the Federative International Committee on Anatomical Terminology on behalf of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists and recently...
  
  
• Wikipedia:WikiProject Anatomy/Articles
• International Morphological Terminology
  International Morphological Terminology
  International Morphological Terminology is used by the colleges of medicine and dentistry and other areas of the health sciences. Facilitates communication and exchanges between scientists from different countries of the world and is used daily in the fields of research, teaching and medical...
  
  
• Iberian Latin American Symposium Terminology
  Iberian Latin American Symposium Terminology
  At the Iberian Latin American Symposia Terminology of anatomy, histology and embryology is studied, analyzes, translates and disseminates international morphological terminology, for it is used daily by educational institutions of medicine and other areas of health, speaking Spanish and...
  
  
• Federative International Committee on Anatomical Terminology
  Federative International Committee on Anatomical Terminology
  The Federative International Committee on Anatomical Terminology is a groups of expert, who review, analyze and discuss the terms of the morphological structures of the human body...
  
  

External links

• Terminologia Anatomica on FIPAT site
• Japanese site, 2 at Keio University
  Keio University
  ,abbreviated as Keio or Keidai , is a Japanese university located in Minato, Tokyo. It is known as the oldest institute of higher education in Japan. Founder Fukuzawa Yukichi originally established it as a school for Western studies in 1858 in Edo . It has eleven campuses in Tokyo and Kanagawa...
  
  (Translation)
• Spanish site at iqb.es (Translation)