Canadian federal election, 1984
Encyclopedia
The Canadian federal election of 1984 was held on September 4 of that year to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons
of the 33rd Parliament
of Canada
. The Progressive Conservative Party
, led by Brian Mulroney
won the largest landslide majority government
(by total number of seats) in Canadian history, while the Liberals
suffered what at that time was the worst defeat for a governing party at the federal level. Only the Progressive Conservatives would face a larger defeat in 1993.
The election marked the end of the Liberals' long dominance of federal politics in Quebec
, a province which had been the bedrock of Liberal support for almost a century.
This election was also the last time that the winning party received over 50% of the national popular vote.
.
Pierre Trudeau
, who had been Prime Minister
from 1968 to 1979 and since 1980, retired from politics in early 1984 after polls indicated that the Liberals would almost certainly be defeated at the next election had he remained in office. He was succeeded by John Turner
, a former Cabinet minister
under both Trudeau and Lester Pearson.
Turner had been out of politics since 1975. Upon assuming the leadership, he made immediate changes in an attempt to rebuild the Liberals' tattered reputation. For example, he announced that he would not run in a by-election
to return to the House of Commons
, but would instead run in the next general election as the Liberal candidate in Vancouver Quadra, British Columbia
. This was a sharp departure from usual practice, in which the incumbent in a safe seat
resigns to allow a newly elected party leader a chance to get into Parliament. The Liberal Party had lost favour with Western Canadians, and policies such as the National Energy Policy only aggravated this sentiment. Turner's plans to run in a Western riding were in part an attempt to rebuild support in that region. The Liberals did not hold any seats west of Manitoba
.
More seriously, there was great disaffection in Quebec with the Liberal government, even though Trudeau was a Quebecker. The province was highly annoyed at being left out of the 1982 repatriation of the Canadian constitution. Although Quebec had not ratified the new Constitution Act, 1982
; the Supreme Court of Canada
had ruled that Quebec was bound by it. However, hope for success there was one of the main reasons businessman Brian Mulroney
, a fluently bilingual Quebecker, had been chosen as party leader.
Although Turner was not required to call an election until 1985, internal polls showed that the Liberals had regained the lead in opinion polls. He requested that Queen Elizabeth II
delay her tour of Canada, and asked Governor-General Jeanne Sauvé
to dissolve Parliament on July 4. In accordance with Canadian constitutional practice, Sauvé granted the request and set an election for September 4.
The initial Liberal lead began to slip as Turner made several gaffes that caused voters to see him as "yesterday's man". In particular, he spoke of creating new "make work programs", a concept from the 1970s that had been replaced by the less patronizing "job creation program
s". He also was caught on camera patting Liberal Party President Iona Campagnolo
on her posterior. Turner defended this action as being a friendly gesture, not recognizing that it was seen by many women as being condescending.
Other voters turned against the Liberals due to their mounting legacy of patronage
and corruption
. An especially important issue was Trudeau's recommendation that Sauvé appoint over 200 Liberals to patronage posts just before he left office. The appointments enraged Canadians on all sides. Although Turner had the right to advise that the appointments be withdrawn (something that Sauvé would have had to do according to constitutional convention), he didn't do so. In fact, he himself appointed more than 70 Liberals to patronage posts despite a promise to bring a new way of politics to Ottawa. He cited a written agreement with Trudeau, claiming that if Trudeau had made the appointments, the Liberals would have almost certainly lost the election. However, the fact that Turner dropped the writ
a year early hurt his argument.
Turner found out that Mulroney was allegedly setting up a patronage machine in anticipation of victory. At the English-language televised debate between Mulroney, Turner and New Democratic Party
leader Ed Broadbent
, Turner started to attack Mulroney on his patronage plans, comparing them to the patronage machine run by old Union Nationale in Quebec. However, Mulroney turned the tables by pointing to the raft of patronage appointments made on the advice of Trudeau and Turner. Claiming that he'd gone so far as to apologize for making light of "these horrible appointments," Mulroney demanded that Turner apologize to the country for not cancelling the appointments advised by Trudeau and for recommending his own appointments. Turner was visibly surprised, and could only reply that "I had no option" except to let the appointments stand. Mulroney famously responded:
Turner, clearly flustered by this withering riposte from Mulroney, could only repeat "I had no option." A visibly angry Mulroney called this "an avowal of failure" and told Turner, "You had an option, sir. You could have done better."
Mulroney's counterattack led most of the papers the next day; it was often paraphrased as "You had an option, sir; you could have said 'no'." Many observers saw this as the end of any realistic chance for Turner to stay in power.
The last days of the campaign saw one Liberal blunder piled on another. Turner continued to speak of "make work programs" and made other gaffes that caused voters to see him as a relic from the past. Turner rehired much of Trudeau's staff during the final weeks in an attempt to turn the tide, but this did nothing to reverse the Liberals' sliding poll numbers. Trudeau himself did not campaign for Turner, instead only showing up to support Liberal candidates.
Besides the Tories, the NDP also benefited from the slip in Liberal support. Under Broadbent, the party had seen greater support in opinion polling than ever before, and had actually replaced the Liberals as the second party in much of the West.
, falling from 44 percent to 28 percent. Their seat count fell from 135 at dissolution to 40: a 95-seat loss, the second worst performance in their long history. Eleven members of Turner's cabinet were defeated.
At the time, only one other governing party had lost more seats in an election; Progressive Conservative, Arthur Meighen
, was defeated by Mackenzie King's Liberals in the 1921 election
and lost 104 seats in the process. However, Meighen's National Liberal and Conservative Party
was an attempt to continue the wartime Unionist coalition
, which included several Liberals. Many of the Unionist Liberals had returned to the Liberal fold. Also, the NLCP was cut down to 49 seats, nine more than the 1984 Liberals.
Despite their hopes of winning more support in the West, they won only two seats west of Ontario
. One of those belonged to Turner, who defeated the Tory incumbent in Vancouver Quadra by a fairly solid 3,200-vote margin.
Particularly shocking was the decimation of the Liberals in Quebec. They won only 17 seats, all but four in and around Montreal
. The province had been the bedrock of Liberal support for almost a century—in fact, the 1958 Tory landslide
was the only time since the 1896 election
that the Liberals had not won the most seats in Quebec. In Ontario, the Liberals won only 14 seats, nearly all of them in Metro Toronto.
to the traditional Tory coalition of Western populist conservatives and fiscal conservatives from Ontario and the Atlantic provinces.
This strategy, as well as denouncing alleged corruption in the Liberal government, proved successful. The Progressive Conservatives won 211 seats, three more than their previous record of 208 in 1958. They won a majority of seats in every province and territory. They also won just over half the popular vote, the last time to date that a Canadian party has won a majority of the popular vote.
The Tories had a major breakthrough in Quebec, a province where they had been virtually unelectable for almost a century. However, Mulroney's promise of a new deal for Quebec caused the province to swing dramatically to support him. After winning only one seat out of 75 in 1980, the Tories won 58 seats in 1984, more than they had ever won in Quebec before. In many cases, ridings where few of the living residents had ever been represented by a Tory elected them by margins similar to those the Liberals had scored for years.
briefly surpassed the Tories. This led to speculation that Canada was headed for a UK
-style Labour
–Conservative
division, with the NDP knocking the Liberals down to third-party status.
All numerical results from Elections Canada
's Official Report on the Thirty-Third Election.
Notes:
"% change" refers to change from previous election.
x – less than 0.05% of the popular vote.
1 Tony Roman
was elected in the Toronto-area riding of York North as a "coalition candidate", defeating incumbent PC MP John Gamble
. Roman drew support from Progressive Conservatives who were upset by Gamble's extreme right-wing views.
2 Results of the Parti nationaliste du Québec are compared to those of the Union Populaire in the 1980 election.
The Revolutionary Workers League
fielded five candidates: Michel Dugré, Katy Le Rougetel, Larry Johnston, Bonnie Geddes and Bill Burgess. All appeared on the ballot as independent or non-affiliated candidates, as the party was unregistered.
, ON: Len Hopkins
(Lib) def. Don Whillans (PC) by 38 votes
2. Ottawa Centre
, ON: Mike Cassidy
(NDP) def. Dan Chilcott (PC) by 54 votes
3. Nunatsiaq
, NT: Thomas Suluk
(PC) def. Robert Kuptana (Lib) by 247 votes
4. Prince Albert
, SK: Stan Hovdebo (NDP) def. Gordon Dobrowolsky (PC) by 297 votes
5. Burin—St. George's
, NF: Joe Price (PC) def. Roger Simmons
(Lib) by 299 votes
6. The Battlefords—Meadow Lake
, SK: John Gormley
(PC) def. Doug Anguish (NDP) by 336 votes
7. Willowdale
, ON: John Oostrom
(PC) def. Jim Peterson
(Lib) by 362 votes
8. Saskatoon East
, SK: Don Ravis (PC) def. Colin Clay (NDP) by 417 votes
9. Humber—Port au Port—St. Barbe
, NF: Brian Tobin
(Lib) def. Mike Monaghan (PC) by 493 votes
10. Mackenzie
, SK: Jack Scowen
(PC) def. Mel McCorriston (NDP) by 555 votes
Articles on parties' candidates in this election:
>
Liberal
Social Credit
Progressive Conservative
Rhinoceros
Canadian House of Commons
The House of Commons of Canada is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the Sovereign and the Senate. The House of Commons is a democratically elected body, consisting of 308 members known as Members of Parliament...
of the 33rd Parliament
33rd Canadian Parliament
The 33rd Canadian Parliament was in session from November 5, 1984 until October 1, 1988. The membership was set by the 1984 federal election on September 4, 1984, and it only changed slightly due to resignations and by-elections prior to being dissolved before the 1988 election.It was controlled...
of Canada
Canada
Canada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean...
. The Progressive Conservative Party
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada
The Progressive Conservative Party of Canada was a Canadian political party with a centre-right stance on economic issues and, after the 1970s, a centrist stance on social issues....
, led by Brian Mulroney
Brian Mulroney
Martin Brian Mulroney, was the 18th Prime Minister of Canada from September 17, 1984, to June 25, 1993 and was leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada from 1983 to 1993. His tenure as Prime Minister was marked by the introduction of major economic reforms, such as the Canada-U.S...
won the largest landslide majority government
Majority government
A majority government is when the governing party has an absolute majority of seats in the legislature or parliament in a parliamentary system. This is as opposed to a minority government, where even the largest party wins only a plurality of seats and thus must constantly bargain for support from...
(by total number of seats) in Canadian history, while the Liberals
Liberal Party of Canada
The Liberal Party of Canada , colloquially known as the Grits, is the oldest federally registered party in Canada. In the conventional political spectrum, the party sits between the centre and the centre-left. Historically the Liberal Party has positioned itself to the left of the Conservative...
suffered what at that time was the worst defeat for a governing party at the federal level. Only the Progressive Conservatives would face a larger defeat in 1993.
The election marked the end of the Liberals' long dominance of federal politics in Quebec
Quebec
Quebec or is a province in east-central Canada. It is the only Canadian province with a predominantly French-speaking population and the only one whose sole official language is French at the provincial level....
, a province which had been the bedrock of Liberal support for almost a century.
This election was also the last time that the winning party received over 50% of the national popular vote.
Background
The election was fought almost entirely on the record of the Liberals, who had been in power for all but one year since 1963Canadian federal election, 1963
The Canadian federal election of 1963 was held on April 8 to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 26th Parliament of Canada. It resulted in the defeat of the minority Progressive Conservative government of Prime Minister John Diefenbaker.-Overview:During the Tories' last year in...
.
Pierre Trudeau
Pierre Trudeau
Joseph Philippe Pierre Yves Elliott Trudeau, , usually known as Pierre Trudeau or Pierre Elliott Trudeau, was the 15th Prime Minister of Canada from April 20, 1968 to June 4, 1979, and again from March 3, 1980 to June 30, 1984.Trudeau began his political career campaigning for socialist ideals,...
, who had been Prime Minister
Prime Minister of Canada
The Prime Minister of Canada is the primary minister of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and thus head of government for Canada, charged with advising the Canadian monarch or viceroy on the exercise of the executive powers vested in them by the constitution...
from 1968 to 1979 and since 1980, retired from politics in early 1984 after polls indicated that the Liberals would almost certainly be defeated at the next election had he remained in office. He was succeeded by John Turner
John Turner
John Napier Wyndham Turner, PC, CC, QC is an English Canadian lawyer and retired politician, who served as the 17th Prime Minister of Canada from June 30 to September 17, 1984....
, a former Cabinet minister
Cabinet of Canada
The Cabinet of Canada is a body of ministers of the Crown that, along with the Canadian monarch, and within the tenets of the Westminster system, forms the government of Canada...
under both Trudeau and Lester Pearson.
Turner had been out of politics since 1975. Upon assuming the leadership, he made immediate changes in an attempt to rebuild the Liberals' tattered reputation. For example, he announced that he would not run in a by-election
By-election
A by-election is an election held to fill a political office that has become vacant between regularly scheduled elections....
to return to the House of Commons
Canadian House of Commons
The House of Commons of Canada is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the Sovereign and the Senate. The House of Commons is a democratically elected body, consisting of 308 members known as Members of Parliament...
, but would instead run in the next general election as the Liberal candidate in Vancouver Quadra, British Columbia
Vancouver Quadra
Vancouver Quadra is a federal electoral district in British Columbia, Canada, that has been represented in the Canadian House of Commons since 1949....
. This was a sharp departure from usual practice, in which the incumbent in a safe seat
Safe seat
A safe seat is a seat in a legislative body which is regarded as fully secured, either by a certain political party, the incumbent representative personally or a combination of both...
resigns to allow a newly elected party leader a chance to get into Parliament. The Liberal Party had lost favour with Western Canadians, and policies such as the National Energy Policy only aggravated this sentiment. Turner's plans to run in a Western riding were in part an attempt to rebuild support in that region. The Liberals did not hold any seats west of Manitoba
Manitoba
Manitoba is a Canadian prairie province with an area of . The province has over 110,000 lakes and has a largely continental climate because of its flat topography. Agriculture, mostly concentrated in the fertile southern and western parts of the province, is vital to the province's economy; other...
.
More seriously, there was great disaffection in Quebec with the Liberal government, even though Trudeau was a Quebecker. The province was highly annoyed at being left out of the 1982 repatriation of the Canadian constitution. Although Quebec had not ratified the new Constitution Act, 1982
Constitution Act, 1982
The Constitution Act, 1982 is a part of the Constitution of Canada. The Act was introduced as part of Canada's process of "patriating" the constitution, introducing several amendments to the British North America Act, 1867, and changing the latter's name in Canada to the Constitution Act, 1867...
; the Supreme Court of Canada
Supreme Court of Canada
The Supreme Court of Canada is the highest court of Canada and is the final court of appeals in the Canadian justice system. The court grants permission to between 40 and 75 litigants each year to appeal decisions rendered by provincial, territorial and federal appellate courts, and its decisions...
had ruled that Quebec was bound by it. However, hope for success there was one of the main reasons businessman Brian Mulroney
Brian Mulroney
Martin Brian Mulroney, was the 18th Prime Minister of Canada from September 17, 1984, to June 25, 1993 and was leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada from 1983 to 1993. His tenure as Prime Minister was marked by the introduction of major economic reforms, such as the Canada-U.S...
, a fluently bilingual Quebecker, had been chosen as party leader.
Although Turner was not required to call an election until 1985, internal polls showed that the Liberals had regained the lead in opinion polls. He requested that Queen Elizabeth II
Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom
Elizabeth II is the constitutional monarch of 16 sovereign states known as the Commonwealth realms: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize,...
delay her tour of Canada, and asked Governor-General Jeanne Sauvé
Jeanne Sauvé
Jeanne Mathilde Sauvé was a Canadian journalist, politician, and stateswoman who served as Governor General of Canada, the 23rd since Canadian Confederation....
to dissolve Parliament on July 4. In accordance with Canadian constitutional practice, Sauvé granted the request and set an election for September 4.
The initial Liberal lead began to slip as Turner made several gaffes that caused voters to see him as "yesterday's man". In particular, he spoke of creating new "make work programs", a concept from the 1970s that had been replaced by the less patronizing "job creation program
Job creation program
Job Creation Programs are programs or projects undertaken by a government of a nation to assist unemployed members of the population in securing employment. A cornerstone of Keynesian economics, they are especially common during time of high unemployment...
s". He also was caught on camera patting Liberal Party President Iona Campagnolo
Iona Campagnolo
Iona Campagnolo, is a Canadian politician, and was the first woman and 27th Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia. Prior to becoming Lieutenant Governor she was a Canadian politician and cabinet member in the Liberal government of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau.-Career:Born Iona Victoria Hardy...
on her posterior. Turner defended this action as being a friendly gesture, not recognizing that it was seen by many women as being condescending.
Other voters turned against the Liberals due to their mounting legacy of patronage
Patronage
Patronage is the support, encouragement, privilege, or financial aid that an organization or individual bestows to another. In the history of art, arts patronage refers to the support that kings or popes have provided to musicians, painters, and sculptors...
and corruption
Political corruption
Political corruption is the use of legislated powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain. Misuse of government power for other purposes, such as repression of political opponents and general police brutality, is not considered political corruption. Neither are illegal acts by...
. An especially important issue was Trudeau's recommendation that Sauvé appoint over 200 Liberals to patronage posts just before he left office. The appointments enraged Canadians on all sides. Although Turner had the right to advise that the appointments be withdrawn (something that Sauvé would have had to do according to constitutional convention), he didn't do so. In fact, he himself appointed more than 70 Liberals to patronage posts despite a promise to bring a new way of politics to Ottawa. He cited a written agreement with Trudeau, claiming that if Trudeau had made the appointments, the Liberals would have almost certainly lost the election. However, the fact that Turner dropped the writ
Dropping the writ
Dropping the writ is the informal term for a procedure in some parliamentary government systems, where the head of government goes to the head of state and formally advises him or her to dissolve parliament...
a year early hurt his argument.
Turner found out that Mulroney was allegedly setting up a patronage machine in anticipation of victory. At the English-language televised debate between Mulroney, Turner and New Democratic Party
New Democratic Party
The New Democratic Party , commonly referred to as the NDP, is a federal social-democratic political party in Canada. The interim leader of the NDP is Nycole Turmel who was appointed to the position due to the illness of Jack Layton, who died on August 22, 2011. The provincial wings of the NDP in...
leader Ed Broadbent
Ed Broadbent
John Edward "Ed" Broadbent, is a Canadian social democratic politician and political scientist. He was leader of the federal New Democratic Party from 1975 to 1989. In the 2004 federal election, he returned to Parliament for one additional term as the Member of Parliament for Ottawa Centre.-Life...
, Turner started to attack Mulroney on his patronage plans, comparing them to the patronage machine run by old Union Nationale in Quebec. However, Mulroney turned the tables by pointing to the raft of patronage appointments made on the advice of Trudeau and Turner. Claiming that he'd gone so far as to apologize for making light of "these horrible appointments," Mulroney demanded that Turner apologize to the country for not cancelling the appointments advised by Trudeau and for recommending his own appointments. Turner was visibly surprised, and could only reply that "I had no option" except to let the appointments stand. Mulroney famously responded:
"You had an option, sirYou had an option, sir"You had an option, sir" was a phrase used by Brian Mulroney against John Turner during the English-language leaders debate in the 1984 Canadian federal election...
. You could have said, 'I am not going to do it. This is wrong for Canada, and I am not going to ask Canadians to pay the price.' You had an option, sir--to say 'no'--and you chose to say 'yes' to the old attitudes and the old stories of the Liberal Party. That sir, if I may say respectfully, that is not good enough for Canadians."
Turner, clearly flustered by this withering riposte from Mulroney, could only repeat "I had no option." A visibly angry Mulroney called this "an avowal of failure" and told Turner, "You had an option, sir. You could have done better."
Mulroney's counterattack led most of the papers the next day; it was often paraphrased as "You had an option, sir; you could have said 'no'." Many observers saw this as the end of any realistic chance for Turner to stay in power.
The last days of the campaign saw one Liberal blunder piled on another. Turner continued to speak of "make work programs" and made other gaffes that caused voters to see him as a relic from the past. Turner rehired much of Trudeau's staff during the final weeks in an attempt to turn the tide, but this did nothing to reverse the Liberals' sliding poll numbers. Trudeau himself did not campaign for Turner, instead only showing up to support Liberal candidates.
Besides the Tories, the NDP also benefited from the slip in Liberal support. Under Broadbent, the party had seen greater support in opinion polling than ever before, and had actually replaced the Liberals as the second party in much of the West.
Liberals
Turner's inability to overcome the alleged resentment against Trudeau, combined with his own mistakes, resulted in a debacle for the Liberals. They lost nearly half their popular vote from 1980Canadian federal election, 1980
The Canadian federal election of 1980 was held on February 18, 1980 to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 32nd Parliament of Canada...
, falling from 44 percent to 28 percent. Their seat count fell from 135 at dissolution to 40: a 95-seat loss, the second worst performance in their long history. Eleven members of Turner's cabinet were defeated.
At the time, only one other governing party had lost more seats in an election; Progressive Conservative, Arthur Meighen
Arthur Meighen
Arthur Meighen, PC, QC was a Canadian lawyer and politician. He served two terms as the ninth Prime Minister of Canada: from July 10, 1920 to December 29, 1921; and from June 29 to September 25, 1926. He was the first Prime Minister born after Confederation, and the only one to represent a riding...
, was defeated by Mackenzie King's Liberals in the 1921 election
Canadian federal election, 1921
The Canadian federal election of 1921 was held on December 6, 1921 to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 14th Parliament of Canada. The Union government that had governed Canada through the First World War was defeated, and replaced by a Liberal government under the young leader...
and lost 104 seats in the process. However, Meighen's National Liberal and Conservative Party
National Liberal and Conservative Party
The National Liberal and Conservative Party was the name adopted by the Conservative Party of Canada in 1920 after the end of the Unionist government of Robert Borden....
was an attempt to continue the wartime Unionist coalition
Unionist Party (Canada)
The Unionist Party was formed in 1917 by Members of Parliament in Canada who supported the "Union government" formed by Sir Robert Borden during the First World War....
, which included several Liberals. Many of the Unionist Liberals had returned to the Liberal fold. Also, the NLCP was cut down to 49 seats, nine more than the 1984 Liberals.
Despite their hopes of winning more support in the West, they won only two seats west of Ontario
Ontario
Ontario is a province of Canada, located in east-central Canada. It is Canada's most populous province and second largest in total area. It is home to the nation's most populous city, Toronto, and the nation's capital, Ottawa....
. One of those belonged to Turner, who defeated the Tory incumbent in Vancouver Quadra by a fairly solid 3,200-vote margin.
Particularly shocking was the decimation of the Liberals in Quebec. They won only 17 seats, all but four in and around Montreal
Montreal
Montreal is a city in Canada. It is the largest city in the province of Quebec, the second-largest city in Canada and the seventh largest in North America...
. The province had been the bedrock of Liberal support for almost a century—in fact, the 1958 Tory landslide
Canadian federal election, 1958
The Canadian federal election of 1958 was the 24th general election in Canada's history. It was held to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 24th Parliament of Canada on March 31, 1958, just nine months after the 23rd election...
was the only time since the 1896 election
Canadian federal election, 1896
The Canadian federal election of 1896 was held on June 23, 1896 to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 8th Parliament of Canada. Though the Conservative Party won a plurality of the popular vote, the Liberal Party, led by Wilfrid Laurier, won the majority of seats to form the...
that the Liberals had not won the most seats in Quebec. In Ontario, the Liberals won only 14 seats, nearly all of them in Metro Toronto.
Progressive Conservatives
Early in the election, Mulroney focused on adding Quebec nationalistsQuebec nationalism
Quebec nationalism is a nationalist movement in the Canadian province of Quebec .-1534–1774:Canada was first a french colony. Jacques Cartier claimed it for France in 1534, and permanent French settlement began in 1608. It was part of New France, which constituted all French colonies in North America...
to the traditional Tory coalition of Western populist conservatives and fiscal conservatives from Ontario and the Atlantic provinces.
This strategy, as well as denouncing alleged corruption in the Liberal government, proved successful. The Progressive Conservatives won 211 seats, three more than their previous record of 208 in 1958. They won a majority of seats in every province and territory. They also won just over half the popular vote, the last time to date that a Canadian party has won a majority of the popular vote.
The Tories had a major breakthrough in Quebec, a province where they had been virtually unelectable for almost a century. However, Mulroney's promise of a new deal for Quebec caused the province to swing dramatically to support him. After winning only one seat out of 75 in 1980, the Tories won 58 seats in 1984, more than they had ever won in Quebec before. In many cases, ridings where few of the living residents had ever been represented by a Tory elected them by margins similar to those the Liberals had scored for years.
New Democrats
The NDP lost only one seat, which was far better than expected considering the size of the PC tidal wave. Third parties usually get decimated in massive landslides. More importantly, their 30 seats were only ten behind the Liberals. Although the NDP had long since established itself as the third major party in Canada, this was closer than any party had gotten to the Grits or Tories since 1921, when the Progressive PartyProgressive Party of Canada
The Progressive Party of Canada was a political party in Canada in the 1920s and 1930s. It was linked with the provincial United Farmers parties in several provinces and, in Manitoba, ran candidates and formed governments as the Progressive Party of Manitoba...
briefly surpassed the Tories. This led to speculation that Canada was headed for a UK
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
-style Labour
Labour Party (UK)
The Labour Party is a centre-left democratic socialist party in the United Kingdom. It surpassed the Liberal Party in general elections during the early 1920s, forming minority governments under Ramsay MacDonald in 1924 and 1929-1931. The party was in a wartime coalition from 1940 to 1945, after...
–Conservative
Conservative Party (UK)
The Conservative Party, formally the Conservative and Unionist Party, is a centre-right political party in the United Kingdom that adheres to the philosophies of conservatism and British unionism. It is the largest political party in the UK, and is currently the largest single party in the House...
division, with the NDP knocking the Liberals down to third-party status.
All numerical results from Elections Canada
Elections Canada
Elections Canada is an independent, non-partisan agency reporting directly to the Parliament of Canada. Its ongoing responsibility is to ensure that Canadians can exercise their choices in federal elections and referenda through an open and impartial process...
's Official Report on the Thirty-Third Election.
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| Party | Party leader | # of candidates |
Seats | Popular vote | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| 1980 Canadian federal election, 1980 The Canadian federal election of 1980 was held on February 18, 1980 to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 32nd Parliament of Canada... |
font style="font-size: 75%;">Dissolution Dissolution of parliament In parliamentary systems, a dissolution of parliament is the dispersal of a legislature at the call of an election.Usually there is a maximum length of a legislature, and a dissolution must happen before the maximum time... |
Elected | % Change | # | % | Change |
Progressive Conservative Progressive Conservative Party of Canada The Progressive Conservative Party of Canada was a Canadian political party with a centre-right stance on economic issues and, after the 1970s, a centrist stance on social issues.... |
Brian Mulroney Brian Mulroney Martin Brian Mulroney, was the 18th Prime Minister of Canada from September 17, 1984, to June 25, 1993 and was leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada from 1983 to 1993. His tenure as Prime Minister was marked by the introduction of major economic reforms, such as the Canada-U.S... |
282 | 103 | 100 | 211 | +104.9% | 6,278,818 | 50.03% | +17.59% |
Liberal Liberal Party of Canada The Liberal Party of Canada , colloquially known as the Grits, is the oldest federally registered party in Canada. In the conventional political spectrum, the party sits between the centre and the centre-left. Historically the Liberal Party has positioned itself to the left of the Conservative... |
John Turner John Turner John Napier Wyndham Turner, PC, CC, QC is an English Canadian lawyer and retired politician, who served as the 17th Prime Minister of Canada from June 30 to September 17, 1984.... |
282 | 147 | 135 | 40 | -72.8% | 3,516,486 | 28.02% | -16.32% |
New Democratic Party New Democratic Party The New Democratic Party , commonly referred to as the NDP, is a federal social-democratic political party in Canada. The interim leader of the NDP is Nycole Turmel who was appointed to the position due to the illness of Jack Layton, who died on August 22, 2011. The provincial wings of the NDP in... |
Ed Broadbent Ed Broadbent John Edward "Ed" Broadbent, is a Canadian social democratic politician and political scientist. He was leader of the federal New Democratic Party from 1975 to 1989. In the 2004 federal election, he returned to Parliament for one additional term as the Member of Parliament for Ottawa Centre.-Life... |
282 | 32 | 31 | 30 | -6.3% | 2,359,915 | 18.81% | -0.97% |
No affiliation1 | 20 | - | - | 1 | 39,298 | 0.31% | +0.29% |
Rhinoceros | Cornelius the First Cornelius the First Cornelius the First was a Canadian black rhinoceros from the Granby Zoo in Granby, Quebec, who was the nominal leader of the federal political party, the Rhinoceros Party of Canada from 1965 to 1993... |
88 | - | - | - | - | 99,178 | 0.79% | -0.22% |
Parti nationaliste du Québec Parti nationaliste du Québec -Origins:For decades, the Social Credit Party's Quebec wing, the Ralliement créditiste, attracted many Quebec nationalists as a party that could represent Quebec's interests in the Canadian House of Commons... 2 |
Denis Monière | 74 | * | * | - | * | 85,865 | 0.68% | * |
Confederation of Regions Confederation of Regions Party of Canada The Confederation of Regions Party was a right-wing Canadian political party founded in 1984 by Elmer Knutson. It was founded as a successor to the Western Canada Federation , a non-partisan organization, to fight the Liberal Party of Canada... |
Elmer Knutson Elmer Knutson Elmer S. Knutson was a Canadian fringe politician. He was born on the family farm in Torquay, Saskatchewan. He worked on road gangs, in lumber camps and mines until he won a baseball scholarship to a Lutheran college in North Dakota, USA. After serving in the Royal Canadian Navy during World War... |
55 | * | * | - | * | 65,655 | 0.52% | * |
Green Green Party of Canada The Green Party of Canada is a Canadian federal political party founded in 1983 with 10,000–12,000 registered members as of October 2008. The Greens advance a broad multi-issue political platform that reflects its core values of ecological wisdom, social justice, grassroots democracy and... |
Trevor Hancock Trevor Hancock Dr. Trevor Hancock was the first leader of the Green Party of Canada. Under him, the party ran 60 candidates in the 1984 federal election. He is a public health physician, and consults with the World Health Organization. Together with Dr. Leonard Duhl, he created the Healthy Cities project that... |
60 | * | * | - | * | 26,921 | 0.21% | * |
Libertarian Libertarian Party of Canada The Libertarian Party of Canada is a political party in Canada that subscribes to the tenets of the libertarian movement across Canada.-History:... |
Victor Levis | 72 | - | - | - | - | 23,514 | 0.19% | +0.05% |
Independent | 65 | - | 1 | - | - | 22,067 | 0.18% | +0.04% |
Social Credit Social Credit Party of Canada The Social Credit Party of Canada was a conservative-populist political party in Canada that promoted social credit theories of monetary reform... |
Ken Sweigard Ken Sweigard Ken Sweigard was a Pentecostal evangelist from Grande Prairie, Alberta, and politician who led the Social Credit Party of Canada from 1983 to 1986.... |
51 | - | - | - | - | 16,659 | 0.13% | -1.56% |
Communist Communist Party of Canada The Communist Party of Canada is a communist political party in Canada. Although is it currently a minor or small political party without representation in the Federal Parliament or in provincial legislatures, historically the Party has elected representatives in Federal Parliament, Ontario... |
William Kashtan William Kashtan William Kashtan became general secretary of the Communist Party of Canada in January 1965, several months following the death of Leslie Morris. The delay in his assuming the position was due to the opposition of Tim Buck to his appointment.... |
51 | - | - | - | - | 7,479 | 0.06% | +x |
Commonwealth Party for the Commonwealth of Canada The Party for the Commonwealth of Canada was a Canadian political party formed by Canadians who supported the ideology of U.S. politician Lyndon LaRouche in the 1984, 1988 and 1993 elections.... |
Gilles Gervais | 66 | * | * | - | * | 7,007 | 0.06% | * | |||
| Vacant | 15 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 1,449 | 282 | 282 | 282 | - | 12,548,862 | 100% | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sources: http://www.elections.ca—History of Federal Ridings since 1867 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Notes:
"% change" refers to change from previous election.
x – less than 0.05% of the popular vote.
1 Tony Roman
Tony Roman
Anthony Roman was a politician in Ontario, Canada. Roman served as the Mayor of the Town of Markham, Ontario from 1970 to 1984, Chair of the Regional Municipality of York in 1984, and independent Member of Parliament for the riding of York North from 1984 to 1988.Roman won the 1984 election in...
was elected in the Toronto-area riding of York North as a "coalition candidate", defeating incumbent PC MP John Gamble
John A. Gamble
John Albert Gamble was a far-right Canadian politician. He was elected to the Canadian House of Commons as a Progressive Conservative in the 1979 federal election and re-elected in the 1980 election representing the riding of York North.He was a candidate at the 1983 Progressive Conservative...
. Roman drew support from Progressive Conservatives who were upset by Gamble's extreme right-wing views.
2 Results of the Parti nationaliste du Québec are compared to those of the Union Populaire in the 1980 election.
The Revolutionary Workers League
Revolutionary Workers League/Ligue Ouvrière Révolutionnaire
The Revolutionary Workers League/Ligue Ouvrière Révolutionnaire was a Canadian Trostkyist party formed on August 8, 1977 by the fusion of the Revolutionary Marxist Group and its Quebec counterpart, the Groupe Marxiste Revolutionnarie with the League for Socialist Action/Ligue Socialiste Ouvrière...
fielded five candidates: Michel Dugré, Katy Le Rougetel, Larry Johnston, Bonnie Geddes and Bill Burgess. All appeared on the ballot as independent or non-affiliated candidates, as the party was unregistered.
Results by province
| Party name | BC British Columbia British Columbia is the westernmost of Canada's provinces and is known for its natural beauty, as reflected in its Latin motto, Splendor sine occasu . Its name was chosen by Queen Victoria in 1858... |
AB Alberta Alberta is a province of Canada. It had an estimated population of 3.7 million in 2010 making it the most populous of Canada's three prairie provinces... |
SK Saskatchewan Saskatchewan is a prairie province in Canada, which has an area of . Saskatchewan is bordered on the west by Alberta, on the north by the Northwest Territories, on the east by Manitoba, and on the south by the U.S. states of Montana and North Dakota.... |
MB Manitoba Manitoba is a Canadian prairie province with an area of . The province has over 110,000 lakes and has a largely continental climate because of its flat topography. Agriculture, mostly concentrated in the fertile southern and western parts of the province, is vital to the province's economy; other... |
ON Ontario Ontario is a province of Canada, located in east-central Canada. It is Canada's most populous province and second largest in total area. It is home to the nation's most populous city, Toronto, and the nation's capital, Ottawa.... |
QC Quebec Quebec or is a province in east-central Canada. It is the only Canadian province with a predominantly French-speaking population and the only one whose sole official language is French at the provincial level.... |
NB New Brunswick New Brunswick is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces and is the only province in the federation that is constitutionally bilingual . The provincial capital is Fredericton and Saint John is the most populous city. Greater Moncton is the largest Census Metropolitan Area... |
NS Nova Scotia Nova Scotia is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces and is the most populous province in Atlantic Canada. The name of the province is Latin for "New Scotland," but "Nova Scotia" is the recognized, English-language name of the province. The provincial capital is Halifax. Nova Scotia is the... |
PE Prince Edward Island Prince Edward Island is a Canadian province consisting of an island of the same name, as well as other islands. The maritime province is the smallest in the nation in both land area and population... |
NL Newfoundland and Labrador Newfoundland and Labrador is the easternmost province of Canada. Situated in the country's Atlantic region, it incorporates the island of Newfoundland and mainland Labrador with a combined area of . As of April 2011, the province's estimated population is 508,400... |
NT Northwest Territories The Northwest Territories is a federal territory of Canada.Located in northern Canada, the territory borders Canada's two other territories, Yukon to the west and Nunavut to the east, and three provinces: British Columbia to the southwest, and Alberta and Saskatchewan to the south... |
YK Yukon Yukon is the westernmost and smallest of Canada's three federal territories. It was named after the Yukon River. The word Yukon means "Great River" in Gwich’in.... |
Total |
Progressive Conservative Progressive Conservative Party of Canada The Progressive Conservative Party of Canada was a Canadian political party with a centre-right stance on economic issues and, after the 1970s, a centrist stance on social issues.... |
Seats: | 19 | 21 | 9 | 9 | 67 | 58 | 9 | 9 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 211 |
Popular Vote: | 46.6 | 68.8 | 41.7 | 43.2 | 47.6 | 50.2 | 53.6 | 50.7 | 52.0 | 57.6 | 41.3 | 56.8 | 50.0 |
Liberal Liberal Party of Canada The Liberal Party of Canada , colloquially known as the Grits, is the oldest federally registered party in Canada. In the conventional political spectrum, the party sits between the centre and the centre-left. Historically the Liberal Party has positioned itself to the left of the Conservative... |
Seats: | 1 | - | - | 1 | 14 | 17 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | - | - | 40 |
Vote: | 16.4 | 12.7 | 18.2 | 21.8 | 29.8 | 35.4 | 31.9 | 33.6 | 41.0 | 36.4 | 26.9 | 21.7 | 28.0 |
New Democratic Party New Democratic Party The New Democratic Party , commonly referred to as the NDP, is a federal social-democratic political party in Canada. The interim leader of the NDP is Nycole Turmel who was appointed to the position due to the illness of Jack Layton, who died on August 22, 2011. The provincial wings of the NDP in... |
Seats: | 8 | - | 5 | 4 | 13 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 30 |
Vote: | 35.1 | 14.1 | 38.4 | 27.2 | 20.8 | 8.8 | 14.1 | 15.2 | 6.5 | 5.8 | 28.2 | 16.1 | 18.8 |
No affiliation | Seats: | - | - | 1 | - | - | 1 |
Vote: | xx | 0.2 | 0.8 | xx | 0.4 | 0.3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Total seats: | 28 | 21 | 14 | 14 | 95 | 75 | 10 | 11 | 4 | 7 | 2 | 1 | 282 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Parties that won no seats: |
Rhinoceros | Vote: | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 2.4 | 0.3 | 1.1 | 0.8 |
Nationaliste Parti nationaliste du Québec -Origins:For decades, the Social Credit Party's Quebec wing, the Ralliement créditiste, attracted many Quebec nationalists as a party that could represent Quebec's interests in the Canadian House of Commons... |
Vote: | 2.5 | 0.7 |
Confederation of Regions Confederation of Regions Party of Canada The Confederation of Regions Party was a right-wing Canadian political party founded in 1984 by Elmer Knutson. It was founded as a successor to the Western Canada Federation , a non-partisan organization, to fight the Liberal Party of Canada... |
Vote: | 0.2 | 2.2 | 1.3 | 6.7 | 0.5 |
Green Green Party of Canada The Green Party of Canada is a Canadian federal political party founded in 1983 with 10,000–12,000 registered members as of October 2008. The Greens advance a broad multi-issue political platform that reflects its core values of ecological wisdom, social justice, grassroots democracy and... |
Vote: | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 |
Libertarian Libertarian Party of Canada The Libertarian Party of Canada is a political party in Canada that subscribes to the tenets of the libertarian movement across Canada.-History:... |
Vote: | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 4.4 | 0.2 |
Independent | Vote: | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 3.5 | 0.2 |
Social Credit Social Credit Party of Canada The Social Credit Party of Canada was a conservative-populist political party in Canada that promoted social credit theories of monetary reform... |
Vote: | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Communist Communist Party of Canada The Communist Party of Canada is a communist political party in Canada. Although is it currently a minor or small political party without representation in the Federal Parliament or in provincial legislatures, historically the Party has elected representatives in Federal Parliament, Ontario... |
Vote: | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Commonwealth Party for the Commonwealth of Canada The Party for the Commonwealth of Canada was a Canadian political party formed by Canadians who supported the ideology of U.S. politician Lyndon LaRouche in the 1984, 1988 and 1993 elections.... |
Vote: | 0.2 | 0.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
10 closest ridings
1. Renfrew—Nipissing—PembrokeRenfrew—Nipissing—Pembroke
Renfrew—Nipissing—Pembroke is a federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada, that has been represented in the Canadian House of Commons since 1979.It is represented by Cheryl Gallant of the Conservative Party....
, ON: Len Hopkins
Len Hopkins
Leonard Donald "Len" Hopkins was a Canadian politician and member of the Liberal Party of Canada.Born in Argyle, Ontario, Hopkins was educated at the Ryerson Institute of Technology, the North Bay Teacher's College, as well as receiving a B.A...
(Lib) def. Don Whillans (PC) by 38 votes
2. Ottawa Centre
Ottawa Centre
Ottawa Centre is an urban federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada, that has been represented in the Canadian House of Commons since 1968...
, ON: Mike Cassidy
Michael Cassidy
Michael Morris Cassidy is a Canadian politician. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1971 to 1984, and in the Canadian House of Commons from 1984 to 1988...
(NDP) def. Dan Chilcott (PC) by 54 votes
3. Nunatsiaq
Nunatsiaq
Nunatsiaq is the Inuktitut term for the Northwest Territories. Since the creation of the territory of Nunavut in 1999, it has seen limited use in English, although it remains part of the name of several institutions from before that time.* The Nunatsiaq News* The former electoral district of...
, NT: Thomas Suluk
Thomas Suluk
Thomas Suluk is a former Canadian politician. He represented the electoral district of Nunatsiaq in the Canadian House of Commons from 1984 to 1988 as a member of the Progressive Conservatives.-External links:...
(PC) def. Robert Kuptana (Lib) by 247 votes
4. Prince Albert
Prince Albert (electoral district)
Prince Albert is a federal electoral district in Saskatchewan, Canada, that has been represented in the Canadian House of Commons from 1908 to 1988, and since 1997.-Geography:...
, SK: Stan Hovdebo (NDP) def. Gordon Dobrowolsky (PC) by 297 votes
5. Burin—St. George's
Burin—St. George's
Burin—St. George's was a federal electoral district in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, that was represented in the Canadian House of Commons from 1979 to 2004....
, NF: Joe Price (PC) def. Roger Simmons
Roger Simmons
Roger Simmons, PC is a public policy consultant and former politician and diplomat in Canada.Simmons is originally from Newfoundland and Labrador where he was an active politician for many years. He is now based at the Vancouver, British Columbia office of the Gowlings law firm.Simmons was born in...
(Lib) by 299 votes
6. The Battlefords—Meadow Lake
The Battlefords—Meadow Lake
The Battlefords—Meadow Lake was a federal electoral district in Saskatchewan, Canada, that was represented in the Canadian House of Commons from 1979 to 1997....
, SK: John Gormley
John Kenneth Gormley
John Kenneth Gormley is a Canadian radio talk show host and lawyer.He was born in Singapore, where his father was serving as a medical officer with the British Army during the Malayan Emergency...
(PC) def. Doug Anguish (NDP) by 336 votes
7. Willowdale
Willowdale (electoral district)
Willowdale is a federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada, that has been represented in the Canadian House of Commons since 1979.The riding was created in 1976 from part of Eglinton....
, ON: John Oostrom
John Oostrom
John Martin Oostrom is a former business executive and Canadian parliamentarian. He was the first Dutch-born Canadian elected to the Canadian House of Commons-Life:...
(PC) def. Jim Peterson
Jim Peterson
James Scott "Jim" Peterson, PC is a retired Canadian politician and former Minister of International Trade.Born in Ottawa, Ontario, he has a DCL from McGill University, a Master of Laws from Columbia University, and a Bachelor of Arts and a Bachelor of Laws from the University of Western Ontario...
(Lib) by 362 votes
8. Saskatoon East
Saskatoon East
Saskatoon East was a federal electoral district in Saskatchewan, Canada, that was represented in the Canadian House of Commons from 1979 to 1988.This riding was created in 1976 from parts of Saskatoon—Humboldt riding....
, SK: Don Ravis (PC) def. Colin Clay (NDP) by 417 votes
9. Humber—Port au Port—St. Barbe
Humber—Port au Port—St. Barbe
Humber—Port au Port—St. Barbe was a federal electoral district in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, that was represented in the Canadian House of Commons from 1979 to 1988....
, NF: Brian Tobin
Brian Tobin
Brian Vincent Tobin, PC is a Canadian businessman and former politician. Tobin served as the sixth Premier of Newfoundland from 1996 to 2000. Tobin was also a prominent Member of Parliament and served as a Cabinet Minister in Jean Chrétien's Liberal government.- Early life, education, and family...
(Lib) def. Mike Monaghan (PC) by 493 votes
10. Mackenzie
Mackenzie (electoral district)
Mackenzie was a federal electoral district in Saskatchewan, Canada, that was represented in the Canadian House of Commons from 1904 to 1997.This riding was created in 1903, when Saskatchewan was still a part of the Northwest Territories...
, SK: Jack Scowen
Jack Scowen
Jack Douglas Scowen was a Progressive Conservative party member of the Canadian House of Commons. He was born in Limerick, Saskatchewan and became a farmer and seed grower by career....
(PC) def. Mel McCorriston (NDP) by 555 votes
See also
- List of Canadian federal general elections
- List of political parties in Canada
- Leaders' debate on women's issues during the 1984 Canadian federal election campaignLeaders' debate on women's issues during the 1984 Canadian federal election campaignOn August 15, 1984, for the first time there was a televised debate on women's issues among the leaders of the three major political parties during the campaign leading up to the Sept. 4 Canadian federal election...
Articles on parties' candidates in this election:
- Commonwealth
- Communist
- Libertarian