Hayam Wuruk
Encyclopedia
Hayam Wuruk, also called (after 1350) Rajasanagara, (1334–1389), was a Javanese King
and the fourth monarch of Majapahit empire
. Together with his prime minister Gajah Mada
, he reigned the empire at the time of its greatest power. He was preceded by Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi
and succeeded by his son in law Wikramawardhana
. Most of the account of his life was taken from Nagarakretagama
and Pararaton
.
declared his oath Sumpah Palapa.
Hayam Wuruk means "scholar rooster". He was the son of Tribhuwana Tunggadewi
and Sri Kertawardhana or Cakradhara. His mother was the daughter of Raden Wijaya
founder of Majapahit, meanwhile his father was the son of Bhre Tumapel lesser king of Singhasari
. Both Pararaton
and Nagarakretagama
praised Hayam Wuruk as a handsome, bright, talented, and exceptional student in courtly martial art of archery and fencing, also mastering politics scriptures, as well as arts and music. He was known as an accomplished ceremonial dancer in the court. Some accounts report about Hayam Wuruk performances in a traditional ceremonial Javanese mask dance. His mother, Queen Tribhuwana educate and groom him to become the next monarch of Majapahit.
, the first king of Majapahit, also the grandmother of Hayam Wuruk. Queen Tribhuwana had to descend from the throne because she ruled Majapahit under Rajapatni's auspices, and she must relinquish her throne to her son.
Hayam Wuruk inherited the throne in 1350 at the age of 16, when the patih (prime minister
) Gajah Mada
was at the height of his career. Under his rule, Majapahit extended its power throughout the Indonesia
n archipelago.
According to Pararaton
and Kidung Sunda
, in 1357 King Hayam Wuruk was supposed to be married to Dyah Pitaloka Citraresmi
, the princess of Sunda Kingdom
. The reasons of this royal engagement was probably a political one, to foster alliance between Majapahit and the Sundanese Kingdom. However in the Bubat incident
, the Sunda royal family and their guards was involved in skirmish with Majapahit troops. The planned royal wedding ended in disaster with the death of the princess and the whole of Sunda royal party. The court officials blamed Gajah Mada
, because it was his intention to demand submission from Sunda Kingdom that ended in bloodshed.
Several years later Hayam Wuruk wed his cousin, Paduka Sori. In 1365 (or 1287 Saka year
), Mpu Prapanca
wrote kakawin
Nagarakretagama
, the old Javanese eulogy
for King Hayam Wuruk. The manuscript described Hayam Wuruk's royal excursion around Majapahit realm, villages, holy shrines, vassal kingdoms and territory in East Java.
From Queen Sori, Hayam Wuruk had a daughter Kusumawardhani, a crown princess who later married to a relative, Prince Wikramawardhana. However from a consort concubine Hayam Wuruk had a son, Prince Wirabhumi. After Hayam Wuruks death in 1389, the empire went into chaos and decline caused by the contest of succession between Wikramawardhana and Wirabhumi, which ended in Wirabhumi defeat in Paregreg war. Wikramawardhana succeeded Hayam Wuruk as the King of Majapahit.
King
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and the fourth monarch of Majapahit empire
Majapahit Empire
Majapahit was a vast archipelagic empire based on the island of Java from 1293 to around 1500. Majapahit reached its peak of glory during the era of Hayam Wuruk, whose reign from 1350 to 1389 marked by conquest which extended through Southeast Asia. His achievement is also credited to his prime...
. Together with his prime minister Gajah Mada
Gajah Mada
Gajah Mada was, according to Javanese old manuscripts, poems and mythology, a powerful military leader and mahapatih or prime minister of the Majapahit Empire, credited with bringing the empire to its peak of glory...
, he reigned the empire at the time of its greatest power. He was preceded by Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi
Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi
Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi or known in her regnal name Tribhuwannottunggadewi Jayawishnuwardhani, was a Javanese queen regnant and the third monarch of Majapahit empire, reigning from 1328 to 1350...
and succeeded by his son in law Wikramawardhana
Wikramawardhana
Wikramawardhana was a Javanese king and succeeded Hayam Wuruk as the fifth monarch of the Majapahit empire, reigning from 1389 to 1429. He was the nephew and also the son-in-law of the previous monarch after taking princess Kusumawardhani, Hayam Wuruk's daughter, as his wife. His co-reign with his...
. Most of the account of his life was taken from Nagarakretagama
Nagarakretagama
The Nagarakretagama or Nagarakrtagama, also known as Desawarnana, is an Old Javanese eulogy to Hayam Wuruk, a Javanese king and the monarch of the Majapahit Empire. It was written as a kakawin by Mpu Prapanca in 1365 . The Nagarakretagama contains detailed descriptions of the Majapahit Empire...
and Pararaton
Pararaton
The Pararaton, also known as the Book of Kings, is a manuscript in the Kawi language. The comparatively short text of 32 folio-size pages contains the history of the kings of Singhasari and Majapahit in eastern Java...
.
Early life
Hayam Wuruk born in 1334, the year that Gajah MadaGajah Mada
Gajah Mada was, according to Javanese old manuscripts, poems and mythology, a powerful military leader and mahapatih or prime minister of the Majapahit Empire, credited with bringing the empire to its peak of glory...
declared his oath Sumpah Palapa.
Hayam Wuruk means "scholar rooster". He was the son of Tribhuwana Tunggadewi
Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi
Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi or known in her regnal name Tribhuwannottunggadewi Jayawishnuwardhani, was a Javanese queen regnant and the third monarch of Majapahit empire, reigning from 1328 to 1350...
and Sri Kertawardhana or Cakradhara. His mother was the daughter of Raden Wijaya
Raden Wijaya
Raden Wijaya was a Javanese King, the founder and the first monarch of Majapahit empire. The history of his founding of Majapahit was written in several records, including Pararaton and Negarakertagama...
founder of Majapahit, meanwhile his father was the son of Bhre Tumapel lesser king of Singhasari
Singhasari
Singhasari was a kingdom located in east Java between 1222 and 1292. The kingdom succeeded Kingdom of Kediri as the dominant kingdom in eastern Java.-Foundation:...
. Both Pararaton
Pararaton
The Pararaton, also known as the Book of Kings, is a manuscript in the Kawi language. The comparatively short text of 32 folio-size pages contains the history of the kings of Singhasari and Majapahit in eastern Java...
and Nagarakretagama
Nagarakretagama
The Nagarakretagama or Nagarakrtagama, also known as Desawarnana, is an Old Javanese eulogy to Hayam Wuruk, a Javanese king and the monarch of the Majapahit Empire. It was written as a kakawin by Mpu Prapanca in 1365 . The Nagarakretagama contains detailed descriptions of the Majapahit Empire...
praised Hayam Wuruk as a handsome, bright, talented, and exceptional student in courtly martial art of archery and fencing, also mastering politics scriptures, as well as arts and music. He was known as an accomplished ceremonial dancer in the court. Some accounts report about Hayam Wuruk performances in a traditional ceremonial Javanese mask dance. His mother, Queen Tribhuwana educate and groom him to become the next monarch of Majapahit.
The Reign
In 1350 Gayatri Rajapatni died in her retirement at a buddhist monastery, she was the consort of Raden WijayaRaden Wijaya
Raden Wijaya was a Javanese King, the founder and the first monarch of Majapahit empire. The history of his founding of Majapahit was written in several records, including Pararaton and Negarakertagama...
, the first king of Majapahit, also the grandmother of Hayam Wuruk. Queen Tribhuwana had to descend from the throne because she ruled Majapahit under Rajapatni's auspices, and she must relinquish her throne to her son.
Hayam Wuruk inherited the throne in 1350 at the age of 16, when the patih (prime minister
Prime minister
A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. In many systems, the prime minister selects and may dismiss other members of the cabinet, and allocates posts to members within the government. In most systems, the prime...
) Gajah Mada
Gajah Mada
Gajah Mada was, according to Javanese old manuscripts, poems and mythology, a powerful military leader and mahapatih or prime minister of the Majapahit Empire, credited with bringing the empire to its peak of glory...
was at the height of his career. Under his rule, Majapahit extended its power throughout the Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia , officially the Republic of Indonesia , is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is an archipelago comprising approximately 13,000 islands. It has 33 provinces with over 238 million people, and is the world's fourth most populous country. Indonesia is a republic, with an...
n archipelago.
According to Pararaton
Pararaton
The Pararaton, also known as the Book of Kings, is a manuscript in the Kawi language. The comparatively short text of 32 folio-size pages contains the history of the kings of Singhasari and Majapahit in eastern Java...
and Kidung Sunda
Kidung Sunda
Kidung Sunda is a Middle-Javanese kidung of probable Balinese provenance. In this poem, the story of king Hayam Wuruk of Majapahit who was looking for a bride to be, is narrated. At last he chose the princess of Sunda, a kingdom in West Java. The princess' name is remained undisclosed in this...
, in 1357 King Hayam Wuruk was supposed to be married to Dyah Pitaloka Citraresmi
Dyah Pitaloka Citraresmi
Dyah Pitaloka Citraresmi or Citra Rashmi , was the princess of the Sunda Kingdom in Western Java. According to the Pararaton or Book of Kings, she was supposed to marry Hayam Wuruk, the new young king of Majapahit who had a great desire to take her as his queen. However in the tragedy known as the...
, the princess of Sunda Kingdom
Sunda Kingdom
The Sunda Kingdom was a Hindu kingdom located on the western part of Java from 669 to around 1579, covering areas of present-day Banten, Jakarta, West Java, and the western part of Central Java...
. The reasons of this royal engagement was probably a political one, to foster alliance between Majapahit and the Sundanese Kingdom. However in the Bubat incident
Battle of Bubat
The Battle of Bubat also known as Pasunda Bubat is the battle between Sundanese royal family and Majapahit army that took place in Bubat square on the northern part of Trowulan in 1279 Saka or 1357 CE...
, the Sunda royal family and their guards was involved in skirmish with Majapahit troops. The planned royal wedding ended in disaster with the death of the princess and the whole of Sunda royal party. The court officials blamed Gajah Mada
Gajah Mada
Gajah Mada was, according to Javanese old manuscripts, poems and mythology, a powerful military leader and mahapatih or prime minister of the Majapahit Empire, credited with bringing the empire to its peak of glory...
, because it was his intention to demand submission from Sunda Kingdom that ended in bloodshed.
Several years later Hayam Wuruk wed his cousin, Paduka Sori. In 1365 (or 1287 Saka year
Shalivahana era
The Shalivahana era, also known as the Saka era, is used with Hindu calendars, the Indian national calendar, and the Cambodian Buddhist calendar. Its year zero begins near the vernal equinox of the year 78....
), Mpu Prapanca
Mpu Prapanca
Mpu Prapanca was the author of the epic poem Nagarakertagama, written in Old Javanese. It tells the story of the Majapahit Kingdom and other stories of ancient Hindu-Javanese kingdoms. The Buddhist monk Prapanca wrote the chronicle in 1365 as a eulogy to Hayam Wuruk, who brought Majapahit to...
wrote kakawin
Kakawin
Kakawin are long narrative poems composed in Old Javanese, also called "Kawi", written in verse form with rhythms and metres derived from Sanskrit literature. Poets used a formalized literary language, rather than the vernacular...
Nagarakretagama
Nagarakretagama
The Nagarakretagama or Nagarakrtagama, also known as Desawarnana, is an Old Javanese eulogy to Hayam Wuruk, a Javanese king and the monarch of the Majapahit Empire. It was written as a kakawin by Mpu Prapanca in 1365 . The Nagarakretagama contains detailed descriptions of the Majapahit Empire...
, the old Javanese eulogy
Eulogy
A eulogy is a speech or writing in praise of a person or thing, especially one recently deceased or retired. Eulogies may be given as part of funeral services. However, some denominations either discourage or do not permit eulogies at services to maintain respect for traditions...
for King Hayam Wuruk. The manuscript described Hayam Wuruk's royal excursion around Majapahit realm, villages, holy shrines, vassal kingdoms and territory in East Java.
From Queen Sori, Hayam Wuruk had a daughter Kusumawardhani, a crown princess who later married to a relative, Prince Wikramawardhana. However from a consort concubine Hayam Wuruk had a son, Prince Wirabhumi. After Hayam Wuruks death in 1389, the empire went into chaos and decline caused by the contest of succession between Wikramawardhana and Wirabhumi, which ended in Wirabhumi defeat in Paregreg war. Wikramawardhana succeeded Hayam Wuruk as the King of Majapahit.
Reference
- Pringle, Robert. (2004)A Short history of Bali: Indonesia's Hindu Realm, Crows Nest, NSW: Allan & Unwin.