Serviceberry
Encyclopedia
Amelanchier also known as shadbush, shadwood or shadblow, serviceberry or sarvisberry, wild pear, juneberry, saskatoon, sugarplum or wild-plum, and chuckley pear is a genus
of about 20 species of deciduous
-leaved shrub
s and small tree
s in the Rose family (Rosaceae
).
Amelanchier is native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere
, growing primarily in early successional habitats
. It is most diverse taxonomically in North America
, especially in the northeastern United States
and adjacent southeastern Canada
, and at least one species is native to every U.S. state except Hawaii
and to every Canadian province and territory. Two species also occur in Asia
, and one in Europe
. The taxonomic classification of shadbushes has long perplexed botanists, horticulturalists, and others, as suggested by the range in number of species recognized in the genus, from 6 to 33, in two recent publications. A major source of complexity comes from the occurrence of hybridization, polyploidy
, and apomixis
(asexual seed production), making species
difficult to characterize and identify.
The various species of Amelanchier grow to 0.2–20 m tall; some are small trees, some are multistemmed, clump-forming shrubs, and yet others form extensive low shrubby patches (clones
). The bark
is gray or less often brown, and in tree species smooth or fissuring when older. The leaves
are deciduous, cauline, alternate, simple, lanceolate to elliptic to orbiculate, 0.5–10 x 0.5–5.5 cm, thin to coriaceous, with surfaces above glabrous or densely tomentose at flowering, and glabrous or more or less hairy beneath at maturity. The inflorescence
s are terminal, with 1–20 flowers, erect or drooping, either in clusters of one to four flowers, or in raceme
s with 4–20 flowers. The flowers have five white (rarely somewhat pink, yellow, or streaked with red), linear to orbiculate petals, 2.6–25 mm long, with the petals in one species (A. nantucketensis) often andropetalous (bearing apical microsporangia adaxially). The flowers appear in early spring, "when the shad
run" according to tradition (leading to names such as "shadbush"). The fruit
is a berry-like pome, red to purple to nearly black at maturity, 5–15 mm diameter, insipid to delectably sweet, maturing in summer.
Amelanchier plants are valued horticulturally, and their fruits are important to wildlife.
Since classifications have varied greatly over the past century, species names are often used interchangeably in the nursery trade. Several natural or horticultural hybrids also exist, and many A. arborea and A. canadensis plants that are offered for sale are actually hybrids, or entirely different species.
A taxon called Amelanchier lamarckii
(or A. x lamarckii) is very widely cultivated and naturalized
in Europe, where it was introduced in the 17th century. It is apomictic
, breeding true from seed, and probably of hybrid origin, perhaps descending from a cross between A. laevis and either A. arborea or A. canadensis. While A. lamarckii is known to be of North American origin, probably from eastern Canada, it is not known to occur naturally in the wild in North America.
. Juneberry refers to the fruits of certain species becoming ripe in June. The name saskatoon originated from a Cree
Indian noun misâskwatômina (misāskwatōmina, misaaskwatoomina) for Amelanchier alnifolia. The city of Saskatoon
, Saskatchewan
is named after this plant.
s of such Lepidoptera
as Brimstone Moth
, Brown-tail
, Grey Dagger
, Mottled Umber
, Rough Prominent
, The Satellite
, Winter Moth
, and the Red-Spotted Purple and the White Admiral (both Limenitis arthemis), as well as various other herbivorous insects feed on Amelanchier. Many insects and diseases that attack orchard trees also affect this genus, in particular trunk borers and Gymnosporangium
rust. In years when late flowers of Amelanchier overlap those of wild roses
and brambles
, bees may spread bacterial fireblight
.
s and jams. The saskatoon berry
is harvested commercially. One version of the Native American food pemmican
was flavored by serviceberry fruits in combination with minced dried meat and fat, and the stems were made into arrow shafts; other forms of pemmican used
chokecherries, huckleberries, or cranberries, depending on location in North America, and season.
The wood
is brown, hard, close-grained, and heavy. The heartwood is reddish-brown, and the sapwood is lighter in color. It can be used for tool handles and fishing rods.
Propagation is by seed, divisions, and grafting. Serviceberries graft so readily that grafts onto other genera, such as Crataegus and Sorbus, are often successful.
, grown for their flowers, bark, and fall color. All need similar conditions to grow well, requiring good drainage, air circulation (to discourage leaf diseases), watering during drought, and soil
appropriate for the species.
Ann Leighton points out that in American gardens, where so many species of Amelanchier were available, "the botanical name came too late to help early settlers sort out this shrub from our native hawthorns (some under Mespilus, some under Crataegus
), medlar
s, service tree
s and various berries." George Washington
planted specimens of Amelanchier on the grounds of his estate, Mount Vernon
, in Virginia
.
Genus
In biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia...
of about 20 species of deciduous
Deciduous
Deciduous means "falling off at maturity" or "tending to fall off", and is typically used in reference to trees or shrubs that lose their leaves seasonally, and to the shedding of other plant structures such as petals after flowering or fruit when ripe...
-leaved shrub
Shrub
A shrub or bush is distinguished from a tree by its multiple stems and shorter height, usually under 5–6 m tall. A large number of plants may become either shrubs or trees, depending on the growing conditions they experience...
s and small tree
Tree
A tree is a perennial woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or trunk with clear apical dominance. A minimum height specification at maturity is cited by some authors, varying from 3 m to...
s in the Rose family (Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae are a medium-sized family of flowering plants, including about 2830 species in 95 genera. The name is derived from the type genus Rosa. Among the largest genera are Alchemilla , Sorbus , Crataegus , Cotoneaster , and Rubus...
).
Amelanchier is native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere
Northern Hemisphere
The Northern Hemisphere is the half of a planet that is north of its equator—the word hemisphere literally means “half sphere”. It is also that half of the celestial sphere north of the celestial equator...
, growing primarily in early successional habitats
Ecological succession
Ecological succession, is the phenomenon or process by which a community progressively transforms itself until a stable community is formed. It is a fundamental concept in ecology, and refers to more or less predictable and orderly changes in the composition or structure of an ecological community...
. It is most diverse taxonomically in North America
North America
North America is a continent wholly within the Northern Hemisphere and almost wholly within the Western Hemisphere. It is also considered a northern subcontinent of the Americas...
, especially in the northeastern United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
and adjacent southeastern Canada
Canada
Canada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean...
, and at least one species is native to every U.S. state except Hawaii
Hawaii
Hawaii is the newest of the 50 U.S. states , and is the only U.S. state made up entirely of islands. It is the northernmost island group in Polynesia, occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean, southwest of the continental United States, southeast of Japan, and northeast of...
and to every Canadian province and territory. Two species also occur in Asia
Asia
Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres. It covers 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area and with approximately 3.879 billion people, it hosts 60% of the world's current human population...
, and one in Europe
Europe
Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...
. The taxonomic classification of shadbushes has long perplexed botanists, horticulturalists, and others, as suggested by the range in number of species recognized in the genus, from 6 to 33, in two recent publications. A major source of complexity comes from the occurrence of hybridization, polyploidy
Polyploidy
Polyploid is a term used to describe cells and organisms containing more than two paired sets of chromosomes. Most eukaryotic species are diploid, meaning they have two sets of chromosomes — one set inherited from each parent. However polyploidy is found in some organisms and is especially common...
, and apomixis
Apomixis
In botany, apomixis was defined by Winkler as replacement of the normal sexual reproduction by asexual reproduction, without fertilization. This definition notably does not mention meiosis...
(asexual seed production), making species
Species
In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. While in many cases this definition is adequate, more precise or differing measures are...
difficult to characterize and identify.
The various species of Amelanchier grow to 0.2–20 m tall; some are small trees, some are multistemmed, clump-forming shrubs, and yet others form extensive low shrubby patches (clones
Vegetative reproduction
Vegetative reproduction is a form of asexual reproduction in plants. It is a process by which new individuals arise without production of seeds or spores...
). The bark
Bark
Bark is the outermost layers of stems and roots of woody plants. Plants with bark include trees, woody vines and shrubs. Bark refers to all the tissues outside of the vascular cambium and is a nontechnical term. It overlays the wood and consists of the inner bark and the outer bark. The inner...
is gray or less often brown, and in tree species smooth or fissuring when older. The leaves
Leaf
A leaf is an organ of a vascular plant, as defined in botanical terms, and in particular in plant morphology. Foliage is a mass noun that refers to leaves as a feature of plants....
are deciduous, cauline, alternate, simple, lanceolate to elliptic to orbiculate, 0.5–10 x 0.5–5.5 cm, thin to coriaceous, with surfaces above glabrous or densely tomentose at flowering, and glabrous or more or less hairy beneath at maturity. The inflorescence
Inflorescence
An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches. Strictly, it is the part of the shoot of seed plants where flowers are formed and which is accordingly modified...
s are terminal, with 1–20 flowers, erect or drooping, either in clusters of one to four flowers, or in raceme
Raceme
A raceme is a type of inflorescence that is unbranched and indeterminate and bears pedicellate flowers — flowers having short floral stalks called pedicels — along the axis. In botany, axis means a shoot, in this case one bearing the flowers. In a raceme, the oldest flowers are borne...
s with 4–20 flowers. The flowers have five white (rarely somewhat pink, yellow, or streaked with red), linear to orbiculate petals, 2.6–25 mm long, with the petals in one species (A. nantucketensis) often andropetalous (bearing apical microsporangia adaxially). The flowers appear in early spring, "when the shad
Shad
The shads or river herrings comprise the genus Alosa, fish related to herring in the family Clupeidae. They are distinct from others in that family by having a deeper body and spawning in rivers. The several species frequent different areas on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea....
run" according to tradition (leading to names such as "shadbush"). The fruit
Fruit
In broad terms, a fruit is a structure of a plant that contains its seeds.The term has different meanings dependent on context. In non-technical usage, such as food preparation, fruit normally means the fleshy seed-associated structures of certain plants that are sweet and edible in the raw state,...
is a berry-like pome, red to purple to nearly black at maturity, 5–15 mm diameter, insipid to delectably sweet, maturing in summer.
Amelanchier plants are valued horticulturally, and their fruits are important to wildlife.
Selected species
For North American species, the taxonomy follows the forthcoming Flora of North America; for Asian species the Flora of China; and for European species the Flora Europaea.- Amelanchier alnifolia var. alnifolia - Saskatoon serviceberry, alder-leaved shadbush, saskatoon, saskatoon berry, amélanchier à feuilles d'aulne
- Amelanchier amabilisAmelanchier amabilisAmelanchier amabilis, also known as Lovely shadbush , is a species of serviceberry. It can found from Quebec and Ontario to New York.-External links:* Info on this species.*...
- Lovely shadbush, amélanchier gracieux - Amelanchier arborea - Downy shadbush
- Amelanchier bartramianaAmelanchier bartramianaAmelanchier bartramiana is a species of serviceberry. Common names include mountain serviceberry, Bartram's serviceberry, mountain juneberry, Bartram juneberry, and the oblongfruit serviceberry....
- Mountain shadbush, amélanchier de Bartram - Amelanchier canadensisAmelanchier canadensisAmelanchier canadensis is a species of Amelanchier native to eastern North America in Canada from Newfoundland west to southern Ontario, and in the United...
var. canadensis - Eastern shadbush, amélanchier du Canada - Amelanchier humilisAmelanchier humilisAmelanchier humilis, commonly known as the low shadbush, is a species of serviceberry. The plant is a shrub. The fruit, which is a pome, is edible and can be eaten raw or cooked. The fruit has a sweet taste, with slight apple flavor. The leaves are oval or broad shaped.-External links:***...
- Low shadbush, amélanchier bas - Amelanchier interiorAmelanchier interiorAmelanchier interior is type of serviceberry shrub. It produces a sweet tasting edible fruit called a pome, which can be eaten raw or cooked. The fruit has a sweet flavor. This species is a deciduous tree....
- Wiegand's shadbush, amélanchier de l'intérieur - Amelanchier laevisAmelanchier laevisAmelanchier laevis is a small tree, growing up to 9m. The fruit, which are pomes, are edible and can be eaten raw or cooked. The fruit has a sweet flavor. The bark can be made into a herbal medicine for expectant mothers. It is a deciduous tree...
- Smooth shadbush, amélanchier glabre - Amelanchier nantucketensisAmelanchier nantucketensisAmelanchier nantucketensis, also known as the Nantucket serviceberry, produces edible fruit called pomes. Nantucket serviceberry is of conservation concern in the wild.-External links:*...
- Nantucket serviceberry - Amelanchier ovalisAmelanchier ovalisAmelanchier ovalis, commonly known as Snowy Mespilus, is serviceberry shrub. Its pome fruits are edible and can be eaten raw or cooked.-External links:**...
- Snowy Mespilus - Amelanchier sanguineaAmelanchier sanguineaAmelanchier sanguinea, known as red-twigged shadbush or roundleaf serviceberry, is a shrub native to eastern North America. It can grow up to 3 metres tall, and has edible sweet-flavored fruits that are red when young and become purple or dark-blue when they ripen. Like all Amelanchier fruit, these...
- Red-twigged shadbush, amélanchier sanguin - Amelanchier sinicaAmelanchier sinicaAmelanchier sinica, commonly known as the Chinese Serviceberry, is a serviceberry native to China. Its fruit, called a pome is dark-blue when it ripens.-External links:*...
- Chinese Serviceberry - Amelanchier spicataAmelanchier spicataAmelanchier spicata, also referred to as the thicket shadbush, low juneberry, dwarf serviceberry, or low serviceberry , is a species of serviceberry that has edible fruit, which are really pomes. They can be eaten raw or cooked...
- Thicket shadbush, amélanchier en épis - Amelanchier utahensisAmelanchier utahensisAmelanchier utahensis, the Utah serviceberry, is a shrub or small tree native to western North America. This serviceberry grows in varied habitats, from scrubby open slopes to woodlands and forests.-Description:...
- Utah serviceberry
Since classifications have varied greatly over the past century, species names are often used interchangeably in the nursery trade. Several natural or horticultural hybrids also exist, and many A. arborea and A. canadensis plants that are offered for sale are actually hybrids, or entirely different species.
A taxon called Amelanchier lamarckii
Amelanchier lamarckii
Amelanchier lamarckii, commonly known as juneberry, is form of serviceberry shrub. It has white flowers that are star-shaped. Its young berry-like pome fruits are dark-red when young, but become dark-purple when ripe. The fruits are edible and have an apple and sweet flavor. It is widely cultivated...
(or A. x lamarckii) is very widely cultivated and naturalized
Naturalisation (biology)
In biology, naturalisation is any process by which a non-native organism spreads into the wild and its reproduction is sufficient to maintain its population. Such populations are said to be naturalised....
in Europe, where it was introduced in the 17th century. It is apomictic
Apomixis
In botany, apomixis was defined by Winkler as replacement of the normal sexual reproduction by asexual reproduction, without fertilization. This definition notably does not mention meiosis...
, breeding true from seed, and probably of hybrid origin, perhaps descending from a cross between A. laevis and either A. arborea or A. canadensis. While A. lamarckii is known to be of North American origin, probably from eastern Canada, it is not known to occur naturally in the wild in North America.
Etymology
The origin of the generic name Amelanchier is probably derived from amalenquièr, amelanchièr, the Provençal names of the European Amelanchier ovalis. The name serviceberry comes from the similarity of the fruit to the related European SorbusSorbus
Sorbus is a genus of about 100–200 species of trees and shrubs in the subfamily Maloideae of the Rose family Rosaceae. Species of Sorbus are commonly known as whitebeam, rowan, service tree, and mountain ash...
. Juneberry refers to the fruits of certain species becoming ripe in June. The name saskatoon originated from a Cree
Cree
The Cree are one of the largest groups of First Nations / Native Americans in North America, with 200,000 members living in Canada. In Canada, the major proportion of Cree live north and west of Lake Superior, in Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and the Northwest Territories, although...
Indian noun misâskwatômina (misāskwatōmina, misaaskwatoomina) for Amelanchier alnifolia. The city of Saskatoon
Saskatoon
Saskatoon is a city in central Saskatchewan, Canada, on the South Saskatchewan River. Residents of the city of Saskatoon are called Saskatonians. The city is surrounded by the Rural Municipality of Corman Park No. 344....
, Saskatchewan
Saskatchewan
Saskatchewan is a prairie province in Canada, which has an area of . Saskatchewan is bordered on the west by Alberta, on the north by the Northwest Territories, on the east by Manitoba, and on the south by the U.S. states of Montana and North Dakota....
is named after this plant.
Ecology
Amelanchier plants are preferred browse for deer and rabbits, and heavy browsing pressure can suppress natural regeneration. CaterpillarCaterpillar
Caterpillars are the larval form of members of the order Lepidoptera . They are mostly herbivorous in food habit, although some species are insectivorous. Caterpillars are voracious feeders and many of them are considered to be pests in agriculture...
s of such Lepidoptera
Lepidoptera
Lepidoptera is a large order of insects that includes moths and butterflies . It is one of the most widespread and widely recognizable insect orders in the world, encompassing moths and the three superfamilies of butterflies, skipper butterflies, and moth-butterflies...
as Brimstone Moth
Brimstone moth
The Brimstone Moth is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is found throughout the Palearctic region and the Near East....
, Brown-tail
Brown-tail
The brown-tail is a moth of the family Lymantriidae. It is distributed throughout Europe.The wings of this species are pure white, as is the body, apart from a tuft of brown hairs at the end of the abdomen. The brown coloration extends along most of the back of the abdomen in the male...
, Grey Dagger
Grey Dagger
The Grey Dagger is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found from Europe and North Africa to northern Iran, Central Asia, southern and central Siberia and Mongolia. In the Levant it is found in Lebanon and Israel....
, Mottled Umber
Mottled Umber
The Mottled Umber is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is a common species throughout the Palearctic region and the Near East....
, Rough Prominent
Rough Prominent
The Rough Prominent is a moth of the family Notodontidae, possibly in the subfamily Notodontidae. It is also known as the White-dotted Prominent and the Tawny Prominent. This common moth is found across North America from the northern boreal forests to as far south as Florida. It is most common in...
, The Satellite
Satellite (moth)
The Satellite is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is distributed throughout Europe.This is a fairly variable species with greyish or reddish brown forewings, often marked with darker bands. The common name derives from the prominent stigma, ranging in colour from white or yellow to red, which...
, Winter Moth
Winter Moth
The Winter Moth is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is an abundant species of Europe and the Near East and one of very few Lepidoptera of temperate regions in which the adults are active in the depth of winter....
, and the Red-Spotted Purple and the White Admiral (both Limenitis arthemis), as well as various other herbivorous insects feed on Amelanchier. Many insects and diseases that attack orchard trees also affect this genus, in particular trunk borers and Gymnosporangium
Gymnosporangium
Gymnosporangium is a genus of heteroecious plant-pathogenic fungi which alternately infect members of the family Cupressaceae, primarily species in the genus Juniperus , and members of the family Rosaceae in the subfamily Maloideae...
rust. In years when late flowers of Amelanchier overlap those of wild roses
Rosa
The name Rosa, Latin and botanic name of the flowering shrub Rose, could refer to:-Places:*223 Rosa, an asteroid*Rosa, Alabama, USA*Rosa, Germany, in Thuringia, Germany*Roşia Nouă village, Petriş Commune, Arad County, Romania-Other uses:...
and brambles
Rubus
Rubus is a large genus of flowering plants in the rose family, Rosaceae, subfamily Rosoideae. Raspberries, blackberries, and dewberries are common, widely distributed members of the genus. Most of these plants have woody stems with prickles like roses; spines, bristles, and gland-tipped hairs are...
, bees may spread bacterial fireblight
Fireblight
Fire blight, also written fireblight, is a contagious disease affecting apples, pears, and some other members of the family Rosaceae. It is a serious concern to producers of apples and pears...
.
Uses and cultivation
The fruit of several species are excellent to eat raw, tasting somewhat like a blueberry, strongly accented by the almond-like flavour of the seeds. Fruit is harvested locally for piePie
A pie is a baked dish which is usually made of a pastry dough casing that covers or completely contains a filling of various sweet or savoury ingredients....
s and jams. The saskatoon berry
Saskatoon berry
Amelanchier alnifolia, the saskatoon, saskatoon berry, serviceberry, sarvisberry or juneberry is a shrub with edible berry-like fruit, native to North America from Alaska across most of western Canada and in the western and north central United States. Historically it was also called "pigeon berry"...
is harvested commercially. One version of the Native American food pemmican
Pemmican
Pemmican is a concentrated mixture of fat and protein used as a nutritious food. The word comes from the Cree word pimîhkân, which itself is derived from the word pimî, "fat, grease". It was invented by the native peoples of North America...
was flavored by serviceberry fruits in combination with minced dried meat and fat, and the stems were made into arrow shafts; other forms of pemmican used
chokecherries, huckleberries, or cranberries, depending on location in North America, and season.
The wood
Wood
Wood is a hard, fibrous tissue found in many trees. It has been used for hundreds of thousands of years for both fuel and as a construction material. It is an organic material, a natural composite of cellulose fibers embedded in a matrix of lignin which resists compression...
is brown, hard, close-grained, and heavy. The heartwood is reddish-brown, and the sapwood is lighter in color. It can be used for tool handles and fishing rods.
Propagation is by seed, divisions, and grafting. Serviceberries graft so readily that grafts onto other genera, such as Crataegus and Sorbus, are often successful.
Garden history
Several species are very popular ornamental shrubsOrnamental plant
Ornamental plants are plants that are grown for decorative purposes in gardens and landscape design projects, as house plants, for cut flowers and specimen display...
, grown for their flowers, bark, and fall color. All need similar conditions to grow well, requiring good drainage, air circulation (to discourage leaf diseases), watering during drought, and soil
Soil
Soil is a natural body consisting of layers of mineral constituents of variable thicknesses, which differ from the parent materials in their morphological, physical, chemical, and mineralogical characteristics...
appropriate for the species.
Ann Leighton points out that in American gardens, where so many species of Amelanchier were available, "the botanical name came too late to help early settlers sort out this shrub from our native hawthorns (some under Mespilus, some under Crataegus
Crataegus
Crataegus , commonly called hawthorn or thornapple, is a large genus of shrubs and trees in the rose family, Rosaceae, native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere in Europe, Asia and North America. The name hawthorn was originally applied to the species native to northern Europe,...
), medlar
Medlar
Mespilus, commonly called Medlar, is a genus of two species of flowering plants in the subfamily Maloideae of the family Rosaceae...
s, service tree
Service Tree
Sorbus domestica is a species of Sorbus native to western, central and southern Europe, northwest Africa , and southwest Asia .It is a deciduous tree growing to 15–20 m tall with a...
s and various berries." George Washington
George Washington
George Washington was the dominant military and political leader of the new United States of America from 1775 to 1799. He led the American victory over Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army from 1775 to 1783, and presided over the writing of...
planted specimens of Amelanchier on the grounds of his estate, Mount Vernon
Mount Vernon (plantation)
Mount Vernon, located near Alexandria, Virginia, was the plantation home of the first President of the United States, George Washington. The mansion is built of wood in neoclassical Georgian architectural style, and the estate is located on the banks of the Potomac River.Mount Vernon was designated...
, in Virginia
Virginia
The Commonwealth of Virginia , is a U.S. state on the Atlantic Coast of the Southern United States. Virginia is nicknamed the "Old Dominion" and sometimes the "Mother of Presidents" after the eight U.S. presidents born there...
.
External links
- Juneberry, in What Am I Eating? A Food Dictionary
- Eating Juneberries