Raymond A. Hare
Encyclopedia
Raymond Arthur Hare was a United States
diplomat
, who was Director General of the United States Foreign Service
from 1954 to 1956 and Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs from 1965 to 1966.
on April 3, 1901 and raised in Boothbay Harbor, Maine. He was educated at Grinnell College
, receiving a B.A.
in 1924. After college, the president of Grinnell offered Hare a position at Robert College
in Istanbul
and Hare worked as an instructor at Robert College from 1924 to 1926. During his time in Istanbul, he developed a lifelong fascination with Islamic architecture
and began a collection of notes and photographs that he later donated to the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery
at the end of his career. He spent 1926-27 working at the American Chamber of Commerce for the Levant and liaising with the U.S. Consulate in Istanbul.
Impressed with Hare, the consulate offered him a position in their commercial section, so in 1927, Hare traveled to Washington, D.C.
to sit for the United States Foreign Service
exam, and after passing, returned to work in the consulate in Istanbul. In 1931, he became one of a select group of Foreign Service Officers sent to study at the École nationale des langues orientales vivantes in Paris
to study the Arabic language
. Hare later became one of the few American diplomats of his era with a working knowledge of Arabic. After completing his Arabic studies, he was posted in Beirut
1932-33 and in Tehran
1933-39.
, in 1939, he became Second Secretary in at the U.S. embassy in Cairo
. Given the strategic importance of Egypt during World War II
, Hare played a critical role in moving American materiel
to British forces in Egypt under the Lend-Lease
program. He later worked with the Persian Gulf Command
in moving materiel to the Soviet Union
by shipping it by rail through Iran
following the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
. During World War II, Hare became convinced of the strategic importance of the Middle East
in the postwar period.
In 1944, Hare was assigned to the U.S. Embassy, London, where he was responsible for coordinating British and American policy towards the Middle East. He later returned to Washington, D.C.
, serving as an advisor at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference
.
in 1946 as part of a program designed to foster cooperation between members of the United States Department of State
and the United States armed forces
. Before completing his year there, he was abruptly re-assigned to Nepal
to serve as deputy chief of mission. Over the next several years, he traveled in the region, including in India
and Pakistan
, and concluded the hasty withdrawal of Mountbatten
would likely create great problems in the region. The extensive field notes he kept, including interviews with regional political and regional leaders, were later donated to Columbia University
.
Hare became Chief of the Division of South Asian Affairs at the State Department in 1947; Deputy Director of the Office of Near Eastern and African Affairs in 1948; and Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern, South Asian, and African Affairs in 1949. In the latter capacity, Hare drafted and negotiated the Tripartite Declaration of 1950
, by which the British, the French, and the U.S. agreed to limit arms sales to the Middle East in the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.
Harry S. Truman
nominated Hare as United States Ambassador to Saudi Arabia and, after Senate Confirmation, he was appointed on September 20, 1950. Ambassador Hare presented his credentials to the Saudi government on October 24, 1950. Hare was ambassador just as oil
started to flow in Saudi Arabia. At Jeddah
, he established a relationship with Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia
, though he did not deal directly with oil issues as Aramco handled its own relations with the Saudi royal family. However, Hare was tasked with convincing the Saudis to allow the U.S. access to military facilities at Dhahran
. He was successful at negotiating an extended-stay agreement in 1952; as part of the deal to allow U.S. troops to remain in Dhahran, the U.S. provided Saudi Arabia with a number of planes that formed the foundation of what would become the Royal Saudi Air Force
. During the 1953 dispute over ownership of the Buraimi Oasis, Hare convinced the British and Saudis to agree to a standstill agreement, though he was ultimately unable to defuse the situation.
Hare's posting in Saudi Arabia was terminated on July 3, 1953 when President Dwight D. Eisenhower
nominated Hare as United States Ambassador to Lebanon
. Less than a year later, he was recalled to Washington, D.C. to become Director General of the United States Foreign Service.
had been heavily criticized. President Eisenhower appointed the Wriston
Committee to recommend changes to the way in which State Department personnel were hired, organized, and promoted. The Wriston Committee recommended drastic changes to the United States Foreign Service
. Up to that point, the Foreign Service had offered two distinct career paths to State Department officials: as field officers abroad, or as desk staff in Washington. The Wriston Committee recommended a new system that would see diplomats alternate between foreign postings and postings in Washington. As Director General of the Foreign Service, Hare was tasked with the "Wristonization" of the Foreign Service.
John Foster Dulles
announced that the U.S. was canceling funding for the Aswan Dam
, thus triggering the Suez Crisis
. In the midst of this crisis, Dulles lost faith in United States Ambassador to Egypt
Henry A. Byroade
and, as part of a wider shakeup of U.S. State Department officials in the Near East, Hare was appointed Ambassador to Egypt to replace Byroade. Ambassador Hare arrived in Cairo shortly before the breakout of the Suez War, presenting his credentials to the Egyptian government on September 25, 1956. During his initial days in Egypt, Hare oversaw the evacuation of U.S. citizens from Egypt. He also established a relationship with Gamal Abdel Nasser
, and met often and at great length with Nasser during the war. He informed Nasser that the U.S. would not offer Egypt military aid, but promised to work through the United Nations
to secure peace. Hare kept extensive notes of his meetings with Nasser during the war. Hare was present in Egypt to see the creation of the United Arab Republic
in 1958.
With the overthrow of the Kingdom of Iraq
in July 1958 (the 14 July Revolution
), American policy was to shore up the governments of Jordan
and Lebanon
. Hare opposed the U.S. military intervention in the 1958 Lebanon crisis, arguing that it caused irreparable damage to U.S. reputation in the region (the U.S. had previously had a good reputation). Hare became a strong advocate of Public Law 480, a program designed to provide food aide to Egypt in an effort to build goodwill and forestall Soviet influence in Egypt.
Hare was United States Ambassador to North Yemen
in 1959, and then returned to the State Department in Washington in 1960. Later in 1960, Turkey
threatened to invade Cyprus
, and in the midst of the crisis, Hare was named United States Ambassador to Turkey
. He played a critical role in convincing the Turkish government not to invade Cyprus, though his efforts were later nearly undone by a strongly worded letter from President Lyndon B. Johnson
. Hare was Ambassador to Turkey until 1965.
from 1966 to 1969. In retirement, he saw his saw his son, Paul Julian Hare (b. 1937), also achieve success as a diplomat, serving as United States Ambassador to Zambia
from 1985 to 1988.
He lived in Washington, D.C.
until his death of pneumonia
on February 9, 1994.
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
diplomat
Diplomat
A diplomat is a person appointed by a state to conduct diplomacy with another state or international organization. The main functions of diplomats revolve around the representation and protection of the interests and nationals of the sending state, as well as the promotion of information and...
, who was Director General of the United States Foreign Service
United States Foreign Service
The United States Foreign Service is a component of the United States federal government under the aegis of the United States Department of State. It consists of approximately 11,500 professionals carrying out the foreign policy of the United States and aiding U.S...
from 1954 to 1956 and Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs from 1965 to 1966.
Early years, 1901—1939
Raymond A. Hare was born in Martinsburg, West VirginiaMartinsburg, West Virginia
Martinsburg is a city in the Eastern Panhandle region of West Virginia, United States. The city's population was 14,972 at the 2000 census; according to a 2009 Census Bureau estimate, Martinsburg's population was 17,117, making it the largest city in the Eastern Panhandle and the eighth largest...
on April 3, 1901 and raised in Boothbay Harbor, Maine. He was educated at Grinnell College
Grinnell College
Grinnell College is a private liberal arts college in Grinnell, Iowa, U.S. known for its strong tradition of social activism. It was founded in 1846, when a group of pioneer New England Congregationalists established the Trustees of Iowa College....
, receiving a B.A.
Bachelor of Arts
A Bachelor of Arts , from the Latin artium baccalaureus, is a bachelor's degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both...
in 1924. After college, the president of Grinnell offered Hare a position at Robert College
Robert College
Robert College of Istanbul , is one of the most selective independent private high schools in Turkey. Robert College is a co-educational, boarding school with a wooded campus on the European side of Istanbul between the two bridges on the Bosphorus, with the Arnavutköy district to the east, and...
in Istanbul
Istanbul
Istanbul , historically known as Byzantium and Constantinople , is the largest city of Turkey. Istanbul metropolitan province had 13.26 million people living in it as of December, 2010, which is 18% of Turkey's population and the 3rd largest metropolitan area in Europe after London and...
and Hare worked as an instructor at Robert College from 1924 to 1926. During his time in Istanbul, he developed a lifelong fascination with Islamic architecture
Islamic architecture
Islamic architecture encompasses a wide range of both secular and religious styles from the foundation of Islam to the present day, influencing the design and construction of buildings and structures in Islamic culture....
and began a collection of notes and photographs that he later donated to the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery
Arthur M. Sackler Gallery
The Arthur M. Sackler Gallery joins the Freer Gallery of Art to form the Smithsonian Institution's national museums of Asian art. The Sackler celebrates its twenty-fifth anniversary in 2012....
at the end of his career. He spent 1926-27 working at the American Chamber of Commerce for the Levant and liaising with the U.S. Consulate in Istanbul.
Impressed with Hare, the consulate offered him a position in their commercial section, so in 1927, Hare traveled to Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, "the District", or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States. On July 16, 1790, the United States Congress approved the creation of a permanent national capital as permitted by the U.S. Constitution....
to sit for the United States Foreign Service
United States Foreign Service
The United States Foreign Service is a component of the United States federal government under the aegis of the United States Department of State. It consists of approximately 11,500 professionals carrying out the foreign policy of the United States and aiding U.S...
exam, and after passing, returned to work in the consulate in Istanbul. In 1931, he became one of a select group of Foreign Service Officers sent to study at the École nationale des langues orientales vivantes in Paris
Paris
Paris is the capital and largest city in France, situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region...
to study the Arabic language
Arabic language
Arabic is a name applied to the descendants of the Classical Arabic language of the 6th century AD, used most prominently in the Quran, the Islamic Holy Book...
. Hare later became one of the few American diplomats of his era with a working knowledge of Arabic. After completing his Arabic studies, he was posted in Beirut
Beirut
Beirut is the capital and largest city of Lebanon, with a population ranging from 1 million to more than 2 million . Located on a peninsula at the midpoint of Lebanon's Mediterranean coastline, it serves as the country's largest and main seaport, and also forms the Beirut Metropolitan...
1932-33 and in Tehran
Tehran
Tehran , sometimes spelled Teheran, is the capital of Iran and Tehran Province. With an estimated population of 8,429,807; it is also Iran's largest urban area and city, one of the largest cities in Western Asia, and is the world's 19th largest city.In the 20th century, Tehran was subject to...
1933-39.
During World War II, 1939—1945
With the outbreak of World War IIWorld War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
, in 1939, he became Second Secretary in at the U.S. embassy in Cairo
Cairo
Cairo , is the capital of Egypt and the largest city in the Arab world and Africa, and the 16th largest metropolitan area in the world. Nicknamed "The City of a Thousand Minarets" for its preponderance of Islamic architecture, Cairo has long been a centre of the region's political and cultural life...
. Given the strategic importance of Egypt during World War II
Military history of Egypt during World War II
- Introduction :In 1882 Egypt became a de facto British colony. This continued until 1922 when Egypt was granted its independence, but British troops remained in the country and true self rule did not occur until 1952 with the rise to power of Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser.-History of British rule:In...
, Hare played a critical role in moving American materiel
Materiel
Materiel is a term used in English to refer to the equipment and supplies in military and commercial supply chain management....
to British forces in Egypt under the Lend-Lease
Lend-Lease
Lend-Lease was the program under which the United States of America supplied the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, China, Free France, and other Allied nations with materiel between 1941 and 1945. It was signed into law on March 11, 1941, a year and a half after the outbreak of war in Europe in...
program. He later worked with the Persian Gulf Command
Persian Gulf Command
The Persian Gulf Command was a United States Army service command established in December 1943 to assure the supply of U.S. lend-lease war material to the Soviet Union. Its history originated in September 1941, when the U.S. Military Iranian Mission led by Engineer officer COL Raymond A. Wheeler ...
in moving materiel to the Soviet Union
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991....
by shipping it by rail through Iran
Iran
Iran , officially the Islamic Republic of Iran , is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran" has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia...
following the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
The Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran was the Allied invasion of the Imperial State of Iran during World War II, by British, Commonwealth, and Soviet armed forces. The invasion from August 25 to September 17, 1941, was codenamed Operation Countenance...
. During World War II, Hare became convinced of the strategic importance of the Middle East
Middle East
The Middle East is a region that encompasses Western Asia and Northern Africa. It is often used as a synonym for Near East, in opposition to Far East...
in the postwar period.
In 1944, Hare was assigned to the U.S. Embassy, London, where he was responsible for coordinating British and American policy towards the Middle East. He later returned to Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, "the District", or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States. On July 16, 1790, the United States Congress approved the creation of a permanent national capital as permitted by the U.S. Constitution....
, serving as an advisor at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference
Dumbarton Oaks Conference
The Dumbarton Oaks Conference or, more formally, the Washington Conversations on International Peace and Security Organization was an international conference at which the United Nations was formulated and negotiated among international leaders...
.
Postwar years at the State Department, 1945—50
Hare was sent to the National War CollegeNational War College
The National War College of the United States is a school in the National Defense University. It is housed in Roosevelt Hall on Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, D.C., the third-oldest Army post still active. It was officially established on July 1, 1946, as an upgraded replacement for the...
in 1946 as part of a program designed to foster cooperation between members of the United States Department of State
United States Department of State
The United States Department of State , is the United States federal executive department responsible for international relations of the United States, equivalent to the foreign ministries of other countries...
and the United States armed forces
United States armed forces
The United States Armed Forces are the military forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Coast Guard.The United States has a strong tradition of civilian control of the military...
. Before completing his year there, he was abruptly re-assigned to Nepal
Nepal
Nepal , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked sovereign state located in South Asia. It is located in the Himalayas and bordered to the north by the People's Republic of China, and to the south, east, and west by the Republic of India...
to serve as deputy chief of mission. Over the next several years, he traveled in the region, including in India
India
India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world...
and Pakistan
Pakistan
Pakistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is a sovereign state in South Asia. It has a coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in the east and China in the far northeast. In the north, Tajikistan...
, and concluded the hasty withdrawal of Mountbatten
Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma
Admiral of the Fleet Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas George Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, KG, GCB, OM, GCSI, GCIE, GCVO, DSO, PC, FRS , was a British statesman and naval officer, and an uncle of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh...
would likely create great problems in the region. The extensive field notes he kept, including interviews with regional political and regional leaders, were later donated to Columbia University
Columbia University
Columbia University in the City of New York is a private, Ivy League university in Manhattan, New York City. Columbia is the oldest institution of higher learning in the state of New York, the fifth oldest in the United States, and one of the country's nine Colonial Colleges founded before the...
.
Hare became Chief of the Division of South Asian Affairs at the State Department in 1947; Deputy Director of the Office of Near Eastern and African Affairs in 1948; and Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern, South Asian, and African Affairs in 1949. In the latter capacity, Hare drafted and negotiated the Tripartite Declaration of 1950
Tripartite Declaration of 1950
The Tripartite Declaration of 1950 , was a jointly issued statement by the United States, Britain, and France, which guaranteed the territorial status quo determined by Arab - Israeli armistice agreements. It developed from discussions related to the armistice...
, by which the British, the French, and the U.S. agreed to limit arms sales to the Middle East in the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.
Ambassador, 1950—1954
In 1950, President of the United StatesPresident of the United States
The President of the United States of America is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces....
Harry S. Truman
Harry S. Truman
Harry S. Truman was the 33rd President of the United States . As President Franklin D. Roosevelt's third vice president and the 34th Vice President of the United States , he succeeded to the presidency on April 12, 1945, when President Roosevelt died less than three months after beginning his...
nominated Hare as United States Ambassador to Saudi Arabia and, after Senate Confirmation, he was appointed on September 20, 1950. Ambassador Hare presented his credentials to the Saudi government on October 24, 1950. Hare was ambassador just as oil
Oil
An oil is any substance that is liquid at ambient temperatures and does not mix with water but may mix with other oils and organic solvents. This general definition includes vegetable oils, volatile essential oils, petrochemical oils, and synthetic oils....
started to flow in Saudi Arabia. At Jeddah
Jeddah
Jeddah, Jiddah, Jidda, or Jedda is a city located on the coast of the Red Sea and is the major urban center of western Saudi Arabia. It is the largest city in Makkah Province, the largest sea port on the Red Sea, and the second largest city in Saudi Arabia after the capital city, Riyadh. The...
, he established a relationship with Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia
Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia
King Abdul-Aziz of Saudi Arabia was the first monarch of the Third Saudi State known as Saudi Arabia. He was commonly referred to as Ibn Saud....
, though he did not deal directly with oil issues as Aramco handled its own relations with the Saudi royal family. However, Hare was tasked with convincing the Saudis to allow the U.S. access to military facilities at Dhahran
Dhahran
Dhahran is a city located in Saudi Arabia's Eastern Province, and is a major administrative center for the Saudi oil industry. Large oil reserves were first identified in the Dhahran area in 1931, and in 1935 Standard Oil of California drilled the first commercially viable oil well...
. He was successful at negotiating an extended-stay agreement in 1952; as part of the deal to allow U.S. troops to remain in Dhahran, the U.S. provided Saudi Arabia with a number of planes that formed the foundation of what would become the Royal Saudi Air Force
Royal Saudi Air Force
The Royal Saudi Air Force , is the aviation branch of the Saudi Arabian armed forces. The RSAF has developed from a largely defensive military force into one with an advanced offensive capability...
. During the 1953 dispute over ownership of the Buraimi Oasis, Hare convinced the British and Saudis to agree to a standstill agreement, though he was ultimately unable to defuse the situation.
Hare's posting in Saudi Arabia was terminated on July 3, 1953 when President Dwight D. Eisenhower
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower was the 34th President of the United States, from 1953 until 1961. He was a five-star general in the United States Army...
nominated Hare as United States Ambassador to Lebanon
United States Ambassador to Lebanon
This is a list of ambassadors of the United States and other Heads of Mission to Lebanon.* George Wadsworth – Consul General, later promoted to Envoy. Also was head of mission to Syria but resident in Beirut....
. Less than a year later, he was recalled to Washington, D.C. to become Director General of the United States Foreign Service.
Director General of the United States Foreign Service, 1954—1956
During the McCarthy era, the United States Department of StateUnited States Department of State
The United States Department of State , is the United States federal executive department responsible for international relations of the United States, equivalent to the foreign ministries of other countries...
had been heavily criticized. President Eisenhower appointed the Wriston
Henry Wriston
Henry Merritt Wriston was a United States' educator, presidential advisor, and served as president at both Brown University and Lawrence University.-Biography:...
Committee to recommend changes to the way in which State Department personnel were hired, organized, and promoted. The Wriston Committee recommended drastic changes to the United States Foreign Service
United States Foreign Service
The United States Foreign Service is a component of the United States federal government under the aegis of the United States Department of State. It consists of approximately 11,500 professionals carrying out the foreign policy of the United States and aiding U.S...
. Up to that point, the Foreign Service had offered two distinct career paths to State Department officials: as field officers abroad, or as desk staff in Washington. The Wriston Committee recommended a new system that would see diplomats alternate between foreign postings and postings in Washington. As Director General of the Foreign Service, Hare was tasked with the "Wristonization" of the Foreign Service.
Ambassador, 1956—1965
In July 1956, United States Secretary of StateUnited States Secretary of State
The United States Secretary of State is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with foreign affairs. The Secretary is a member of the Cabinet and the highest-ranking cabinet secretary both in line of succession and order of precedence...
John Foster Dulles
John Foster Dulles
John Foster Dulles served as U.S. Secretary of State under President Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1953 to 1959. He was a significant figure in the early Cold War era, advocating an aggressive stance against communism throughout the world...
announced that the U.S. was canceling funding for the Aswan Dam
Aswan Dam
The Aswan Dam is an embankment dam situated across the Nile River in Aswan, Egypt. Since the 1950s, the name commonly refers to the High Dam, which is larger and newer than the Aswan Low Dam, which was first completed in 1902...
, thus triggering the Suez Crisis
Suez Crisis
The Suez Crisis, also referred to as the Tripartite Aggression, Suez War was an offensive war fought by France, the United Kingdom, and Israel against Egypt beginning on 29 October 1956. Less than a day after Israel invaded Egypt, Britain and France issued a joint ultimatum to Egypt and Israel,...
. In the midst of this crisis, Dulles lost faith in United States Ambassador to Egypt
United States Ambassador to Egypt
This is a list of Ambassadors of the United States to Egypt.The United States first established diplomatic relations with Egypt in 1848, when President James K. Polk appointed Daniel Smith McCauley as the first envoy to Egypt with the title Consul General...
Henry A. Byroade
Henry A. Byroade
Brigadier General Henry Alfred Byroade, United States Army of Indiana was a career diplomat who served as Ambassador to Egypt in 1955 and 1956 and later to five other countries, including United States Ambassador to Burma from September 1963 to June 1968, and served as Assistant Secretary of State...
and, as part of a wider shakeup of U.S. State Department officials in the Near East, Hare was appointed Ambassador to Egypt to replace Byroade. Ambassador Hare arrived in Cairo shortly before the breakout of the Suez War, presenting his credentials to the Egyptian government on September 25, 1956. During his initial days in Egypt, Hare oversaw the evacuation of U.S. citizens from Egypt. He also established a relationship with Gamal Abdel Nasser
Gamal Abdel Nasser
Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein was the second President of Egypt from 1956 until his death. A colonel in the Egyptian army, Nasser led the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 along with Muhammad Naguib, the first president, which overthrew the monarchy of Egypt and Sudan, and heralded a new period of...
, and met often and at great length with Nasser during the war. He informed Nasser that the U.S. would not offer Egypt military aid, but promised to work through the United Nations
United Nations
The United Nations is an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace...
to secure peace. Hare kept extensive notes of his meetings with Nasser during the war. Hare was present in Egypt to see the creation of the United Arab Republic
United Arab Republic
The United Arab Republic , often abbreviated as the U.A.R., was a sovereign union between Egypt and Syria. The union began in 1958 and existed until 1961, when Syria seceded from the union. Egypt continued to be known officially as the "United Arab Republic" until 1971. The President was Gamal...
in 1958.
With the overthrow of the Kingdom of Iraq
Kingdom of Iraq
The Kingdom of Iraq was the sovereign state of Iraq during and after the British Mandate of Mesopotamia. The League of Nations mandate started in 1920. The kingdom began in August 1921 with the coronation of Faisal bin al-Hussein bin Ali al-Hashemi as King Faisal I...
in July 1958 (the 14 July Revolution
14 July Revolution
The 14 July Revolution was a coup which took place on 14 July 1958 in Iraq, marking the overthrow of the Hashemite monarchy established by King Faisal I in 1932 under the auspices of the British. In 1958, the coup overthrew King Faisal II, the regent and Crown Prince 'Abd al-Ilah, and Prime...
), American policy was to shore up the governments of Jordan
Jordan
Jordan , officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan , Al-Mamlaka al-Urduniyya al-Hashemiyya) is a kingdom on the East Bank of the River Jordan. The country borders Saudi Arabia to the east and south-east, Iraq to the north-east, Syria to the north and the West Bank and Israel to the west, sharing...
and Lebanon
Lebanon
Lebanon , officially the Republic of LebanonRepublic of Lebanon is the most common term used by Lebanese government agencies. The term Lebanese Republic, a literal translation of the official Arabic and French names that is not used in today's world. Arabic is the most common language spoken among...
. Hare opposed the U.S. military intervention in the 1958 Lebanon crisis, arguing that it caused irreparable damage to U.S. reputation in the region (the U.S. had previously had a good reputation). Hare became a strong advocate of Public Law 480, a program designed to provide food aide to Egypt in an effort to build goodwill and forestall Soviet influence in Egypt.
Hare was United States Ambassador to North Yemen
United States Ambassador to North Yemen
The United States recognized the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen in 1946 and commissioned its first ambassador, J. Rives Childs to the Kingdom of Yemen on August 22, 1946. A diplomatic legation was established in Ta'izz...
in 1959, and then returned to the State Department in Washington in 1960. Later in 1960, Turkey
Turkey
Turkey , known officially as the Republic of Turkey , is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe...
threatened to invade Cyprus
Cyprus
Cyprus , officially the Republic of Cyprus , is a Eurasian island country, member of the European Union, in the Eastern Mediterranean, east of Greece, south of Turkey, west of Syria and north of Egypt. It is the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea.The earliest known human activity on the...
, and in the midst of the crisis, Hare was named United States Ambassador to Turkey
United States Ambassador to Turkey
The United States of America has maintained many high level contacts with Turkey since the nineteenth century.-Chargé d'Affaires:*George W. Erving *David Porter -Minister Resident:*David Porter *Dabney Smith Carr...
. He played a critical role in convincing the Turkish government not to invade Cyprus, though his efforts were later nearly undone by a strongly worded letter from President Lyndon B. Johnson
Lyndon B. Johnson
Lyndon Baines Johnson , often referred to as LBJ, was the 36th President of the United States after his service as the 37th Vice President of the United States...
. Hare was Ambassador to Turkey until 1965.
Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs, 1965—1966
President Johnson nominated Hare as Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs in 1965. Hare held this office from September 22, 1965 until his retirement from government service on November 30, 1966. During this time, he was unable to prevent the gutting of the Public Law 480 program he had so ardently supported.Retirement, 1966—1994
Hare was president of the Middle East InstituteMiddle East Institute
The Middle East Institute is a non-partisan think tank and cultural center in Washington, DC. Founded in 1946, MEI is the oldest institution in Washington dedicated exclusively to the study of the Middle East. Its founder, architect and philanthropist George Camp Keiser, assembled a team of...
from 1966 to 1969. In retirement, he saw his saw his son, Paul Julian Hare (b. 1937), also achieve success as a diplomat, serving as United States Ambassador to Zambia
United States Ambassador to Zambia
The history of Ambassadors of the United States to Zambia began in 1964.Until 1964 Zambia had been a colony of the British Empire, first as Northern Rhodesia and then as a part of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. On December 31, 1963, the federation was dissolved into Rhodesia and Northern...
from 1985 to 1988.
He lived in Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, "the District", or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States. On July 16, 1790, the United States Congress approved the creation of a permanent national capital as permitted by the U.S. Constitution....
until his death of pneumonia
Pneumonia
Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung—especially affecting the microscopic air sacs —associated with fever, chest symptoms, and a lack of air space on a chest X-ray. Pneumonia is typically caused by an infection but there are a number of other causes...
on February 9, 1994.