Music of Chile
Encyclopedia
Folk music
Chile has a very rich folklore music that has three different continental geographical zones: northern, central, and southern, each with their own characteristics and sounds. Also it has other musiccrapsical expressions like Easter Island music and Mapuche music. Central folk music is the most well-known.Northern Chile
Chile
Chile ,officially the Republic of Chile , is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow coastal strip between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far...
was the center of culture
Culture
Culture is a term that has many different inter-related meanings. For example, in 1952, Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn compiled a list of 164 definitions of "culture" in Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions...
in ancient Tahuantinsuyu (Inca empire), and was afterwards dominated by the Spanish
Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
.
In the north of the country, traditional dances are strongly influenced by Quechua and Aymara culture, which covers parts of Peru, the Andean region of Bolivia and northern Chile. The dances are basic piece of popular piety and in activities linked to the ancient Inca religion and now have a semblance of paganism, as in the case of livestock enfleurage. Outside the cueca northerners, dance highlights include the trot and cachimbo.
Cueca
The cuecaCueca
Cueca is a family of musical styles and associated dances from Chile, Bolivia, Peru, and Argentina. In Chile, the cueca holds the status of national dance, where it was officially selected on September 18, 1979.- Origins :...
(short for zamacueca) has long been considered the "most popular air
Air (music)
Air , a variant of the musical song form, is the name of various song-like vocal or instrumental compositions.-English lute ayres:...
of Chile"; it first appeared in 1824. The cueca is always in a major key and is written in six-eight time with accompaniment in three-four. According to Pedro Humberto Allende
Pedro Humberto Allende
Pedro Humberto Allende Sarón , was one of the most important Chilean composers of the twentieth century. He obtained the prestigious Premio Nacional de Arte in 1945.- Biography :...
, a Chilean composer, "neither the words nor the music obey any fixed rules; various motives are freely intermingled. The number of bars is from twenty-six to thirty, and there is usually an instrumental introduction twelve to one hundred bars in length. The last note of the melody is either the third or the fifth of the scale, never the octave".
The Tonada is another important form of Chilean traditional song, arising from the music brought by Spanish settlers. It is distinguished from the cueca by an intermediate melodic section and a more prominent melody in general; the tonada is also not danced. There have been several groups who took the Tonada as their main form of expression, such as Los Huasos Quincheros
Los Huasos Quincheros
Los Huasos Quincheros is a popular Chilean folk musical group, first formed in 1937. It currently consists of the musicians Benjamín Mackenna, Antonio Antonich, Ricardo Videla and Patricio Reyes...
, Los Huasos de Algarrobal, Los de Ramon
Los de Ramon
Los de Ramón are a Chilean folkloric group of vast trajectory and extended musical diffusion not only in Chile , also in Latin America. Conformed by the family group of Raul de Ramon , his wife Maria Eugenia and his two children Carlos Alberto and Raul Eduardo were of great importance like...
and others. Other less known styles are: the Sirilla, the Sajuriana, Refalosa, Polka
Polka
The polka is a Central European dance and also a genre of dance music familiar throughout Europe and the Americas. It originated in the middle of the 19th century in Bohemia...
.
Between 1950 and 1970 appeared a rebirth in folk music led by groups such as Los de Ramon
Los de Ramon
Los de Ramón are a Chilean folkloric group of vast trajectory and extended musical diffusion not only in Chile , also in Latin America. Conformed by the family group of Raul de Ramon , his wife Maria Eugenia and his two children Carlos Alberto and Raul Eduardo were of great importance like...
, Los Cuatro Huasos, and Los Huasos Quincheros among others. There also appeared Chilean folk music composers such as Raul de Ramon
Raul de Ramon
Raúl de Ramón was a Chilean composer, musician and folklorist and author of numerous songs of great diffusion in Chile like The Curanto, Nostalgia Colchaguina, Camino de Soledad, Rosa Colorada, Canción de la Caballería, El Amor del Arriero and a hundred more...
, Violeta Parra
Violeta Parra
Violeta del Carmen Parra Sandoval was a notable Chilean composer, songwriter, folklorist, ethnomusicologist and visual artist...
, Luis Aguirre Pinto, among others who raised up folkloric music and have done research in this area and also in Latin American music. Margot Loyola
Margot Loyola
Margot Loyola Palacios is a musician, folk singer and researcher of the folklore of Chile and Latin America in general.Loyola has been active as a musician and musical ethnographer/anthropologist for many decades...
is another well-known Chilean musician and folk singer who has also been a renowned and active researcher of the folklore
Folklore
Folklore consists of legends, music, oral history, proverbs, jokes, popular beliefs, fairy tales and customs that are the traditions of a culture, subculture, or group. It is also the set of practices through which those expressive genres are shared. The study of folklore is sometimes called...
of her country and, in general, of Latin America. Vicente Bianchi Alarcón is an accomplished Chilean composer, pianist, and director of Los Coros y Orquesta Chileno. In 2004, he was awarded the Premio a lo Chileno. He is also famous for his work with Pablo Neruda
Pablo Neruda
Pablo Neruda was the pen name and, later, legal name of the Chilean poet, diplomat and politician Neftalí Ricardo Reyes Basoalto. He chose his pen name after Czech poet Jan Neruda....
.
Chile also has important classic composers such as Alfonso Leng, Pedro Humberto Allende, Domingo Santa Cruz and others. Also great pianists have come from this country such as Claudio Arrau
Claudio Arrau
Claudio Arrau León was a Chilean pianist known for his interpretations of a vast repertoire spanning from the baroque to 20th-century composers, especially Beethoven, Schubert, Chopin, Schumann, Liszt, Brahms and Debussy...
who is considered one of the greatest pianists of the 20th century, also Rosita Renard and Alfredo Pearl. One of the most important clavecinist of our days Lionel Party was also born in Chile. From this country are also singers such as Ramon Vinay
Ramón Vinay
Ramón Vinay was a famous Chilean operatic tenor with a powerful, dramatic voice. He is probably best remembered for his appearances in the title role of Giuseppe Verdi's tragic opera Otello....
, Cristina Gallardo-Domas
Cristina Gallardo-Domâs
Cristina Gallardo-Domâs is a soprano, born in Santiago, Chile, who frequently performs in operas by Puccini.Gallardo-Domâs made her debut as Madama Butterfly in 1990 at the Municipal Theatre in Santiago and, three years later, began performing in opera houses in Europe, making her La Scala debut in...
, Victoria Vergara and Veronica Villarroel
Verónica Villarroel
Verónica Villarroel González is a Chilean soprano. In 1989 she won the Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions. She studied singing with Ellen Faull at the Juilliard School.Villarroel was born in Santiago, Chile to Gueraldo Villarroel and Luisa González...
Traditional Folklore
Between 1930 and 1960 appears a rebirth of traditional folklore initially promoted by the Group Los Cuatro Huasos that took folk country music and started popularizing and spreading it not only in Chile also in others countries in Latino America and USA.
After them appeared a lot of important folkloric groups such as Los de Ramon
Los de Ramon
Los de Ramón are a Chilean folkloric group of vast trajectory and extended musical diffusion not only in Chile , also in Latin America. Conformed by the family group of Raul de Ramon , his wife Maria Eugenia and his two children Carlos Alberto and Raul Eduardo were of great importance like...
, Los Huasos Quincheros
Los Huasos Quincheros
Los Huasos Quincheros is a popular Chilean folk musical group, first formed in 1937. It currently consists of the musicians Benjamín Mackenna, Antonio Antonich, Ricardo Videla and Patricio Reyes...
, El Duo Rey Silva, Los Cantores de Santa Cruz and others that made very popular folk music in Chile and also in Latin America. Also appeared several important folk composers who investigated, took the roots of folk music and made it well-known such as Raul de Ramon
Raul de Ramon
Raúl de Ramón was a Chilean composer, musician and folklorist and author of numerous songs of great diffusion in Chile like The Curanto, Nostalgia Colchaguina, Camino de Soledad, Rosa Colorada, Canción de la Caballería, El Amor del Arriero and a hundred more...
, Violeta Parra
Violeta Parra
Violeta del Carmen Parra Sandoval was a notable Chilean composer, songwriter, folklorist, ethnomusicologist and visual artist...
, Margot Loyola
Margot Loyola
Margot Loyola Palacios is a musician, folk singer and researcher of the folklore of Chile and Latin America in general.Loyola has been active as a musician and musical ethnographer/anthropologist for many decades...
, Luis Aguirre Pinto, Clara Solovera
Clara Solovera
Clara Solovera was a famous Chilean folk musician.-External links:*...
among others. They did not have political motivations, but rather interest in recovering and spreading the traditional folkloric music of Chile.
However, a new Chilean song would appear afterwards which did have political implications.
"La Nueva Canción Chilena" (The New Chilean Song)
Ángel Parra
Ángel Cereceda Parra is a Chilean singer and songwriter, son of Violeta Parra, notable Chilean folklorist and brother of Isabel Parra. He travels abroad helping to maintain the Nueva Canción tradition in Chilean expatriate communities in Europe, North America, and Australia. His son -also named...
, Isabel
Isabel Parra
Isabel Parra is a famous Chilean singer-songwriter and interpreter of Latin American musical folklore.Isabel Parra was born in Chile in 1939 and began her career in music at the age of 13 when she made her first recording with her world-renowned mother, the folklorist Violeta Parra...
and Violeta Parra
Violeta Parra
Violeta del Carmen Parra Sandoval was a notable Chilean composer, songwriter, folklorist, ethnomusicologist and visual artist...
that began playing in Santiago, popularizing Aymara and Quechua
Quechua languages
Quechua is a Native South American language family and dialect cluster spoken primarily in the Andes of South America, derived from an original common ancestor language, Proto-Quechua. It is the most widely spoken language family of the indigenous peoples of the Americas, with a total of probably...
music. The Parras were connected to Gilbert Favre
Gilbert Favre
Gilbert Favre was a flautist of Swiss descent. He also played the quena as a founding member of the popular Bolivian folk group Los Jairas. Favre was commonly referred to as "El Gringo" by the Bolivian public...
, Swiss-Frenchman who later became a member of the influential Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia officially known as Plurinational State of Bolivia , is a landlocked country in central South America. It is the poorest country in South America...
n group Los Jairas
Los Jairas
Los Jairas are a folk music band from Bolivia. They have worked with Los Condores. Their work features the charango, a stringed instrument from Bolivia.They were formed in 1965 by [Gilbert Favre, founder of the folklore cabaret La Pena Naira in La Paz]....
.
Arising out of the revitalization in Andean music
Andean music
Andean music comes from the general area inhabited by Quechuas, Aymaras and other peoples that lived roughly in the area of the Inca Empire prior to European contact. It includes folklore music of parts of Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador, Chile, Colombia, Peru and Venezuela...
in the 1960s, nueva canción
Nueva canción
Nueva canción is a movement and genre within Latin American and Iberian music of folk music, folk-inspired music and socially committed music...
soon emerged in Argentina
Argentina
Argentina , officially the Argentine Republic , is the second largest country in South America by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires...
and, especially, Chile. Born during a period of political struggle across Latin America
Latin America
Latin America is a region of the Americas where Romance languages – particularly Spanish and Portuguese, and variably French – are primarily spoken. Latin America has an area of approximately 21,069,500 km² , almost 3.9% of the Earth's surface or 14.1% of its land surface area...
, nueva canción became associated with political activism and reformers like Chilean socialist
Socialism
Socialism is an economic system characterized by social ownership of the means of production and cooperative management of the economy; or a political philosophy advocating such a system. "Social ownership" may refer to any one of, or a combination of, the following: cooperative enterprises,...
Salvador Allende
Salvador Allende
Salvador Allende Gossens was a Chilean physician and politician who is generally considered the first democratically elected Marxist to become president of a country in Latin America....
and his Popular Unity
Popular Unity
Unidad Popular was a coalition of left wing, socialist and communist political parties in Chile that stood behind the successful candidacy of Salvador Allende for the 1970 Chilean presidential election....
government.
The roots of nueva canción are in artists like Violeta Parra and Argentinian singer Atahualpa Yupanqui
Atahualpa Yupanqui
Atahualpa Yupanqui was an Argentine singer, songwriter, guitarist, and writer. He is considered the most important Argentine folk musician of the 20th century....
, who collected indigenous songs from rural payadores and helped revitalize the music of these travelling poets and singers. Parra also helped spark an interest in French chanson
Chanson
A chanson is in general any lyric-driven French song, usually polyphonic and secular. A singer specialising in chansons is known as a "chanteur" or "chanteuse" ; a collection of chansons, especially from the late Middle Ages and Renaissance, is also known as a chansonnier.-Chanson de geste:The...
music, as well as in Amerindian instruments like the quena
Quena
The quena is the traditional flute of the Andes. Usually made of bamboo or wood, it has 6 finger holes and one thumb hole and is open on both ends. To produce sound, the player closes the top end of the pipe with the flesh between his chin and lower lip, and blows a stream of air downward, along...
and charango
Charango
The charango is a small Andean stringed instrument of the lute family, 66 cm long, traditionally made with the shell of the back of an armadillo. Primarily played in traditional Andean music, and is sometimes used by other Latin American musicians. Many contemporary charangos are now made with...
. In the 1960s, Parra met Gilbert Favre
Gilbert Favre
Gilbert Favre was a flautist of Swiss descent. He also played the quena as a founding member of the popular Bolivian folk group Los Jairas. Favre was commonly referred to as "El Gringo" by the Bolivian public...
and helped inspire him to found Los Jairas
Los Jairas
Los Jairas are a folk music band from Bolivia. They have worked with Los Condores. Their work features the charango, a stringed instrument from Bolivia.They were formed in 1965 by [Gilbert Favre, founder of the folklore cabaret La Pena Naira in La Paz]....
, who would go on to become an influential group in the development of Bolivian music
Music of Bolivia
The music of Bolivia has a long history. Out of all the Andean countries, Bolivia remains perhaps the most culturally linked to the indigenous peoples. Like most of its neighbors, Bolivia was long dominated by Spain and its attendant culture. Even after independence, Bolivian music was largely...
.
Nueva canción began its modern evolution in 1962 when musicians like the Argentinian Mercedes Sosa
Mercedes Sosa
Haydée Mercedes Sosa, known as La Negra, was an Argentine singer who was popular throughout South America and some countries outside the continent. With her roots in Argentine folk music, Sosa became one of the preeminent exponents of nueva canción. She gave voice to songs written by both...
founded a nativist music scene in Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires is the capital and largest city of Argentina, and the second-largest metropolitan area in South America, after São Paulo. It is located on the western shore of the estuary of the Río de la Plata, on the southeastern coast of the South American continent...
. Soon, in 1965, Ángel
Ángel Parra
Ángel Cereceda Parra is a Chilean singer and songwriter, son of Violeta Parra, notable Chilean folklorist and brother of Isabel Parra. He travels abroad helping to maintain the Nueva Canción tradition in Chilean expatriate communities in Europe, North America, and Australia. His son -also named...
and Isabel Parra
Isabel Parra
Isabel Parra is a famous Chilean singer-songwriter and interpreter of Latin American musical folklore.Isabel Parra was born in Chile in 1939 and began her career in music at the age of 13 when she made her first recording with her world-renowned mother, the folklorist Violeta Parra...
opened the Peña de los Parra, a Santiago nightclub which solidified the sound of nueva canción and found an audience for future luminaries like Patricio Manns
Patricio Manns
Patricio Manns is a Chilean composer, author, writer, and journalist.-Infancy and youth:Patricio Manns was born in the rural town of Nacimiento, in the south of Chile on 3 August 1937. He is the son of a primary school teacher and an agricultural engineer of German descent...
and Víctor Jara
Víctor Jara
Víctor Lidio Jara Martínez was a Chilean teacher, theatre director, poet, singer-songwriter, political activist and member of the Communist Party of Chile...
. Jara emerged as the first major voice of nueva canción and began its tradition of assailing the perceived corruption of government officials. Songs like "Preguntas por Puerto Montt" accused officials of massacring civilians and other atrocities. Jara influenced musicians across Latin America, and beyond.
The new government of Augusto Pinochet
Augusto Pinochet
Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte, more commonly known as Augusto Pinochet , was a Chilean army general and dictator who assumed power in a coup d'état on 11 September 1973...
threatened nueva canción artists, driving it underground during the 1970s. Cassette tapes of artists like Inti-Illimani
Inti-Illimani
Inti-Illimani is an instrumental and vocal Latin American folk music ensemble from Chile. The group was formed in 1967 by a group of university students and it acquired widespread popularity in Chile for their song Venceremos which became the anthem of the Popular Unity government of Salvador...
and Quilapayún
Quilapayún
Quilapayún are an instrumental and vocal folk music group from Chile and among the longest lasting and most influential exponents of the Nueva Canción Chilena movement. Formed in Chile during the mid-1960s, the group became inseparable with the revolution that occurred in the popular music of the...
were circulated in a clandestine manner. The groups continued to oppose Pinochet's government from exile, and helped inspire nueva canción singers from Uruguay
Uruguay
Uruguay ,officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay,sometimes the Eastern Republic of Uruguay; ) is a country in the southeastern part of South America. It is home to some 3.5 million people, of whom 1.8 million live in the capital Montevideo and its metropolitan area...
(Daniel Viglietti
Daniel Viglietti
Daniel Alberto Viglietti Indart is an Uruguayan folk singer, guitarist, composer, and political activist. He is one of the main exponents of Uruguayan popular song and also of the Nueva Canción or "New Song" of the 1960s and early 1970s.He founded, in 1971, along with other musicians like José...
), El Salvador
El Salvador
El Salvador or simply Salvador is the smallest and the most densely populated country in Central America. The country's capital city and largest city is San Salvador; Santa Ana and San Miguel are also important cultural and commercial centers in the country and in all of Central America...
(Yolocamba l'ta), Mexico (Amparo Ochoa) and Nicaragua
Nicaragua
Nicaragua is the largest country in the Central American American isthmus, bordered by Honduras to the north and Costa Rica to the south. The country is situated between 11 and 14 degrees north of the Equator in the Northern Hemisphere, which places it entirely within the tropics. The Pacific Ocean...
(Carlos and Luís Enrique Mejía Godoy), as well as Cuba
Cuba
The Republic of Cuba is an island nation in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos. Havana is the largest city in Cuba and the country's capital. Santiago de Cuba is the second largest city...
n nueva trova
Nueva trova
Nueva trova is a movement in Cuban music that emerged around 1967/68 after the Cuban Revolution of 1959, and the consequent political and social changes....
artists like Pablo Milanés
Pablo Milanés
Pablo Milanés Arias is a Cuban singer-songwriter and guitar player. He studied at a conservatory in Havana. He is considered one of the founders of the Cuban nueva trova, along with Silvio Rodríguez and Noel Nicola...
.
The continued influence of nueva canción can be seen in contemporary Chilean artists such as Gepe
Gepe
Daniel Riveros , known as Gepe, is a Chilean singer-songwriter. He has released three solo albums in addition to one album as a member of the band Taller Dejao...
.
"La Armada Chilena"
More recently the children of exiled Chileans have made their own successful mark in music with acts like internationally acclaimed DJ Ricardo VillalobosRicardo Villalobos
Ricardo Villalobos is a Chilean-German electronic music producer and DJ. He is well-known for his work in the minimal techno and microhouse genres, and is one of the most significant figures in today's minimal techno scene....
, producer and one half of Super Collider
Super Collider (band)
Super_Collider is a collaborative effort between Jamie Lidell and Cristian Vogel that formed in 1998. The duo released two critically acclaimed albums – Head On in 1999, and Raw Digits in 2002 - before their growing solo careers pushed the project on hold for the foreseeable future.This band should...
(along with Jamie Lidell) Cristian Vogel
Cristian Vogel
Cristian Vogel is an experimental electronic musician.-Biography:Cristian Vogel was born in Chile and moved to England in the mid 1970s. Vogel first began working with electronic compositions in the late 1980s with the Cabbage Head Collective...
, DJ Luciano, Alejandro Vivanco, Pier Bucci, Cuti Aste, Bitman & Roban, Claude Roubillie and Electrodomesticos being prominent names.
More recently acts such as electro-rock outfit Panico have come to the forefront of Chilean music on the international stage, playing alongside internationally known bands such as Franz Ferdinand
Franz Ferdinand (band)
Franz Ferdinand are a Scottish post-punk revival band formed in Glasgow in 2002. The band is composed of Alex Kapranos , Bob Hardy , Nick McCarthy , and Paul Thomson .The band first experienced chart success when their second single, "Take Me Out", reached #3 in...
, Less Than Jake
Less Than Jake
Less Than Jake is an American ska punk band from Gainesville, Florida. Originally formed in 1992 as a power pop trio, the band evolved into a hybrid of ska punk. Less Than Jake have also been cited as showing influences from a wide variety of genres including post-grunge, heavy metal, alternative...
and Ladytron
Ladytron
Ladytron are an English electronic band formed in 1999 in Liverpool, Merseyside. The group consists of Helen Marnie , Mira Aroyo , Daniel Hunt and Reuben Wu .Their sound blends electropop with New Wave and shoegazing elements. Ladytron described their sound as "electronic pop"...
.
Metal
Popular Chilean metal acts include Mar de GrisesMar de Grises
Mar de Grises is a Chilean death/doom metal band created in 2000. A good translation of "Mar de Grises" would be "Sea of Grief", even when Grises is the plural form for grey, the color of sorrow in Spanish as it is blue in English.-History:...
, Coprofago
Coprofago
Coprofago is a technical death metal band formed in Santiago, Chile, in June 1993. The name of the band is taken from Greek "copro", or "feces", and "fago", meaning "eat." Sebastián Vergara, Pablo Alvarez, Pablo Solari, and Ignacio Suit founded the band....
, Asunto
Asunto
Asunto is a metalcore band formed in 1995 in Santiago, Chile. Pioneers in the South American hardcore scene.- History :...
and Poema Arcanus
Poema Arcanus
Poema Arcanus is a Chilean death/doom metal band that was formed in the early 1990s and has four full-length studio albums under their name. The band was originally named Garbage; they later changed their name to Garbage Breed and eventually settled on their current name of Poema Arcanus...
.
Classical music
- Composers: Pedro Humberto AllendePedro Humberto AllendePedro Humberto Allende Sarón , was one of the most important Chilean composers of the twentieth century. He obtained the prestigious Premio Nacional de Arte in 1945.- Biography :...
, Enrique Soro, Alfonso LengAlfonso LengAlfonso Leng was a post-romantic composer of classical music and dentist. He was born in Santiago, Chile. He wrote the first important symphonic work in Chilean tradition, "La Muerte de Alcino", a symphonic poem inspired by the novel of Pedro Prado...
, Acario Cotapos, Juan Orrego-SalasJuan Orrego-SalasJuan Antonio Orrego Salas is a Chilean composer of contemporary classical music and musicologist.He was a student of Randall Thompson and Aaron Copland in the United States, and later he settled in that country in the early 1960s to work at Indiana University, where he co-founded the Latin...
, Alfonso Letelier, Gustavo Becerra-SchmidtGustavo Becerra-SchmidtGustavo Becerra-Schmidt was a Chilean composer.Becerra-Schmidt lived in Germany since 1973 and taught at Oldenburg University since 1974. Becerra was the most prolific Chilean composer...
, Sergio OrtegaSergio OrtegaSergio Ortega was a Chilean composer and pianist.- Biography :Ortega was born in Antofagasta, Chile. He studied composition with Roberto Falabella and with Gustavo Becerra-Schmidt in the National Conservatory at the Universidad de Chile...
, Luis AdvisLuis AdvisLuis Advis Vitaglich was a Chilean professor of philosophy, and a noted composer of traditional and New Chilean music. He was officially recognized as a Fundamental Figure of Chilean Music in 2003.-Biography:...
, Leon SchidlowskyLeon SchidlowskyLeon Schidlowsky is a well known Chilean-Israeli composer and painter. He has written music for orchestra, chamber ensemble, choir, and instruments including the piano, violin, cello, flute, mandolin, guitar, harp, organ, as well as about sixty-five pieces of music with graphic notation...
, Leni AlexanderLeni AlexanderLeni Alexander was a German-Chilean composer.-Biography:Helene Alexander Pollak was born in Breslau, and her family lived in Hamburg and then emigrated to Chile in 1939 to escape the Nazis...
, Fernando García, Juan Allende-Blin - Conductors: Armando Carvajal, Juan Pablo Izquierdo, Víctor Tevah
- Pianists: Claudio ArrauClaudio ArrauClaudio Arrau León was a Chilean pianist known for his interpretations of a vast repertoire spanning from the baroque to 20th-century composers, especially Beethoven, Schubert, Chopin, Schumann, Liszt, Brahms and Debussy...
, Rosita Renard, Alfredo PerlAlfredo PerlAlfredo Perl is a Chilean-German classical pianist and conductor, best known in the United Kingdom, Australia and Germany. He is best known for his recitals of Beethoven's sonatas. He is the current conductor of the Detmold Chamber Orchestra....