List of MeSH codes (D23)
Encyclopedia
This is the fourth part of the list of the "D" codes for MeSH
. It is a product of the United States National Library of Medicine
.
Source for content is here. (File "2006 MeSH Trees".)
--- polysaccharides, bacterial --- bacterial capsules --- lipopolysaccharides --- lipid a
--- o antigens --- peptidoglycan
--- teichoic acids --- staphylococcal protein a --- tuberculin
--- neprilysin
--- prostate-specific antigen --- tissue polypeptide antigen
--- fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 --- integrin alpha1 --- integrin alpha2 --- integrin alpha3 --- integrin alpha4 --- integrin alpha5 --- integrin alpha6 --- integrin alphav --- integrin beta3 --- integrin beta4 --- intercellular adhesion molecule-1 --- kangai-1 protein --- lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 --- lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2 --- neprilysin
--- 5'-nucleotidase --- peptidyl-dipeptidase a --- platelet membrane glycoprotein iib --- proto-oncogene proteins c-kit --- receptor, anaphylatoxin c5a --- receptor, macrophage colony-stimulating factor --- receptors, complement 3b --- receptors, complement 3d --- receptors, ige --- receptors, igg --- receptors, interleukin-1 --- receptors, interleukin-2 --- receptors, interleukin-4 --- receptors, interleukin-6 --- receptors, interleukin-7 --- receptors, interleukin-8a --- receptors, lymphocyte homing --- antigens, cd44 --- integrin alpha4beta1 --- lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 --- l-selectin
--- receptors, tumor necrosis factor, type i --- receptors, tumor necrosis factor, type ii --- p-selectin
--- vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 --- antigens, differentiation, b-lymphocyte --- antigens, cd5 --- antigens, cd19 --- antigens, cd20 --- antigens, cd40 --- antigens, cd29 --- antigens, differentiation, t-lymphocyte --- antigens, cd1 --- antigens, cd2 --- antigens, cd3 --- receptor-cd3 complex, antigen, t-cell --- antigens, cd4 --- antigens, cd5 --- antigens, cd7 --- antigens, cd8 --- antigens, cd13 --- antigens, cd18 --- antigens, cd26 --- antigens, cd27 --- antigens, cd28 --- antigens, cd56 --- antigens, cd57 --- antigens, differentiation, myelomonocytic --- antigens, cd14 --- antigens, cd15 --- antigens, cd31 --- antigens, ly --- antigens, thy-1 --- receptors, tumor necrosis factor, type i --- arrestin
--- blood group antigens --- abo blood-group system --- duffy blood-group system --- i blood-group system --- kell blood-group system --- kidd blood-group system --- lewis blood-group system --- ca-19-9 antigen --- lutheran blood-group system --- mnss blood-group system --- p blood-group system --- rh-hr blood-group system --- cell adhesion molecules --- antigens, cd22 --- antigens, cd24 --- antigens, cd31 --- antigens, cd146 --- antigens, cd164 --- cadherins --- desmosomal cadherins --- desmocollins --- desmogleins --- desmoglein 1
--- desmoglein 2
--- desmoglein 3
--- carcinoembryonic antigen
--- cd4 immunoadhesins --- cell adhesion molecules, neuronal --- cell adhesion molecules, neuron-glia --- activated-leukocyte cell adhesion molecule --- myelin p0 protein --- neural cell adhesion molecules --- antigens, cd56 --- neural cell adhesion molecule l1 --- integrin alphaxbeta2
--- intercellular adhesion molecule-1 --- receptors, lymphocyte homing --- antigens, cd44 --- integrin alpha4beta1 --- lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 --- l-selectin
--- selectins --- e-selectin
--- l-selectin
--- p-selectin
--- vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 --- histocompatibility antigens --- histocompatibility antigens class i --- h-2 antigens --- HLA-A
--- HLA-A1
--- HLA-A2
--- HLA-A3
--- HLA-B
--- HLA-B7
--- HLA-B8
--- HLA-B27
--- HLA-B35
--- HLA-C
--- histocompatibility antigens class ii --- hla-d antigens --- HLA-DP
--- HLA-DQ
--- HLA-DR --- HLA-DR1
--- HLA-DR2
--- HLA-DR3
--- HLA-DR4
--- HLA-DR5
--- HLA-DR6
--- HLA-DR7
--- hla antigens --- hla-a antigens --- hla-a1 antigen --- hla-a2 antigen --- hla-a3 antigen --- hla-b antigens --- hla-b7 antigen --- hla-b8 antigen --- hla-b27 antigen --- hla-b35 antigen --- hla-c antigens --- hla-d antigens --- hla-dp antigens --- hla-dq antigens --- hla-dr antigens
--- hla-dr1 antigen --- hla-dr2 antigen --- hla-dr3 antigen --- hla-dr4 antigen --- hla-dr5 antigen --- hla-dr6 antigen --- hla-dr7 antigen --- minor histocompatibility antigens --- h-y antigen --- leukocyte l1 antigen complex --- calgranulin a --- calgranulin b --- lymphocyte antigen 96
--- minor lymphocyte stimulatory antigens --- variant surface glycoproteins, trypanosoma
--- desmoglein 1
--- desmoglein 3
--- heymann nephritis antigenic complex --- ldl-receptor related protein 2 --- ldl-receptor related protein-associated protein
--- cardiolipins --- dinitrochlorobenzene
--- nitrohydroxyiodophenylacetate --- picryl chloride
--- immunodominant epitopes --- immunoglobulin idiotypes
--- hla-dr1 antigen --- hla-dr2 antigen --- hla-dr3 antigen --- hla-dr4 antigen --- hla-dr5 antigen --- hla-dr6 antigen --- hla-dr7 antigen --- hla antigens --- hla-a antigens --- hla-a1 antigen --- hla-a2 antigen --- hla-a3 antigen --- hla-b antigens --- hla-b7 antigen --- hla-b8 antigen --- hla-b27 antigen --- hla-b35 antigen --- hla-c antigens --- hla-d antigens --- hla-dp antigens --- hla-dq antigens --- hla-dr antigens
--- hla-dr1 antigen --- hla-dr2 antigen --- hla-dr3 antigen --- hla-dr4 antigen --- hla-dr5 antigen --- hla-dr6 antigen --- hla-dr7 antigen --- minor histocompatibility antigens --- h-y antigen
--- 5'-nucleotidase --- peptidyl-dipeptidase a --- platelet membrane glycoprotein iib --- proto-oncogene proteins c-kit --- receptor, anaphylatoxin c5a --- receptor, macrophage colony-stimulating factor --- receptors, complement 3b --- receptors, complement 3d --- receptors, ige --- receptors, igg --- receptors, interleukin-1 --- receptors, interleukin-2 --- receptors, interleukin-4 --- receptors, interleukin-6 --- receptors, interleukin-7 --- receptors, interleukin-8a --- receptors, lymphocyte homing --- antigens, cd44 --- integrin alpha4beta1 --- lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 --- l-selectin
--- receptors, tumor necrosis factor, type i --- receptors, tumor necrosis factor, type ii --- e-selectin
--- p-selectin
--- vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 --- antigens, cd29 --- antigens, differentiation, b-lymphocyte --- antigens, cd5 --- antigens, cd19 --- antigens, cd20 --- antigens, cd40 --- antigens, differentiation, t-lymphocyte --- antigens, cd1 --- antigens, cd2 --- antigens, cd3 --- receptor-cd3 complex, antigen, t-cell --- antigens, cd4 --- antigens, cd5 --- antigens, cd7 --- antigens, cd8 --- antigens, cd13 --- antigens, cd18 --- antigens, cd26 --- antigens, cd27 --- antigens, cd28 --- antigens, cd56 --- antigens, cd57 --- antigens, differentiation, myelomonocytic --- antigens, cd14 --- antigens, cd15 --- antigens, cd31 --- antigens, ly --- antigens, thy-1
--- chorionic gonadotropin, beta subunit, human --- hormones, ectopic --- ki-67 antigen --- neprilysin
--- normetanephrine
--- proliferating cell nuclear antigen --- prostate-specific antigen --- receptor, erbb-2 --- receptor, erbb-3 --- synaptophysin
--- tissue kallikreins --- tissue polypeptide antigen
--- kininogens
--- kininogen, high-molecular-weight --- kininogen, low-molecular-weight
--- chemokines, c --- chemokines, cc --- chemokines, cxc --- chemokines, cx3c --- interleukin-8 --- macrophage inflammatory proteins --- macrophage inflammatory protein-1 --- monocyte chemoattractant proteins --- monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 --- platelet factor 4
--- rantes
--- n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine
--- cyclin b
--- cyclin d1
--- cyclin e
--- granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factors, recombinant --- erythropoietin
--- erythropoietin, recombinant --- epoetin alfa
--- granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
--- granulocyte colony stimulating factor, recombinant --- filgrastim
--- granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor --- granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factors, recombinant --- interleukin-3 --- macrophage colony-stimulating factor
--- thrombopoietin
--- stem cell factor
--- vascular endothelial growth factor b
--- vascular endothelial growth factor c
--- vascular endothelial growth factor d --- vascular endothelial growth factor, endocrine-gland-derived --- ephrins --- ephrin-a1 --- ephrin-a2 --- ephrin-a3 --- ephrin-a4 --- ephrin-a5 --- ephrin-b1 --- ephrin-b2 --- ephrin-b3 --- fibroblast growth factors --- fibroblast growth factor 1 --- fibroblast growth factor 2 --- fibroblast growth factor 3 --- fibroblast growth factor 4 --- fibroblast growth factor 5 --- fibroblast growth factor 6 --- fibroblast growth factor 7 --- fibroblast growth factor 8 --- fibroblast growth factor 9 --- fibroblast growth factor 10 --- nerve growth factors --- brain-derived neurotrophic factor
--- ciliary neurotrophic factor
--- glia maturation factor
--- glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factors --- glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor
--- neurturin
--- nerve growth factor
--- neuregulins --- neuregulin-1 --- neurotrophin 3 --- pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide --- neuregulins --- neuregulin-1 --- parathyroid hormone-related protein
--- platelet-derived growth factor
--- proto-oncogene proteins c-sis --- transforming growth factors --- transforming growth factor alpha --- transforming growth factor beta --- wnt proteins --- wnt1 protein --- wnt2 protein
--- ciliary neurotrophic factor
--- glia maturation factor
--- glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factors --- glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor
--- neurturin
--- nerve growth factor
--- neuregulins --- neuregulin-1 --- neurotrophin 3 --- pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide
--- platelet-derived growth factor
--- proto-oncogene proteins c-sis
--- autacoids
--- angiotensins --- angiotensin i --- angiotensin ii --- angiotensin amide --- saralasin
--- 1-sarcosine-8-isoleucine angiotensin ii --- angiotensin iii --- eicosanoids --- leukotrienes --- leukotriene a4
--- leukotriene b4
--- srs-a --- leukotriene c4
--- leukotriene d4
--- leukotriene e4
--- prostaglandins --- prostaglandin endoperoxides --- prostaglandins g --- prostaglandins h --- prostaglandin h2
--- 15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid --- prostaglandins a --- prostaglandins b --- prostaglandins d --- prostaglandin d2
--- prostaglandins e --- alprostadil
--- dinoprostone
--- prostaglandins f --- dinoprost
--- 6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha --- prostaglandins i --- epoprostenol --- thromboxanes --- thromboxane a2
--- thromboxane b2
--- histamine
--- kinins --- bradykinin
--- kallidin
--- kininogens
--- kininogen, high-molecular-weight --- kininogen, low-molecular-weight --- tachykinins --- eledoisin
--- kassinin
--- neurokinin a
--- neurokinin b
--- physalaemin
--- substance p
--- urotensins --- platelet activating factor --- serotonin
--- chemokines, c --- chemokines, cc --- chemokines, cxc --- chemokines, cx3c --- interleukin-8 --- macrophage inflammatory proteins --- macrophage inflammatory protein-1 --- monocyte chemoattractant proteins --- monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 --- platelet factor 4
--- rantes
--- prostaglandin endoperoxides, synthetic --- 15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid --- prostaglandins a, synthetic --- prostaglandins e, synthetic --- arbaprostil --- 16,16-dimethylprostaglandin e2 --- enprostil
--- misoprostol
--- rioprostil --- prostaglandins f, synthetic --- carboprost
--- cloprostenol
--- biliverdine --- urobilin
--- urobilinogen
--- etretinate
--- fenretinide
--- isotretinoin
--- retinaldehyde --- tretinoin
--- vitamin a
--- xanthophylls --- canthaxanthin
--- lutein
--- zeta carotene
--- flavin-adenine dinucleotide --- flavin mononucleotide
--- phytochrome
--- phytochrome a --- phytochrome b
--- bacteriochlorophylls --- chlorophyllides --- pheophytins --- protochlorophyllide
--- coproporphyrins --- deuteroporphyrins --- etioporphyrins --- hematoporphyrins --- hematoporphyrin derivative --- dihematoporphyrin ether --- mesoporphyrins --- metalloporphyrins --- chlorophyll
--- bacteriochlorophylls --- chlorophyllides --- protochlorophyllide
--- heme
--- hemin
--- porphyrinogens --- coproporphyrinogens
--- uroporphyrinogens
--- protoporphyrins
--- uroporphyrins
--- rhodopsin
--- cord factors --- diphtheria toxin
--- exfoliatins --- leukocidins --- shiga toxins --- shiga-like toxin i --- shiga-like toxin ii --- shiga toxin
--- streptolysins --- tetanus toxin --- virulence factors, bordetella --- adenylate cyclase toxin --- pertussis toxin
--- o antigens
--- shiga toxins --- shiga-like toxin i --- shiga-like toxin ii --- shiga toxin
--- lyngbya toxins --- mollusk venoms --- conotoxins --- omega-conotoxins --- omega-conotoxin gvia --- eledoisin
--- saxitoxin
--- tetrodotoxin
--- cytochalasins --- cytochalasin b
--- cytochalasin d
--- fumonisins
--- gliotoxin
--- ibotenic acid
--- muscimol
--- ochratoxins --- patulin
--- penicillic acid
--- phalloidine --- sporidesmins --- sterigmatocystin
--- tenuazonic acid
--- trichothecenes --- t-2 toxin --- trichodermin
--- zearalenone
--- bufotenin
--- physalaemin
--- arthropod venoms --- ant venoms --- bee venoms --- apamin
--- melitten --- scorpion venoms --- charybdotoxin
--- spider venoms --- omega-agatoxin iva --- wasp venoms --- cnidarian venoms --- fish venoms --- mollusk venoms --- conotoxins --- omega-conotoxins --- omega-conotoxin gvia --- eledoisin
--- snake venoms --- elapid venoms --- bungarotoxins --- cobra venoms --- cobra neurotoxins --- direct lytic factors --- hydrophid venoms --- erabutoxins --- viper venoms --- crotalid venoms
--- ancrod
--- batroxobin
--- crotoxin
Mesh
Mesh consists of semi-permeable barrier made of connected strands of metal, fiber, or other flexible/ductile material. Mesh is similar to web or net in that it has many attached or woven strands.-Types of mesh:...
. It is a product of the United States National Library of Medicine
United States National Library of Medicine
The United States National Library of Medicine , operated by the United States federal government, is the world's largest medical library. Located in Bethesda, Maryland, the NLM is a division of the National Institutes of Health...
.
Source for content is here. (File "2006 MeSH Trees".)
--- antigens, bacterial
--- adhesins, bacterial --- adhesins, escherichia coli --- leprominLepromin
The lepromin skin test is used to determine what type of leprosy a person has. It involves the injection of a standardized extract of the inactivated "leprosy bacillus", under the skin...
--- polysaccharides, bacterial --- bacterial capsules --- lipopolysaccharides --- lipid a
Lipid A
Lipid A is a lipid component of an endotoxin held responsible for toxicity of Gram-negative bacteria. It is the innermost of the three regions of the lipopolysaccharide molecule, and its hydrophobic nature allows it to anchor the LPS to the outer membrane...
--- o antigens --- peptidoglycan
Peptidoglycan
Peptidoglycan, also known as murein, is a polymer consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like layer outside the plasma membrane of bacteria , forming the cell wall. The sugar component consists of alternating residues of β- linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid...
--- teichoic acids --- staphylococcal protein a --- tuberculin
Tuberculin
Tuberculin is the name given to extracts of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. bovis, or M. avium that is used in skin testing in animals and humans to identify a tuberculosis infection. Several types of tuberculin have been used for this, of which purified protein derivative is the most important....
--- antigens, fungal
--- coccidioidin --- histoplasmin --- trichophytin--- antigens, heterophile
--- forssman antigen--- antigens, neoplasm
--- antigens, cd24 --- antigens, cd30 --- antigens, cd147 --- antigens, tumor-associated, carbohydrate --- antigens, cd15 --- ca-15-3 antigen --- ca-19-9 antigen --- ca-125 antigen --- antigens, viral, tumor --- adenovirus e1a proteins --- adenovirus e1b proteins --- antigens, polyomavirus transforming --- carcinoembryonic antigenCarcinoembryonic antigen
Carcinoembryonic antigen is a glycoprotein involved in cell adhesion. It is normally produced during fetal development, but the production of CEA stops before birth. Therefore, it is not usually present in the blood of healthy adults, although levels are raised in heavy smokers...
--- neprilysin
Neprilysin
Neprilysin, also known as membrane metallo-endopeptidase, neutral endopeptidase , CD10, and common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen , is a zinc-dependent metalloprotease enzyme that degrades a number of small secreted peptides, most notably the amyloid beta peptide whose abnormal misfolding and...
--- prostate-specific antigen --- tissue polypeptide antigen
--- antigens, nuclear
--- epstein-barr virus nuclear antigens --- ki-67 antigen --- proliferating cell nuclear antigen--- antigens, protozoan
--- merozoite surface protein 1 --- variant surface glycoproteins, trypanosoma--- antigens, surface
--- antigens, differentiation --- antigens, cd --- activated-leukocyte cell adhesion molecule --- antigens, cd1 --- antigens, cd2 --- antigens, cd3 --- receptor-cd3 complex, antigen, t-cell --- antigens, cd4 --- antigens, cd5 --- antigens, cd7 --- antigens, cd8 --- antigens, cd11 --- antigens, cd11a --- antigens, cd11b --- antigens, cd11c --- lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 --- antigens, cd13 --- antigens, cd14 --- antigens, cd15 --- antigens, cd18 --- antigens, cd19 --- antigens, cd20 --- antigens, cd22 --- antigens, cd24 --- antigens, cd26 --- antigens, cd27 --- antigens, cd28 --- antigens, cd29 --- antigens, cd30 --- antigens, cd31 --- antigens, cd34 --- antigens, cd36 --- antigens, cd38 --- antigens, cd40 --- antigens, cd43 --- antigens, cd45 --- antigens, cd46 --- antigens, cd47 --- antigens, cd55 --- antigens, cd56 --- antigens, cd57 --- antigens, cd58 --- antigens, cd59 --- antigens, cd79 --- antigens, cd80 --- antigens, cd86 --- antigens, cd94 --- antigens, cd95 --- antigens, cd98 --- antigens, cd98 heavy chain --- antigens, cd98 light chains --- large neutral amino acid-transporter 1 --- antigens, cd146 --- antigens, cd147 --- antigens, cd164 --- antigens, thy-1 --- cd40 ligand --- cytokine receptor gp130 --- e-selectinE-selectin
E-selectin, also known as CD62 antigen-like family member E , endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 , or leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion molecule 2 , is a cell adhesion molecule expressed only on endothelial cells activated by cytokines. Like other selectins, it plays an important part in...
--- fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 --- integrin alpha1 --- integrin alpha2 --- integrin alpha3 --- integrin alpha4 --- integrin alpha5 --- integrin alpha6 --- integrin alphav --- integrin beta3 --- integrin beta4 --- intercellular adhesion molecule-1 --- kangai-1 protein --- lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 --- lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2 --- neprilysin
Neprilysin
Neprilysin, also known as membrane metallo-endopeptidase, neutral endopeptidase , CD10, and common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen , is a zinc-dependent metalloprotease enzyme that degrades a number of small secreted peptides, most notably the amyloid beta peptide whose abnormal misfolding and...
--- 5'-nucleotidase --- peptidyl-dipeptidase a --- platelet membrane glycoprotein iib --- proto-oncogene proteins c-kit --- receptor, anaphylatoxin c5a --- receptor, macrophage colony-stimulating factor --- receptors, complement 3b --- receptors, complement 3d --- receptors, ige --- receptors, igg --- receptors, interleukin-1 --- receptors, interleukin-2 --- receptors, interleukin-4 --- receptors, interleukin-6 --- receptors, interleukin-7 --- receptors, interleukin-8a --- receptors, lymphocyte homing --- antigens, cd44 --- integrin alpha4beta1 --- lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 --- l-selectin
L-selectin
L-selectin, also known as CD62L, is a cell adhesion molecule found on leukocytes. It belongs to the selectin family of proteins, which recognize sialylated carbohydrate groups...
--- receptors, tumor necrosis factor, type i --- receptors, tumor necrosis factor, type ii --- p-selectin
P-selectin
P-selectin is a cell adhesion molecule on the surfaces of activated endothelial cells, which line the inner surface of blood vessels, and activated platelets...
--- vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 --- antigens, differentiation, b-lymphocyte --- antigens, cd5 --- antigens, cd19 --- antigens, cd20 --- antigens, cd40 --- antigens, cd29 --- antigens, differentiation, t-lymphocyte --- antigens, cd1 --- antigens, cd2 --- antigens, cd3 --- receptor-cd3 complex, antigen, t-cell --- antigens, cd4 --- antigens, cd5 --- antigens, cd7 --- antigens, cd8 --- antigens, cd13 --- antigens, cd18 --- antigens, cd26 --- antigens, cd27 --- antigens, cd28 --- antigens, cd56 --- antigens, cd57 --- antigens, differentiation, myelomonocytic --- antigens, cd14 --- antigens, cd15 --- antigens, cd31 --- antigens, ly --- antigens, thy-1 --- receptors, tumor necrosis factor, type i --- arrestin
Arrestin
Arrestins are a small family of proteins important for regulating signal transduction.-Function:Arrestins were first discovered as a part of a conserved two-step mechanism for regulating the activity of G protein-coupled receptors in the visual rhodopsin system by Hermann Kühn and co-workers and...
--- blood group antigens --- abo blood-group system --- duffy blood-group system --- i blood-group system --- kell blood-group system --- kidd blood-group system --- lewis blood-group system --- ca-19-9 antigen --- lutheran blood-group system --- mnss blood-group system --- p blood-group system --- rh-hr blood-group system --- cell adhesion molecules --- antigens, cd22 --- antigens, cd24 --- antigens, cd31 --- antigens, cd146 --- antigens, cd164 --- cadherins --- desmosomal cadherins --- desmocollins --- desmogleins --- desmoglein 1
Desmoglein 1
Desmoglein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DSG1 gene.-Interactions:Desmoglein 1 has been shown to interact with PKP3 and PKP2.-Further reading:...
--- desmoglein 2
Desmoglein 2
Desmoglein-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DSG2 gene.-Interactions:Desmoglein 2 has been shown to interact with DSC1, Plakoglobin and PKP3.-External links:* *...
--- desmoglein 3
Desmoglein 3
Desmoglein-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DSG3 gene.-Interactions:Desmoglein 3 has been shown to interact with PKP3.-Further reading:...
--- carcinoembryonic antigen
Carcinoembryonic antigen
Carcinoembryonic antigen is a glycoprotein involved in cell adhesion. It is normally produced during fetal development, but the production of CEA stops before birth. Therefore, it is not usually present in the blood of healthy adults, although levels are raised in heavy smokers...
--- cd4 immunoadhesins --- cell adhesion molecules, neuronal --- cell adhesion molecules, neuron-glia --- activated-leukocyte cell adhesion molecule --- myelin p0 protein --- neural cell adhesion molecules --- antigens, cd56 --- neural cell adhesion molecule l1 --- integrin alphaxbeta2
Integrin alphaXbeta2
Integrin alphaXbeta2 is a complement receptor composed of CD11c and CD18....
--- intercellular adhesion molecule-1 --- receptors, lymphocyte homing --- antigens, cd44 --- integrin alpha4beta1 --- lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 --- l-selectin
L-selectin
L-selectin, also known as CD62L, is a cell adhesion molecule found on leukocytes. It belongs to the selectin family of proteins, which recognize sialylated carbohydrate groups...
--- selectins --- e-selectin
E-selectin
E-selectin, also known as CD62 antigen-like family member E , endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 , or leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion molecule 2 , is a cell adhesion molecule expressed only on endothelial cells activated by cytokines. Like other selectins, it plays an important part in...
--- l-selectin
L-selectin
L-selectin, also known as CD62L, is a cell adhesion molecule found on leukocytes. It belongs to the selectin family of proteins, which recognize sialylated carbohydrate groups...
--- p-selectin
P-selectin
P-selectin is a cell adhesion molecule on the surfaces of activated endothelial cells, which line the inner surface of blood vessels, and activated platelets...
--- vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 --- histocompatibility antigens --- histocompatibility antigens class i --- h-2 antigens --- HLA-A
HLA-A
HLA-A are a group of human leukocyte antigens that are encoded by the HLA-A locus on human chromosome 6p. The HLA genes constitute a large subset of the Major histocompatibility complex of humans. HLA-A is a component of certain MHC class I cell surface receptor isoforms that resides on the...
--- HLA-A1
HLA-A1
HLA-A1 is a human leukocyte antigen serotype within HLA-A "A" serotype group. The serotype is determined by the antibody recognition of α1 subset of HLA-A α-chains. For A1, the alpha "A" chain are encoded by the HLA-A*01 allele group and the β-chain are encoded by B2M locus. This group...
--- HLA-A2
HLA-A2
HLA-A2 is a human leukocyte antigen serotype within HLA-A "A" serotype group. The serotype is determined by the antibody recognition of α2 subset of HLA-A α-chains. For A2, the alpha "A" chain are encoded by the HLA-A*02 allele group and the β-chain are encoded by B2M locus. A2 and A*02 are...
--- HLA-A3
HLA-A3
HLA-A3 is a human leukocyte antigen serotype within HLA-A serotype group. The serotype is determined by the antibody recognition of α3 subset of HLA-A α-chains. For A3, the alpha, "A", chain are encoded by the HLA-A*03 allele group and the β-chain are encoded by B2M locus. This group currently is...
--- HLA-B
HLA-B
HLA-B is a human gene that provides instructions for making a protein that plays a critical role in the immune system. HLA-B is part of a family of genes called the human leukocyte antigen complex...
--- HLA-B7
HLA-B7
HLA-B7 is an HLA-B serotype. The serotype identifies the more common HLA-B*07 gene products. B7, previously HL-A7, was one of the first 'HL-A' antigens recognized, largely because of the frequency of B*0702 in Northern and Western Europe and the United States...
--- HLA-B8
HLA-B8
HLA-B8 is an HLA-B serotype. The serotype identifies the HLA-B*08 gene products. HLA-B8, previously known as HL-A8 was one of the first identified of the HLA antigens. It coined the "Super B8" haplotype, also called the ancestral European haplotype because of its common occurrence in Europe,...
--- HLA-B27
HLA-B27
Human Leukocyte Antigen B27 is a class I surface antigen encoded by the B locus in the major histocompatibility complex on chromosome 6 and presents antigenic peptides to T cells...
--- HLA-B35
HLA-B35
HLA-B35 is an HLA-B serotype. The serotype identifies the more common HLA-B*35 gene products.B35 is one of the largest B serotype groups, it currently has 97 known nucleotide variants and 86 polypeptide isoforms. -Serotype:...
--- HLA-C
HLA-C
HLA-C belongs to the MHC class I heavy chain receptors. The C receptor is a heterodimer consisting of a HLA-C mature gene product and β2-microglobulin. The mature C chain is anchored in the membrane...
--- histocompatibility antigens class ii --- hla-d antigens --- HLA-DP
HLA-DP
HLA-DP is a protein/peptide-antigen receptor and graft-versus-host disease antigen that is composed of 2 subunits, DPα and DPβ. DPα and DPβ are encoded by two loci, HLA-DPA1 and HLA-DPB1, that are found in the MHC Class II region in the Human Leukocyte Antigen complex on human chromosome 6 .Less...
--- HLA-DQ
HLA-DQ
HLA-DQ is a cell surface receptor type protein found on antigen presenting cells. DQ is an αβ heterodimer of the MHC Class II type. The α and β chains are encoded by HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1, respectively. These two loci are adjacent to each other on chromosome 6p21.3. Both the α-chain and β-chain...
--- HLA-DR --- HLA-DR1
HLA-DR1
HLA-DR1 is a HLA-DR serotype that recognizes the DRB1*01 gene products.-Serology:The serology for the most popular DR1 alleles is excellent. The serology for alleles , , , , , , and is unknown.-By serotype:...
--- HLA-DR2
HLA-DR2
HLA-DR2 of the HLA-DR serotype system, is a broad antigen serotype that is now preferentially covered by HLA-DR15 and HLA-DR16 serotype group...
--- HLA-DR3
HLA-DR3
HLA-DR3 is composed to the HLA-DR17 and HLA-DR18 split 'antigens' serotypes. DR3 is a component gene-allele of the AH8.1 haplotype in Northern and Western Europeans. Genes between B8 and DR3 on this haplotype are frequently associated with autoimmune disease....
--- HLA-DR4
HLA-DR4
HLA-DR4 is a HLA-DR serotype that recognizes the DRB1*04 gene products. The DR4 serogroup is large and has a number ofmoderate frequency alleles spread over large regions of the world.-Serology:The serological identification of DR4 is good...
--- HLA-DR5
HLA-DR5
HLA-DR5 is a broad-antigen serotype that is further split into HLA-DR11 and HLA-DR12 antigen serotypes.-Serology:With the exception of a few DRB1* alleles the reactivity of DR5 is relatively poor.-Disease associations:...
--- HLA-DR6
HLA-DR6
HLA-DR6 is a broad-antigen serotype that is further split into HLA-DR13 and HLA-DR14 antigen serotypes.-Serology:DR6 serological reactivity is relatively poor compared to other serological tests for DR antigens. Compare to DQ2 or DR7....
--- HLA-DR7
HLA-DR7
HLA-DR7 is a HLA-DR serotype that recognizes the DRB1*0701 to *0705 gene products.-Serology:The serological reaction of DR7 is excellent for *0701. The serology of *0703 to *0705 to *0709, and *0711 to *0714 serotypes is unknown. DRB1*0710N is a null allele. DRB1*0702 nomenclature has been...
--- hla antigens --- hla-a antigens --- hla-a1 antigen --- hla-a2 antigen --- hla-a3 antigen --- hla-b antigens --- hla-b7 antigen --- hla-b8 antigen --- hla-b27 antigen --- hla-b35 antigen --- hla-c antigens --- hla-d antigens --- hla-dp antigens --- hla-dq antigens --- hla-dr antigens
HLA-DR antigens
HLA-DR is a MHC class II cell surface receptor encoded by the human leukocyte antigen complex on chromosome 6 region 6p21.31. The complex of HLA-DR and its ligand, a peptide of 9 amino acids in length or longer, constitutes a ligand for the T-cell receptor...
--- hla-dr1 antigen --- hla-dr2 antigen --- hla-dr3 antigen --- hla-dr4 antigen --- hla-dr5 antigen --- hla-dr6 antigen --- hla-dr7 antigen --- minor histocompatibility antigens --- h-y antigen --- leukocyte l1 antigen complex --- calgranulin a --- calgranulin b --- lymphocyte antigen 96
Lymphocyte antigen 96
Lymphocyte antigen 96 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LY96 gene.The protein encoded by this gene is involved in binding lipopolysaccharide with TLR 4. It is also known as "MD2".-Interactions:...
--- minor lymphocyte stimulatory antigens --- variant surface glycoproteins, trypanosoma
--- antigens, viral
--- adenovirus early proteins --- adenovirus e1 proteins --- adenovirus e2 proteins --- adenovirus e3 proteins --- adenovirus e4 proteins --- antigens, viral, tumor --- adenovirus e1a proteins --- adenovirus e1b proteins --- antigens, polyomavirus transforming --- deltaretrovirus antigens --- htlv-i antigens --- htlv-ii antigens --- epstein-barr virus nuclear antigens --- hemagglutinins, viral --- hn protein --- hepatitis antigens --- hepatitis a antigens --- hepatitis b antigens --- hepatitis b core antigens --- hepatitis b e antigens --- hepatitis b surface antigens --- hepatitis c antigens --- hepatitis delta antigens --- hiv antigens --- hiv core protein p24 --- hiv envelope protein gp41 --- hiv envelope protein gp120--- autoantigens
--- centromere protein bCentromere protein B
Centromere protein B also known as major centromere autoantigen B is an autoantigen protein of the cell nucleus. In humans, centromere protein B is encoded by the CENPB gene.- Function :...
--- desmoglein 1
Desmoglein 1
Desmoglein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DSG1 gene.-Interactions:Desmoglein 1 has been shown to interact with PKP3 and PKP2.-Further reading:...
--- desmoglein 3
Desmoglein 3
Desmoglein-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DSG3 gene.-Interactions:Desmoglein 3 has been shown to interact with PKP3.-Further reading:...
--- heymann nephritis antigenic complex --- ldl-receptor related protein 2 --- ldl-receptor related protein-associated protein
--- epitopes
--- antigens, tumor-associated, carbohydrate --- antigens, cd15 --- ca-15-3 antigen --- ca-19-9 antigen --- ca-125 antigen --- epitopes, b-lymphocyte --- epitopes, t-lymphocyte --- haptens --- p-azobenzenearsonateP-Azobenzenearsonate
p-Azobenzenearsonate is an arsenical. It causes antibody formation and delayed hypersensitivity when bound to aromatic amino acids, polypeptides or proteins. It is used as an immunologic research tool....
--- cardiolipins --- dinitrochlorobenzene
Dinitrochlorobenzene
2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene is a benzene derivative. It is an electrophilic, cytotoxic compound that is used in biochemical research involving glutathione-S-transferases .-Uses:...
--- nitrohydroxyiodophenylacetate --- picryl chloride
Picryl Chloride
Picryl chloride is an explosive also known as 2-chloro-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene or 2,4,6-trinitrochlorobenzene . Its empirical formula is C6H2ClN3O6. Its detonation velocity is 7,200 m/s....
--- immunodominant epitopes --- immunoglobulin idiotypes
--- isoantigens
--- antigens, human platelet --- blood group antigens --- abo blood-group system --- duffy blood-group system --- i blood-group system --- kell blood-group system --- kidd blood-group system --- lewis blood-group system --- ca-19-9 antigen --- lutheran blood-group system --- mnss blood-group system --- p blood-group system --- rh-hr blood-group system --- histocompatibility antigens --- histocompatibility antigens class i --- h-2 antigens --- hla-a antigens --- hla-a1 antigen --- hla-a2 antigen --- hla-a3 antigen --- hla-b antigens --- hla-b7 antigen --- hla-b8 antigen --- hla-b27 antigen --- hla-b35 antigen --- hla-c antigens --- histocompatibility antigens class ii --- hla-d antigens --- hla-dp antigens --- hla-dq antigens --- hla-dr antigensHLA-DR antigens
HLA-DR is a MHC class II cell surface receptor encoded by the human leukocyte antigen complex on chromosome 6 region 6p21.31. The complex of HLA-DR and its ligand, a peptide of 9 amino acids in length or longer, constitutes a ligand for the T-cell receptor...
--- hla-dr1 antigen --- hla-dr2 antigen --- hla-dr3 antigen --- hla-dr4 antigen --- hla-dr5 antigen --- hla-dr6 antigen --- hla-dr7 antigen --- hla antigens --- hla-a antigens --- hla-a1 antigen --- hla-a2 antigen --- hla-a3 antigen --- hla-b antigens --- hla-b7 antigen --- hla-b8 antigen --- hla-b27 antigen --- hla-b35 antigen --- hla-c antigens --- hla-d antigens --- hla-dp antigens --- hla-dq antigens --- hla-dr antigens
HLA-DR antigens
HLA-DR is a MHC class II cell surface receptor encoded by the human leukocyte antigen complex on chromosome 6 region 6p21.31. The complex of HLA-DR and its ligand, a peptide of 9 amino acids in length or longer, constitutes a ligand for the T-cell receptor...
--- hla-dr1 antigen --- hla-dr2 antigen --- hla-dr3 antigen --- hla-dr4 antigen --- hla-dr5 antigen --- hla-dr6 antigen --- hla-dr7 antigen --- minor histocompatibility antigens --- h-y antigen
--- superantigens
--- minor lymphocyte stimulatory antigens--- vaccines, synthetic
--- vaccines, conjugate --- vaccines, dna --- vaccines, edible --- vaccines, virosome--- antibodies, antineutrophil cytoplasmic
--- antigens, differentiation
--- antigens, cd --- activated-leukocyte cell adhesion molecule --- antigens, cd1 --- antigens, cd2 --- antigens, cd3 --- receptor-cd3 complex, antigen, t-cell --- antigens, cd4 --- antigens, cd5 --- antigens, cd7 --- antigens, cd8 --- antigens, cd11 --- antigens, cd11a --- antigens, cd11b --- antigens, cd11c --- lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 --- antigens, cd13 --- antigens, cd14 --- antigens, cd15 --- antigens, cd18 --- antigens, cd19 --- antigens, cd20 --- antigens, cd22 --- antigens, cd24 --- antigens, cd26 --- antigens, cd27 --- antigens, cd28 --- antigens, cd29 --- antigens, cd30 --- antigens, cd31 --- antigens, cd34 --- antigens, cd36 --- antigens, cd38 --- antigens, cd40 --- antigens, cd43 --- antigens, cd45 --- antigens, cd46 --- antigens, cd47 --- antigens, cd55 --- antigens, cd56 --- antigens, cd57 --- antigens, cd58 --- antigens, cd59 --- antigens, cd79 --- antigens, cd80 --- antigens, cd86 --- antigens, cd94 --- antigens, cd95 --- antigens, cd98 --- antigens, cd98 heavy chain --- antigens, cd98 light chains --- large neutral amino acid-transporter 1 --- antigens, cd146 --- antigens, cd147 --- antigens, cd164 --- antigens, thy-1 --- cd40 ligand --- cytokine receptor gp130 --- fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 --- integrin alpha1 --- integrin alpha2 --- integrin alpha3 --- integrin alpha4 --- integrin alpha5 --- integrin alpha6 --- integrin alphav --- integrin beta3 --- integrin beta4 --- intercellular adhesion molecule-1 --- kangai-1 protein --- lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 --- lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2 --- neprilysinNeprilysin
Neprilysin, also known as membrane metallo-endopeptidase, neutral endopeptidase , CD10, and common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen , is a zinc-dependent metalloprotease enzyme that degrades a number of small secreted peptides, most notably the amyloid beta peptide whose abnormal misfolding and...
--- 5'-nucleotidase --- peptidyl-dipeptidase a --- platelet membrane glycoprotein iib --- proto-oncogene proteins c-kit --- receptor, anaphylatoxin c5a --- receptor, macrophage colony-stimulating factor --- receptors, complement 3b --- receptors, complement 3d --- receptors, ige --- receptors, igg --- receptors, interleukin-1 --- receptors, interleukin-2 --- receptors, interleukin-4 --- receptors, interleukin-6 --- receptors, interleukin-7 --- receptors, interleukin-8a --- receptors, lymphocyte homing --- antigens, cd44 --- integrin alpha4beta1 --- lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 --- l-selectin
L-selectin
L-selectin, also known as CD62L, is a cell adhesion molecule found on leukocytes. It belongs to the selectin family of proteins, which recognize sialylated carbohydrate groups...
--- receptors, tumor necrosis factor, type i --- receptors, tumor necrosis factor, type ii --- e-selectin
E-selectin
E-selectin, also known as CD62 antigen-like family member E , endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 , or leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion molecule 2 , is a cell adhesion molecule expressed only on endothelial cells activated by cytokines. Like other selectins, it plays an important part in...
--- p-selectin
P-selectin
P-selectin is a cell adhesion molecule on the surfaces of activated endothelial cells, which line the inner surface of blood vessels, and activated platelets...
--- vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 --- antigens, cd29 --- antigens, differentiation, b-lymphocyte --- antigens, cd5 --- antigens, cd19 --- antigens, cd20 --- antigens, cd40 --- antigens, differentiation, t-lymphocyte --- antigens, cd1 --- antigens, cd2 --- antigens, cd3 --- receptor-cd3 complex, antigen, t-cell --- antigens, cd4 --- antigens, cd5 --- antigens, cd7 --- antigens, cd8 --- antigens, cd13 --- antigens, cd18 --- antigens, cd26 --- antigens, cd27 --- antigens, cd28 --- antigens, cd56 --- antigens, cd57 --- antigens, differentiation, myelomonocytic --- antigens, cd14 --- antigens, cd15 --- antigens, cd31 --- antigens, ly --- antigens, thy-1
--- chorionic gonadotropin, beta subunit, human
--- tumor markers, biological
--- alpha-fetoproteins --- antigens, cd30 --- antigens, tumor-associated, carbohydrate --- antigens, cd15 --- ca-15-3 antigen --- ca-19-9 antigen --- ca-125 antigen --- autocrine motility factor --- carcinoembryonic antigenCarcinoembryonic antigen
Carcinoembryonic antigen is a glycoprotein involved in cell adhesion. It is normally produced during fetal development, but the production of CEA stops before birth. Therefore, it is not usually present in the blood of healthy adults, although levels are raised in heavy smokers...
--- chorionic gonadotropin, beta subunit, human --- hormones, ectopic --- ki-67 antigen --- neprilysin
Neprilysin
Neprilysin, also known as membrane metallo-endopeptidase, neutral endopeptidase , CD10, and common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen , is a zinc-dependent metalloprotease enzyme that degrades a number of small secreted peptides, most notably the amyloid beta peptide whose abnormal misfolding and...
--- normetanephrine
Normetanephrine
Normetanephrine is a metabolite of norepinephrine created by action of catechol-O-methyl transferase on norepinephrine. It is excreted in the urine and found in certain tissues. It is a marker for catecholamine-secreting tumors such as pheochromocytoma....
--- proliferating cell nuclear antigen --- prostate-specific antigen --- receptor, erbb-2 --- receptor, erbb-3 --- synaptophysin
Synaptophysin
Synaptophysin also known as the major synaptic vesicle protein p38 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SYP gene.-Genomics:...
--- tissue kallikreins --- tissue polypeptide antigen
--- blood coagulation factor inhibitors
--- kininogensKininogensKininogens are proteins that are defined by their role as precursors for kinin, but that also can have additional roles.The two main types are:...
--- kininogen, high-molecular-weight --- kininogen, low-molecular-weight--- plasminogen activator inhibitor 1
--- plasminogen activator inhibitor 2
--- chemokines
--- beta-thromboglobulinBeta-thromboglobulin
Beta-thromboglobulin is a protein that is stored in alpha-granules of platelets and released in large amounts after platelet activation.It is a type of Chemokine ligand 7.-Actions:...
--- chemokines, c --- chemokines, cc --- chemokines, cxc --- chemokines, cx3c --- interleukin-8 --- macrophage inflammatory proteins --- macrophage inflammatory protein-1 --- monocyte chemoattractant proteins --- monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 --- platelet factor 4
Platelet factor 4
Platelet factor 4 is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also known as chemokine ligand 4 . This chemokine is released from alpha-granules of activated platelets during platelet aggregation, and promotes blood coagulation by moderating the effects of heparin-like...
--- rantes
RANTES
Chemokine ligand 5 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CCL5 gene. It is also known as RANTES .- Function :...
--- chemotactic factors, eosinophil
--- n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanineN-Formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine
N-Formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine is a formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become "metabolically activated" N-Formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine is...
--- chemotactic factors, macrophage
--- n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanineN-Formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanineN-Formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine is a formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become "metabolically activated" N-Formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine is...
--- cyclins
--- cyclin aCyclin A
Cyclin A is a member of the cyclin family.Cyclin A binds to S phase Cdk2 and is required for the cell to progress through the S phase. Cyclin A/ Cdk2 is inhibited by the complex p21CIP.-External links:*...
--- cyclin b
Cyclin B
Cyclin B is a member of the cyclin family.Cyclin B is a mitotic cyclin. The amount of cyclin B and the activity of the cyclin B-Cdk complex rise through the cell cycle until mitosis, where they fall abruptly due to degradation of cyclin B...
--- cyclin d1
Cyclin D1
G1/S-specific cyclin-D1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCND1 gene.Immunohistochemical staining of cyclin D1 antibodies is used to diagnose mantle cell lymphoma.-Interactions:...
--- cyclin e
Cyclin E
Cyclin E is a member of the cyclin family.Cyclin E binds to G1 phase Cdk2, which is required for the transition from G1 to S phase. The Cyclin E/CDK2 complex phosphorylates p27Kip1 , tagging it for degradation, thus promoting expression of Cyclin A, allowing progression to S phase....
--- fibroblast growth factors
--- fibroblast growth factor 1 --- fibroblast growth factor 2 --- fibroblast growth factor 3 --- fibroblast growth factor 4 --- fibroblast growth factor 5 --- fibroblast growth factor 6 --- fibroblast growth factor 7 --- fibroblast growth factor 8 --- fibroblast growth factor 9 --- fibroblast growth factor 10--- growth inhibitors
--- angiogenesis inhibitors--- hematopoietic cell growth factors
--- colony-stimulating factors --- colony-stimulating factors, recombinant --- granulocyte colony stimulating factor, recombinant --- filgrastimFilgrastim
Filgrastim is a granulocyte colony-stimulating factor analog used to stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of granulocytes. It is produced by recombinant DNA technology. The gene for human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor is inserted into the genetic material of Escherichia coli. ...
--- granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factors, recombinant --- erythropoietin
Erythropoietin
Erythropoietin, or its alternatives erythropoetin or erthropoyetin or EPO, is a glycoprotein hormone that controls erythropoiesis, or red blood cell production...
--- erythropoietin, recombinant --- epoetin alfa
Epoetin alfa
Epoetin alfa is human erythropoietin produced in cell culture using recombinant DNA technology. It stimulates erythropoiesis and is used to treat anemia, commonly associated with chronic renal failure and cancer chemotherapy. Epoetin is marketed under the trade names Procrit and Epogen. Its...
--- granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor is a colony-stimulating factor hormone. G-CSF is also known as colony-stimulating factor 3 ....
--- granulocyte colony stimulating factor, recombinant --- filgrastim
Filgrastim
Filgrastim is a granulocyte colony-stimulating factor analog used to stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of granulocytes. It is produced by recombinant DNA technology. The gene for human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor is inserted into the genetic material of Escherichia coli. ...
--- granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor --- granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factors, recombinant --- interleukin-3 --- macrophage colony-stimulating factor
Macrophage colony-stimulating factor
Macrophage colony-stimulating factor, or M-CSF, is a secreted cytokine which influences hematopoietic stem cells to differentiate into macrophages or other related cell types. Eukaryotic cells also produce M-CSF in order to combat intercellular viral infection. M-CSF binds to the Colony...
--- thrombopoietin
Thrombopoietin
Thrombopoietin also known as megakaryocyte growth and development factor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the THPO gene....
--- stem cell factor
Stem cell factor
Stem Cell Factor is a cytokine that binds to the c-Kit receptor . SCF can exist both as a transmembrane protein and a soluble protein...
--- intercellular signaling peptides and proteins
--- angiogenic proteins --- angiopoietins --- angiopoietin-1 --- angiopoietin-2 --- angiostatic proteins --- angiostatins --- endostatins --- fibroblast growth factor 1 --- fibroblast growth factor 2 --- vascular endothelial growth factors --- vascular endothelial growth factor aVascular endothelial growth factor A
Vascular endothelial growth factor A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VEGFA gene.- Function :This gene is a member of the platelet-derived growth factor /vascular endothelial growth factor family and encodes a protein that is often found as a disulfide linked homodimer...
--- vascular endothelial growth factor b
Vascular endothelial growth factor B
Vascular endothelial growth factor B also known as VEGF-B is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the VEGF-B gene. VEGF-B is a growth factor that belongs to the vascular endothelial growth factor family, of which VEGF-A is the best-known member....
--- vascular endothelial growth factor c
Vascular endothelial growth factor C
Vascular endothelial growth factor C is a VEGF. The human gene encoding it is VEGFC.-Pathological VEGF-C Expression:Lymphedema is caused by an imbalance between lymphatic vessel formation and absorption...
--- vascular endothelial growth factor d --- vascular endothelial growth factor, endocrine-gland-derived --- ephrins --- ephrin-a1 --- ephrin-a2 --- ephrin-a3 --- ephrin-a4 --- ephrin-a5 --- ephrin-b1 --- ephrin-b2 --- ephrin-b3 --- fibroblast growth factors --- fibroblast growth factor 1 --- fibroblast growth factor 2 --- fibroblast growth factor 3 --- fibroblast growth factor 4 --- fibroblast growth factor 5 --- fibroblast growth factor 6 --- fibroblast growth factor 7 --- fibroblast growth factor 8 --- fibroblast growth factor 9 --- fibroblast growth factor 10 --- nerve growth factors --- brain-derived neurotrophic factor
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, also known as BDNF, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the BDNF gene. BDNF is a member of the "neurotrophin" family of growth factors, which are related to the canonical "Nerve Growth Factor", NGF...
--- ciliary neurotrophic factor
Ciliary neurotrophic factor
Ciliary neurotrophic factor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CNTF gene.CNTF has also been shown to be expressed by cells on the bone surface, and to reduce the activity of bone forming cells, osteoblasts.- Satiety effects :...
--- glia maturation factor
Glia maturation factor
Glia maturation factor is a nerve growth factor implicated in nervous system development, angiogenesis and immune function.The structures of mouse glia maturation factors beta and gamma, solved by both crystallography and NMR, reveal similarities and critical differences with ADF-H domains and...
--- glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factors --- glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor
Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor, also known as GDNF is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the GDNF gene.GDNF is a small protein that potently promotes the survival of many types of neurons.-Function:...
--- neurturin
Neurturin
Neurturin is a ligand used to bind to GFRA2 receptors. It is related to Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor....
--- nerve growth factor
Nerve growth factor
Nerve growth factor is a small secreted protein that is important for the growth, maintenance, and survival of certain target neurons . It also functions as a signaling molecule. It is perhaps the prototypical growth factor, in that it is one of the first to be described...
--- neuregulins --- neuregulin-1 --- neurotrophin 3 --- pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide --- neuregulins --- neuregulin-1 --- parathyroid hormone-related protein
Parathyroid hormone-related protein
Parathyroid hormone-related protein is a protein member of the parathyroid hormone family. It is occasionally secreted by cancer cells . However, it also has normal functions.- Function :PTHrP acts as an endocrine, autocrine, paracrine, and intracrine hormone...
--- platelet-derived growth factor
Platelet-derived growth factor
In molecular biology, platelet-derived growth factor is one of the numerous growth factors, or proteins that regulate cell growth and division. In particular, it plays a significant role in blood vessel formation , the growth of blood vessels from already-existing blood vessel tissue. Uncontrolled...
--- proto-oncogene proteins c-sis --- transforming growth factors --- transforming growth factor alpha --- transforming growth factor beta --- wnt proteins --- wnt1 protein --- wnt2 protein
--- interleukins
--- interleukin-1 --- interleukin-2 --- interleukin-3 --- interleukin-4 --- interleukin-5 --- interleukin-6 --- interleukin-7 --- interleukin-8 --- interleukin-9 --- interleukin-10 --- interleukin-11 --- interleukin-12 --- interleukin-13 --- interleukin-14 --- interleukin-15 --- interleukin-16 --- interleukin-17 --- interleukin-18--- maturation-promoting factor
--- cdc2 protein kinase--- nerve growth factors
--- brain-derived neurotrophic factorBrain-derived neurotrophic factor
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, also known as BDNF, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the BDNF gene. BDNF is a member of the "neurotrophin" family of growth factors, which are related to the canonical "Nerve Growth Factor", NGF...
--- ciliary neurotrophic factor
Ciliary neurotrophic factor
Ciliary neurotrophic factor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CNTF gene.CNTF has also been shown to be expressed by cells on the bone surface, and to reduce the activity of bone forming cells, osteoblasts.- Satiety effects :...
--- glia maturation factor
Glia maturation factor
Glia maturation factor is a nerve growth factor implicated in nervous system development, angiogenesis and immune function.The structures of mouse glia maturation factors beta and gamma, solved by both crystallography and NMR, reveal similarities and critical differences with ADF-H domains and...
--- glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factors --- glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor
Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor, also known as GDNF is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the GDNF gene.GDNF is a small protein that potently promotes the survival of many types of neurons.-Function:...
--- neurturin
Neurturin
Neurturin is a ligand used to bind to GFRA2 receptors. It is related to Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor....
--- nerve growth factor
Nerve growth factor
Nerve growth factor is a small secreted protein that is important for the growth, maintenance, and survival of certain target neurons . It also functions as a signaling molecule. It is perhaps the prototypical growth factor, in that it is one of the first to be described...
--- neuregulins --- neuregulin-1 --- neurotrophin 3 --- pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide
--- platelet-derived growth factorPlatelet-derived growth factorIn molecular biology, platelet-derived growth factor is one of the numerous growth factors, or proteins that regulate cell growth and division. In particular, it plays a significant role in blood vessel formation , the growth of blood vessels from already-existing blood vessel tissue. Uncontrolled...
--- proto-oncogene proteins c-sis--- somatomedins
--- insulin-like growth factor i --- insulin-like growth factor ii --- nonsuppressible insulin-like activity--- transforming growth factors
--- transforming growth factor alpha --- transforming growth factor beta --- autacoidsAutacoidsAutacoids or "autocoids" are biological factors which act like local hormones, have a brief duration, act near the site of synthesis, and are not blood borne. These regulating molecules are also metabolised locally. So the compounds are produced locally, they act locally and are metabolised...
--- angiotensins --- angiotensin i --- angiotensin ii --- angiotensin amide --- saralasinSaralasin
Saralasin is a competitive inhibitor of angiotensin II. It is an angiotensin II analogue, containing sarcosine-1 and alanine-8, hence the name ....
--- 1-sarcosine-8-isoleucine angiotensin ii --- angiotensin iii --- eicosanoids --- leukotrienes --- leukotriene a4
Leukotriene A4
Leukotriene A4 is a leukotriene.Leukotriene A4 hydrolase converts it to Leukotriene B4....
--- leukotriene b4
Leukotriene B4
Leukotriene B4 is a leukotriene involved in inflammation. It is produced from leukocytes in response to inflammatory mediators and is able to induce the adhesion and activation of leukocytes on the endothelium, allowing them to bind to and cross it into the tissue...
--- srs-a --- leukotriene c4
Leukotriene C4
Leukotriene C4 is a leukotriene....
--- leukotriene d4
Leukotriene D4
Leukotriene D4 is a leukotriene....
--- leukotriene e4
Leukotriene E4
Leukotriene E4 is a leukotriene....
--- prostaglandins --- prostaglandin endoperoxides --- prostaglandins g --- prostaglandins h --- prostaglandin h2
Prostaglandin H2
Prostaglandin H2 is a type of Prostaglandin which is derived from arachidonic acid and is a precursor for many other biologically significant molecules.It is acted upon by:* prostacyclin synthase to create prostacyclin...
--- 15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid --- prostaglandins a --- prostaglandins b --- prostaglandins d --- prostaglandin d2
Prostaglandin D2
Prostaglandin D2 is a prostaglandin that binds to the receptor PTGDR, as well as CRTH2. It is a major prostaglandin produced by mast cells – recruits Th2 cells, eosinophils, basophils. In mammalian organs, large amounts of PGD2 are found in the brain, in mast cells and found nowhere else...
--- prostaglandins e --- alprostadil
Alprostadil
Prostaglandin E1 , known pharmaceutically as alprostadil, is a prostaglandin. It is a drug used in the treatment of erectile dysfunction and has vasodilatory properties.-Sexual dysfunction:...
--- dinoprostone
Dinoprostone
The naturally occurring prostaglandin E2 is known in medicine as dinoprostone. It has important effects in labour and also stimulates osteoblasts to release factors that stimulate bone resorption by osteoclasts...
--- prostaglandins f --- dinoprost
Dinoprost
Prostaglandin F2α is pharmaceutically termed Dinoprost is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used in medicine to induce labor and as an abortifacient....
--- 6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha --- prostaglandins i --- epoprostenol --- thromboxanes --- thromboxane a2
Thromboxane A2
Thromboxane A2 is a thromboxane. It is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation. This is achieved by mediating expression of the glycoprotein complex GP IIb/IIIa in the cell membrane of...
--- thromboxane b2
Thromboxane B2
Thromboxane B2 is an inactive metabolite/product of thromboxane A2. It is almost completely cleared in the urine.It itself is not involved in platelet activation and aggregation in case of a wound, but its precursor, thromboxane A2, is. Thromboxane A2 synthesis is the target of the drug aspirin,...
--- histamine
Histamine
Histamine is an organic nitrogen compound involved in local immune responses as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter. Histamine triggers the inflammatory response. As part of an immune response to foreign pathogens, histamine is produced by...
--- kinins --- bradykinin
Bradykinin
Bradykinin is a peptide that causes blood vessels to dilate , and therefore causes blood pressure to lower. A class of drugs called ACE inhibitors, which are used to lower blood pressure, increase bradykinin further lowering blood pressure...
--- kallidin
Kallidin
Kallidin is a bioactive kinin formed in response to injury from kininogen precursors through the action of kallikreins.Kallidin is a decapeptide that can be converted to bradykinin by the aminopeptidase enzyme....
--- kininogens
Kininogens
Kininogens are proteins that are defined by their role as precursors for kinin, but that also can have additional roles.The two main types are:...
--- kininogen, high-molecular-weight --- kininogen, low-molecular-weight --- tachykinins --- eledoisin
Eledoisin
Eledoisin is an undecapeptide of mollusk origin, belonging to the tachykinin family of neuropeptides.It was first isolated from the posterior salivary glands of two mollusk species Eledone muschata and Eledone aldovandi, which belong to the octopod order of Cephalopoda. Other tachykinins from...
--- kassinin
Kassinin
Kassinin is a peptide derived from the Kassina frog....
--- neurokinin a
Neurokinin A
Neurokinin A is a member of the tachykinin family of neuropeptide neurotransmitters. It is produced from the same preprotachykinin A gene as the neuropeptide substance P. It has various roles in the body of humans and other animals...
--- neurokinin b
Neurokinin B
Neurokinin B is a tachykinin peptide.It is found in higher concentration in pregnant women suffering pre-eclampsia and can bind the immune-cloaking molecule phosphocholine....
--- physalaemin
Physalaemin
Physalaemin is a tachykinin peptide obtained from the Physalaemus frog, closely related to substance P. Its structure was first elucidated in 1964....
--- substance p
Substance P
In the field of neuroscience, substance P is a neuropeptide: an undecapeptide that functions as a neurotransmitter and as a neuromodulator. It belongs to the tachykinin neuropeptide family. Substance P and its closely related neuropeptide neurokinin A are produced from a polyprotein precursor...
--- urotensins --- platelet activating factor --- serotonin
Serotonin
Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine is a monoamine neurotransmitter. Biochemically derived from tryptophan, serotonin is primarily found in the gastrointestinal tract, platelets, and in the central nervous system of animals including humans...
--- chemokines
--- beta-thromboglobulinBeta-thromboglobulin
Beta-thromboglobulin is a protein that is stored in alpha-granules of platelets and released in large amounts after platelet activation.It is a type of Chemokine ligand 7.-Actions:...
--- chemokines, c --- chemokines, cc --- chemokines, cxc --- chemokines, cx3c --- interleukin-8 --- macrophage inflammatory proteins --- macrophage inflammatory protein-1 --- monocyte chemoattractant proteins --- monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 --- platelet factor 4
Platelet factor 4
Platelet factor 4 is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also known as chemokine ligand 4 . This chemokine is released from alpha-granules of activated platelets during platelet aggregation, and promotes blood coagulation by moderating the effects of heparin-like...
--- rantes
RANTES
Chemokine ligand 5 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CCL5 gene. It is also known as RANTES .- Function :...
--- prostaglandins, synthetic
--- iloprostIloprost
Iloprost is a drug used to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension , scleroderma, Raynaud's phenomenon and ischemia. It was developed by the pharmaceutical company Schering AG and is marketed by Bayer Schering Pharma AG in Europe and Actelion Pharmaceuticals in the USA.-Clinical pharmacology:Iloprost...
--- prostaglandin endoperoxides, synthetic --- 15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid --- prostaglandins a, synthetic --- prostaglandins e, synthetic --- arbaprostil --- 16,16-dimethylprostaglandin e2 --- enprostil
Enprostil
Enprostil is a synthetic prostaglandin designed to resemble dinoprostone....
--- misoprostol
Misoprostol
Misoprostol is a drug that is used for the prevention of non steroidal anti inflammatory drug induced gastric ulcers, for early abortion, to treat missed miscarriage, and to induce labor. The latter use is controversial in the United States. Misoprostol was invented and marketed by G.D...
--- rioprostil --- prostaglandins f, synthetic --- carboprost
Carboprost
Carboprost is a synthetic prostaglandin analogue of PGF2α with oxytocic properties....
--- cloprostenol
--- bile pigments
--- bilirubinBilirubin
Bilirubin is the yellow breakdown product of normal heme catabolism. Heme is found in hemoglobin, a principal component of red blood cells. Bilirubin is excreted in bile and urine, and elevated levels may indicate certain diseases...
--- biliverdine --- urobilin
Urobilin
Urobilin is a yellow linear tetrapyrrole, resulting from the breakdown of heme, a cyclic tetrapyrrole.Urobilin is produced when Urobilinogen is oxidized by intestinal bacteria; it can also be...
--- urobilinogen
Urobilinogen
Urobilinogen is a colourless product of bilirubin reduction. It is formed in the intestines by bacterial action. Some urobilinogen is reabsorbed, taken up into the circulation and excreted by the kidney. This constitutes the normal "enterohepatic urobilinogen cycle".Increased amounts of bilirubin...
--- carotenoids
--- beta carotene --- retinoids --- acitretinAcitretin
Acitretin is a second generation retinoid. It is taken orally, and is typically used for psoriasis....
--- etretinate
Etretinate
Etretinate is a medication developed by Hoffmann–La Roche that was approved by the FDA in 1986 to treat severe psoriasis...
--- fenretinide
Fenretinide
Fenretinide is a synthetic retinoid deriverative. Retinoids are substances related to vitamin A. It has been investigated for potential use in the treatment of cancer, as well as in the treatment of cystic fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, acne, psoriasis, and has been found to also slow the...
--- isotretinoin
Isotretinoin
Isotretinoin, INN, is a medication used mostly for cystic acne. It was first developed for brain, pancreatic and other cancers. It is used to treat harlequin-type ichthyosis, a usually lethal skin disease, and lamellar ichthyosis. Its effects are systemic and nonselective...
--- retinaldehyde --- tretinoin
Tretinoin
Tretinoin is the acid form of vitamin A and is also known as all-trans retinoic acid or ATRA. It is a drug commonly used to treat acne vulgaris and keratosis pilaris. It is available as a cream or gel...
--- vitamin a
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is a vitamin that is needed by the retina of the eye in the form of a specific metabolite, the light-absorbing molecule retinal, that is necessary for both low-light and color vision...
--- xanthophylls --- canthaxanthin
Canthaxanthin
Canthaxanthin is a carotenoid pigment widely distributed in nature. Carotenoids belong to a larger class of phytochemicals known as terpenoids. The chemical formula of canthaxanthin is C40H52O2. It has E number E161g and is approved for use in the EU and USA however it is not approved for usage in...
--- lutein
Lutein
Lutein is a xanthophyll and one of 600 known naturally occurring carotenoids. Lutein is synthesized only by plants and like other xanthophylls is found in high quantities in green leafy vegetables such as spinach and kale...
--- zeta carotene
--- flavins
--- riboflavinRiboflavin
Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2 or additive E101, is an easily absorbed micronutrient with a key role in maintaining health in humans and animals. It is the central component of the cofactors FAD and FMN, and is therefore required by all flavoproteins. As such, vitamin B2 is required for a...
--- flavin-adenine dinucleotide --- flavin mononucleotide
Flavin mononucleotide
Flavin mononucleotide , or riboflavin-5′-phosphate, is a biomolecule produced from riboflavin by the enzyme riboflavin kinase and functions as prosthetic group of various oxidoreductases including NADH dehydrogenase as well as cofactor in biological blue-light photo receptors...
--- phytochromePhytochromePhytochrome is a photoreceptor, a pigment that plants use to detect light. It is sensitive to light in the red and far-red region of the visible spectrum. Many flowering plants use it to regulate the time of flowering based on the length of day and night and to set circadian rhythms...
--- phytochrome a --- phytochrome b--- porphyrins
--- chlorophyllChlorophyll
Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in almost all plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. Its name is derived from the Greek words χλωρος, chloros and φύλλον, phyllon . Chlorophyll is an extremely important biomolecule, critical in photosynthesis, which allows plants to obtain energy from light...
--- bacteriochlorophylls --- chlorophyllides --- pheophytins --- protochlorophyllide
Protochlorophyllide
Protochlorophyllide, or monovinyl protochlorophyllide, is an immediate precursor of chlorophyll a that lacks the phytol side-chain of chlorophyll. Unlike chlorophyll, protochlorophyllide is highly fluorescent; mutants that accumulate it glow red if irradiated with blue light...
--- coproporphyrins --- deuteroporphyrins --- etioporphyrins --- hematoporphyrins --- hematoporphyrin derivative --- dihematoporphyrin ether --- mesoporphyrins --- metalloporphyrins --- chlorophyll
Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in almost all plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. Its name is derived from the Greek words χλωρος, chloros and φύλλον, phyllon . Chlorophyll is an extremely important biomolecule, critical in photosynthesis, which allows plants to obtain energy from light...
--- bacteriochlorophylls --- chlorophyllides --- protochlorophyllide
Protochlorophyllide
Protochlorophyllide, or monovinyl protochlorophyllide, is an immediate precursor of chlorophyll a that lacks the phytol side-chain of chlorophyll. Unlike chlorophyll, protochlorophyllide is highly fluorescent; mutants that accumulate it glow red if irradiated with blue light...
--- heme
Heme
A heme or haem is a prosthetic group that consists of an iron atom contained in the center of a large heterocyclic organic ring called a porphyrin. Not all porphyrins contain iron, but a substantial fraction of porphyrin-containing metalloproteins have heme as their prosthetic group; these are...
--- hemin
Hemin
Hemin is an iron-containing porphyrin. More specifically, it is Protoporphyrin IX containing a ferric iron ion with a chloride ligand....
--- porphyrinogens --- coproporphyrinogens
Coproporphyrinogens
Coproporphyrinogens are tetrapyrroles with four propionic acid groups and an equal number of substituted methyls.Coproporphyrinogen III is the most common variance...
--- uroporphyrinogens
Uroporphyrinogens
Uroporphyrinogens are tetrapyrroles with four propionic acid groups and four acetic acid groups .There are four forms, which vary based upon the arrangements of the "P" and "A" groups :...
--- protoporphyrins
Protoporphyrins
Protoporphyrins are tetrapyrroles containing the following side chains:* methyl * propionic acid * vinyl Protoporphyrin IX is a biochemically widely used carrier molecule for divalent cations. Together with iron the body of the heme- group of hemoglobin, myoglobin and many other heme-containing...
--- uroporphyrins
--- retinal pigments
--- opsinOpsin
Opsins are a group of light-sensitive 35–55 kDa membrane-bound G protein-coupled receptors of the retinylidene protein family found in photoreceptor cells of the retina. Five classical groups of opsins are involved in vision, mediating the conversion of a photon of light into an electrochemical...
--- rhodopsin
Rhodopsin
Rhodopsin, also known as visual purple, is a biological pigment of the retina that is responsible for both the formation of the photoreceptor cells and the first events in the perception of light. Rhodopsins belong to the G-protein coupled receptor family and are extremely sensitive to light,...
--- bacterial toxins
--- botulinum toxins --- botulinum toxin type a --- cholera toxinCholera toxin
Cholera toxin is a protein complex secreted by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. CTX is responsible for the massive, watery diarrhea characteristic of cholera infection.- Structure :...
--- cord factors --- diphtheria toxin
Diphtheria toxin
Diphtheria toxin is an exotoxin secreted by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, the pathogen bacterium that causes diphtheria. Unusually, the toxin gene is encoded by a bacteriophage...
--- exfoliatins --- leukocidins --- shiga toxins --- shiga-like toxin i --- shiga-like toxin ii --- shiga toxin
Shiga toxin
Shiga toxins are a family of related toxins with two major groups, Stx1 and Stx2, whose genes are considered to be part of the genome of lambdoid prophages. The toxins are named for Kiyoshi Shiga, who first described the bacterial origin of dysentery caused by Shigella dysenteriae. The most common...
--- streptolysins --- tetanus toxin --- virulence factors, bordetella --- adenylate cyclase toxin --- pertussis toxin
Pertussis toxin
Pertussis toxin is a protein-based AB5-type exotoxin produced by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis, which causes whooping cough. PT is involved in the colonization of the respiratory tract and the establishment of infection...
--- endotoxins
--- lipopolysaccharides --- lipid aLipid A
Lipid A is a lipid component of an endotoxin held responsible for toxicity of Gram-negative bacteria. It is the innermost of the three regions of the lipopolysaccharide molecule, and its hydrophobic nature allows it to anchor the LPS to the outer membrane...
--- o antigens
--- enterotoxins
--- cholera toxinCholera toxin
Cholera toxin is a protein complex secreted by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. CTX is responsible for the massive, watery diarrhea characteristic of cholera infection.- Structure :...
--- shiga toxins --- shiga-like toxin i --- shiga-like toxin ii --- shiga toxin
Shiga toxin
Shiga toxins are a family of related toxins with two major groups, Stx1 and Stx2, whose genes are considered to be part of the genome of lambdoid prophages. The toxins are named for Kiyoshi Shiga, who first described the bacterial origin of dysentery caused by Shigella dysenteriae. The most common...
--- exotoxins
--- exfoliatins --- streptolysins--- marine toxins
--- ciguatoxins --- cnidarian venoms --- fish venoms --- holothurinHolothurin
The holothurins are a group of toxins originally isolated from the sea cucumber Actinopyga agassizi. The holothurins belong to the class of compounds known as saponins....
--- lyngbya toxins --- mollusk venoms --- conotoxins --- omega-conotoxins --- omega-conotoxin gvia --- eledoisin
Eledoisin
Eledoisin is an undecapeptide of mollusk origin, belonging to the tachykinin family of neuropeptides.It was first isolated from the posterior salivary glands of two mollusk species Eledone muschata and Eledone aldovandi, which belong to the octopod order of Cephalopoda. Other tachykinins from...
--- saxitoxin
Saxitoxin
Saxitoxin is a neurotoxin naturally produced by certain species of marine dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria Saxitoxin (STX) is a neurotoxin naturally produced by certain species of marine dinoflagellates (Alexandrium sp., Gymnodinium sp., Pyrodinium sp.) and cyanobacteria Saxitoxin (STX) is a...
--- tetrodotoxin
Tetrodotoxin
Tetrodotoxin, also known as "tetrodox" and frequently abbreviated as TTX, sometimes colloquially referred to as "zombie powder" by those who practice Vodou, is a potent neurotoxin with no known antidote. There have been successful tests of a possible antidote in mice, but further tests must be...
--- mycotoxins
--- aflatoxins --- aflatoxin b1 --- aflatoxin m1 --- amanitins --- citrininCitrinin
Citrinin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from Penicillium citrinum. It has since been found to be produced by a variety of other fungi which are used in the production of human foods such as grain, cheese, sake and red pigments...
--- cytochalasins --- cytochalasin b
Cytochalasin B
Cytochalasin B is a cell-permeable mycotoxin. It inhibits cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments. It inhibits cell movement and induces nuclear extrusion. Cytochalasin B shortens actin filaments by blocking monomer addition at the fast-growing end of polymers....
--- cytochalasin d
Cytochalasin D
Cytochalasin D is a member of the class of mycotoxins known as cytochalasins. Cytochalasin D is an alkaloid produced by Helminthosporium and other molds....
--- fumonisins
Fumonisins
A fumonisin is a mycotoxin derived from Fusarium.More specifically, it can refer to:* Fumonisin B1* Fumonisin B2...
--- gliotoxin
Gliotoxin
Gliotoxin is a sulfur-containing mycotoxin produced by several species of fungi, some of which are pathogens of humans such as Aspergillus, and also by species of Trichoderma, and Penicillium...
--- ibotenic acid
Ibotenic acid
Ibotenic acid is a chemical compound that is naturally occurring in the mushrooms Amanita muscaria and Amanita pantherina, among others...
--- muscimol
Muscimol
Muscimol is the major psychoactive alkaloid present in many mushrooms of the Amanita genus. Unlike psilocin , which is a serotonergic psychedelic and agonist for the 5-HT2A receptor set, muscimol is a potent, selective agonist for the GABAA receptor set and is a deliriant as a opposed...
--- ochratoxins --- patulin
Patulin
Patulin is a mycotoxin produced by a variety of molds, in particular, Aspergillus and Penicillium. It is commonly found in rotting apples, and the amount of patulin in apple products is generally viewed as a measure of the quality of the apples used in production...
--- penicillic acid
Penicillic acid
Penicillic acid is a mycotoxin....
--- phalloidine --- sporidesmins --- sterigmatocystin
Sterigmatocystin
Sterigmatocystin is a poison of the type dermatoxin, from the fungi genus Aspergillus. It appears on crusts of cheese with mold.-Introduction:...
--- tenuazonic acid
Tenuazonic acid
Tenuazonic acid is a mycotoxin. It is a toxic secondary metabolite, produced by Alternaria and Phoma species...
--- trichothecenes --- t-2 toxin --- trichodermin
Trichodermin
Trichodermin is a trichothecene....
--- zearalenone
Zearalenone
Zearalenone , also known as RAL and F-2 mycotoxin, is a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some Gibberella species.Several Fusarium species produce toxic substances of considerable concern to livestock and poultry producers: namely, deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol ...
--- venoms
--- amphibian venoms --- batrachotoxins --- bombesinBombesin
Bombesin is a 14-amino acid peptide originally isolated from the skin of a frog. It has two known homologs in mammals called neuromedin B and gastrin-releasing peptide. It stimulates gastrin release from G cells. It activates three different G-protein-coupled receptors known as BBR1, -2, and -3. It...
--- bufotenin
Bufotenin
Bufotenin , or 5-hydroxy-dimethyltryptamine , is a tryptamine related to the neurotransmitter serotonin...
--- physalaemin
Physalaemin
Physalaemin is a tachykinin peptide obtained from the Physalaemus frog, closely related to substance P. Its structure was first elucidated in 1964....
--- arthropod venoms --- ant venoms --- bee venoms --- apamin
Apamin
Apamin is an 18 amino acid peptide neurotoxin found in apitoxin . It selectively blocks SK channels, a type of Ca2+-activated K+ channel expressed in the central nervous system and smooth muscle...
--- melitten --- scorpion venoms --- charybdotoxin
Charybdotoxin
Charybdotoxin is a 37 amino acid neurotoxin from the venom of the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus that blocks calcium-activated potassium channels. This blockade causes hyperexcitability of the nervous system.-Chemical properties:...
--- spider venoms --- omega-agatoxin iva --- wasp venoms --- cnidarian venoms --- fish venoms --- mollusk venoms --- conotoxins --- omega-conotoxins --- omega-conotoxin gvia --- eledoisin
Eledoisin
Eledoisin is an undecapeptide of mollusk origin, belonging to the tachykinin family of neuropeptides.It was first isolated from the posterior salivary glands of two mollusk species Eledone muschata and Eledone aldovandi, which belong to the octopod order of Cephalopoda. Other tachykinins from...
--- snake venoms --- elapid venoms --- bungarotoxins --- cobra venoms --- cobra neurotoxins --- direct lytic factors --- hydrophid venoms --- erabutoxins --- viper venoms --- crotalid venoms
Crotalinae
The Crotalinae, commonly known as "pit vipers" or crotaline snakes, are a subfamily of venomous vipers found in Asia and the Americas. They are distinguished by the presence of a heat-sensing pit organ located between the eye and the nostril on either side of the head...
--- ancrod
Ancrod
Ancrod is a defibrinogenating agent derived from the venom of the Malayan pit viper. Defibrinogenating blood produces an anticoagulant effect. Ancrod is not approved or marketed in any country, but is being investigated as a stroke treatment in worldwide clinical trials. In January 2005, the U.S...
--- batroxobin
Batroxobin
Batroxobin is a serine protease derived from the venom of Bothrops atrox. Its molecular weight is approximately 43,000 g/mol−1.This thrombin-like proteolytic enzyme splits the 16 Arg-17 Gly bond in the A-chain of fibrinogen, releasing fibrinopeptide A and leading to the clot formation through...
--- crotoxin
--- virulence factors
--- virulence factors, bordetella --- adenylate cyclase toxin --- pertussis toxinPertussis toxin
Pertussis toxin is a protein-based AB5-type exotoxin produced by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis, which causes whooping cough. PT is involved in the colonization of the respiratory tract and the establishment of infection...