Jennifer Jako
Encyclopedia
Jennifer Jako is an AIDS
activist
, filmmaker, photographer, lecturer
and designer
. She is the co-director of the documentary film
, Blood Lines, a portrait of HIV-positive youth. Following her infection with HIV at age 18, she began educating in the hopes of preventing HIV infection in young people. Jako has lectured on the subjects of wellness, reproductive health, survival and understanding to audiences of all ages. She has spoken directly to over 200,000 people and her media outreach has touched over 50 million people. She has been featured in numerous magazines, television shows, and books.
, to an Italian
mother from Padriciano near Trieste
and Hungarian
father from Nagykovácsi
near Budapest
. Jako’s nomadic childhood was abusive
, impoverished and sometimes homeless.
The countries and states she grew up in include: Oklahoma
, Illinois
, New York
, Colorado
, Oregon
, Mexico
, Canada
, Italy
, Hungary
, Holland, England
, Germany
, Belgium
, Austria
, Switzerland
, France
, Spain
, Turkey
and Morocco
. She is fluent in Spanish
, French
, Italian
and English
and speaks some Hungarian
, Dutch
and German
. She attended Summit County High School in Frisco, Colorado
, Glencoe High School in Hillsboro, Oregon
, Lake Oswego High School in Lake Oswego, Oregon
, and Grant High School in Portland, Oregon
. She graduated from the latter in 1992.
In 1991, at age 18, she contracted HIV
from one exposure from a young man who did not know he was infected. She studied fine art at Ecole Supérieure d’Arts Plastiques in Monte Carlo, Monaco in 1991 and the Pacific Northwest College of Art (PNCA) from 1993-1995 in Portland. After an initial six months of sexual activity at age 18, she became abstinent.
She found out she was HIV positive at age 19 from a routine Pap test appointment at which a nurse encouraged her to get tested for HIV as she had had six partners. Jako did not consider herself to be at risk for HIV nor Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and conceded to take the test out of social responsibility. She had had sex without a condom
once (the source of infection) and had a condom break once. When diagnosed she was told she would be lucky to live to age 25. During her studies at PNCA in 1995, she began work with another HIV-positive woman, Rebecca Guberman, on a documentary film, Blood Lines, which would later be broadcast on MTV
as True Life: It Could Be You from 1999–2004. Production assistance came from the Paul Robeson Fund for Independent Media, Wieden & Kennedy and the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. It is now distributed as an educational video.
for two weeks when first diagnosed, but became so ill that she stopped taking the drug. Afterward, she remained drug naïve until 1997. After extensive research and pressured by a failing immune system
, Jako began a regimen of Nevirapine, 3TC
, and d4T
. In 1998 she replaced d4T in her regimen with Abacavir
because d4T caused severe side effects. The worst side effect she experienced associated with d4T is lipodystrophy
. Jako has permanent truncal adiposity (a collection of fat at the waist, back and neck, and wasting in the extremities.) She also experiences dangerously elevated lipid
levels, both cholesterol
and triglycerides due to side effects from her medications. The elevated lipids required the addition of Gemfibrozil
to control them.
While a treatment advocate, Jako emphasizes the need for patient education and a holistic approach. Her long term success on one three drug combination or HAART is the result of perfect adherence for over eleven years. Jako has had complete viral suppression for over eleven years.
her daughter.
Media Profiles:
Book Profiles:
Girlfriends, Jane Wexler & Loren Cowen, Running Press
Women of Courage, Katherine Martin, New World Library
Awards:
Red Ribbon Award, Coalition for AIDS Education
Ribbon of Hope, TV Cares, Academy of TV Arts & Sciences
Gold World Medal and Best Public Affairs Program, New York Festivals
Golden Eagle Award, CINE
Nominee: Information Programs, Banff Rockie Awards
Best Short, Awarded by Matt Groening at 26th Northwest Film & Video Festival Program
AIDS
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus...
activist
Activism
Activism consists of intentional efforts to bring about social, political, economic, or environmental change. Activism can take a wide range of forms from writing letters to newspapers or politicians, political campaigning, economic activism such as boycotts or preferentially patronizing...
, filmmaker, photographer, lecturer
Lecturer
Lecturer is an academic rank. In the United Kingdom, lecturer is a position at a university or similar institution, often held by academics in their early career stages, who lead research groups and supervise research students, as well as teach...
and designer
Designer
A designer is a person who designs. More formally, a designer is an agent that "specifies the structural properties of a design object". In practice, anyone who creates tangible or intangible objects, such as consumer products, processes, laws, games and graphics, is referred to as a...
. She is the co-director of the documentary film
Documentary film
Documentary films constitute a broad category of nonfictional motion pictures intended to document some aspect of reality, primarily for the purposes of instruction or maintaining a historical record...
, Blood Lines, a portrait of HIV-positive youth. Following her infection with HIV at age 18, she began educating in the hopes of preventing HIV infection in young people. Jako has lectured on the subjects of wellness, reproductive health, survival and understanding to audiences of all ages. She has spoken directly to over 200,000 people and her media outreach has touched over 50 million people. She has been featured in numerous magazines, television shows, and books.
Background
She was born in Drumright, OklahomaDrumright, Oklahoma
Drumright is a city in Creek and Payne counties in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. The population was 2,905 at the 2000 census.-History:The town sprang up nearly overnight in 1912 after wildcatter Tom Slick struck oil on the farm of Frank Wheeler, causing a rush of speculators, oilfield workers, and...
, to an Italian
Italy
Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...
mother from Padriciano near Trieste
Trieste
Trieste is a city and seaport in northeastern Italy. It is situated towards the end of a narrow strip of land lying between the Adriatic Sea and Italy's border with Slovenia, which lies almost immediately south and east of the city...
and Hungarian
Hungary
Hungary , officially the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is situated in the Carpathian Basin and is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine and Romania to the east, Serbia and Croatia to the south, Slovenia to the southwest and Austria to the west. The...
father from Nagykovácsi
Nagykovácsi
Nagykovácsi is a small town in the Pilisvörösvári kistérség district of Hungary situated some north-east of the centre of Budapest, in a valley, at an altitude of 340 metres. It is located next to the second district of Budapest...
near Budapest
Budapest
Budapest is the capital of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary, it is the country's principal political, cultural, commercial, industrial, and transportation centre. In 2011, Budapest had 1,733,685 inhabitants, down from its 1989 peak of 2,113,645 due to suburbanization. The Budapest Commuter...
. Jako’s nomadic childhood was abusive
Child abuse
Child abuse is the physical, sexual, emotional mistreatment, or neglect of a child. In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Department of Children And Families define child maltreatment as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent or...
, impoverished and sometimes homeless.
The countries and states she grew up in include: Oklahoma
Oklahoma
Oklahoma is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America. With an estimated 3,751,351 residents as of the 2010 census and a land area of 68,667 square miles , Oklahoma is the 28th most populous and 20th-largest state...
, Illinois
Illinois
Illinois is the fifth-most populous state of the United States of America, and is often noted for being a microcosm of the entire country. With Chicago in the northeast, small industrial cities and great agricultural productivity in central and northern Illinois, and natural resources like coal,...
, New York
New York
New York is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east...
, Colorado
Colorado
Colorado is a U.S. state that encompasses much of the Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains...
, Oregon
Oregon
Oregon is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is located on the Pacific coast, with Washington to the north, California to the south, Nevada on the southeast and Idaho to the east. The Columbia and Snake rivers delineate much of Oregon's northern and eastern...
, Mexico
Mexico
The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of...
, Canada
Canada
Canada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean...
, Italy
Italy
Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...
, Hungary
Hungary
Hungary , officially the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is situated in the Carpathian Basin and is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine and Romania to the east, Serbia and Croatia to the south, Slovenia to the southwest and Austria to the west. The...
, Holland, England
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
, Germany
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
, Belgium
Belgium
Belgium , officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, and those of several other major international organisations such as NATO.Belgium is also a member of, or affiliated to, many...
, Austria
Austria
Austria , officially the Republic of Austria , is a landlocked country of roughly 8.4 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the...
, Switzerland
Switzerland
Switzerland name of one of the Swiss cantons. ; ; ; or ), in its full name the Swiss Confederation , is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe,Or Central Europe depending on the definition....
, France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
, Spain
Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
, Turkey
Turkey
Turkey , known officially as the Republic of Turkey , is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe...
and Morocco
Morocco
Morocco , officially the Kingdom of Morocco , is a country located in North Africa. It has a population of more than 32 million and an area of 710,850 km², and also primarily administers the disputed region of the Western Sahara...
. She is fluent in Spanish
Spanish language
Spanish , also known as Castilian , is a Romance language in the Ibero-Romance group that evolved from several languages and dialects in central-northern Iberia around the 9th century and gradually spread with the expansion of the Kingdom of Castile into central and southern Iberia during the...
, French
French language
French is a Romance language spoken as a first language in France, the Romandy region in Switzerland, Wallonia and Brussels in Belgium, Monaco, the regions of Quebec and Acadia in Canada, and by various communities elsewhere. Second-language speakers of French are distributed throughout many parts...
, Italian
Italian language
Italian is a Romance language spoken mainly in Europe: Italy, Switzerland, San Marino, Vatican City, by minorities in Malta, Monaco, Croatia, Slovenia, France, Libya, Eritrea, and Somalia, and by immigrant communities in the Americas and Australia...
and English
English language
English is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into what was to become south-east Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria...
and speaks some Hungarian
Hungarian language
Hungarian is a Uralic language, part of the Ugric group. With some 14 million speakers, it is one of the most widely spoken non-Indo-European languages in Europe....
, Dutch
Dutch language
Dutch is a West Germanic language and the native language of the majority of the population of the Netherlands, Belgium, and Suriname, the three member states of the Dutch Language Union. Most speakers live in the European Union, where it is a first language for about 23 million and a second...
and German
German language
German is a West Germanic language, related to and classified alongside English and Dutch. With an estimated 90 – 98 million native speakers, German is one of the world's major languages and is the most widely-spoken first language in the European Union....
. She attended Summit County High School in Frisco, Colorado
Frisco, Colorado
Frisco is a home rule municipality in Summit County, Colorado, United States. The population was 2,443 at the 2000 census. It is a popular town among skiers from around the world...
, Glencoe High School in Hillsboro, Oregon
Hillsboro, Oregon
Hillsboro is the fifth-largest city in the U.S. state of Oregon and is the county seat of Washington County. Lying in the Tualatin Valley on the west side of the Portland metropolitan area, the city is home to many high-technology companies, such as Intel, that compose what has become known as the...
, Lake Oswego High School in Lake Oswego, Oregon
Lake Oswego, Oregon
Lake Oswego is a city located primarily in Clackamas County in the U.S. state of Oregon. Small portions of the city are also located in neighboring Multnomah and Washington counties. Located south of Portland surrounding the Oswego Lake, the town was founded in 1847 and incorporated as Oswego in...
, and Grant High School in Portland, Oregon
Portland, Oregon
Portland is a city located in the Pacific Northwest, near the confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers in the U.S. state of Oregon. As of the 2010 Census, it had a population of 583,776, making it the 29th most populous city in the United States...
. She graduated from the latter in 1992.
In 1991, at age 18, she contracted HIV
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus is a lentivirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome , a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive...
from one exposure from a young man who did not know he was infected. She studied fine art at Ecole Supérieure d’Arts Plastiques in Monte Carlo, Monaco in 1991 and the Pacific Northwest College of Art (PNCA) from 1993-1995 in Portland. After an initial six months of sexual activity at age 18, she became abstinent.
She found out she was HIV positive at age 19 from a routine Pap test appointment at which a nurse encouraged her to get tested for HIV as she had had six partners. Jako did not consider herself to be at risk for HIV nor Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and conceded to take the test out of social responsibility. She had had sex without a condom
Condom
A condom is a barrier device most commonly used during sexual intercourse to reduce the probability of pregnancy and spreading sexually transmitted diseases . It is put on a man's erect penis and physically blocks ejaculated semen from entering the body of a sexual partner...
once (the source of infection) and had a condom break once. When diagnosed she was told she would be lucky to live to age 25. During her studies at PNCA in 1995, she began work with another HIV-positive woman, Rebecca Guberman, on a documentary film, Blood Lines, which would later be broadcast on MTV
MTV
MTV, formerly an initialism of Music Television, is an American network based in New York City that launched on August 1, 1981. The original purpose of the channel was to play music videos guided by on-air hosts known as VJs....
as True Life: It Could Be You from 1999–2004. Production assistance came from the Paul Robeson Fund for Independent Media, Wieden & Kennedy and the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. It is now distributed as an educational video.
HIV Medications or HAART
Jako took AZTZidovudine
Zidovudine or azidothymidine is a nucleoside analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitor , a type of antiretroviral drug used for the treatment of HIV/AIDS. It is an analog of thymidine....
for two weeks when first diagnosed, but became so ill that she stopped taking the drug. Afterward, she remained drug naïve until 1997. After extensive research and pressured by a failing immune system
Immune system
An immune system is a system of biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease by identifying and killing pathogens and tumor cells. It detects a wide variety of agents, from viruses to parasitic worms, and needs to distinguish them from the organism's own...
, Jako began a regimen of Nevirapine, 3TC
Lamivudine
Lamivudine is a potent nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor .It is marketed by GlaxoSmithKline with the brand names Zeffix, Heptovir, Epivir, and Epivir-HBV.Lamivudine has been used for treatment of chronic hepatitis B at a lower dose than for treatment of HIV...
, and d4T
Stavudine
Stavudine is a nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor active against HIV.-History:...
. In 1998 she replaced d4T in her regimen with Abacavir
Abacavir
Abacavir is a nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor used to treat HIV and AIDS. It is available under the trade name Ziagen and in the combination formulations Trizivir and Kivexa/Epzicom...
because d4T caused severe side effects. The worst side effect she experienced associated with d4T is lipodystrophy
Lipodystrophy
Lipodystrophy is a medical condition characterized by abnormal or degenerative conditions of the body's adipose tissue. A more specific term, lipoatrophy is used when describing the loss of fat from one area...
. Jako has permanent truncal adiposity (a collection of fat at the waist, back and neck, and wasting in the extremities.) She also experiences dangerously elevated lipid
Lipid
Lipids constitute a broad group of naturally occurring molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins , monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, phospholipids, and others...
levels, both cholesterol
Cholesterol
Cholesterol is a complex isoprenoid. Specifically, it is a waxy steroid of fat that is produced in the liver or intestines. It is used to produce hormones and cell membranes and is transported in the blood plasma of all mammals. It is an essential structural component of mammalian cell membranes...
and triglycerides due to side effects from her medications. The elevated lipids required the addition of Gemfibrozil
Gemfibrozil
Gemfibrozil is the generic name for an oral drug used to lower lipid levels. It belongs to a group of drugs known as fibrates. It is most commonly sold as the brand name, Lopid...
to control them.
While a treatment advocate, Jako emphasizes the need for patient education and a holistic approach. Her long term success on one three drug combination or HAART is the result of perfect adherence for over eleven years. Jako has had complete viral suppression for over eleven years.
HIV and Family Planning
Jako married Christopher John Bleiler in 2001. Bleiler continues to test negative for HIV. They had a child in 2005 through artificial home self insemination. In 2006, their daughter was born via vaginal delivery. Jako’s daughter has received two HIV DNA PCR, a blood test that looks for direct (DNA) evidence of the virus rather than antibodies, test results with undetectable results, one draw within 24 hours of birth and one at age 9 weeks. These results place her daughter at over a 98% likelihood of good health. Her daughter was tested again at four months at which time a final, Centers for Disease Control (CDC) protocol, determination of her daughter’s HIV status was made. Her daughter was tested a third time and is indeed confirmed HIV negative. Jako continued her strict adherence to a HAART regimen during pregnancy and did not breastfeedBreastfeeding
Breastfeeding is the feeding of an infant or young child with breast milk directly from female human breasts rather than from a baby bottle or other container. Babies have a sucking reflex that enables them to suck and swallow milk. It is recommended that mothers breastfeed for six months or...
her daughter.
Public Work/Activism
Lectures:- Universities: Elon, Colgate, Hampshire, Idaho State, Michigan, Washington State, Old Dominion, Virginia Commonwealth, Lewis & Clark, Oregon Health Sciences, Virginia Wesleyan College, Reed, Johns Hopkins, Vassar and more…
- Conferences: Native American Youth Leadership, Sex & TV, Ryan White National Youth, Unitarian Universalist
- Briefings: Capitol Hill Congressional Staff, MTV – National HIV Testing Day, NBPA Supersonics
Media Profiles:
- NewsweekNewsweekNewsweek is an American weekly news magazine published in New York City. It is distributed throughout the United States and internationally. It is the second-largest news weekly magazine in the U.S., having trailed Time in circulation and advertising revenue for most of its existence...
cover and The Faces of HIV - ABC Afterschool SpecialABC Afterschool SpecialThe ABC Afterschool Special is an American television anthology series that aired on ABC from 1972 to 1996, usually in the late afternoon on week days. Most of the episodes were dramatic presentations of situations, often controversial, of interest to children and teenagers. Several episodes were...
: Sex Unplugged, - GlamourGlamour (magazine)Glamour is a women's magazine published by Condé Nast Publications. Founded in 1939 in the United States, it was originally called Glamour of Hollywood....
, - The OregonianThe OregonianThe Oregonian is the major daily newspaper in Portland, Oregon, owned by Advance Publications. It is the oldest continuously published newspaper on the U.S. west coast, founded as a weekly by Thomas J. Dryer on December 4, 1850...
cover article - The Jenny Jones ShowThe Jenny Jones ShowThe Jenny Jones Show is an American syndicated daytime tabloid talk show that was hosted by comedian/actress/singer Jenny Jones. It was produced by Telepictures and was distributed by Warner Bros. Television Distribution...
- Independent Film & Video Monthly
- POZ Magazine,
- The New York TimesThe New York TimesThe New York Times is an American daily newspaper founded and continuously published in New York City since 1851. The New York Times has won 106 Pulitzer Prizes, the most of any news organization...
- USA TodayUSA TodayUSA Today is a national American daily newspaper published by the Gannett Company. It was founded by Al Neuharth. The newspaper vies with The Wall Street Journal for the position of having the widest circulation of any newspaper in the United States, something it previously held since 2003...
- Ladies Home Journal
- Lifetime TelevisionLifetime TelevisionLifetime Television, often referred to as Lifetime TV, or most commonly, Lifetime, is an American cable television specialty channel devoted to movies, sitcoms and dramas, all of which are either geared toward women or feature women in lead roles. The cable network is owned by A&E Television Networks...
: Full of Hope - Discovery ChannelDiscovery ChannelDiscovery Channel is an American satellite and cable specialty channel , founded by John Hendricks and distributed by Discovery Communications. It is a publicly traded company run by CEO David Zaslav...
: Changing Faces, AIDS in America.
Book Profiles:
Girlfriends, Jane Wexler & Loren Cowen, Running Press
Women of Courage, Katherine Martin, New World Library
Awards:
Red Ribbon Award, Coalition for AIDS Education
Ribbon of Hope, TV Cares, Academy of TV Arts & Sciences
Gold World Medal and Best Public Affairs Program, New York Festivals
Golden Eagle Award, CINE
Nominee: Information Programs, Banff Rockie Awards
Best Short, Awarded by Matt Groening at 26th Northwest Film & Video Festival Program
External links
- About Jennifer Jako Eliot Weblog
- Speak Out, Speakers and Artists: Jennifer Jako
- Pat Aufderheide, center for social media PDF
- January 2000: Ferment Newsletter
- Artery: The AIDS-Arts Forum, Rebecca Guberman: Public and Private
- ART/HAART well tolerated in HIV-infected pregnancies: vertical transmission reduced ObstetricsObstetricsObstetrics is the medical specialty dealing with the care of all women's reproductive tracts and their children during pregnancy , childbirth and the postnatal period...
OB/GYN News, October 1, 2003 by Diana Mahoney - Cooper E, Charurat M, Mofenson L. Combination antiretroviral strategies for the treatment of pregnant HIV-1-infected women and prevention of perinatal HIV-1 transmission. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2002;29:484-494.
- Lallemant M, Jourdain G, Le Coeur S, et al. Two-dose intrapartum/newborn nevirapine and standard antiretroviral therapy to reduce perinatal HIV transmission: a randomized trial. New England Journal of MedicineNew England Journal of MedicineThe New England Journal of Medicine is an English-language peer-reviewed medical journal published by the Massachusetts Medical Society. It describes itself as the oldest continuously published medical journal in the world.-History:...
. 2004;351:289-292 - In-home insemination
- Predictive value of HIV-1 DNA PCR in perinatally HIV-exposed infants Born in 1997-2002 in NYC PDF, R. Murphy, V. Peters, B. Gill, K. Dominguez, P. Thomas, J Wheedon, KL Liu, E. Handelsman, XVth International AIDS ConferenceInternational AIDS ConferenceThe International AIDS Society is the custodian of the International AIDS Conference, the largest regular conference on any health or development issue. These conferences provide a forum for the interaction of science, community and leadership, and are claimed to strengthen an evidence-based...
, BangkokBangkokBangkok is the capital and largest urban area city in Thailand. It is known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon or simply Krung Thep , meaning "city of angels." The full name of Bangkok is Krung Thep Mahanakhon Amon Rattanakosin Mahintharayutthaya Mahadilok Phop Noppharat Ratchathani Burirom...
, ThailandThailandThailand , officially the Kingdom of Thailand , formerly known as Siam , is a country located at the centre of the Indochina peninsula and Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the...
2004.